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1、II.ManuscriptFormI.IntroductionPartOneManuscriptFormTeachingaimsTellingSssth.aboutthecourse;teachingthemsomeskills&principlesformanuscriptformoutputofinformationexpressionofviews&thoughtsapplicationoflanguage1.Whatiswriting?communicationI.Introduction2.Theaimofthecoursewriting?DictionSentenceParagra
2、phCompositionManuscriptwritingskillsthinkingability3.Qualities&strategies?practicingcorrectingrewritingobservingthinkingqualitiesdiligencepersistencereadingstrategiesII.ManuscriptformTitleCapitalizationMarginsIndentingPunctuationWord-divisionhandwriting1.Thetitle1)Identifythefollowingtitlesandcorrec
3、tthemistakes.FoodsafetybecomesnationalpriorityParksPromotionInPoorTasteCriticismontheEndingofMarkTwainsAdventuresofHuckleberryFinnReflectionsOnTheArticleMyHometownLeiFengSpiritToInspireNewGeneration.ShouldChinesePeopleRetireLater2)Summary:principlesfortitles(1)Capitalization:allwordsinthetitleexcept
4、articles,coordinatingconjunctions,prepositions,theto ininfinitives(2)Italicizingunderliningthenameofabook(3)Usingquotationmarkswithquotesortitlesofarticles(4)Usingaquestionmarkifthetitleisadirectquestion(5)Noperiodisusedattheendofatitle(6)Writethetitleinthemiddleofthefirstline1)Punctuatethefollowing
5、andcapitalizetheletterswherenecessary.(1)hesaidmytriptomounttaiwastiringbutinterestingHesaid,“MytriptoMountTaiwastiringbutinteresting.”(2)mytriptomounttaihesaidwastiringbutinteresting“MytriptoMountTai,”hesaid,“wastiringbutinteresting.”summary:placesforcapitalizationkeywordsintitlesthefirstwordofasen
6、tenceofquotedspeechpropernames2.Capitalization1)Readthefollowingparagraphandindentitproperly.HeBing,deputydeanofthelawschoolofChinaUniversityofPoliticalScienceandLaw,drovetothecampusoftheCommunicationUniversityofChinatogivealecturetoitsPhDstudents.Hewasstoppedatthesouthgate.Becausethestudentwhomethi
7、matthegatedidnotobtainthepermitinadvance,hewasnotallowedtodriveontothecampus.Hetriedtoexplainthesituationtothesecurityguardandshowedhisbusinesscard.Buttheguarddidnotbudge.Intheend,hehadtouseasideentrance.2)Summary(1)Indentthefirstlineofaparagraph(spaceof4or5letters)(2)writeoneveryotherline(3)leaving
8、amarginoneachsideofthepaper(leftandrightside)3.Margins&Indenting,;.?!:“”()_4.Punctuationsemicoloncommaperiodexclamationmarkcolonquotationmarkbracketsdash1)RefreshSsknowledgeonpunctuation2)Punctuatethefollowing（1）SamYoucanneverimaginehowhappyIwaswhenIopenedthegiftAnMP5playerofthelatestmodelthatsreall
9、yamazingYoudoknowmeThanksamilliontimesforthegiftWishyouafairjourneyKelly,.!.!.（2）Theaccountantcheckedthefiguresagainasaresultthemistakewasdiscovered（3）Whatwewantaretheprimarycolorsredblueandyellow（4）Thedailynewspapercontains:news,sports,entertainment,andclassifiedads.（5）ThePresidentbeganwithanannoun
10、cementLadiesandgentlemenwefeelhonoredtohaveMr.KofiAnnanwithus（6）Eachoftheflatstherearetwobedroomsineachhousessometenstudents（7）Bythetimethespeechwasoveritlasted3hoursIwasdozinginmychair;“,.：，.，.”）._.(Attention:(1)Identifythedifferencebetween,.。overusingofexclamationmarkbeginningalinewithapunctuation
11、(2)Avoidendingalinewiththefirsthalfofapairofbrackets,parentheses,orquotationmarks.Summary:punctuations,joinsshort&closelyrelatedparallelsentences,sentenceswithacoordinator;addsaforcefulconnectionbetweensentences:toformallyintroducealist,alongquotation,oranexplanatorystatement(itisusedafteracompletes
12、tatement)()toaddinessentialinformation(nottocrossaword)toemphasizetheinsertion,tosetoffaseriesusedasanappositiveExamples&principlesDivideawordaccordingtoitssyllables,andneverputthehyphen()atthebeginningofaline.through,march(one-syllablewordcannotbedivided)alone,tricky(avoidwritingonelettersyllableat
13、theendorbeginningofaline)China,Jane(propernamescannotbeseparated)sister-in-law,kind-hearted(separateatthehyphen)re-write,arrange-ment(separatebetweenthebasepartandthesuffixorprefix)Donotdividethelastwordofapage;writethewholewordonthenextpage.5.Word-divisionGeneralrule:neatly&clearlyattention:Whencro
