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1、Unit FiveExpanded Sentence Base (1)Unit Objectiveso1. features of attributiveso2. types of attributiveso1) pre-modifierso2) post-modifierso3. prcis for short paragraphsPart II ATTRIBUTEoA word or phrase syntactically subordinate to another word or phrase that it modifies; for example, my sisters and
2、 brownomy sisters brown dog. ATTRIBUTIVESoA word or word group, such as an adjective, that is placed adjacent to the noun it modifies without a linking verb; ofor exampleo pale othe pale girl. 2. Types of attributiveso1) pre-modifierso2) post-modifiers1) Pre-modifiersoThe three good-looking clever g
3、irl studentsMy brothers first novel 2) Post-modifiersoThe student from a mountain village in Renhua county can speak good English.oAll the townpeople, old and young, heard about the accident.Part IIIComplete and incomplete sentencesoA sentence is a group of words containing a subject and a verb and
4、expressing a complete thought.oPeople sometimes have two basic sentence errors: fragment and run-on sentence.Sentence Fragments SENTENCE In the distance a blue haze settledover the rooftops. SENTENCE FRAGMENT In the distance a blue haze over therooftopsSENTENCE FRAGMENT In the distance a blue haze s
5、ettlINGover the rooftopsNOTEoA sentence fragment is a group of words which does not express a complete thought. Since it is part of a sentence, it must not be allowed to stand by itself.EXERCISE1.Living in Shaoguan near Fengcai Tower.2.He has painted in many styles during his lifetime.3.The Nautilus
6、, mans first atom-powered submarine, reminding me of the novel by jules Verne, Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea.THE PHRASE FRAGMENToA phrase should never stand alone; it must never be separated from the sentence in which it belongs.oPHRASE FRAGMENTUpstairs we found the kitchen, the dining hall,
7、and a recreation room. With a warped but usableping-pong table.Upstairs we found the kitchen, the dining hall,and a recreation room with a warped but usable ping-pong table.oPHRASE FRAGMENToEvery graduating class has itsmemories. Shaped by four years ofconstant change and growth.oEvery graduating cl
8、ass has itsmemories shaped by four years ofconstant change and growth.THE APPOSITIVE FRAGMENToAn appositive is a word or group ofwords which closely follows a noun orpronoun and identifies or explains it.Such a word is “in apposition with” theword it explains. An appositive cannever stand alone as a
9、 sentence; it isalways a part of the sentence whichcontains the word it explains.APPOSITIVE FRAGMENToAt nightfall the caravan wound intothe fabled city of Kabaka. A cluster ofruins.oAt nightfall the caravan wound intothe fabled city of Kabaka, a cluster ofruins.THE SUBORNATE CLAUSE FRAGMENToA clause
10、 is a group of words containing a subject and a predicate. A subordinate clause,however, does not express a completethought, and therefore cannot stand alone. Itdepends upon a main clause to make its meaning complete. Separated from the mainclause upon which it depends, the subordinateclause becomes
11、 a sentence fragment.CLAUSE FRAGMENToAunt Harriet has begun her springcleaning. Which always throws thehousehold into confusion.oAunt Harriet has begun her springCleaning, which always throws thehousehold into confusion.oIt was the first time that I ever felttruly in love. Unless you count a girlnam
12、ed Nancy, back in the secondgrade.oIt was the first time that I ever felttruly in love, unless you count a girlnamed Nancy, back in the secondgrade.NOTEoDo not separate a phrase, anappositive, or a subordinateclause from the sentence ofwhich it is a part.THE RUN-ON SENTENCEoWhen two complete sentenc
13、es are separated by a comma or are not separated at all, the result is called a “run-on sentence.” The first sentence “runs on” into the second.oRUN-ON SENTENCEoThe meeting seemed to last for hours, nothing was accomplished.oWe can eliminate the error by separating the two sentences completely, usin
14、g a period as punctuaion. The meeting seemed to last for hours. Nothing was accomplished.oThe meeting seemed to last for hours; nothing was accomplished.oThe meeting seemed to last for hours, but nothing was accomplished.oThe meeting seemed to last for hours because nothing was accomplished.oThe mee
15、ting seemed to last for hours; furthermore, nothing was accomplished.PART IV WRITINGPRCIS oA summary or a precis is NOT a personal interpretation of a work or an expression of your opinion of the idea; it is, rather, an exact replica in miniature of the work, often reduced to one-quarter to one-fift
16、h of its size, in which you express the complete argument!Difference between PRCIS and summaryoPRCIS means a short piece of writing, especially one written by a student as a formal language exercise, intended to summerize the main points of a longer piece of writingo Summary means a written or spoke
17、n statement in which facts or ideas are summarizedHow to write a precis?oFirst, you must understand the complete work so that you can abstract the central argument and express it cogently and completely. Next, you must develop the argument exactly as the writer has presented it AND reduce the work b
18、y 75%-80% of its size. Of course, this is possible when you consider exactly how you learn to read the work.Here are the rules of the game:o1. Read the article many times most carefully.o2. Write a precis of the article in which you state the entire argumentand present the logical progression (the d
19、evelopment) of the argument.o3. Reduce the article to one-fifth to one-quarter of its original lengthand omit nothing from the essential argument. This is, in reality, the key to the whole enterprise!o4. Type the precis and begin with your abstraction of the central, informing idea of the article. H
20、aving understood and written the central idea, present the essential argument in as cogent manner as possible.PART VFOLLOW-UP EXERCISESP. 72. Ex. 2a.June 19th, 1978 was the day on which Garfield was born.b.Moms kitchen was the place where Garfield was born.c.Pirate and Masked Avenger are some of the
21、 nicknames that his friends gave him.d.Taking a long nap is the sport that Garfield likes most.e.Garfield himself is the person that he likes most.f.Hunger is the pressure that Garfield hates most. g. His glass is the friend that Garfield likes best.h. Italian noodles are the food that Garfield like
22、s most. i.Monday is the day that Garfield hates most.j. Hotdog is the “dog” that Garfield likes most.k. Coffee is the drink that Garfield likes most.l. “There have never been Italian noodles that I dont like” is a quotation that Garfield uses most often.p. 72. Ex. 3p. 72. Ex. 41)the old ladys five k
23、ittens2)her second marriage3)all her blue French crystal wine cups4)those two large shining diamond rings of yours5)my three jazz records bought in the Sates6)half the delicious German chocolate in the can7)some Brazilian footballers playing abroadp. 73. Ex. 5oSecond, advertisements can improve ther
24、eputation of the company. More and more companies have known that advertisements can help them, so they make use of advertisements. If everyone knows their products, the products will be very famous. More people will buy them and the company can get more money. If the productsare really good, many p
25、eople will use them and the this company will become famous. Therefore, advertisements can help the company get better reputation.p. 73. Ex. 6oTelevision is educational. People of all age, preschoolers, older children, even adults, can learn from TV programs. By covering important events and current news, TV can widen peoples knowledge. If connected to a computer, TV can also teach people courses like budgeting, investment, and foreign language.
