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1、English Learning StrategiesLi Min2011Main Points for Revision We mainly discussed the following aspects in Chapter 4:2. The common strategies for learning listening and speaking1. What is the difference between real-life listening and classroom listening?Understanding the variety of speech;No contro
2、l over the speed of speech under time pressure;Face-to-face talk helps to predict what to hear.Mostly with listeners response & speakers present adjustment.Understanding the selected speech;The teacher controls the speed of speech;No contextual clues for a better prediction of what to hearNo interac
3、tions with the speaker so that the listeners feel difficultWhich is more difficult?3Real-life listening Vs. Class. listeningWhat are the main factors causing difficulty in your listening?Listener factors1. Experience / practice in listening to the target language;2.General background knowledge of th
4、e world;3.Psychological Motivation & sense of purpose while listening;Listeners powers of attention & concentrationListeners attitude toward the speaker/ the message;Speaker factors1. Language ability of the speaker;2. Speakers production;3. Speed of delivery;Factors in the material & medium1. The l
5、anguage used to convey the message;2. Difficulty of content and concepts;3. Acoustic environment: noise and interference;4. Amount of support provided by gestures, visual, etc.Listening Intensively and ExtensivelyIntensive listening is for understanding every word or sentence, and / or getting the e
6、xact pronunciation and intonation. You listen to each sentence again and again until you understand. (imitating the pronunciation and intonation, repeating the words and sentences or write down everything on paper) Extensive listening provides you with chances to cover more material at a time and th
7、us get more information. In extensive listening, you usually listen in a relaxed way for getting the main idea and other important information. Listening Intensively and ExtensivelyIntensive listening is for understanding every word or sentence, and / or getting the exact pronunciation and intonatio
8、n. You listen to each sentence again and again until you understand. (imitating the pronunciation and intonation, repeating the words and sentences or write down everything on paper) . Extensive listening provides you with chances to cover more material at a time and thus get more information. In ex
9、tensive listening, you usually listen in a relaxed way for getting the main idea and other important information. Communication Skills1) Start and Maintain A Conversation Naturally To start to talk with friends:To start to talk with strangersHello/ Hi/ Hey!How are youHow are you doing?How is everyth
10、ing with you?Excuse me.Havent we met somewhere before?A very nice day, isnt it?How do you do?2) Taking Turns Turn-taking is an important skill in a conversation or discussion. You need to know how to get your turn at speaking and give others a chance to speak.3) Responding Actively In conversation,
11、you need to respond actively to the speaker in order to show that you are listening to him or her attentively. Functions To show approvalTo show surpriseExpressionsGood!Yeah.How interesting.Wow.My goodness.Really?How strange!FunctionsTo ask for repetitionTo show that you understand him/her expressio
12、nsPardon?What did you say?You mean?So you are saying that?If Ive understood correctly, ?4) Using Hesitation FillersHesitation fillers give us time for thinking, help us overcome communication difficulty. “Um, well, you know, you see”. But too many hesitation filler will produce the opposite effect.
