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1、Philosophers of Ancient ChinaAncient China was a place where states were often at war with each other.But it was also a time when there were many great philosophers.Confucius(551 BC479BC)is the philosopher whose influence has been the greatest.He stressed the importance of kindness，duty and order in
2、 society.Chinese society was influenced by these ideas for more than 2,000 years.Mencius was a thinker whose teachings were very similar to those of Confucius.Mencius was born in 372 BC.His father died when he was young，and he was brought up by his mother.He became a student of Confucius s ideas，and
3、 was then given an important position in the government of a state.However，when he saw that the ruler was not following his advice，he resigned.For many years he travelled from state to state，teaching the principles of Confucius.He then became an adviser to another ruler.He spent his last years prepa
4、ring a book of his teachings called The Book of Mencius.Mencius believed that the reason why man is different from animals is that man is good.He taught that if the government was kind，then people would be good.He believed that people were more important than rulers，and hated the state when it treat
5、ed people badly.Mozi was another teacher who was very influential.Born in 476 BC，he came from a family which was very poor.He became famous for his unusual clothes and behaviour.Mozi founded the philosophy called Mohism.In some ways，his beliefs were similar to those of Confucius.For example，he consi
6、dered that government was most important.As a result，he spent many years trying to find a state where people would follow his teachings.Mozi believed that all men were equal.His idea of love was different from the Confucian idea of kindness.Mozi taught that we should love all human beings and look a
7、fter those who are weaker than ourselves.He hated the idea of war.Mozi died in 390 BC.,古代中国的哲学家古代中国的哲学家古代中国各诸侯国之间战事连连，但那也是一古代中国各诸侯国之间战事连连，但那也是一个产生了许多很大的哲学家的时期。孔子个产生了许多很大的哲学家的时期。孔子(公公元前元前551年年公元前公元前479年年)是最具影响力的哲是最具影响力的哲学家。他强调仁爱、责任和社会秩序的重要性。学家。他强调仁爱、责任和社会秩序的重要性。这些思想一直影响了中国社会两千多年。这些思想一直影响了中国社会两千多年。孟子是
8、一位思想家，他的学说和孔子的很相似。孟子是一位思想家，他的学说和孔子的很相似。孟子生于公元前孟子生于公元前372年，他早年丧父，由其母亲年，他早年丧父，由其母亲抚养成人。他继承了孔子的思想，后来在一个抚养成人。他继承了孔子的思想，后来在一个诸侯国身居要职。然而，当看到统治者并不采诸侯国身居要职。然而，当看到统治者并不采纳他的建议时，他便辞官而去。他周游列国多纳他的建议时，他便辞官而去。他周游列国多年，到处传播孔子的思想。之后他成为另一个年，到处传播孔子的思想。之后他成为另一个诸侯国国君的谋士。他把最后几年时间都花在诸侯国国君的谋士。他把最后几年时间都花在了写了写?孟子孟子?上，这是一本有关他的
9、学说的书。上，这是一本有关他的学说的书。孟子认为人之所以不同于动物是因为人是向善孟子认为人之所以不同于动物是因为人是向善的。他教导说如果政府施行仁政，人民就会向的。他教导说如果政府施行仁政，人民就会向善。他认为人民比统治者更重要，并憎恨虐待善。他认为人民比统治者更重要，并憎恨虐待民众的国家。民众的国家。墨子是另一位极具影响力的先哲。公元前墨子是另一位极具影响力的先哲。公元前476年，他出生于一个贫困家庭。他因其与众不同年，他出生于一个贫困家庭。他因其与众不同的着装及行为而著名。墨子创立了墨家思想。的着装及行为而著名。墨子创立了墨家思想。在某些方面，他的思想和孔子的有些相似。例在某些方面，他的思
10、想和孔子的有些相似。例如，他认为政府最重要。因此，他花了很多年如，他认为政府最重要。因此，他花了很多年的时间试图找到一个民众信奉他的学说的国家。的时间试图找到一个民众信奉他的学说的国家。墨子认为众生平等。他的墨子认为众生平等。他的“博爱思想与孔子博爱思想与孔子的的“仁爱思想不同。墨子教导我们要爱所有仁爱思想不同。墨子教导我们要爱所有的人，照顾那些不如我们的弱者。他憎恨战争。的人，照顾那些不如我们的弱者。他憎恨战争。墨子于公元前墨子于公元前390年逝世。年逝世。The Industrial RevolutionIn Europe，in the second half of the eightee
11、nth century，there was an important change in society.This change was called the “Industrial RevolutionUntil then Europe had been a farming society.With the Industrial Revolution，factories appeared and mass production became possible for the first time.The factories were built in towns and as a resul
12、t，the population of towns and cities greatly increased.These changes became possible because of inventions such as the steam engine.This was invented in 1769 by James Watt and was the main energy source during the Industrial Revolution.At first the steam engine was used in mines，but it was soon used
13、 in factories and on the railways.During the Industrial Revolution，factory owners became more powerful than land owners.Thousands of people left the countryside to work in the city.Often，factory workers lived in poor and crowded conditions.From 1830 to the early 20th century，the Industrial Revolutio
14、n spread through Europe and the US and then to other countries such as Japan.工业革命工业革命在在18世纪下半叶的欧洲，社会发生了一次重大世纪下半叶的欧洲，社会发生了一次重大的变革。这次重大的变革被称为的变革。这次重大的变革被称为“工业革命。工业革命。在此之前，欧洲是一个农业社会。随着工业革在此之前，欧洲是一个农业社会。随着工业革命的来临，工厂出现了，大规模生产首次成为命的来临，工厂出现了，大规模生产首次成为可能。工厂建在城镇里，结果城镇及城市人口可能。工厂建在城镇里，结果城镇及城市人口大增。大增。之所以会产生这些变化
15、是因为有了蒸汽机这样之所以会产生这些变化是因为有了蒸汽机这样的创造。蒸汽机是詹姆斯的创造。蒸汽机是詹姆斯瓦特于瓦特于1769年创造年创造的。它是工业革命时期的主要动力。起初，蒸的。它是工业革命时期的主要动力。起初，蒸汽机只用于矿业，但很快被用于工厂和铁路。汽机只用于矿业，但很快被用于工厂和铁路。在工业革命期间，工厂主变得比土地所有者更强大。在工业革命期间，工厂主变得比土地所有者更强大。成千上万的人离开乡村到城市工作。通常，工厂里成千上万的人离开乡村到城市工作。通常，工厂里的工人们生活在条件艰苦、拥挤不堪的环境里。从的工人们生活在条件艰苦、拥挤不堪的环境里。从1830年到年到20世纪初期，工业革命在整个欧洲蔓延并世纪初期，工业革命在整个欧洲蔓延并扩大到美国，继而传到其他国家，例如日本。扩大到美国，继而传到其他国家，例如日本。