14、ssingaword,notuse()toencloseit,butdrawathicklineacrossit.Whenaddingaword,writeitabovetheline,withaclearsignshowingwhereitistobeinserted.6.HandwritingUnitsummaryIntroductionofthecoursewritingManuscriptform(ppt6)1.Themeaningofawordandcorrectchoiceinwriting2.WaystoavoidsomepitfallsofChinglishPartTwoDic
15、tionI.TheMeaningofWords1.ThemeaningofawordandcorrectchoiceinwritingConnotationDenotationCollocationAttitude1)aspectsofthemeaningofawordA.Denotation&connotatione.g.mother,icemotherawomanwhoisaparentdenotationconnotationprotectiveness,unselfishness,affectionliteralandprimarymeaningofawordthesuggestedm
16、eaningofaworde.g.country, nation, state, and landExplain the meaning , looking closely at the denotative and connotative meanings of the italicized words.a.IntheWest,everyman wasaman.b.Anyway,sheisawoman.Suggestion:Properchoiceofwordsaccordingtotheirdenotationsandconnotations.Identifytheconnotations
17、ofthethreesynonyms:portly,plump,andfata.Sheisplump.b.Sheisportly.c.Sheisfat.2)Attitudec.Thegirlissoskinny.ThefeelingofthewritertothesubjectTask2.Recognizehowthewritersattitudechangesfromsentencetosentencea.Whataslimgirlsheis!b.Howthinthegirlis!a.Theylivedinasmalltown.b.Icanneverforgetthelittletownwh
18、ereIspentmyhappychildhood.Modest&humbleTask3.Completethetablewithsynonyms,payingattentiontotheiraffectivemeaningsFavorableComplimentNeutralUnfavorablestrangeUnique, quaintbizarre, abnormalResolute, steadfaststubborn, doggedpigheadedpraise, flatterlick ones bootsSenior citizenoldpersonfossilBachelorg
19、irlsingle womanspinster1)Hehasthemost_distinctionofhavingwrittenspeecheswhichwereeffectivewhendelivered.unique2)Manyofthemanagingpostsfilledupby_peopleonlybecausetheyhappentohavethehabitoforderingpoorpeopleabout.pigheaded3)Iwas_byyourinvitationtocometothisparty.flattered4)Hethoughthislandladywasamea
20、n_.fossil5)Hurry!Endofmysinglelife!Notanoldandbad-tempered_anymore!spinster3.CollocativemeaningStrongweakcoffeethickthinsoupdosb.afavormakeaneffort,followthefashionLarge(notbig)amountnumberandquantitygreatcourage,confidenceabilitywisdommeaningthatishabituallyusedwithcertainwordsAvoidsomepitfallsonCh
21、inglish(UnidiomaticuseofEnglishbyChinesespeakers)Hecametosendmealetter.Iwenttothestationtosendmyfriendoff.Hisbodyishealthy.Histwoeyesareblind.Task5.a.请帮我们宣传一下这个新产品。b.他遇事总是先想着自己，真是太个人主义了。Pleasehelpuspropagatethisnewproduct.Heisself-concernedandindividualistic.Pleasehelpustoadvertisethisnewproduct.Hei
22、sself-concernedandselfish.Task6a.大家一致感到那听起来不像是真的。大家一致感到那听起来不像是真的。b.那个主意听起来很有趣，而且两个主意巧合为一体。那个主意听起来很有趣，而且两个主意巧合为一体。c.这位跳高选手创造了新的世界纪录。这位跳高选手创造了新的世界纪录。a.Everyonefeels(withoutunanimously)thatdoesntseemtobetrue.b.thatideasoundedveryinteresting,andthetwoideashappenedtomerge(withouttogether).c.Thehigh-jumpe
23、rhasseta(withoutnew)worldrecord.Attention:avoidrepetitionofmeaningExercises1.Translationa.你吃了吗？b.请多提宝贵意见。c.辛苦了！2.Correction&translationa.Hewastorturedmercilesslybytheenemy.b.Thatsanimpracticalillusion.c.Wehaveeliminatedtheenemyforceentirely.d.Howcanyoubelievethosegroundlesslies?3.Summary1.Thefourasp
24、ectsofthemeaningofwords2.WaystoavoidChinglishDenotativemeaningconnotativemeaningaffectivemeaningcollocativemeaningavoidliteraltranslationavoidrepetitionofmeaninginEnglishwayofthinkingReviewingexerciseCorrectingthemisusedwordsinthefollowingsentences1.Wesatdownbytheoaktree,enjoyingthewindcomingfromthe
25、lake.(breeze)2.Thatpoliticianisarespectablefigureinthepoliticalarena.(statesman)3.MyfatheropenedthecurtainalittlelestIseehim. (drawback)4.Ouruniversitycancontain20,000students.(accommodate)6.Itisessentialtocontrolenvironmentalpollutionsoastoprotecttheenvironment.5.Wemustpracticeeconomyandreduceunnec
26、essaryexpenditure.PartTwoDictionII.LevelsofWords1.DifferentiatevariousstylesinEnglish2.Identifytypicalfeaturesofdifferentlevelsofwords3.Recognizetheoccasionstousetheappropriatelevelsofwords4.Practicalwriting:NoticesI.ThreemainlevelsofwordsintermsofstyleThreemainlevelsofwordsformalGeneralcommoninform
27、alII.Featuresofformal&generalwordscolloquialslange.g.formal&generalwordsGeneral:clear,end,agree,prove,stopFormal:lucid,terminate,concur,verify,adjournRevisethefollowingtoanaturalstyle1.Weneedtoutilizethemilkbeforeitsours.2.Thechildhaddifficultyascertaininghiswaytoschool.3.Theyoungwomanwasbombardedwi
