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1、functionData classOperation planFinancial plan Product forecasts production process Inventory controlSales managementDispatch Operations sequenceMaterial Requirement Production Capacity PlanningProductdesign&developmentCost accountingEmploying planSales Accounting Shipment Ordering serviceFinancialP
2、lan Production Inventory stockMaterials listPart requirementTask formMaterial stockStaff Cost Order goodsSales region Client Technological processMaterials supplyCUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUCCCCCUUUUUUUUUUCCCCCCUUUUUUUUUCUUUUEquipment loadUUUUUCUCAchievement evaluationCheck1Check1：No null No null row/columrow/
3、column nCheck2Check2:Eac:Each column h column can have can have only one Conly one CCheck3Check3:Each :Each column have column have one U leastone U leastFunctionBusiness planProductionmanufacturingData classC U UTechnical preparationMarketingFinance and accountingPersonnel U U U U CU U U UC C U UU
4、U C UC C U UU C UC U U U U U CU U C U C U U U C U U U C U U U U C C U U U U Operation planFinancial plan Asset sizeProduct forecasts production process Inventory controlSales region managementDispatch Operations sequenceMaterial Requirement Production Capacity PlanningProductdesign&developmentCost a
5、ccountingEmploying planMarket analysisFinancial accountingShipment Ordering serviceAchievement evaluationFinancial planPlan Production Inventory costMaterials listPart requirementTask formMaterial stockStaff Cost Order goodsSales region Client Technological processMaterials supplyEquipment load 定义信息
6、结构定义信息结构 - - 划分子系统、确定子系统的实施顺序划分子系统、确定子系统的实施顺序数据类dataclass功能FunctionDataclass1数据类1数据类3数据类6数据类2数据类5数据类8数据类10数据类4数据类7数据类9function1CCUU功能2UU功能4UUC功能8UUU功能3CUCU功能6UCU功能7UUC功能5CCU功能9UUU功能10UUC4.Subsystemdivision子系统的划分BSPmethodisAccordingtoinformationusedandcreatetodividingsubsystems,ittrytodividetheenterp
7、riseprocesscreateinformationanduseinasubsystem,andareductionintheinformationexchange.Theprocedureisasfollows:BSP方法是根据信息的产生和使用来划分子系统的，它尽量把信息产生的企业过程和使用的企业过程划分在一个子系统中，从而减少了子系统之间的信息交换。划分子系统的步骤如下：（1）MakeU/Cmatrix.Usingdefinedfunctionsanddataclasstomakeaformoffunctionanddata,i.e.U/Cmatrix,asshowninthetabl
8、e.RowsoftheMatrixrespectdata,andcolumnsrepresentfunction,anduseletterU(use)andC(create)meanthefunctionsuseandcreatedata.TheintersectionsuperscriptCmeansthedatageneratedbythecorrespondingfunction.MarkingUmeansthefunctionusingthisdataclass.作U/C矩阵。利用定义好的功能和数据类作一张功能数据类表格，即U/C矩阵，如表所示。矩阵中的行表示数据类，列表示功能，并用字
9、母U（use）和C (create)表示功能对数据类的使用和产生， 交叉点上标C的表示这个数据类由相应的功能产生，标U的表示这个功能使用这个数据类。(2)Adjustmentfunction/dataclassmatrix.Atbeginningclassandprocessdataisinrandomarrangement,U,Cinthematrixarrangementisdispersive,willhavetobeadjusted.调整功能/数据类矩阵。开始时数据类和过程是随机排列的，U、C在矩阵中排列也是分散的，必须加以调整。First,accordingtoalistoffunc
10、tionarrangement,eachfunctionalgroupsarrangeaccordingtotheresourcesinthelifecycleoffourstages.Functionalgroupswiththesametypesoffunction,suchas“businessplan”“financialplanning”belongtoplangroup,dividedtogroups“operatingplan”.首先，功能这一列按功能组排列，每一功能组中按资源生命周期的四个阶段排列。功能组指同类型的功能，如“经营计划”、“财务计划”属计划类型，归入“经营计划”功