13、That is, they will make others believe you are not confident enough. 5) using a circumlocution迂回策略迂回策略In oral communication, we may have difficulty in expressing ourselves because we cant find the suitable words or think of sentence patterns. In such cases, we can speak in a roundabout way. For exam
14、ple, Its a kind ofWell, I can explain it like this6) Using body languageIt is proved that 70% of the communication is achieved by something other than language. Good speakers use body language to show their attitude and emotion, and transmit messages. 7）Appealing For Help When we meet communication
15、obstacles, we can say in a roundabout way or simply change the topic. But if we have to express the fact we dont know, we can turn to our partner for help. Here are some useful expressions: Whats the word for? Whats the name for? I cant remember the word forChapter 5 Strategies for learning reading
16、and writing1. Different types of reading comprehension2. Different models of readingThe Focus Today3. Common reading strategiesDifferent Types of Reading Comprehension1) literal comprehension in order to understand, remember or recall the information explicitly contained in a passage. 2) inferential
17、 comprehension in order to find information which is not explicitly stated in a passage, using the readers experience and intuition and by inferring 3) critical comprehension in order to compare information in a passage with the readers own knowledge and values1.Who beat the little donkey?2.Why did
18、the cruel big man beat the little donkey?3.What is the authors attitude towards the man and the donkey?4.How did the author express his feelings?5.If you were the man, what would you do to deal with the donkey?The cruel big man beat the little donkey with a heavy stick because the animal refused to
19、carry him over the river.3 Models of ReadingThe “The “bottom-up modelbottom-up model” ” means that people build up the meaning of the materials word-by-word and sentence-by-sentence. They understand the meaning from part to the whole as visual information (VI) is more emphasized for understanding. T
20、he “The “top-downtop-down modelmodel” ” emphasizes the use of general/ background knowledge when people understand language, e.g., using the context to predict the meaning or guess the meaning of any unfamiliar items, and then find out how the detailed meaning is expressed in the text. It emphasizes
21、 both lower-level skills (letter & word identification) and higher-level knowledge (general/ background knowledge) involved in understanding a text. Actually people use their skills at all levels more or less simultaneously. Therefore L2 learners need the training for both“bottom-up” word identifica
22、tion skills and “top-down” processing skills that emphasize the understanding of the overall meaning.The “interactive model” Schema TheoryAccording to schema theory, reading is an interactive process between readers prior knowledge and the contents of the reading material. Schema can be divided into
23、 3 types:u language schema, u content schema( background knowledge of the world, )u formal schema ( background knowledge of rhetorical structure of texts and genres).The issue of the New York Times which hailed the Second International as the authority to which it would adhered and the Third Interna
24、tional as a scandal and a betrayal which it would rejected used 153 separate words, phrases and constructions which are listed in the Third International but not in the Second and 19 others which are condemned in the Second.Subject :the issue, Predicate: usedLanguage schemaThe issue of the New York
25、Times which hailed the Second International as the authority to which it would adhered and the Third International as a scandal and a betrayal which it would rejected used 153 separate words, phrases and constructions which are listed in the Third International but not in the Second and 19 others wh
26、ich are condemned in the Second.这句话有62个单词，这个长句的主语是the issue, 由介词短语of the New York Times作后置定语修饰。谓语被几个定语从句隔得很远，那么应该先找出这几个定语从句所辖的范围才能找到谓语：which hailed the Second International as the authority是第一个定语从句，修饰the issue；to which it would adhered是修饰the authority的定语从句；which it would rejected是修饰a scandal and a b
27、etrayal 的定语从句。经过分析，可以确定谓语是used，它被三个定语从句隔开。英语长句在人文社会、自然科普方面的说明文或议论文中非常普遍，只有找出句子的主语和谓语，才能有效地理解全句的意思。.Content schemaThey are always fighting and negotiating and fighting. A perfect Penelopes Web.” A perfect Penelopes Web这个句子出自希神话关这个句子出自希神话关于奥德修斯的妻子珀涅罗珀的故事。奥德修斯长于奥德修斯的妻子珀涅罗珀的故事。奥德修斯长年征战在外，他的妻子被追求者纠缠，迫不得已
28、年征战在外，他的妻子被追求者纠缠，迫不得已假借允婚来搪塞，并提出完婚前必须织好一件毛假借允婚来搪塞，并提出完婚前必须织好一件毛衣。于是每天晚上都把白天织好的部分拆掉，以衣。于是每天晚上都把白天织好的部分拆掉，以拖延时间。根据这个故事，拖延时间。根据这个故事，A perfect Penelopes Web 实际上理解为实际上理解为“没完没了，永无休止没完没了，永无休止”。 Nanjing air crash kills at least 100Nanjing-A Yak-42 airliner carrying 116 passengers and 10 crew members crashed
29、 on takeoff from the Nanjing Airport in East China yesterday at 15:06 (Beijing time). So far,100 people on board are dead and 26 injured.A full-scale rescue attempt for the injured is still underway.The aircraft of GP7552 flight failed to lift off and burst into a ball of flames about 600 meters fro