28、thflowersandgifts.4.Themeetingadjournedat5p.m.withoutanyconsensusbeingreached.Thebestpolicyistousegeneralwordsinmostcasesandformalwordsinspecific,formalcontext.colloquial&slangExcerpt1Thiswasgreat!Thankyouverymuch!IwantmyowncopyofthealbumnexttimewegotoBorders.P.S.IlookforwardtoSat._Seeyousoon.Excerp
29、t2Thankyouverymuchforyourinformation.Iwonderifitispossibleforustomeetsometimenextweektohaveadiscussionaboutit.Ilookforwardtohearingfromyou.Thankyouagain.Questions:1.Whatisthelanguagefeatureofeachstyle?2.Whomightbetheexpectedreaderofthenote?featuresoccasionstouseII.Usetheappropriatewordsaccordingtoth
30、econtextandaudience2.Changetheinappropriatestyleofthefollowing:1)Thegeneralmanageraskedyoutohangonforasecond.2)Iaskedhimtocutouthismisconduct.3)aninsurancepolicyofoldstyle:UponthehappeningofanoccurrencereasonablylikelytoinvolvetheCompanyhereunder,writtennoticeshallbegivenassoonaspracticabletotheComp
31、anyoranyofitsauthorizedagents.waitforstopRevisedversionIfthereisanaccidentorincidentthatmaybecoveredbythispolicy,notifyusinwritingassoonaspossible.Youcangivethisnoticetoanyofourauthorizedagents.Theoccasionstouseappropriatelevelsofwords?SummaryThreemainlevelsofwords;Featuresofeachlevelofwords;General
32、rulesinchoosingthelevelsofwordsIII.Practicalwriting:NoticesThreemainpartsofanoticeactivitytimeplaceDayoftheweekdatetimethesign#isputbeforeanumber,notafteritIV.Assignment1.Writeouttheabbreviatedformsforthedaysoftheweekandthemonthsoftheyear2.Noticewriting:onp287,1&2.PartIII.TheSentenceI.CompleteSenten
33、ceandSentenceFragmentsI.ReviewingII.CompleteSentenceBasicstructureofasentenceSubjectPredicateIII.SentenceFragmentsIV.SummaryII.CompleteSentence1.BasicstructureofasentenceHecame.(subject+predicate)Shewrotealetter.(subject+predicate+object)Heisfine.Heisafamousprofessor.(Subject+link-verb+predicativeco
34、mplement)1)Thechoiceofasubject2.Subject2)Positionofasubjectwhichisbetter?Thecatchingoffishprovidesenjoymentforpolarbears.Polarbearsliketocatchfish.Hisappearanceindicatedtiredness.Helookedtired.Buyingthewinewashisresponsibility.Hehadtobuythewine.Whenyouwrite,focusonhuman,animateandconcretenounorprono
35、unassubjectsandwatchoutfornominalizationtoavoidwritinginflatedandaffectedsentences.Workinpairstoidentifythesubjectineachandrevisethosewhosemeaningisunclear.1)AreluctancetoworksteadilycausedhertobeunpreparedforthepresentationonMonday.2)Thehorrorofthefilmmademeunabletosleepforthreenights.3)Agreatdealo
36、flearningtookplaceinmychemistryclass.4)Theembarrassmentleftmewordless.Rodmissedthefunofcollegebymakingchemistryhissoleactivityandparticipatinginnoextracurricularactivities.Whichiseasiertounderstand?Why?2)PositionofasubjectMakingchemistryhissoleactivityandparticipatinginnoextracurricularactivities,Ro
37、dmissedthefunofcollege.Exception:inversionInthecenterofthepaintingstandsaladyinwhite.DowninagreenandshadybedAmodestvioletgrew;Itsstalkwasbent,ithungitshead,Asiftohidefromview._JamesTaylor,“TheViolet”AtreacherousfellowistheSharkHenevermakestheleastremark._AlfredDouglas,“TheShark”(Toemphasize“downinag
38、reenandshadybed”,“atreacherousfellow”,andtoachievetherhyme.)Summaryfor“subject”Choosehuman,animateorconcretenounpronoun,watchoutforabstractonesornominalizationsasasubject.(clear,concise,easytofollow)Putasubjectatthebeginningofasentence.Exception:inversionforspecificeffectactivevoice3.Predicatepassiv
39、evoiceThroughherstudiesofchildrearing,personality,andculture,worldfamewasachievedbyMagaretMead.Throughherstudiesofchildrearing,personality,MagaretMeadachievedworldfame.1)ChoosingtheactivevoiceTheactivevoicestressestheactivityofthesubjectandhelpstomakeasentencedirect,concise,andvigorous.Changethevoic
40、eoftheverbsinthefollowingsentenceandtrytocomparetheeffects.1)Thehugeicebergwasrammedintobytheluxuryliner.2)AgoodracewasrunbytheFerrari.3)Someobjectsofartwerediscoveredbytheamateurarchaeologist.4)Beforemyworldrecordwasset,IwasagreatfanofThe Guinness Book of World Records andreadeachneweditionfromcove