11、能组。Secondly,indataarrangethisline,makingthematrixCclosesttothemaindiagonalline.Becausethefunctiongroupisnotabsolute,maybeappropriatelyallocatefunctiongroupwithoutthedestructionlogicfunction,makeUalsoclosetomaindiagonalline.Afterthefunctionofaboveofthematrix/figuresadjusting,cangetthefunction/datacla
12、ssmatrixdisplayedtablebelow.其次，排列“数据类”这一行，使得矩阵中C最靠近主对角线。因为功能的分组并不绝对，在不破坏功能组成的逻辑性基础上，可以适当调配功能分组，使U也尽可能靠近主对角线。上表的功能/数据类矩阵经上述调整后，得到下表表示的功能数据类矩阵。（3）Drawfunctionalgroupscorrespondingbox,andgiveaname,thisissubsystem,seetablebelow.画出功能组对应的方框，并起个名字，这就是子系统，见表所示。（4）UsearrowsputdownintheboxwiththeUconnected,st
13、andforthedataflowofbetweensubsystem.Forexample,dataclass“plan”createbytheoperationsubsystem,andtechnicalpreparationsubsystemmayusethisdataclass.用箭头把落在框外的U与子系统联系起来，表示子系统之间的数据流。例如，数据类“计划”，由经营子计划系统产生，而技术准备子系统要用到这一数据类。Inthewholesystemlogicdivisionweshouldbepaidattentionto:在整个系统逻辑的划分中要注意的是：Alongthediagon
14、allinedrawsubsystemoneafteranother,canneitheroverlap,normissanydataandfunctions.Smallsquaresdivisionisarbitrary,butitmustgivealltheCelementcontainswithininasmallsquares.沿对角线一个接一个地画，既不能重叠，又不能漏掉任何一个数据和功能。小方块的划分是任意的，但必须将所有的“C”元素都包含在小方块之内。AfterdivideSubsystems,thereareseveral“U“stayouttheredsquare,thisi
15、stheofdataconnectionsbetweensubsystemsinfuture,orshareddataresources.Theseusearrowexpress.子系统划定之后，留在小方块（子系统）外还有若干个“U”元素，这就是今后子系统之间的数据联系，即共享的数据资源。将这些联系用箭头表示。UsearrowsputtheUwhichoutoftheboxestoconnectedwithsubsystem,standforthedataflowofbetweensubsystem.Forexample,dataclass“plan”createbytheoperations
16、ubsystem,andtechnicalpreparationsubsystemmayusethisdataclass.用箭头把落在框外的U与子系统联系起来，表示子系统之间的数据流。例如，数据类“计划”，由经营子计划系统产生，而技术准备子系统要用到这一数据类。Thedirectionofarrowsmeansthedataclasscreatebyasubsystemandwillusebyanothersubsystem.Analysis for MIS Analysis for MIS 管理信息系统的系统分析管理信息系统的系统分析Partone:Understandingofanalys
17、is,andthetaskofsystemanalysis对系统分析的理解和系统分析的任务Parttwo:FeasibilityAnalysis可行性分析Partthree:Contentsofdetailedinvestigation详细调查的内容Partfour:Datadescribetool(DFDandDD)数据描述工具（数据流程图和数据字典）Partfive:Confirmthenewmanagementmodel,establishingnewsystemlogicmodelorprogram确定新的管理模型，建立新系统的逻辑模型或方案Partone:Understandingo
18、fanalysis,andthetaskofsystemanalysis对系统分析的理解和系统分析的任务1.TheunderstandingofMISanalysis对管理信息系统的系统分析的理解Systemanalysis,alsocalledneedsanalysis,isleadbysystemplanning,andtakedetailedinvestigationofsystem,onthebasisofthoroughlyunderstandtheoriginalinformationsystem,thenanalyzes,compareandjudgmentonallkindso
19、fschemesofnewsystem,completedesignthelogicalmodelofnewsystem,solvethesystemdowhatproblem.系统分析，也称为需求分析，是在系统规划的指导下，对系统进行深入详细的调查研究，在充分认识原信息系统的基础上，对新系统的各种方案进行分析、研究、比较和判断，完成新系统的逻辑模型设计，解决系统“做什么”的问题。SystemanalysisisanimportantsegmentofMISdevelopment.Itsworkqualityinlargelydeterminesthesuccessorfailureofthe
20、system.系统分析是开发MIS的重要环节，其工作的好坏在很大程度上决定了系统的成败。2.MISanalysisstask管理信息系统分析的任务MIS analysis mission is: on the basis of have fullunderstanding to the original information system, throughthe problem identification, feasibility analysis, detailedinvestigation,systematicanalysis,finallycompletethelogicdesign
21、ofnewsystemorsayslogicalmodel,solvedowhatproblem.管理信息系统系统分析的任务是：在充分认识原信息系统的基础上，通过问题识别、可行性分析、详细调查、系统化分析，最后完成新系统的逻辑方案设计或者称逻辑模型，解决“做什么”的问题。Parttwo:FeasibilityAnalysis可行性分析一、可行性分析的概念和内容一、可行性分析的概念和内容1.Theconceptoffeasibilityanalysis可行性分析的概念FeasibilityanalysisistodeterminethepossibilityofMISssuccessthroug
