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1、第十三讲 隐喻的译法隐喻的译法 隐喻- 比喻性词语是指一些利用事物之间的相似特征通过具体形象来比喻某事物的词，词组或句子。如：“太阳就是共产党”，“一切反动派都是纸老虎”，“乌龟缩在壳里似的把守着铁路沿线”等。运用比喻性词语，是为了使语言生动，逼真，使语言生动，逼真，富有感染力富有感染力，是一种重要的修辞手段修辞手段。汉语的英语都有丰富的比喻性词语，但因使用汉英两种语言的人民有着不同的民族历史和风俗习惯，对比喻性词语的使用也有所不同。翻译时必须注意这一差别，力求能正确地表达原文思想内容，同时又能保持原文语言的修辞效果。 比喻性词语在翻译时主要有以下几种处理方法：一一.直译法直译法n n 在符合
2、英语习惯的情况下，应尽可能在译文中保在符合英语习惯的情况下，应尽可能在译文中保留原文比喻性词语所用的形象，使译文在留原文比喻性词语所用的形象，使译文在内容上内容上和和修辞上修辞上与原文保持一致：与原文保持一致：n n张正国告诉他时，旁边有听见的人也笑了。那老张正国告诉他时，旁边有听见的人也笑了。那老头子装着没看见，像个头子装着没看见，像个老僧入定老僧入定的那样呆坐着。的那样呆坐着。n nAs Zhang As Zhang ZhengguoZhengguo was speaking, the bystanders was speaking, the bystanders who heard hi
3、m started laughing. The old man who heard him started laughing. The old man pretended not to have noticed it, sitting motionless pretended not to have noticed it, sitting motionless there like there like an old monk engaged in contemplationan old monk engaged in contemplation. .n n(2) 清清的溪水，潺潺地流着，像仙
4、女身上美丽的飘带，从高崖上伸展到遥远的地方去。n nRipping crystal streams stretched away into the distance from the towering bluffs like the beautiful streamers of a fairy maid.n n 以上两例中所用的明喻“像个老僧入定”和“像仙女身上美丽的飘带”，在英译时同样以明喻修辞手法，分别直译, 完全保留了原文风貌。（3）一切反动派都是纸老虎。看起来，反动派的样子是可怕的，但是实际上并没有什么了不起的力量。 All reactionaries are paper tigers
5、. In appearance, the reactionaries are terrifying, but in reality they are not so powerful.n n（4）现在也有两座压在中国人民头上的大山，一座叫做帝国主义，一座叫做封建主义。n nToday two big mountains lie like a dead weight on the Chinese people. One is imperialism, the other is feudalism.n n 例（3），（4）中的“纸老虎”和“大山”，均为隐喻，译文中也都用直译法，分别译作paper t
6、igers 和 big mountains，保留了原文隐喻中的形象和修辞效果。二二.意译法意译法n n原文比喻的形象在译文中难以再现或不合乎译文语言习惯，传神达意也较差时，只好舍去原文比喻性词语所用的形象，保留原比喻的含义，舍形求意，采用意译法。n n脱掉棉衣换上春装的人们，好像卸下了千斤重载，真是蹿跳觉得轻松，爬起卧倒感到利落。n nWith their heavy winter clothing changed for lighter spring wear they could leap or crouch down much more freely and nimbly.n n译文中用
7、修饰词heavy，lighter两词，含蓄地表达了原文“卸下千斤重载”的含义。n n我半世的辛苦，全是替他们做马牛！n nIve been slaving all these years just to make money for them.n n抛弃了“牛马”的比喻形象，只译其“作苦工”的实在意义。n n咱穷人，土地就是根本，没有土地，就站不住脚跟呀！n nLand is vital to poor folk like us. Without land, were done for!n n用be done for （完蛋，破灭）的含义，替代了“站不住脚跟”这一比喻。n n太阳这么高了，大姑
8、奶奶怎么还不露面？nIts so late now, Why hasnt my niece shown up?n n汉语中“太阳高了”，指太阳已经升起，早晨的时间已过去了很长一段。翻译时只能译它的含义：“时间这么晚了”，译成Its so late now。n n n n还有一些人很骄傲，读了几句书，自以为了不起，尾巴翘到天上去了，可是一遇风浪，他们的立场，比起工人和大多数劳动农民来，就显得大不相同。n nOthers are conceited; having picked up some book-phrases, they think themselves terrific and are
9、 very cocky, but whenever a storm blows up, they take a stand very different from that of the workers and the great majority of the working peasants.n n用cocky（骄傲自大）一词表达了“尾巴翘到天上去了”的含义。三三.转换法转换法n n由于汉英两种语言运用比喻的习惯不同，有时比喻中的同一个形象在两种语言中可能引起不同的联想，所以翻译时不能直接采用，而要改换原比喻性词语所用的形象，用英语中含有类似意义的比喻性词语。n n大家心里都乐得开了花，像
10、办喜事那样忙忙碌碌地做着各种准备工作。n nEvery one was as pleased as though a festival was approaching, and set about getting ready for it.n n把原文“办喜事”的比喻形象换成a festival was approaching（节日快要到来）这样的比喻性词语。n n接着他们用绳子五花大绑，把他捆得像个粽子似的，又是一阵拳打脚踢。他的嘴里鼻孔里鲜血直冒。n nThey gave him a good cuff and kick, trussed him up like a fowl and th
11、en went on walloping and kicking him again till his nose and mouth were a bloody pulp.n n把原文（捆得像个）“粽子”的比喻形象换成（像绑起来的）“家禽”的比喻形象。n n一些人清醒，多数被蒙蔽，少数是右翼骨干。n nAmong the members of these parties some keep their heads, many are deceived, and a small number make up the nucleus of the right wing.n n把原文“骨干”的比喻形
12、象换成nucleus（核心）的比喻形象。n n我们很多人没有学好语言，所以我们在写文章做演说时没有几句生动活泼切实有力的话，只有死板板的几条筋，像瘪三一样，瘦得难看，不像一个健康的人。n nIt is because many of us have not mastered language that our articles and speeches expressions and resemble not a hale and healthy person, but an emaciated biesan, a mere bag of bones.n n原文中的“几条筋”换成了a mere