41、rtocover.WhentheagentiseitherunknownorunimportantWhentheagentisfollowedbyalongmodifierThebookaboutmotorcycleswasmisplacedamongbooksaboutcosmetics.In1850,notraceoftheglacierwasfound.2)ChoosingthepassivevoiceWorkinpairsandchangethevoiceoftheverbifitisineffective.Rewritethesentencesifnecessary.Theroadh
42、adbeentraveledmanytimesbythesalesman,buttheoldhousehadneverbeforebeennoticedbyhim.Asafetripwashadbythetouristsbecauseallthedangerswerecarefullyexplainedbytheguide.Ifyoucanlearnhowtouseathesaurus,itwillbefoundquiteuseful.EncouragestudentstousetheactivevoicemoreoftenIII.SentenceFragmentsAnincompletese
43、ntence,(asentencewithsomepartpartsmissing),isalsocalledsentencefragment.Illmeetyouinthelibrary.At four in the afternoon.Shestoodbythewindow.And looked at street below.We preparing for the coming exam.Ihatewriting.Because I never got my teachers praise.Correctanyincompletesentenceyoucanfindinthefollo
44、wing:Wealsosinginganddancingatnight.Lyingonthegrassfeellikeforgettingeverythingandonlyconcentratedontheskyandcloudissuchacomfortableenjoyment.Heisanoutstandingathleteandexcellentcoach,healwayswell-practicedandprepared,thentrieshisbesttoteachus.Anywayhejustlikeabigbrotherandwillingtotakecareofusandhe
45、lpus.Theauthorlearnedmanythings.Duringhiscollegeyears.Helearnedtoreadandwritewell.Healsolearnedtobeindependent.Andtorelyuponhisownjudgment.Heisagoodmodelforhighschoolstudents.Especiallystudentswithlittlemoneybutlotsofambition.Successincollegetakesagreatdealofhardwork.Butcanbeachievedbymanypeople.IV.
46、Summary1.Usecompletesentences2.Acompletesentenceconsistsofatleastasubjectandapredicate.3.Startasentencewithasubject;usehuman,animateandconcretenounsassubjects,avoidingnominalization.4.Fourtypesofincompletesentencessentencefragments.5.Ssentencefragmentsshouldbeavoided.V.Exercises1.Identifytheproblema
47、ndrevisethesentence.1)TheviewfrommywindowenablesmetoseethePark.2)Hisinsistenceonseeingthemanageronlycausedthesaleswomantofinallybecomeangry.3)Myurgetolaughathispredicamenthadtobecontrolled.4)Themeasurementandassessmentofchildrensperformancewillhavetobemaintained.2.Correctthemistakesinthefollowing1)B
48、ehindthehouse.Therelivesabigbadwolf.2)Ihavetofinishthispaperthisweek.Andprepareforthetestaswell.3)MyparentsalwaysafraidthatImaygetlost.4)Iwillcallyoutonight.IfIcanfinishmyworkintime.PartThreeTheSentenceII.TypesofSentencesIII.EffectiveSentencesI.typesofsentencesfunctionstructurerhetoriclengthII.Effec
49、tivesentence:unityDifferentsentencetypesbydifferentcriteria.1)Iattendedameetinglastweek.2)HaveyoueverbeentoCanada?3)Handinyourhomeworkafterclass,please.4)Whatalovelydayitis!I.TypesofSentencesIntermsoffunctiondeclarativeinterrogativeimperativeexclamatory1)Lastnightwasawildnight,withthethunderroaring,
50、thewindblowingagaleandtherainfallingintorrents.2)Theskywascloudlessandthesunwasshinningbrightly.3)Thegirl,whosemotherwasafamouspianist,begantolearntoplaythepianowhenshewasachild.4)Actually,notallAmericansholdallthesevalues,andthosewhodomayholdother,andattimescontradictory,valuesthataffecttheirwaysof
51、behaving.Intermsofstructuresimplesentencecompoundsentencecomplexsentencecompound-complexsentence1)ShedecidedtostudymusicthoughshewasinterestedinEnglish.2)AlthoughshewasinterestedinEnglish,shedecidedtostudymusic.3)Itdoesnotdotoliveinmemories,orinregretsforthegoodolddays.Onesthoughtsmustbedirectedtoth
52、efuture,andtothingsaboutwhichthereissomethingtobedone.intermsofrhetoricloosesentenceperiodicsentencebalancedsentenceSummaryforsentencetypesDifferenttypesofsentencebydifferentcriteriaByfunction:Bystructure:Fromrhetoricpointofview:Bylength:II.EffectiveSentences1.UnityFocuson:whatissentenceunity?Howtoa
53、chieveunity?1)BorninasmalltowninAnhuiProvince,Wangbecameataxidriverlastyear.2)Inmyopinion,Linisthemosthardworkingstudent.improved1)Wang,whowasborninasmalltowninAnhuiProvince,became a taxi driver last year.2)Inmyopinion,Linisthemosthardworkingstudentin our class.Sentenceunitymeansthatasentenceonlyexp
54、ressesasinglecompleteidea.Ifthereismorethanoneideainasentence,theymustbelogicallyrelatedtoeachother.Unityalsorequiresthewritertowriteacompleteideaintoonesentence.Thisisespeciallyimportantwhenwediscussideaswithwordsinthesuperlativedegree.Unlessinacertaincontext,wordsindicatingthescopecannotbeomitted.