22、htheneededinformationtechnologyandthepossibleinvestmentorcostorthebenefitsgeneral，anditallaccordingtotheproblemhavedefinite.可行性分析是根据确定的问题，通过分析新系统需要的信息技术、可能发生的投资和费用、产生的效益，确定将开发的管理信息系统成功的可能性。2.Thecontentsoffeasibilityanalysis可行性分析的内容(1)Feasibilityinmanagement:theadministrativestaffsattitudetoapplicati
23、onprojectandtheconditionsofmanagement.管理上的可行性管理上的可行性：指管理人员对开发应用项目的态度和管理方面的条件。(2)Feasibilityintechnology:analysiswhetherthepresentsoftwareandhardwarecansatisfytherequirementtonewsystem,andtakethelevelofdeveloperintoaccount.技术上的可行性技术上的可行性：分析当前的软、硬件技术能否满足对系统提出的要求，以及考虑开发人员的水平。(3)Economicfeasibility:itma
24、inlyontheestimatecostandevaluatingtheeconomiceffectivenessofproject.经济上的可行性经济上的可行性：主要是预估费用支出和对项目的经济效益进行评价。二、可行性分析报告二、可行性分析报告Feasibilityanalysisreportincludesthefollowingparts:可行性分析报告的包括以下部分：1.Systembriefly系统简述2.Thegoaloftheproject项目的目标3.Therequiredresources,budgetandexpectedefficiency.所需资源、预算和期望效率4.
25、Theconclusiontotheprojectcredibility.对项目可信性的结论(1) introduction 1. Abstract 2. Background 3. Definition 4. Reference material(2) the premise of feasibility study 1. Requirements; 2. Target; 3. Conditions, assumptions and restrictions; 4. Feasibility study method.(3) the preliminary investigation and
26、analysis of current system 1. The enterprises objectives and tasks; 2. Enterprise organization and management mechanism; 3. The situation of current information systems; 4. The current business process and subsystems division; 5. The new system development conditions; 6. The main existing problems a
27、nd weaknesses; 7. The Analysis of user development tasks and demands(4) the preliminary plan new system 1. The new system goal; 2. The size of the new system; 3. The computer system configuration; 4. The progress of the new system development plans, including various stages manpower, money, equipmen
28、t needs; 5. The influence of realization new system to Organizations and management model.(5) the feasibility study 1. The necessity of developing new system; 2. The economics of new system development; 3. Develop new system technology feasibility; 4. The feasibility of organization management; 5. E
29、nvironmental feasibility; 6. Operation feasibility.(6) alternative other schemes(7) the feasibility analysis conclusionThefeasibilityreportexampleThefeasibilityreportexample（一）引言（一）引言1摘要摘要2背景背景3定义定义4参考资料参考资料（二）可行性研究的前提（二）可行性研究的前提1要求；要求；2目标；目标；3条件、假定和限制；条件、假定和限制；4进行可行性研究的方法。进行可行性研究的方法。（三）对现行系统的初步调查与分
30、析（三）对现行系统的初步调查与分析1企业的目标和任务；企业的目标和任务；2企业的组织机构及管理机制；企业的组织机构及管理机制；3现行信息系统的概况；现行信息系统的概况；4现行业务流程和子系统划分；现行业务流程和子系统划分；5新系统的开发条件；新系统的开发条件；6存在的主要问题和薄弱环节；存在的主要问题和薄弱环节；7对用户提出的开发任务和要求的对用户提出的开发任务和要求的分析。分析。（四）新系统的初步方案四）新系统的初步方案1新系统的目标；新系统的目标；2新系统的规模；新系统的规模；3计算机系统的配置；计算机系统的配置；4新系统开发的进度计划，包括各阶段新系统开发的进度计划，包括各阶段的人力、资
31、金、设备需求等；的人力、资金、设备需求等；5新系统实现后对组织机构、管理新系统实现后对组织机构、管理模式的影响。模式的影响。（五）可行性研究（五）可行性研究1开发新系统的必要性；开发新系统的必要性；2开发新系统的经济性；开发新系统的经济性；3开发新系统技术方面开发新系统技术方面的可行性；的可行性；4组织管理方面的可行性；组织管理方面的可行性；5环境方面的可行性；环境方面的可行性；6操作方面的可行性。操作方面的可行性。（六）可供选择的其他方案（六）可供选择的其他方案（七）可行性分析的结论（七）可行性分析的结论可行性研究报告的编写The specific content of library pr
32、eliminary investigation :对图书馆进行初步调查的具体内容为：(1) library scale: The quantity and kinds of books;图书馆的规模：现藏书册数、种类；(2) the main business;图书馆的主要业务;(3) the departments of library;图书馆下设几个部门；(4) the number of library worker;图书馆职工人数；(5) the education status of worker;职工受教育程度；(6) major acquisition unit;主要购书单位；(
