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1、AmericanLiteraturePartThreeTheAgeofRealism(1860-1910)1Chapter6New American Outlooks26.1.MarkTwain(18351910)34I.LifeandCareerooContributions:1.FatherofAmericanLiterature2.Forerunnerof19thCenturyAmericanRealism3.Humorist4.Localcolorist5I.LifeandCareerooLife:1.SamuelLanghorneClemens2.movedwithhisfamily
2、toHannibal,aportontheMississippiRiverat43.Workedasaprinter,asteamboatpilot,Servedasavolunteersoldier,reporterandwriter4.anhonorarydoctoratefromtheUniversityofOxfordin19076Olivia Langdon Clemens,wife of Samuel Clemens 7Family89oDontpartwithyourillusions.Whentheyaregoneyoumaystillexist,butyouhavecease
3、dtolive.o不要放弃你的幻想。当幻想没有了以后，你还可以生存，但是你虽生犹死。10oTheholypassionofFriendshipisofsosweetandsteadyandloyalandenduringanaturethatitwilllastthroughawholelifetime,ifnotaskedtolendmoney.11oWrinklesshouldmerelyindicatewheresmileshavebeen.12oTwentyyearsfromnowyouwillbemoredisappointedbythethingsthatyoudidntdotha
4、nbytheonesyoudiddo.Sothrowoffthebowlines.Sailawayfromthesafeharbor.Catchthetradewindsinyoursails.Explore.Dream.Discover.13oGetyourfactsfirst,thenyoucandistortthemasyouplease.14I.LifeandCareeroThreewritingperiodso1. 1865-around 1880soPeriod of highhearted, humorous description 1.Ratherconfidentandopt
5、imistic2.Criticizethesocietywithlight-heartedhumourandsatire3.Believeinsocialreform.15I.LifeandCareeroRepresentatives:o The Adventure of Tom SawyeroThe Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County1617oThis was the story that launched Mark Twain into national prominence. oTo this day, Calaveras County
6、 in California still holds a celebration of the jumping frog contest, their biggest event of the year. 18在一八七四至一八九一年间住在这座有十九间房间的大宅中。他写出诸如汤姆索亚历险记和哈克贝利芬历险记这样的经典作品。他自己说过，那是他一生中最欢乐的岁月。19I.LifeandCareero2. 1880s-1900soPeriod of bitter and sharper criticism1.Societyturneddeafeartohisadvices2.acombinationo
7、fromanticismandrealism.3.returntothepureandnaturallife20I.LifeandCareeroRepresentatives:o The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn21Mark Twain and Dorothy Quick22I.LifeandCareero3. 1900-1910oPeriod of pessimism and fatalism1.ThedarkestperiodofMarkTwain2.Disappointedinsociety3.Fullofmiseriesinhispersonallif
8、e23Mark Twain in New Hampshire, 190524II.LiteraryWorkso艰苦岁月（Roughing It,1872）o镀金时代（The Gilded Age，1873）o汤姆索耶历险记（The Adventures of Tom Sawyer，1876）o王子与贫儿（The Prince and the Pauper，1882）o密西西比河上（Life on the Mississippi，1883）o哈克贝利费恩历险记（The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn，1884）o傻瓜威尔逊（The Tragedy of Puddn
9、head Wilson，1893），o自传（Autobiography）25汤姆索耶历险记（The Adventures of Tom Sawyer，187626The Prince and the Pauper27The Gilded Age28The Tragedy of Puddn head Wilson29III.WritingStyleooStyleStyle:o1.createarealandgenuineAmericanstyle2.adventurous,humorous3.Combinationofrealismandromanticism4.Combinationofhum
10、orandseriousliteratureo30III.WritingStyleoolanguagelanguage:o1.informal,colloquial,rural,regionallanguage:dialect,jargon,slang2.sentencestructure:simple,compound,aseriesof“than”and“and”,semi-colons.31III.WritingStyleooSubjectSubjectmattermatter:1.fromeverydaylife2.fromhisownexperience3.lowerstrataof