30、m the run way. The plane, operated by China General-Purpose Airline Company in Xian, was used on the route from Nanjing City inJiangsu Province to Xiamen City in Southeast Chinas Fujian Province Formal schema3 stages of readingBefore reading:Think about what I know on the topicPredict what the mater
31、ial is aboutKnow why I am reading to the materialWhile reading:Draw full attention to the materialCreate mental pictures of what I readStop and reread what is not clear Talk to myself or share with others about what I think & feelAfter reading:Ask what I have learntThink about how this fits into wha
32、t I already knowDecide how I will use this informationAsk if I have changed because of what I have readHow do you preview the text?pLook up the new words first Ss go through the text quickly and underline the new words. Then they look them up in the dictionary one by one. Finally they read the text
33、in details.pFocus on understanding first1)Go through the text quickly to get the general idea 2)Read for the 2nd time and underline the difficult points.3)Read in details; if necessary, look up the dictionary.4)Think about the writers purpose; the main idea of the passage. Reading strategies1. Predi
34、ction Instead of a passive process, reading is an active process. Prediction makes our understanding easier. It is a process like this: predicting-checking-and asking questions-predicting again.2. skimming Skimming means going through the reading material quickly in order to get a general idea of wh
35、at an article is about, to know how it is organized. How can we skim quickly to get the main idea?Read only the first and the last sentence of a paragraph.Read the topic sentence of each paragraph.Read the key words relating to the topic. Reading strategies3.scanning Scanning means going through the
36、 reading material very quickly to locate specific information such as a name, a date or a fact. We only read the part that contains the information we need. 4. Making inferences No text is fully explicit so readers must constantly make inferences to understand what they are reading. By making infere
37、nces, readers make use of their existing knowledge along with the information in the text to build meaning.Using prior knowledgeReaders purposely bring to consciousness what they already know that relates to what they are going to read or what they are reading. Thus, they put a set of schemata into
38、place, establishing a framework for the new information that they will encounter in the text.5. guessing meanings of new words We can guess the meanings of unfamiliar words by context and the word formation devices. Get rid of poor reading habitsuWhen reading, some readers will move their lips or wh
39、isper silently. This is called vocalization. With this bad reading habit, we cannot improve our reading speed.uWhen reading, some readers will point to the words or sentences they read. This will also affect our reading speed and comprehension.uRegression means frequently going back to what we have
40、read beforehand. In doing so, we cannot concentrate on what we are reading and slow down our reading speed.Understanding the Different Thinking Modes When we Chinese express our thoughts, we do not speak to the point immediately. On the contrary, we tend to speak of the external environments or cond
41、itions first; only in the end will we mention what we really want to say, that is, the purpose and the center of the topic. This is called curve thought pattern.The English people like to write directly. First they will give a general idea of what they are going to say, then they will give some spec
42、ific ideas and next, they will come to a conclusion. Organization patterns1.Chronological pattern2.Spatial pattern3.Listing pattern4.Comparison and contrast pattern5.Definition pattern6.Classification pattern7.Cause and effect patternWriting process1)getting sufficient ideas-brainstorming To write d
43、own whatever is associated with the topic2) grouping the ideas To classify them3) generalizing each group To find the central idea for each group and put it in one sentence4) writing the thesis statement of the essay Narrow down the topic and decide on the central idea of the essay and put it in one
44、 sentence.5) making up the title6) working out the outlineavoiding the following phenomenaSentence fragmentsA sentence fragment is a part of a sentence which has been punctuated as a complete sentence.Staying up all night to finish a paper. That left me red-eyed in the morning.Revised: Staying up al
45、l night to finish a paper left me red-eyed in the morning.Comma splice The comma splice is the incorrect joining of two independent clauses with a comma.Miss Li criticized Little Tom for being late for the class, he cried.Revised: Miss Li criticized Little Tom for being late for the class, so/ and h
46、e cried.Miss Li criticized Little Tom for being late for the class; he cried.Miss Li criticized Little Tom for being late for the class. He cried.A run-on sentence (a fused sentence) joins two sentences without any punctuation.Miss Li criticized Little Tom for being late for the class he cried.Faulty agreement between subject and verb Either Tom or Jack have to wash the car.Faulty agreement between pronoun and antecedent They put the blame on the referee, not on himself.
