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1、Wulumqi, 26 June 2007Claudio OpertiManager R&D FPT ChinaHeavy Duty Engine emissions Euro 4/5重型车用发动机排放重型车用发动机排放 欧欧4/欧欧526 June 2007FPT=“FPT” isFIAT POWERTRAIN TECHNOLOGIES FIAT动力总成技术动力总成技术=It is a company including in a single organization all the engine & driveline activities of the Fiat group world
2、wide是是FIAT集团全世界包括所有发动机和动力传集团全世界包括所有发动机和动力传动系统的独立的机构动系统的独立的机构Fiat automotive FIAT汽车汽车IVECOOthers其它其它=It is developing and producing 正在开发和生产正在开发和生产Diesel and gasoline engines 柴油和汽油发动机柴油和汽油发动机From 1,0 liters up to 40 liters 从从1.0L到到40LFor 用于用于Cars轿车轿车Trucks卡车卡车Agricultural and earth moving农业和工程机械农业和工程机
3、械Marine船用船用Power generation发电发电.等等等等226 June 2007Emission Limits排放限值排放限值Euro 3NOxPMTill 20065,05,00,100,10Euro 3 Registration Europe 欧洲欧欧洲欧3注册注册326 June 2007Euro 4 Registration step 1 Europe 欧洲欧欧洲欧4第第1阶段注册阶段注册Durability耐久性耐久性In Use Compliance在用车在用车Homologation class / weight认证认证 类别类别/质量质量Control Mea
4、surements测量控制测量控制OBD Stage 1OBD第第1阶段阶段Euro 4System Failure系统不完善系统不完善2006 20073,53,50,020,02Emission Limits排放限值排放限值Euro 3NOxPMTill 20065,05,00,100,10426 June 2007Euro 4 Registration step 2 Europe欧洲欧欧洲欧4第第2阶段注册阶段注册Durability耐久性耐久性In Use Compliance在用车在用车Homologation class / weight认证认证Control Measuremen
5、ts测量控制测量控制OBD Stage 1OBD第第1阶段阶段Euro 4System Failure系统不完善系统不完善2006 20073,53,50,020,02Emission Limits排放限值排放限值Euro 3NOxPMTill 20065,05,00,100,10NOx Control Torque reduction扭矩降低控制扭矩降低控制+2007 2009526 June 2007Euro 5 Legislation Europe 欧洲欧欧洲欧5法规法规Euro 5OBD Stage 2DurabilityNEW ?20092,02,00,020,022007 2009
6、Emission Limits排放限值排放限值NOxPM5,05,00,100,10Euro 3Till 20063,53,50,020,02Euro 42006 2007Durability耐久性耐久性In Use Compliance在用车在用车Homologation class / weight认证分类认证分类/质量质量Control Measurements测量控制测量控制OBD Stage 1OBD第第1阶段阶段System Failure系统不完善系统不完善+NOx Control Torque reduction626 June 2007EC 88/77 Comp. Euro
7、3Comp. Euro 5Emissions E4Emissions E4OBD Stage 1OBD Stage 2DurabilityEmissions E5Emissions E5In use complianceCompulsory Euro 4DurabilityNew in use compliance200520062007200920082010Emissions E4OBD Stage 1 + NOx controlDurabilityIn use compliance Since 2005 was possible to register vehicles accordin
8、g to Euro 4/5 emission values 从2005年开始可以按照欧4/欧5排放进行车辆注册 Euro 4 Step 1 (ODB stage 1) are compulsory from Oct 2006 从2006年10月强制执行欧4第1阶段(OBD第1阶段)认证Emissions E3Emissions E5Emissions E5 Euro 4 Step 2 (OBD stage 1 + NOx control) are compulsory from Oct 2007 从2007年10月强制执行欧4第2阶段(OBD第1阶段+NOx控制)认证 Euro 5 (emis
9、sion values + OBD stage 2) are compulsory from Oct 2009 从2009年10月开始欧5(排放+OBD第2阶段)Step 1Step 2726 June 2007Legislation summary 法规概要法规概要826 June 2007Durabilty requirements 耐久性要求耐久性要求=Present European Euro 4 legislations specifies that当前欧当前欧4法规说明法规说明A minimum durability of the engine in terms of emissi