33、7) books coding mode;图书编码方式；(8) how many readers borrow books in here;现有多少读者在此借书；(9) reader borrow books vouchers;读者借书凭证；(10) readers classification;读者分类；(11) the attitude of leadership to develop new system;图书馆的上级领导对开发新系统的态度；(12) the funding of development the new system;开发新系统要投入的资金；(13)the develop
34、ment time of the new system (regulation on how long development completed.开发新系统的时间（规定多长时间开发完成）。 Caseanalysis-auniversitylibraryMISpreliminaryinvestigation案例分析 某高校图书馆管理信息系统初步调查feasibility analysis可行性分析可行性分析 Through a preliminary investigation of the system, having a concrete understanding of all aspe
35、cts of library. Now we analyzed the feasibility of this library MIS.通过系统初步调查，对某单位图书馆的各个方面有了具体的了解。现对该单位开发图书馆管理信息系统的可行性进行分析。1 Technically feasible技术上可行 Hardware equipments required in this system, such as servers, PCs and printers and network fittings etc, all these devices have sales and lower prices
36、 on the market, can satisfy the system function requirement. Software, the operating system using Windows NT, using database management system Visual FoxPro, these software has been extensively applied in the MIS development, technically are more mature. Therefore it is technically feasible.该系统所需硬件设
37、备，如服务器、PC机、打印机及网络配件等，市场上有销售且价格较低，能满足系统功能要求。软件上，操作系统采用Windows NT，数据库管理系统采用Visual FoxPro，这些软件在MIS开发中已被大量应用，技术上都比较成熟。因此技术上是可行的。Case analysis - a university library MIS案例分析案例分析 某高校图书馆管理信息系统某高校图书馆管理信息系统2 Economicallyfeasible经济上可行经济上可行 Becauseofsuperiorleadershipurgentlyneedusingthecomputerforthelibraryma
38、nagement,thereforetostronglysupportdeveloplibraryMIS,appropriationsfunds250000RMBforthedevelopment.由于上级领导急需采用计算机来进行图书馆的管理，因此对开发图书馆管理信息系统大力支持，拨款25万元作为开发经费。3feasiblein Management管理上可行管理上可行Thisunitlibraryhasagoodmanagementstructure.BooksareencodingbyChineselibraryclassification.Eachpersonborrowbookshas
39、alibrarycard,andestablishedfilesinthelibraryforeveryone.Soitisfeasibleonmanagement.Inaddition,thelibrarymanagementpersonnelisalsostronglysupportthedevelopmentofthesystem,andformulatedthetrainingplan,andmakingmaterialpreparationandworkpreparationtoMISimplementation.该单位图书馆有很好的管理体制。图书采用中图法编码方式。每位借书人均有借
40、书证，同时图书馆还为每位借书人建立了档案。因此管理上可行。另外，图书馆管理人员对开发该系统也是大力支持的，同时制定了培训计划，并进行了实施MIS的物质准备和工作准备。To sum up,thedevelopmentoflibrarymanagementinformationsystemintechnologyandeconomy,managementarefeasible.综上所述，开发图书馆管理信息系统在技术上、经济上、管理上都是可行的。综上所述，开发图书馆管理信息系统在技术上、经济上、管理上都是可行的。Partthree:Contentsofdetailedinvestigation详细调
41、查的内容1.Theorganizationstructuresurvey组织结构调查Referstoanorganization(departments,enterprisesandworkshopetc)andthepartoftherelationshipbetweeneachother.指的是一个组织（部门、企业、车间等）的组成以及这些组成部分之间的相互关系。Atoorganizetheinternaldepartmentdivision组织内部的部门划分Bleadershipandbeleadersrelations领导与被领导关系Cofinformationtransmissionr
42、elationships信息资料的传递关系Dmaterialflowrelationsandcapitalflowrelations物资流动关系与资金流动关系E departmentsworkcontentsandresponsibility各部门的工作内容与职责Falllevelsorganizationsexistingproblemsanditsrequirementstothenewsystem各级组织存在问题以及对新系统的要求2.Managementfunctionsurvey.管理功能调查Functionisorganizationstofunctionconcretemanife
43、station,anysystemhasagoal,inordertorealizethesystemtarget,thesystemmusthavevariousfunctions.功能是各组织机构职能的具体体现，任何一个系统都有一个目标，为了实现系统目标，系统必须具备各种功能。Managementbusinesssurvey管理业务调查3.Thebusinessmanagementproceduresurvey管理业务流程调查Accordingtotheinformationflowprocess,investigateeachlinksprocessingbusinessandinfor