11、society32III.WritingStyleooLocalcolorism:1.Inlate1860sandearly1870s2.Animportantpartofrealisticmovement3.Differencesexistedbetweendifferentpartsofthecountry.4.Emphasisonlocalpeculiaritiesofspeech,dressandhabits.5.Idealizeandglorify,givetruecoloroflocallife33CharacteristicofMarkTwainsworko1,Hisworkss
12、umupthetraditionofwesternhumorandfrontierrealismo2,Hewritesabouthispeopleandhisownlifeo3,Hisgreatestachievementonliteratureishisuseofdialectandhisportrayofthelocal(beforehimpeopletendtouseelegantelitelanguageonliterature,butsincehim,peopletendtousecolloquiallanguageinliterature.Thatshisgreatcontribu
13、tiontoAmericanliterature.)34MarkTwainsaid:Mylanguagemywordsarelikewater,thegreatmasterslanguageislikewinebuteveryonedrinkswater35IV.OverviewofThe Adventures of Huckleberry FinnooSetting:ounpopulatedwildnessanadenseforestalongMississippiRiver36IV.OverviewofThe Adventures of Huckleberry FinnooCharacte
14、rs:1.IgnorantuneducatedblackslaveJim2.UneducatedoutcastwhiteboyHuckFinn373839Adventures of Huckleberry Finn JimhelpsHuckslipintoadress,astheboyattemptstogooutunrecognized.40IV.OverviewofThe Adventures of Huckleberry FinnooTheme:oHucksinnerwavingstrugglebetweenwhathewastaughtandwhathethoughtoutofgood
15、-heartandhumanity.41The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras CountyoAcomicfrontierwesterntaletogetherwithmanytalltaleswhichMarkTwainwhichheheardinthewesternminingcampsin1861oTheme:competitionbetweenthepioneers,selfishnessandmercilessnessofcapitalismoColloquialstyle:inthegeneralstandardspeechoftheune
16、ducated42The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras CountyStudyquestionoA,whatrealisticelementscanyoufindinthisstory?oB,whatroledoeslanguageplayinthestory?oC,howisthestorynarrated？（narratedpatternofthestory）43Realisticelementsfoundinthestory1everylanguage,dialect,showsthepeoplearesorealanduneducated2,
17、ordinarypeople3,setting:miningfactoryStorytoldbyaworker,apersonassociatedwiththeexperienceratherthanfeellikethestorymadeupbythewriter.4,detaileddescription:howhedressthemselves,howtheytalk,walkandbehave.44Backgroundofthestory:GoldRusho1,Californiawasaworldofmen,isolatedhomesickandeagerforentertainme
18、nto2,Gamblingwasoneoftheeasiestandmostpopularwaystoamusethemselves(youcanseethisclearinHollywoodmovie)o3,theeasternershadareputationforbeingcivilized,cultured,andadvanced;whereasthewesternerwereconsideredtobeless-educated,lessrefinedandeasytobedeceived45NameofthedoginthestoryoAndrewJacksonoGivethena
19、meofadog,havesurnameandgivenname,oThe7thpresidentoftheUnitedStatesoThefirstwesternertobecomepresidentoHeisdescribedasbeingdeterminedandstrongwilled(associatedthesecharacteristicwiththedog)46ThenameofthefrogoDanielWebsteroDanielWebster（1782-1852）isastatesmanoHeembodiestheveryspiritofthenation(arrange