10、ons legislation conformity must be guaranteed by the manufacturer (limit depending on vehicle class / size)排放法规中的发动机最低耐排放法规中的发动机最低耐久性符合性由制造厂保证久性符合性由制造厂保证(限值取决于车辆类型限值取决于车辆类型/尺寸尺寸)The same criteria applies to the after treatment system标准同样适标准同样适用于后处理系统用于后处理系统 No specific demonstration of this durabili
11、ty is required. 没有明确没有明确的耐久性的耐久性”试验实例试验实例”要求要求=It is expected that future European legislation will include a durability “demonstration” equivalent to the USA EPA approach未未来的欧洲法规将包含耐久性来的欧洲法规将包含耐久性”试验实例试验实例”,等同于美国环保署方法等同于美国环保署方法926 June 2007In-use compliance 1 在用车符合性在用车符合性-1=The verification of conf
12、ormity to emission standards of vehicles in real use is very critical on HD applications.检查重型在用车辆排检查重型在用车辆排放符合性是非常复杂的放符合性是非常复杂的.As NOx and particulate emissions are very low at low engine load, any “conformity” test must be performed with the engine under high load. This requires either因为在发动机低负荷时因为在
13、发动机低负荷时NOx和颗粒排放非常低和颗粒排放非常低,任何符合性测试必须在发动机高负荷时进行任何符合性测试必须在发动机高负荷时进行.Emission measurements on vehicle in operation on road 车辆排放在道路上运转车辆排放在道路上运转Use of a roller test bed (for a truck, a very heavy / expensive device)使用转鼓试验台使用转鼓试验台(对于卡车对于卡车,非常重非常重/装置昂贵装置昂贵) Dismounting the engine (and the after treatment
14、system) from the vehicle and installation on an engine test bed从车从车辆上拆下发动机辆上拆下发动机(和后处理系统和后处理系统)并安装到发动机排放试验台上并安装到发动机排放试验台上.1026 June 2007In-use compliance 2 在用车符合性在用车符合性-2=European (and US) legislations have selected the “OBD” approach.欧洲欧洲(和美国和美国)法规选择法规选择”OBD”方法方法The control system of the engine / a
15、fter treatment must detect any system malfunction causing an increase of emissions and give indication to the driver (including engine power reduction)发动机发动机/后处理控制系统必须发现任何导致排放后处理控制系统必须发现任何导致排放增加的系统故障并给驾驶员故障指示增加的系统故障并给驾驶员故障指示(包括发动机功率降低包括发动机功率降低)The effectiveness of the OBD must be demonstrated at eng
16、ine homologation 必须在发动机认证时认证必须在发动机认证时认证OBD效果效果The “road” inspection authority can “read” the OBD “history” of the vehicle to detect malfunctions or mis-use道道路检查权威部门可读取车辆上路检查权威部门可读取车辆上OBD”历史历史”记录记录,以发现故障或错误以发现故障或错误使用使用1126 June 2007. from “Euro 3” to Euro 4 .从欧从欧3到欧到欧4NOx (g/kWh)PM (g/kWh)Starting St
17、arting Point Point Euro 3Euro 3欧欧欧欧3 3起点起点起点起点5 50.100.10EURO 43,53,50.020.021226 June 2007Engine development 发动机技术发展发动机技术发展NOXPMFuel Consumption燃油消耗燃油消耗Engine adjustments NOx reduction increase PM and fuel consumption PM reduction reduce fuel consumption but NOx increase1326 June 2007The technology
18、 choice 技术选择技术选择=Two possible solutions两种可能的解决方案两种可能的解决方案: EGREGRSCRSCRExhaust Gas Recirculation废气再循环Selective Catalytic Reduction选择性催化转化器1426 June 2007EGR: to match Euro 4 匹配欧匹配欧4EGREGRNOx (g/kWh)PM (g/kWh)Starting Starting Point Euro 3Point Euro 3起点欧起点欧起点欧起点欧3 35 5EURO 43,53,50.100.100.020.021526
19、June 2007EGR: to match Euro 4 匹配欧匹配欧4NOx (g/kWh)PM (g/kWh)Starting Starting Point Euro 3Point Euro 3起点欧起点欧起点欧起点欧3 35 5EURO 43,53,5 PM Filter PM Filter0.100.100.020.02EGREGR1626 June 2007SCR: to match Euro 4 匹配欧匹配欧4NOx (g/kWh)PM (g/kWh)Starting Starting Point Euro 3Point Euro 3欧欧欧欧3 3起点起点起点起点5 5EURO