13、 bag of bones(骨瘦如柴)。n n她忽然提出了这么个问题，使余敬唐吃了一惊。立刻看出这姑娘还是个刚离娘窝的“雏儿”。n nThis abrupt question took Yu Jingtang by surprise and made him realize that the girl was a young bird just able to fly.n n把“刚离娘窝”改换成just able to fly(刚会飞)。练习题练习题翻译下列各句，注意比喻性词语的译法翻译下列各句，注意比喻性词语的译法 n n1、他说了一声：“上！”便像跳涧的猛虎，窜到那个伪军的眼前。n n2、
14、他像鹰抓兔子似的揪住伪班长的脖领。n n3、群众的愤怒像火山一般爆发起来。n n4、他往队前一站，直直的像钉在那里似的。n n5、他像一只斗败的公鸡似的垂头丧气。n n6、但是，冰雹似的枪弹，最后也逼得他们不得不退下公路向东面撤。7、我可再不发我的牛脾气啦。8、他的干劲是全连出了名的，胆儿也大。9、这人原先胆子小，干啥也是脚踩两只船。10、他清清楚楚地看见一条丁字街，横在他眼前。11、打下锦州就等于关上了东北的大门，东北蒋军就成为瓮中之鳖。12、把个赵寡妇在屏风后急得像热锅上的蚂蚁一样。13、我像井底之蛙把世界看成一小池水那么大。14、她步入院中，鸦雀无闻。15、比一比就比一比，但谁也不能打退
15、堂鼓。16、金龙来找他。他知道这是黄鼠狼给鸡拜年，没安好心。17、他本人是泥菩萨过河，自生难保。练习答案练习答案练习答案练习答案n n1.He gave the order: “Come on!” and like lunging tigers they 1.He gave the order: “Come on!” and like lunging tigers they landed in front of the puppet.landed in front of the puppet.n n2.He grabbed the puppet squad leader by the scru
16、ff of the neck 2.He grabbed the puppet squad leader by the scruff of the neck like an eagle seizing a rabbit.like an eagle seizing a rabbit.n n3. The fury of the crowd erupted like a volcano.3. The fury of the crowd erupted like a volcano.n n4. He halted before the company, standing so erect that he
17、 4. He halted before the company, standing so erect that he seemed nailed to the ground.seemed nailed to the ground.n n5. He was shaken and unnerved like a defeated fighting cock.5. He was shaken and unnerved like a defeated fighting cock.n n6. However, the hail of bullets forced them to retreat fro
18、m the 6. However, the hail of bullets forced them to retreat from the highway, and they too went east.highway, and they too went east.n n7. I promise not to let my bulls temper run away with me 7. I promise not to let my bulls temper run away with me again.again.n n8. Everyone in the company knew ho
19、w energetic and fearless 8. Everyone in the company knew how energetic and fearless he was.he was.n n9.This man had formerly been a coward, a fence-sitter.9.This man had formerly been a coward, a fence-sitter.n n10. He saw distinctly the cross-road ahead of him.10. He saw distinctly the cross-road a
20、head of him.n n11. Capturing Jinzhou was tantamount to closing the gate to 11. Capturing Jinzhou was tantamount to closing the gate to northeast China, and Chiang Kai-sheks troops there would, as northeast China, and Chiang Kai-sheks troops there would, as the saying goes, become “turtles in a jar”.
21、the saying goes, become “turtles in a jar”.n n12.All this made Zhao the widow behind the screen as frantic 12.All this made Zhao the widow behind the screen as frantic as ant on a hot furnace.as ant on a hot furnace.n n13. Ive been like a frog living at the bottom of the well who 13. Ive been like a
22、 frog living at the bottom of the well who thought the world was a little round pool of water.thought the world was a little round pool of water.n n14. The courtyard was silent as she entered it. Not a birds 14. The courtyard was silent as she entered it. Not a birds cheep was to be heard.cheep was
23、to be heard.n n15.Were willing to take up the challenge. And neither side 15.Were willing to take up the challenge. And neither side should back out.should back out.n n16. 16. JinlongJinlong called on him. He realized that it was a case of the called on him. He realized that it was a case of the weasel coming to pay his respects to the hen.weasel coming to pay his respects to the hen.n n17.He cant save himself any more than a clay idol can save 17.He cant save himself any more than a clay idol can save itself while swimming across a river.itself while swimming across a river.