20、thenameofdogandfrog,MarkTwaintrytocarrycertainmessages)47IV.NotesofThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn:1.dasntstop=didntdarestop.2.Spanishmoss:寄生藤，又叫“long-beard”铁兰属。一种产于美国东南部和热带美洲的附生凤梨属的植物，生有长长的密集成串的下垂的灰色线状茎。3.thefrauds:指书中的两个冒充公爵和国王的骗子。4.yellocution:from“elocution,”theartofpublicspeaking.哈克自己编造的字，暗指
21、两个骗子说话简直就是在“yelling.”5.doggery:acheapbarorsaloon.6.cussing=cursing.7.shookthereefsout:letoutsailonaboattocatchmorewindandthusgofaster.8.Setherloose:把木筏的缆绳解开。9.SilasPhelps:赛拉斯斐尔普斯，汤姆的姨父，骗子把吉姆卖给了他。10.afeard/afeared:archaism.=afraid.48IV.NotesofThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn:11.HerunofffmdownSouths
22、omers=HeranofffromdownSouth,somewhere.12.No-sirree-bob:=No,sir.sirree=sir,用在yes和no后面加强语气。bob:尾音没有意义。13.MissWatson:华森小姐，吉姆的女主人。14.ornery=ordinary,此处为含蓄的表达，意思是丢脸。15.fix:difficultsituation.16.providence:God.和下文的One，Him，he相同。17.itwasacloseplace:这件事真是让人犯难。18.Illgotohell:哈克决定不告发吉姆逃跑的事情，而是让他获得自由，当时这种做法被认为是
23、要下地狱的。19.gothewhilehog:doitthoroughly.20.keptmyeyespeeled=keptmyeyesopen.21.leftmeaholtof:slang.=letmehold.22.trythe“RoyalNonesuch”anothershake:把“皇家奇物”拿出来再试试。23.thenextminutehewhirlsonmeandsays:马上他又猛转过身对我说。24.butmindyoudontworkyourjawbetweenhereandthere:可是你要记住不要在路上到处瞎说。49Question1oExplainindetailthe
24、relationoftheselectionfromLife on the MississippiandThe Celebrated Jumping FrogtoClemensownlife.oAnswer50Question2oIntheselectionfromLife on the MississippiTwainmentionsthreetransientorpassingambitionsoftheboysofHannibal.(a)Whatwerethesetransientambitions?(b)WhatwasTwainspurposeinmentioningthem?oAns
25、wer51Question3oInwhatwaydoesTwainintroducehumorintothestoryofthelocalboywhobecameanapprenticeengineer?oAnswer52Question4oTocapturetheflavoroftheoralyarninwriting,itisnecessaryforanauthortomakeitpossibleforhisreaderstoseethenarratorandtohearhimspeak.(a)WhatpartsofThe Celebrated Jumping Frogaredevoted
26、toacquaintingthereaderwithSimonWheeler,thenarratoroftheyarn?(b)WhatkindsofinformationdoesTwaingiveaboutWheeler?(c)WhydoesTwainusepeculiarsentencepatterns,misspellings,andgrammaticalerrorsintheyarnitself?oAnswer53Question5oExplainwhyThe Celebrated Jumping Frogwasprobablymuchfunniertoreadersahundredye
27、arsagothanitistoustoday.oAnswer54Question6oAnalyzethefollowingquotation:It was a close place. I took . . . up the letter Id written to Miss Watson, and held it in my hand. I was a-trembling, because Id got to decide, forever, betwixt two things, and I knowed it. I studied a minute, sort of holding m
28、y breath, and then says to myself: “All right then, Ill go to hell”and tore it up. It was awful thoughts and awful words, but they was said. And I let them stay said; and never thought no more about reforming.oAnswer55Question7oHowdidMarkTwaindevelophisthemeofslaveryinthestoryofHuckFinn?oAnswer56Ans
29、werto question1oTheselectionfromLife on the MississippiisbasedonClemensexperiencesasaboyintherivertownofHannibal,Missouri,whenhe,likeeveryotherboyintown,longedtobeapilot.The Celebrated Jumping FroggrewoutofClemensexperiencesinthegold-miningcountryofcentralCalifornia.Clemensprobablytoldthestorywellbe