20、43,53,50.020.020.100.10SCRSCR1726 June 2007SCR: to match Euro 4 匹配欧匹配欧4NOx (g/kWh)PM (g/kWh)Starting Starting Point Euro 3Point Euro 3起点欧起点欧起点欧起点欧3 35 53,53,5EURO 40.020.02SCRSCR0.100.10SCRSCR1826 June 2007SCR: to match Euro 5 匹配欧匹配欧50.100.10NOx (g/kWh)PM (g/kWh)Starting Starting Point Euro 3Point E
21、uro 3起点欧起点欧起点欧起点欧3 35 53,53,5EURO 4EURO 52 2SCRSCR0.020.02SCRSCR1926 June 2007EGR valve EGR technology EGR技术技术PM Filter EGR system effects emissions at source, in the combustion chamber EGR系统在源头解决排放,在燃烧室内2026 June 2007Exhaust gas is forced through porous ceramic cell排气强制通过多孔蜂窝状陶瓷Walls外壳Closed filter
22、 structure封闭式滤芯结构Efficiency up to 80%效率上限80%Combination with Oxi cat 与氧化型催化转化器结合PM Filter = PM Trap = DPF2126 June 2007PM Trap: two possible offers 两种可能的提议两种可能的提议Standard Version标准版标准版Filter unit to be replaced 过滤器单元被取代Maintenance intervals required 必要的间隔维护CRTContinuously Regenerating Trap连续再生式颗粒捕集器
23、连续再生式颗粒捕集器Permanent PM combustion 永久的颗粒燃烧No maintenance required 免维护Car application客车应用客车应用Truck application卡卡车应用车应用2226 June 2007A part of the exhaust gas is led through the metal部分排气通过金属fleece, the rest is bypassing the fleece 其余通过编织物Open cell structure开放式蜂窝结构No maintenance免维护Efficiency up to 50%效
24、率上限50%Combination with Oxi cat 与氧化型催化转化器结合PM Cat 颗粒催化转化器颗粒催化转化器2326 June 2007Comparison: PM Trap vs. PM Cat 颗粒捕集器与颗粒催化转化器比较颗粒捕集器与颗粒催化转化器比较Disadvantage缺点缺点 Backpressure increase排气背压增加 Ash accumulation灰聚集 Packaging装配 Filter clogging过滤器堵塞Disadvantage缺点缺点 Low efficiency效率低 Smoke puff during up-transient
25、s变工况冒烟 Low soot load capacity烟灰装载量低 Low passive regeneration potential被动再生潜力低PM Trap颗粒捕集器颗粒捕集器PM Cat颗粒催化转化器颗粒催化转化器PlugPorous filter wallCorrugated metal foilPorous layer(sinter metal fleece)2426 June 2007SCR technology SCR技术技术 No PM Filter is necessary 不需要颗粒过滤器SCR is an after treatment system that r
26、equires Urea as additive to create a chemical reaction to reduce NOx SCR是一种以尿素作为添加剂发生化学反应降低是一种以尿素作为添加剂发生化学反应降低NOx的后处理系统的后处理系统2526 June 2007SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction)Air Pressure空气压力空气压力Cooling circuit冷却系冷却系2626 June 2007characteristics尿素性能尿素性能Availability有效性Used in other industry sectors用于其
27、它工业领域Economic price价格Mix: 32,5 % ammonia + 67,5% water 混合比:32.5%氨水+67.5%水Easy handling, no danger-good 易操作,无危险Freezing point冰点: -11 CEvaporating point蒸发点: + 60 CStrong volume extension较强的体积膨胀2726 June 2007SCR vs. EGR SCR和和EGR比较比较=Feature 特点特点SCREGRFuel consumption燃油耗燃油耗 Lower 低低Higher高高Engine durabi
28、lity发动机耐久性发动机耐久性as Euro 3 同欧同欧3Reduced减少减少Oil change intervals 更换机油间隔更换机油间隔as Euro 3 同欧同欧3Reduced减少减少Euro 5 compatibility欧欧5兼容性兼容性YES是是 Difficult困难困难Cooling requirements 冷却系要求冷却系要求up to 6 %减少减少6% up to + 15%增加增加15%AdBlue infrastructure 尿素尿素Yes 是是No无无Diesel fuel requirement柴油要求柴油要求Standard (EN590)标准标