55、Twowaystocombinerelatedsentences:coordinationandsubordinationA.Coordinationtype:ItemA+Coordinator+ItemBthreetypesofcoordinatorssinglecoordinatorspairedcoordinatorscoordinatorsinseries1）Iloveyou,butIlovefreedommore.2）Eitheryoucomeonyourown,orIllhavemymenguideyouhere.3）Theprofessorwasexplaininghowreli
56、gionandmoralityinteract,andmoststudentswerethinkingaboutwhattohaveforlunch.4）Ihavebeenlearningwritingforabouttenyears,yetIstilldontknowhowtostartacomposition.5)Idontknowwhatsheplanstodo,nordoIwanttoknow.Turnthefollowingpairsofsentencesintocoordinatesentencestoachievesentenceunity.1)Theexamisgoingtoe
57、ndinfiveminutes.Judystillhastwoessayquestionsleft.2)IhadplannedtogotoHangzhouduringtheNationalDayholiday.Iwasfrightenedbackhomebythelargecrowdsofpeopleattherailwaystation.3)Iwillnotreadthisletter.Iwillnotreadanyletterhewritesme.yetbutnorSupplyaclauseforthefollowingsentencestosatisfytherelationshipin
58、dicatedbythecoordinator.1)Iknowthehouseistooexpensive,and_.2)_,yetIstillhadatry.3)Almostallofusworkedhardbeforetheexam,and_.4)Thecourseisgettingmoreandmoredifficult,and_.5)Thecourseisgettingmoreandmoredifficult,but_.6)Igotupearlythatmorning,yet_.B.SubordinationCombinethefollowinggroupofsentencesinas
59、manywaysaspossibleTonyisverygiftedinmusic.Tonychosetomajorinaccounting.1)Tonyisverygiftedinmusic,buthechosetomajorinaccounting.2)AlthoughTonyisverygiftedinmusic,hechosetomajorinaccounting.3)Tony,whoisverygiftedinmusic,chosetomajorinaccounting.4)Tony,whochosetomajorinaccounting,isverygiftedinmusic.In
60、subordinatesentences,onlyonesentenceretainsitsindependence,themeaningoftheothersentenceisnotcomplete,soitcannotexistbyitself.Typesofsubordinationa.Nominalclause:adependentclausefunctionsasanoun.Itcanbeusedasasubject,anobject,orapredicative.1)Idontknow(that) that girl is Mary.2)Manypeoplearestilligno
61、rantthat different flowers mean quite different things.3) That youve come to visit me ismuchfun.b. Relative clause: a dependent clause functions as an adjective or a prepositional phrase to modify nouns.1)Iliketheboy thatwho is asking his mother to buy him an ice cream.2)Iliketheboy ( thatwhowhom )
62、you talked about in your letter.3)Mostofthestudentsliketheteacherwhose way of teaching is inspiring.4)Iwillneverforgetthedayon which when I came to this university.c.Adverbialclauses:clausesusedtomodifyverbalcomponents.1)Henevereatsbeefbecause he was born in the year of the ox.2)WhenIf you read more
63、, youprobablycanwritebetter.3)Hissisteralwaysarrivesbefore the party starts.4)Whenever Mary went,thelambwassuretogo.adverbialoftime,ofplace,ofcondition,ofresult,etc.Summarizetherulesofsentenceunity1.Aunifiedsentenceexpressesonecompleteidea.2.Forideastobeunified,wemustmakesurethattheideasinthesentenc
64、earelogicallyrelated.Therearetwowaystocombinesentences:coordinationandsubordination.3.Fortheideatobecomplete,wemustbecarefulwiththesuperlativedegreeorothertypesofabsoluteexpressions.Exercise:makethefollowingsentencesunifiedbyusingsubordinationorcoordination1.IhadnoideawhatIwasgettinginto,Ididnotreal
65、lycare.2.Youcantgohomenow,itisrainingsoheavily.3.Garrydecidedtostopeatingtoomuchsweetfood,hedoesnotwanttodieofheartattack.4.Weenteredtheshop,asaleswomangreetedus,andallkindsofshoeswereontheshelves,andthepriceswerequitereasonable.5.PeopleinthepastviewedTVassomethingtoimproveonescharacter,nowmanydenou
66、nceitasaplug-indrug.6.ManyyoungmanIknowareconsideringbuyingacar.Theyarenotawareofthetroubleacarmaybringthem.7.Yourewriteyourpaper.YousitthereandwaitforanF.8.Janelikesthatshopverymuch.Shegoestherealmosteveryweek.PartThreeTheSentenceIII.EffectiveSentences:Coherence,conciseness,emphasis,andvarietyI.Sen
67、tencecoherenceandconcisenessII.WaystomakeemphaticsentencesIII.StrategiestoachievesentencevarietyIV.Practice:applicationofthestrategiesI.Coherence(clearandproperconnectionbetweenparts)e.g.1.Amanisjudgednotonlyby what he saysbutalsoby his deeds.2.Wethoughtshewascharming, intelligent, and a very capabl
68、e young woman.3.Wehavegreatfaith and high hopes for her.(faultyparallelconstructions）4.Shetoldmysisterthatshe waswrong.5.Hewasknockeddownbyabicycle,butitwasnotserious.6.ImgoingtothelectureonmodernChinesedrama,becauseheisadramatistIlike.(pronounwithambiguousreference)7.Looking out of the window,thegr