44、mationsource,processingmethods,calculationmethod,informationflowstoandoutputinformationformetc.按信息流动的过程调查各环节的处理业务、信息来源、处理方法、计算方法、信息流经去向、信息输出形态等。Business processing department or personnel业务处理单位、部门或业务处理单位、部门或人员人员Department or personnel outside the system 系统外的部门或人员系统外的部门或人员material flow or information
45、 flow物流或信息流物流或信息流All kinds of documents, reports etc各类单据、报表等各类单据、报表等Management business flow chartManagement business flow chart管理业务流程图管理业务流程图(Transaction Flow Diagram, TFD)(Transaction Flow Diagram, TFD)The diagram Used to describe the business relationship, homework The diagram Used to describe th
46、e business relationship, homework sequence and management information flow between system internal sequence and management information flow between system internal departments and personnel. departments and personnel. 用于描述系统内各部门、人员之间存在的业用于描述系统内各部门、人员之间存在的业务关系、作业顺序以及管理信息流向的图表。务关系、作业顺序以及管理信息流向的图表。work
47、shopPicking ListWarehouse Warehouse managementmanagementapproved Picking ListWarehouse Worker Material lack noticebuyerbuyerRush ordersSupplementary purchase ordersupplierMaterials planunapproved Picking ListInventory accountMakings blottersRequisition noticeavailable unavailableorder contractHave o
48、rderNot ordernotice to take deliverywarehouse warrantInventory Reportthe department concernedNo planplanSend goodsExample - a enterprise material management business flow chart车间车间领料单领料单库长库长库长库长已批准领已批准领料单料单库工库工库工库工缺料通知单缺料通知单采购员采购员采购员采购员催货单催货单补充订货单补充订货单供货单位供货单位用料计划用料计划未未批准领批准领料单料单库存帐库存帐用料流水用料流水帐帐领料通知
49、领料通知有货无货订货合同订货合同已订货没订货提货通知单提货通知单入库单入库单库存报表库存报表有关部门有关部门无计划有计划发出货物实例实例某企业物资管理业务流程图某企业物资管理业务流程图2.Thedataflowinvestigation.数据流程调查Abstractthedataflowintheoriginalsystemindependently,abandonthesubstanceelements(suchasspecificorganization,goods,personnel,etc.)fromthedataflowprocesstosingleexaminestheactual
50、businessdataprocessingmode.把数据在原系统内部的流动情况抽象地独立出来，舍去了物质要素（如具体组织机构、货物、人员等），单从数据流动过程来考查实际业务的数据处理模式(1)Collectoriginalsystemsallinputdocuments(suchaswarehousewarrant,receipt,),outputreportsanddatastoragemedium(accountbooks,list);收集原系统全部输入单据（如入库单、收据、凭证）、输出报表和数据存储介质（帐本、清单）；(2)Makecleartheprocessingmethodan
51、dcalculationmethodofeachlink;弄清各环节上的处理方法和计算方法；(3)Indicateproductiondepartmentsubmitdepartment,storageplacefrequencyandresultofvariousvouchers,reports,accountingbooks,theetc;注明各种单据、报表、帐本的制作单位、报送单位、存放地点发生频度和发生量等；(4)Indicatethetypeofvariousdata,lengthandscope.注明各项数据的类型、长度、取值范围。ONE. Data flow diagram数据流
52、程图数据流程图 Data flow chart is a main tool can comprehensive description information system logical model, it can use a few symbols comprehensively reflect the flow of information in the system, processing and storage conditions. So as to shake off its physical content.数数据据流流程程图图是是一一种种能能全全面面地地描描述述信信息息系系
53、统统逻逻辑辑模模型型的的主主要要工工具具，它它可可以以用用少少数数几几种种符符号号综综合合地地反反映映出出信信息息在在系系统统中中的的流流动动、处处理理和和存存储情况。从而摆脱其物理内容。储情况。从而摆脱其物理内容。Partfour:Datadescribetool(DFDandDD)数据描述工具（数据流程图和数据字典）External entity外部实体外部实体Data flow数据流数据流Data storage数据存储数据存储Data process数据处理数据处理External entity: refers to those people or outside things Ext