30、causefromboyhoodonhehadheardmanystoriestoldeffectively.57Answertoquestion2o(a)Tobecomeclowns,tobecomeminstrel-showperformers,andtobecomepirates.(b)Tocontrastthetransientcharacteroftheseambitionswiththeimportanceofthedesiretobecomeasteamboatmanapermanentambition.58Answertoquestion3oHegivesaseriesofde
31、tailswhichshowthatalthoughtheboyisagreatshow-off,prodigiouslyenviedbytheotherboys,hereallyisnotveryimpressiveandactuallyhasnotrisenveryhighintheworld.Forexample:“Thisfellowhadmoney,too,andhairoil.Alsoanignorantsilverwatchandashowybrasswatchchain.”59Answertoquestion4o(a)Thefirstthreeparagraphs.(b)Hes
32、penthistimedozingbythestoveinamining-towntavern.Heisplump,bald,mild-looking.Hewelcomesachancetotalk,corneringhisaudiencesothatitcannotescape.Hetellshisstorywithnosensethatitisfunny.(c)TheyrepresentthewayWheelertalksandthereforemakehimknownasacharacter.Alsotheyarecomicbecausetheycontrastwithproperway
33、sofspeaking60Answertoquestion5oPeopleinthatdayhadlistenedtomanyoraltales;storytellingforthemwaswhatTV,radio,andmotionpicturesareforus.Theythereforecouldreadastoryandimaginebetterthanwecanhowitwouldsoundwhentoldaloud.Inaddition,modernreaderstendtowaitfora“punchline”orasurpriseending,whereasthehumorof
34、ataleismeanttobesavoredthroughout.61Answertoquestion6oHuckconsidersbutthendecidesagainstwritingMissWatsontotellherthePhelpsfamilyisholdingJim,followinghisconscienceratherthantheprevailingmoralityoftheday.HuckiswillingtosacrificehissoulforJimsfreedom,showingatremendousamountofpersonalgrowth.Thisscene
35、indicateshowhisrelationshipwithJimhaschangedoverthecourseofthejourneydownriver,fromcompanion,torespectedfriend,totheonlyfamilyHuckwillacknowledge.62Answertoquestion6oHuckdecidestofreeJimafterrememberingallthetimesJimprotectedandcaredforhim,somethingwhichnooneelsehaseverdoneforHuck.Thelogicalconseque
36、ncesofHucksaction,ratherthanthelessonssocietyhastaughthim,driveHuck.Hedecidesthatgoingto“hell,”ifitmeansfollowinghisgutandnotsocietyshypocriticalandcruelprinciples,isabetteroptionthangoingtoeveryoneelsesheaven.ThismomentofdecisionrepresentsHuckstruebreakwiththeworldaroundhim.Atthispoint,Huckdecidest
37、ohelpJimescapeslaveryonceandforall.Huckalsorealizesthathedoesnotwanttoreenterthe“civilized”world:afterallhisexperiencesandmoraldevelopmentontheriver,hewantstomoveontothefreedomoftheWestinstead.63Answertoquestion7oThethemeofslaveryisperhapsthemostwellknownaspectofthisnovel.TwainusesJim,amaincharacter
38、andaslave,todemonstratethehumanityofslaves.Jimexpressesthecomplicatedhumanemotionsandstruggleswiththepathofhislife.64Answertoquestion7oHuckandJimneverdebateslavery,andalltheotherslavesinthenovelareveryminorcharacters.OnlyinthefinalsectionofthenoveldoesTwaindevelopthecentralconflictconcerningslavery:shouldHuckfreeJimandthenbecondemnedtohell?Thisdecisionislife-alteringforHuck,asitforceshimtorejecteverythingcivilizationhastaughthim.HuckchoosestofreeJim,basedonhispersonalexperiencesratherthansocialnorms,thuschoosingthemoralityofthe“naturallife”overthatofcivilization.65