69、asslandstretchesasfarastheeyecanreach.8.On entering the room,noonewasseen.9.To get ready for the exam,everyunitshouldbereviewed.(danglingmodifier)10.Heputthegiftinthebag that he had bought for his wife.11.Thestoryhetoldat first soundedveryinteresting.(misplacedmodifier)11.Animportantthingforthe stud
70、enttorememberisthatwhenwritingapaper,youshouldnotplagiarize.12.ThosewhowishtotakeLinguisticsareexpectedtosignhis nameonthissheetofpaper.13.Shereviewedthelessontaughtlastweekandall the exercises assigned by the teacher were done. ( did all the exercises assigned by the teacher .)(confusingchangeinper
71、son,number,andinvoice)casesoflackingsentencecoherencefaultyparallelconstructionpronounwithambiguousreferencedanglingmodifiermisplacedmodifierconfusingchangeSummaryforsentencecoherenceIII.Conciseness(nounnecessarywords)Thesewatermelonsarelargeinsizeandsweetintaste.Thecauseofthefloodwasduetotheheavyra
72、in.Heisnotonlyagoodpianist,butalsoagoodsingeraswell.HisnameiscalledTom.IV.Emphasis1.Lengthofsentence2.SentencepatternIn rushedthenoisychildren.(a.Invertedsentence)Onhearingthenews,he was angered, and I was saddened. (b.parallelconstructionsbalancedsentences)Itisatruthuniversallyacknowledgedthat a si
73、ngle man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife. (c.periodicsentence)d.emphaticpatternsTheirnewspapersneverreporttheirweapondealingswithothercountries.Whattheirnewspapersneverreportistheirweapondealingswithothercountries.Ihatehisfoolishness.ItishisfoolishnessthatIhate.Iknowwhatyou
74、mean.Idoknowwhatyoumean.3.RearrangementofasentenceI saw a cat inthegardenyesterday.Inthegardenyesterday I saw a cat.Theboysreluctantlylefttheplayground.Theboyslefttheplayground reluctantly.Reluctantly,theboyslefttheplayground.Summaryforemphasismakingemphaticsentences1.Lengthofsentence2.Sentencepatte
75、rna.Invertedsentenceb.balancedsentencesc.periodicsentenced.emphaticpatterns3.SentencerearrangementV.SentencevarietyFourstrategiesareintroduced:byvaryingthelengthbyvaryingthepatternbyvaryingtheemphasisbyvaryingsentencebeginnerSummaryfor“effectivesentence”UnityCoherenceConcisenessEmphasisVarietyPracti
76、ce:improvethefollowingparagraphintermsofsentencevarietyIgotupatsix-thirtyinthemorning.Ihadmybreakfastatsix-fifty.Ilefthomeatsevenexactly.Iwenttoschoolbybus.Ispentabouttwentyminutesonthebus.Iarrivedatschoolatseven-thirty.IreadEnglishforabouttwentyminutes.Ihadmyfirstclassateight.Igotupatsix-thirtyinth
77、emorning,hadmybreakfastatsix-fifty,andlefthomeatsevenexactly.Afteratwenty-minutebusride,Iarrivedatschoolatseven-thirty.ThenIreadEnglishforabouttwentyminutes.Ihadmyfirstclassateight.VI.Assignment:Improvethefollowingparagraphintermsofsentencevariety.Environmentalprotectionwillbenefitusalot.First,itimp
78、rovesourlivingcondition.Itcanmakeourairpurer,andmakeourwatercleaner.Ahealthfullivingconditionisessentialtoourworkandstudy.Second,environmentalprotectiondoesgoodfortheyoungergeneration.Itimprovesourchildrenshealth.Italsoteachesourchildrenagoodattitudetowardtheenvironment.Third,itsavesourresources.Wec
79、anrecycleusedmaterialsinsteadofthrowingthemaway.Wecangetmorematerialbutproducelesswaste.PartFourTheParagraphI.CriteriaofanEffectiveParagraphI.GeneralintroductiontoparagraphsII.TopicsentenceV.Summary&AssignmentIII.UnityIV.CoherenceI.Generalintroductiontoparagraphs1.Aparagraph2.Agoodparagraph(fromouts
80、ideperspective)agroupofsentencesthatsupportanddevelopasingleidea.(acontrollingidea)(frominsideperspective)II.Topicsentence1.Featuresofagoodtopicsentence2.PositionoftopicsentencestudythefollowingtopicsentencesandthencompletetherestaccordingtothetopicgivenTopicControllingidea_Ridingabicyclegivesmemuch
81、pleasure.Ihadaterriblemorningtoday.Collegelifeisquitedifferentfrommiddleschoollife.Jennyisaquietandshygirl.Learningaforeignlanguage_Televisionprogramsforchildren_Thefoodweeat_Commentonandimprovethetopicsentences:1)Choosingamajorisdifficult.2)ThespellingofthewordcentreinBritishEnglishisdifferentfromt
82、hatinAmericanEnglish.3)Thelocalfoodisterrible.4)Differentcountrieswithdifferentcustoms.1.Featuresofagoodtopicsentence1)atopic&acontrollingidea.2)nottoogeneral,specific,oremotional3)acompletesentence2.PositionsofatopicsentenceIdentifythetopicsentenceofeachparagraph(onpages65-66)andsummarizeitspositio