54、ernal entity: refers to those people or outside things dondont control by system, the system of.t control by system, the system of.外部实体：外部实体：是指不受系统控制，本系统以外的人或事物。是指不受系统控制，本系统以外的人或事物。Data processing: refers to data logical processing, it Data processing: refers to data logical processing, it expressed
55、 data processing logical function.expressed data processing logical function.数据处理数据处理：是指对数据的逻辑处理，它表达了对数据处理的逻辑功能。是指对数据的逻辑处理，它表达了对数据处理的逻辑功能。 Data flow: pertaining to data flow direction and its name.Data flow: pertaining to data flow direction and its name.数据流：数据流：说明数据的流动方向及其名称。说明数据的流动方向及其名称。Data stor
56、age: used to indicate the data storage place, such Data storage: used to indicate the data storage place, such as folders, ledger.as folders, ledger. 数据存储：数据存储：用来表明数据保存的地方，如文件夹、账本。用来表明数据保存的地方，如文件夹、账本。 1. basic illustrations of data flow diagram1. basic illustrations of data flow diagram数据流程图的基本图数据流程
57、图的基本图数据流程图的基本图数据流程图的基本图例例例例. . Because the actual data processing process is often Because the actual data processing process is often compare multifarious, so should according to system compare multifarious, so should according to system view, using the top-down method of hierarchically drawn. view
58、, using the top-down method of hierarchically drawn. 由于实际数据处理过程常常比较繁杂，故应该按照系统的观点，由于实际数据处理过程常常比较繁杂，故应该按照系统的观点，采用采用自顶向下逐层自顶向下逐层分解的方法分解的方法绘制绘制。2.Drawing 画法Draw the top-level data flow diagram画出顶层数据流图Draw the others each layer data flow diagram画出其余各层数据流图Draw the aggregate data flow diagram画出总的数据流图S S1 1
59、2 23 31.11.11.21.21.11.11.31.32.12.12.22.22.32.32.42.43.13.13.23.23.33.3E EE EE EE EE EE ETop-down hierarchically自顶向下逐层分解 determined determined the the overall overall function function of of data data flow flow diagramdiagram确确定定数数据据流程图的总体功能；流程图的总体功能；find find the the originorigin and and finish fi
60、nish of of the the data data flow flow diagramdiagram, , they they are are external external entity, entity, the the boundary boundary is is the the system;system;找找出出数数据据流流程程图图的的起起点与终点，它们是外部实体，是系统的边界；点与终点，它们是外部实体，是系统的边界；finding finding out out output output data data flow flow and and input input d
61、ata data flow flow of of external external entity :entity :找出外部实体的输出数据流与输入数据流：找出外部实体的输出数据流与输入数据流：Starting Starting from from external external entity entity output output data data stream, stream, according according to to the the logic logic need need of of system, system, gradually gradually draw
62、draw a a series series of of logical logical processing, processing, until until find find the the input input data data flow flow external external entity entity required, required, form form a a data data stream stream closed closed cycle;cycle;从从外外部部实实体体的的输输出出数数据据流流出出发发，按按照照系系统统的的逻逻辑辑需需要要，逐逐步步画画出
63、出一一系系列列逻逻辑辑处处理理，直直到到找找到到外外部实体所需的输入数据流，形成数据流的封闭；部实体所需的输入数据流，形成数据流的封闭； According According to to the the above above steps, steps, draw draw the the son son figure figure needed.needed.按按照上述的步骤，画出所需的子图。照上述的步骤，画出所需的子图。3. The specific steps of Data flow chart 数据流程图的具体步骤（1）According to the timetabling bu
64、siness overall function, drawing its first layers of data flow diagram (DFD), as shown in figure根根据据排排课课业业务务的的总总体体功功能能，绘绘制制其其第第一一层层的数据流程图（的数据流程图（DFD），），如图所示。如图所示。Teaching Affairs OfficeCourse TeacherAll classsupervisorCourse TeachersTeaching planCourse schedule requirementsTeacher scheduleEach class
