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1、GayatriChakravortySpivakGayatriChakravortySpivakFull name GayatriChakravortySpivakBorn 1942Calcutta,BritishIndiaEra 20thcenturyphilosophyRegion Post-colonialtheorySchool Post-colonialtheoryPost-structuralismMain HistoryofideasLiteratureInterests DeconstructionFeminismMarxismNotable subaltern,strateg
2、icideas essentialismInfluenced by ImmanuelKant,JacquesDerrida,KarlMarx,PauldeMan,MichelFoucault,AntonioGramsciGayatriChakravortySpivakGayatriChakravortySpivak(bornFebruary24,1942)isanIndianliterarycritic,theoristandaUniversityProfessoratColumbiaUniversity.SheisbestknownforthemonographCantheSubaltern
3、Speak?,consideredafoundingtextofpost-colonialism,andforhertranslationofJacquesDerridasOfGrammatology.ShedescribesherselfasapracticalMarxist-feminist-deconstructionist.SheisalsoavisitingfacultymemberattheCentreforStudiesinSocialSciences,Calcutta.Spivakisbestknownforhercontemporaryculturalandcriticalt
4、heoriestochallengethelegacyofcolonialismandthewayreadersengagewithliteratureandculture.Sheoftenfocusesontheculturaltextsofthosewhoaremarginalizedbydominantwesternculture:thenewimmigrant,theworkingclass,womenandotherpostcolonialsubjects.LifeSpivakwasbornGayatriChakravorty,inCalcutta,India,24February1
5、942.AftercompletingherschooleducationfromtheSt.JohnsDiocesanGirlsHigherSecondarySchool,shereceivedanundergraduatedegreeinEnglishatthePresidencyCollege,KolkataundertheUniversityofCalcutta(1959),graduatingwithfirstclasshonorsandreceivedgoldmedalsforEnglishandBengaliliterature.Afterthis,shecompletedher
6、MastersinEnglishfromCornellUniversity,andthenpursuedherPh.D.whileteachingattheUniversityofIowa.HerdissertationwasonW.B.Yeats,directedbyPauldeManatCornell,titled. Yeats.AtCornell,shewasthesecondwomanelectedtomembershipintheTellurideAssociation.ShewasbrieflymarriedtoTalbotSpivakinthe1960s.The Bride Wo
7、re the Traditional GoldbyTalbotSpivakisanautobiographicalnovelthatdealswiththeearlyyearsofthismarriage.InMarch2007,SpivakbecametheUniversityProfessorattheColumbiaUniversity,theonlywomanofcolortobebestowedtheUniversityshighesthonorinits264-yearhistory.WorksInCan The Subaltern Speak,Spivakdiscussessom
8、enuancesoftheraceandpowerdynamicsinvolvedinthebanningoftheSati.Spivakwritesthatinthefewplaceswheresatiwaspracticed,suchasBengal,womenhadtherighttoinheritwhichmeanstheremayhavebeensomecorruptingfiscalinfluencesinvolvedintheperformanceofsati.Still,allwehearaboutsatiarere-presentationsofwhatsatimeantto
9、,orhowitoppressed,women,butweneverhearfromthesati-performingbrownwomenthemselves-thusthesubalterncannotspeak.SpivakstranslationofDerridasOf Grammatology,whichincludedatranslatorsintroductionthathassincebeendescribedassettinganewstandardforself-reflexivityinprefaces,(SpivakReader,p.1)broughthertoprom
10、inence.Afterthis,shecarriedoutaseriesofhistoricalstudies(asamemberoftheSubalternStudiesCollective)andliterarycritiquesofimperialismandinternationalfeminism.ShehasoftenreferredtoherselfasapracticalMarxist-feminist-deconstructionist.Heroverridingethico-politicalconcernhasbeenthetendencyofinstitutional
11、andculturaldiscourses/practicestoexcludeandmarginalizethesubaltern,especiallysubalternwomen.EdwardSaidwrotethatShepioneeredthestudyinliterarytheoryofnon-Westernwomenandproducedoneoftheearliestandmostcoherentaccountsofthatroleavailabletous.InCan the Subaltern Speak(1988)SpivakhighlightshowGillesDeleu
12、zeandMichelFoucaultconfinethedecenteringofsubjectivitytotheWest,whichrepresentsthenon-Westernotherasrealandknowable.Herrecentwork,A Critique of Postcolonial Reason,publishedin1999,exploreshowmajorworksofEuropeanmetaphysics(e.g.,Kant,Hegel)notonlytendtoexcludethesubalternfromtheirdiscussions,butactiv
13、elypreventnon-Europeansfromoccupyingpositionsasfullyhumansubjects.Spivakcoinedthetermstrategicessentialism,whichreferstoasortoftemporarysolidarityforthepurposeofsocialaction.Forexample,theattitudethatwomensgroupshavemanydifferentagendasmakesitdifficultforfeministstoworkforcommoncauses.Strategicessen