83、nPractice:Supplyatopicsentenceforeachofthefollowingparagraphs(page66)III.UnityonlyonecontrollingideadevelopedorsupportedbyeveryothersentencePar.ANewstudentsshouldgivecarefulconsiderationtothecoursestheywanttotakeintheirfirstsemesteratcollege.Theyshouldkeepinmindthatcollegeisadifferentinstitutionwith
84、newthingstoexperienceandnewsituationstoadaptto.Ihadalwaysbeentoldthatcollegeisnothardandthatitisjustamatterofkeepingupinyourclasses.Thisistrue,butIhavefoundittobeverydifficultandtime-consuming.Myadvicetothefreshmanisthathebesurethatthenumberandthekindofcourseshetakesarethosehecanhandle.Incollegether
85、eareavastnumberofcoursesonecantake.Par.BNewstudentsshouldgivecarefulconsiderationtothecoursestheywanttotakeintheirfirstsemesteratcollege.Foronething,theyshouldbalancescienceandnon-sciencecoursessothattheydonothavetoomanytime-consuminglabs.Theyshouldalsotrytogetamixturebetweensubjectstheyfindfairlyea
86、syandthosethataredifficultforthem.Forinstance,thestudentwhodoeswellinhistorybutexpectstohaveaterribletimewithcalculusmightplanontakingbothinthesamesemestertobalancetheworkload.Thestudentwhodoesnotplancarefullyandtakesfivetoughcoursesthefirsttermmaywinduponscholasticprobation.outlineforpar.BTopicsent
87、enceApproach1Approach2Example1Example2Par.1Theworldhasenjoyedmanybenefitsfromtheinventionofthetelephone.Firstofall,ithasbroughtconveniencetofamiliesandfriends.Forexample,peoplecancontacteachfamilymemberorfriendwholivesfarawaythroughtelephone.Manypeopledonotlikewritingletterstoeachother.Besides,thete
88、lephoneshortensthedistancebetweenoceansandcontinentsaspeoplelivingindifferentcontinentscantalkoverthetelephone.Inaddition,thetelephonehasalsocontributedgreatlytoefficientcommunicationintheworldbusiness.Andnowadays,theInternetbringsusmoreconvenience.Par.2Ihadaterriblemorningtoday.Ididntgetenoughsleep
89、lastnight.Itrippedoveracurbonmywaytomypoliticalscienceclassandtoremyraincoat.Inthemiddleofaclass,IdiscoveredIhadleftmyphysicsassignmentinmylocker.Attheendoftheclass,theprofessorwouldnotletmegotolunchontime.Ihadnotturnedinmyassignment,andhewantedtotalkitoverwithme.Theprofessorwasalwaysstrictwithhisst
90、udentsandIwasalwaysafraidofhim.Iheardthathewasalsoverystrictwithhisownchildren.IV.Coherencetheformofexpressioninaclear,logicalordersmoothandnaturaltransitionwaystoachievecoherencewaystoachievecoherencerepetition(ofwords,phrases,patterns)useofpronouns&signalsV.UnitsummaryandAssignment1.Unitsummary2.A
91、ssignmentFinishTask 5, Task 6 and Task 7onpages68-70ofthetextbookAgoodparagraphtopicsentencesupportingsentencesconcludingsentencetopiccontrollingideacoherencefourwaysrestatementinferencePartFourTheParagraphII.StepsinwritingaparagraphI.TopicsentenceII.SupportingsentencesIII.Arrangementofthedetailsuni
92、tycoherencePractice:paragraphwritingChineseSinglesDayWhatdoyouknowaboutit?Writeaparagraphaboutthisspecialdaywiththetopicsentence:SinglesDayisaspecialdayforChinese,especiallyforuniversitystudents.origin,thefour1s;e-commerce,promotion,half-price,Relevantwordsandexpressionsthesingulardigits,baresticks,
93、theChinesewordguanggun,orbachelor”commercegiant,AlibabaGroupTaobaoandTmallonlinevendors,transactionsSinglesDayisaspecialdayforChinese,especiallyforuniversitystudents.ItfallsonNovember11,andgetsitsnamefromthefour1sthatmakeupthedate.Becausethesingulardigitslooklikefourbaresticks,whichsoundssimilartoth
94、eChinesewordguanggun,orbachelor“,thedigitsaresaidtorepresentsinglepeople.SinglesDayoriginatedwithuniversitystudents,andwaslateradoptedbye-commercecompaniesasapromotionalopportunity.AlibababegantoholdSinglesDaypromotionsin2009.OnSunday,Nov.11,fallsthisyearssinglesday.Thee-commercegiantAlibabaGroupTao
95、baoandTmallinitiatedthehalf-pricepromotion,whichattractedtensofmillionsofonlinevendors.Inthefirst30minutesofthepromotion,930millionyuanworthofsalesweremademorethanthetotalretailsalesinHongKongperdayinAugust.Inlessthan14hours,thesaleshit10billionyuan,exceedingwhatCyberMondayregisteredlastyear.By7pmon