65、 scheduleEachclassscheduleTeacherscheduleF1F2c o u r s e arrangementCurriculum business DFD layer 1.Curriculum business DFD layer 1. 排课业务第一层排课业务第一层DFDDFDCase AccordingtotheacademicaffairsbranchcurriculumbusinessprocessdrawitsdataflowdiagramTeacher schedule（1）根据排课业务的总体功能，绘制其第一层的数据流程图（）根据排课业务的总体功能，绘制其
66、第一层的数据流程图（DFD），），如图所示。如图所示。教务教务科科任课任课教师教师各各班班级级督导督导员员任课任课教师教师教学计划教学计划排课时间排课时间要求要求教师课表教师课表各班课表各班课表教师课表教师课表教师课表教师课表F1各班课表各班课表F2安安排排课课程程排课业务第一层排课业务第一层排课业务第一层排课业务第一层DFDDFD实例实例 根据教务科排课业务流程图画出其数据流程图根据教务科排课业务流程图画出其数据流程图Teaching Affairs OfficeEach classCourse teacherCourse schedule requirementsTeachers sche
67、duleF1F2Curriculum business DFD layer2.Curriculum business DFD layer2. 排课业务第二层排课业务第二层DFDDFDSure each class next semester1Each departmentArranging class2Teachers task allocation tables（2）the curriculum business further materialize and draw the various information processing and transmission as shown
68、in the diagram below.对排课业务进一步具体化，画出其中的各种信息处理与传递，如下图所示。Teaching planEachclassscheduleEachclassscheduleEachclassscheduleTeachers schedulesupervisor教务教务科科各各班班级级督导督导员员任课任课教师教师教学计划教学计划排课时间排课时间要求要求教师课表教师课表教师课表教师课表F1各班课表各班课表F2排课业务第二层排课业务第二层排课业务第二层排课业务第二层DFDDFD确定下学期各确定下学期各班课程班课程1各班课程各班课程安排表安排表各各教教研室研室排课排课2教
69、师任务教师任务分配表分配表各班课表各班课表（2）对排课业务进一步具体化，画出其中的各种信息处理与传递，如图）对排课业务进一步具体化，画出其中的各种信息处理与传递，如图5-11所示。所示。TWO.数据字典数据字典DateDictionaryThe data Dictionary (Date Dictionary referred to as the DD)The data Dictionary (Date Dictionary referred to as the DD)the definition and explain collection of all the ingredients on
70、 the definition and explain collection of all the ingredients on Data flow diagram is data dictionary.Data flow diagram is data dictionary.数据字典（数据字典（Date Dictionary Date Dictionary 简称简称DD DD ）数据流图上所有成分的定义和解）数据流图上所有成分的定义和解释的文字集合就是数据字典。释的文字集合就是数据字典。 The data flow diagram describes divide system, and a
71、lso The data flow diagram describes divide system, and also The data flow diagram describes divide system, and also The data flow diagram describes divide system, and also describes the system decomposition by which several parts, the describes the system decomposition by which several parts, the de
72、scribes the system decomposition by which several parts, the describes the system decomposition by which several parts, the contact between the parts and so on, but did not explain the meaning contact between the parts and so on, but did not explain the meaning contact between the parts and so on, b
73、ut did not explain the meaning contact between the parts and so on, but did not explain the meaning of each component in the system.of each component in the system.of each component in the system.of each component in the system.数据流程图描述了系统的分解，即描述了数据流程图描述了系统的分解，即描述了数据流程图描述了系统的分解，即描述了数据流程图描述了系统的分解，即描述了
74、数据流程图描述了系统的分解，即描述了数据流程图描述了系统的分解，即描述了系统由哪几个部分组成、各个部分之间的联系等等，但是还没有说明系统中各系统由哪几个部分组成、各个部分之间的联系等等，但是还没有说明系统中各系统由哪几个部分组成、各个部分之间的联系等等，但是还没有说明系统中各系统由哪几个部分组成、各个部分之间的联系等等，但是还没有说明系统中各系统由哪几个部分组成、各个部分之间的联系等等，但是还没有说明系统中各系统由哪几个部分组成、各个部分之间的联系等等，但是还没有说明系统中各个成分的含义。个成分的含义。个成分的含义。个成分的含义。个成分的含义。个成分的含义。The data dictionar
75、y have the comments and explain function of the The data dictionary have the comments and explain function of the The data dictionary have the comments and explain function of the The data dictionary have the comments and explain function of the various components of data flow diagram which is an im