29、准Low sulphured 低硫低硫Additional weight 增加重量增加重量Yes 是是Yes是是SCR technology offers important advantages most relevant:SCR技术优点技术优点 :Reduced fuel consumption lower CO2 emissions)燃油消耗低燃油消耗低,CO2排放少排放少Insensitive to fuel quality (sulphur content)对燃油品质不敏感对燃油品质不敏感 Pro and cons starting from Euro 3从欧从欧3起点的正反面比较起
30、点的正反面比较 2826 June 2007FPT technology strategy FPT技术路线技术路线=According to FPT evaluation the conclusion is 根据根据FPT评估评估Solution for Light range 轻型车轻型车 New engine + EGR + Particulate Trap 新型发动机新型发动机+EGR+颗粒捕集器颗粒捕集器Lower system cost 成本低成本低Easier installation and maintenance安装维护容易安装维护容易No Increase in fuel c
31、onsumption due to new engine design 新设计发动机不新设计发动机不增加燃油耗增加燃油耗 Solution for the Medium / Heavy range中中/重型车重型车: SCR technology SCR技术技术2926 June 2007Practical case应用图例应用图例270 hp / 2700 rpm3026 June 2007“Light” HD engines”轻型车轻型车”发动机发动机=For low-range engines (below 3.5 l) 小排量发动机小排量发动机(3.5L以下以下)The trade-o
32、ff between fuel consumption and system cost is less favorable to the SCR system燃油耗和系统成本与燃油耗和系统成本与SCR系统相比低系统相比低A system configuration compatible with LD regulations (roller test bed homologation) is preferred to avoid vehicle configuration proliferation 系统结构协调是轻型车规则系统结构协调是轻型车规则(转鼓试验台认证转鼓试验台认证)首选首选,以避
33、免增加配置以避免增加配置=Therefore the solution EGR + Particulate trap is preferred EGR+颗粒捕集器是首选颗粒捕集器是首选With different calibration & sizing of the trap it can be used also for LD homologations.不同的标定和捕集器尺寸可用于轻型车认证不同的标定和捕集器尺寸可用于轻型车认证This solution requires low sulphur fuel (less than 50 ppm) to allow filter regene
34、ration该方案需要低硫柴油该方案需要低硫柴油(小于小于50 ppm)以利于过滤器再生以利于过滤器再生3126 June 2007HD with EGR / trap engine configuration带带EGR/颗粒捕集器发动机结构颗粒捕集器发动机结构EGR cooler (water heat exchanger)EGR冷却器冷却器EGR valveEGR阀阀FPT F1C 3.0 L engine4 valves/cylinder4气门气门/缸缸CR injection高压共轨系统高压共轨系统3226 June 2007HD with EGR / trap exhaust con
35、figuration带带EGR/颗粒捕集器排气系结颗粒捕集器排气系结构构Particulate trap颗粒捕集器颗粒捕集器Silencer消声器消声器Differential pressure sensor压差传感器压差传感器3326 June 2007HD with SCR - New features: engine带带SCR发动机新特征发动机新特征 New injectors新型喷油器新型喷油器 New EDC system 新新EDC系统系统 New piston rings 新型活塞环新型活塞环 Higher Injection pressure (up to 1800 bar)
36、更高喷射压力（到更高喷射压力（到1800bar）Less fuel consumption更低油耗No “direct” impact on vehicle configuration (cooling, size, )不直接影响车辆结构（冷却，尺寸，等等）3426 June 2007HD with SCR - New features: Aftertreatment systemSCR后处理系统后处理系统Urea dosing system + Catalyst 尿素加注系统尿素加注系统+催化剂催化剂Urea tanks尿素罐尿素罐: 45, 60 & 120 lUrea consumpti
37、on尿素消耗尿素消耗: 4 5% of diesel (Euro 4) 6 8% of diesel (Euro 5)On Board Diagnosis OBD系统系统3526 June 2007January 19941994年年THE WORLDS FIRST ROAD VEHICLE WITH AN SCR-SYSTEM世界上第一辆道路车世界上第一辆道路车辆辆SCR系统应用系统应用HD with SCR - system application SCR系统应用系统应用3626 June 2007AdBlue circuitCooling systemAir pressure syste
38、mAdBlue tank尿素罐尿素罐Dosing Module给料模块给料模块SCR CatalystSCR催化剂催化剂HD with SCR - system application SCR系统应用系统应用3726 June 2007HD with SCR - Typical HD truck installations典型的重型卡车安装典型的重型卡车安装3826 June 2007HD with SCR - silencer units SCR消声器消声器The DeNOx unit is always including the silencer function3926 June 2007THANK YOU！谢谢！谢谢！40