96、Sunday,14.1billionyuanoftransactionsweremadeonTmallandTaobao,thetwoonlineshoppingwebsitesofAlibaba.ItistheChineseanswertoCyberMondayintheUnitedStates.III.WaysofDevelopingParagraphs1.Developmentbytime(inchronologicalorder)2.Developmentbyspace(inspatialorder)3.Developmentbyexamples(exemplification)4.D
97、evelopmentbyComparisonandContrast5.DevelopmentbycauseandeffectTask1Writeaparagraphtonarratetheincidentwiththefollowingtopicsentence:AblogpostbyShanghaiNo.2Subwayauthoritiescausedanuproar.Task2Yourviewontheissue:whowillbeblamed?(discussionandwriting)Sexydresser?Subwayauthority?Responsibilityofthegove
98、rnmenttodealwithindecentbehaviorsandobsceneassaults?Amicroblog,post,theShanghaiNo2Subwayattachapicture,asemi-transparentdressthemetroplatformurge,todressina“dignified”manner,sexualassaultsItisnowonderifyoudresslikethisinthesubwayandgetharassed.anuproaramongnetizens,SinaWeiboForward,morethan10,000tim
99、es,ireandcriticismonlineonJune24,twowomeninShanghai,outraged,stagedaprotestYestocoolness,notoperversion,Icanbecoquettish,butyoucantharassme,addingfueltothealreadyvolatiledebate.ReferenceversionforTask1AmicroblogbytheShanghaiNo2Subwayurgingfemalepassengerstodressina“dignified”mannertoavoidsexualassau
100、ltshascausedanuproaramongnetizensonSinaWeibo.Theblogattachedapictureofawomanwearingasemi-transparentdress,standingonthemetroplatform.Itwrote,Itisnowonderifyoudresslikethisinthesubwayandgetharassed.Girls,pleasebedignifiedtoavoidperverts.Itwasforwardedmorethan10,000times,drawingireandcriticismonline.O
101、nJune24,twowomeninShanghai,outragedaboutthemicroblog,stagedaprotestinthesubwaywiththeirfacescovered,holdingsignssaying,Yestocoolness,notoperversion,andIcanbecoquettish,butyoucantharassme,whichaddedfueltothealreadyvolatiledebate.TianjinNo.1IntermediatePeoplesCourtafterthetrialAugust22,2011.Reading,Di
102、scussionandWritingI.RelatedincidentsII.Adilemma:tohelp,ornottohelp?Yourchoiceandreasonsforit?Relatedwordsandphrases:onthescene,lacksolidevidence,surveillancevideo,witnesses,forfearof,knocksb.down,befalselyaccusedof,besuedforcompensation,defendant,shoulderresponsibilityfor,beconvicted,sufferlegalandf
103、inancialpenaltiespedestrians,offeredhelp,lendsb.ahand,onlooker,standidly,indifference,prevail,calledthepolice,first-aidcenterMyvaluescannotbechangedbyoneortwoextremecases.Ifhelpisneeded,Iwillnothesitate,evenifitmeansbeingframed,becausemyhelpinghandisformyconscienceandforthosewhosuffer.However,Iunder
104、standthosekind-heartedpeoplewhodoubtwhethertheirbenevolenceisworthyandIrespecttheirchoices.III.FurtherdiscussionanalysisofthephenomenaandmeasurestotakeAretherefewergoodpeopleinsocietytoday?ShouldChinaprotectitsgoodSamaritansandpunishthosewhodonthelp?lossofcredibilitydeclineofconscience,benevolence,e
105、thicsMeasuresandresponsestothemSocialethicsgetsoutofhandonceandagain.Evenoldpeoplearenotashamedtoframeothers.Evenjudicialauthoritiesgiveuptheircriteriaandsettleforless.Judgessharetheridiculouslogicofnowrongdoing,nohelp.Adangerinhelpingothersisrecognizedbymoreandmorepeople.Indifferenceprevailsinthewh
106、olesociety.GoodSamaritanAwardProtectionRegulationsUpgradedtheirrewardandpensionlevelsforgoodSamaritanlegalprotectionshouldbegivenifaSamaritanisfalselyaccusedofthosewhofalselyaccuseothersshouldbepunishedthosewhorefusetohelpothersindangershouldbeheldaccountable,refusingtohelpothersindangershouldbecons
107、ideredacrime.View1Itshouldbeconsideredcautiously.Thefirsttwoaregood,becausetheyprotectandrewardSamaritans.Bringingthosewhofalselyaccuseothersarealsofine.However,beingagoodSamaritanisamatterofethics,ifwesimplyordainrefusingtohelpasacrime,itcanpotentiallyinfringeuponpeoplesdemocraticrights.Heorshejust
108、doesntdogooddeed,hedoesntdoanythingbad,either.View2Fromalegalpoint,Ithinkinappropriatetomakeitacrime.Inthefieldoflaw,forafailureofactiontoconstituteacrime,itrequirescertainconditions.Firstofall,youshouldmaketheactionanobligation.Ifweobscuretheboundarybetweenlawandethics,andbringtheethicalthingintoth
109、edomainoflaws,theeffectofthelawwillbeweakened.View3Courageousdeedsareencouragedinethics.Peopledidnotsaytheywouldnothelp,butdarenottodoso.SolawsshouldprotectgoodSamaritans,ratherthanpunishthosewhodonothelp.Indoingso,lawisabletoguideethics.TheprocessofprotectingandawardinggoodSamaritanisaprocessofguidingethics.