76、portant various components of data flow diagram which is an important various components of data flow diagram which is an important various components of data flow diagram which is an important complement to data flow plement to data flow plement to data flow plement to data flow chart. 数据字典对数据流图的各种
77、成分起注释、说明的作用，对数据流程图的重数据字典对数据流图的各种成分起注释、说明的作用，对数据流程图的重数据字典对数据流图的各种成分起注释、说明的作用，对数据流程图的重要补充。要补充。要补充。Nowthatwehaveuseddataflowdiagramtodescribessystem,whyNowthatwehaveuseddataflowdiagramtodescribessystem,whyNowthatwehaveuseddataflowdiagramtodescribessystem,whywestillneedcompileddatadictionary?westillneed
78、compileddatadictionary?westillneedcompileddatadictionary?既然已经用数据流程图描述了系既然已经用数据流程图描述了系既然已经用数据流程图描述了系统，为什么还要编制数据字典？统，为什么还要编制数据字典？统，为什么还要编制数据字典？The contents of data dictionary 数据字典的内容数据字典的内容Making definition of data flow diagram in six aspects. 对数据流程图中的六个方面进行具体的定义。对数据流程图中的六个方面进行具体的定义。Data itemData item
79、数据项数据项Data structureData structure数据结构数据结构Data flowData flow数据流数据流Process logicProcess logic处理逻辑处理逻辑Data storageData storage数据存储数据存储external entityexternal entity 外部实体外部实体对数据流图上各种成分的对数据流图上各种成分的定义必须明确，易理解，惟一。定义必须明确，易理解，惟一。The command, Numbers and data flow diagram is consistent, we The command, Numbe
80、rs and data flow diagram is consistent, we can increase coding if necessary, making it convenient to can increase coding if necessary, making it convenient to inquiry, retrieval, maintenance and statistics.inquiry, retrieval, maintenance and statistics.命令、编号与数据命令、编号与数据流图一致流图一致，必要时可增加编码，方便查询、检索、维护和统计
81、报表。，必要时可增加编码，方便查询、检索、维护和统计报表。 With the request of consistency and integrality satisfied, With the request of consistency and integrality satisfied, and the composition of data flow diagram definition and explain and the composition of data flow diagram definition and explain without missing items.wi
82、thout missing items.符合一致性与完整性的要求，对数据流图上的成符合一致性与完整性的要求，对数据流图上的成分定义与说明无遗漏项。分定义与说明无遗漏项。 Format specification, the style is unified, text concise, Format specification, the style is unified, text concise, Numbers and symbols correct.Numbers and symbols correct.格式规范，风格统一，文字精练，数字与格式规范，风格统一，文字精练，数字与符号正确。符号
83、正确。 The basic requirements of write the data The basic requirements of write the data dictionarydictionary编写数据字典的基本要求有编写数据字典的基本要求有Partfive:Confirmthenewmanagementmodel,establishing newsystemlogicmodelorprogram确定新的管理模型，建立新系统的逻辑模型或方案Logical scheme is the final results of system analysis stage.Logical
84、scheme is the final results of system analysis stage.逻辑方案是系统分析阶段的最终成果。逻辑方案是系统分析阶段的最终成果。Logical scheme mainly include:Logical scheme mainly include:逻辑方案的主要内容包括：逻辑方案的主要内容包括：1 1、the new business process of systemthe new business process of system新系统的业务流程新系统的业务流程 The new business process of system, the
85、human interface division of the new system business process.新系统的业务流程、新系统的业务流程、新系统业务流程中的人机界面划分新系统业务流程中的人机界面划分2 2、the new system data flowthe new system data flow新系统数据流程新系统数据流程 The new system data flow, the human interface division of the new system data flow.新系统的数据流程、新系统数据流程中的人新系统的数据流程、新系统数据流程中的人际界面划分际界面划分3 3、 new systems of the logical structurenew systems of the logical structure新系统的逻辑结构新系统的逻辑结构 The new system is the division of neutron system.即新系统中即新系统中子系统的划分子系统的划分