14、tialismisabouttheneedtoaccepttemporarilyanessentialistpositioninordertobeabletoact.SpivakhastaughtatseveraluniversitiesbeforearrivingatColumbiain1991.ShehasbeenaGuggenheimfellow,receivednumerousacademichonorsincludinganhonorarydoctoratefromOberlinCollege,andhasbeenontheeditorialboardofacademicjourna
15、lssuchasboundary2.OnMarch9,2007,ColumbiaUniversityPresidentLeeBollingerappointedSpivakUniversityProfessor,theinstitutionshighestfacultyrank.Inalettertothefaculty,hewrote,“ Not only does her world-renowned scholarship-grounded in deconstructivist literary theory-range widely from critiques of post-co
16、lonial discourse to feminism, Marxism, and globalization; her lifelong search for fresh insights and understanding has transcended the traditional boundaries of discipline while retaining the fire for new knowledge that is the hallmark of a great intellect. ” Spivakswritinghasbeendescribedbysomeasop
17、aque.Ithasalsobeensuggestedthatherworkputsstyleaheadofsubstance.Inherdefense,ithasbeenarguedthatthissortofcriticismrevealsanunwillingnesstosubstantivelyengagewithhertexts.JudithButlerhasnotedthatSpivakssupposedlyinaccessiblelanguagehas,infact,resonatedwith,andprofoundlychangedthethinkingof,tensoftho
18、usandsofactivistsandscholars.AndMarxistliterarycriticTerryEagleton,whohascalledherwritinginaccessible,notedneverthelessthattherecanthusbefewmoreimportantcriticsofouragethanthelikesofSpivak.Shehasprobablydonemorelong-termpoliticalgood,inpioneeringfeministandpost-colonialstudieswithinglobalacademiatha
19、nalmostanyofhertheoreticalcolleagues.Inspeechesgivenandpublishedsince2002,Spivakhasaddressedtheissueofterrorism.Clearlystatingthatherintentionistobringanendtosuicidebombing,shehasexploredand,triedtoimaginewhatmessagesuchactsmightcontain.Theseruminationshaveincludeddescriptionssuchas:suicidebombingis
20、anactinscribedonthebodywhennoothermeanswillgetthrough.Onecritichassuggestedthatthissortofstylizedlanguagemayservetoblurimportantmoralissuesrelatingtoterrorism.However,shestatedinthetextofthespeechthatSinglecoercedyetwilledsuicidalterrorisinexcessofthedestructionofdynastictemplesandtheviolationofwome
21、n,tenaciousandpowerfullyresidual.Ithasnotthebanalityofevil.Itisinformedbythestupidityofbelieftakentoextreme.PhilanthropySpivakfoundedTheParesChandraandSivaniChakravortyMemorialEducationProject,anot-for-profit501(c)3organization,in1997,toprovideaprimaryeducationofqualityforchildreninsomeofthepoorestr
22、egionsoftheglobe,continuingworkthatSpivakhadstarteddoingin1986.TheProjectcurrentlyoperatesschoolsinruralareasofWestBengal,India.Bysettingupschoolsandgivingsustainedtrainingtolocalteacherswhooperatethemwiththehelpoflocalsupervisors,theProjectseekstoofferchildrenintheseareastheresourcestoenterthemains
23、treameducationsystemforhighschoolandbeyond.TheProjectiscommittedtousingtheexistingstatecurriculumandtextbookstotrainteachers,inthebeliefthatbyusingthesematerialstheycanbetterenabletheirstudentstoenterthenationaleducationsystemonequaltermswithothers.SinceIndiaconstantlybragsaboutbeingtheworldslargest
24、democracy,andthisisalargesectoroftheelectorate,whatImtryingtodoisdevelopritualsofdemocratichabits,shesaidoftheProject.AcademicMyself,IMustRemake:TheLifeandPoetryofW.B.Yeats(1974).OfGrammatology(translation,withacriticalintroduction,ofDerridastext)(1976)InOtherWorlds:EssaysinCulturalPolitics(1987).Se
25、lectedSubalternStudies(editedwithRanajitGuha)(1988)ThePost-ColonialCritic(1990)OutsideintheTeachingMachine(1993).TheSpivakReader(1995).ACritiqueofPostcolonialReason:TowardsaHistoryoftheVanishingPresent(1999).DeathofaDiscipline(2003).OtherAsias(2005).LiteraryImaginaryMaps(translationwithcriticalintro
26、ductionofthreestoriesbyMahaswetaDevi)(1994)BreastStories(translationwithcriticalintroductionofthreestoriesbyMahaswetaDevi)(1997)OldWomen(translationwithcriticalintroductionoftwostoriesbyMahaswetaDevi)(1999)SongforKali:ACycle(translationwithintroductionofstorybyRamproshadSen)(2000)ChottiMundaandHisArrow(translationwithcriticalintroductionofthenovelbyMahaswetaDevi)(2002)RedThread(forthcoming)BibliographyStephenMorton,GayatriChakravortySpivak(Abingdon:Routledge,2007).GayatriChakravortySpivak,DonnaLandry,andGeraldM.MacLean,TheSpivakreader:selectedworksofGayatriChakravortySpivak(Routledge,1996).
