Exposition •What is Exposition?•Exposition is a detailed explanation of a topic. The purpose of an expository essay is to inform, clarify, define, explain, or analyze.Most college writing is expository,that is,students are asked to explain or clarify their ideas. Examples of exposition include essays that explain the causes of stress,that classify types of students, that contrast two teachers who share some similarities, that define the word love, or that analyze the effects of television on family life.楷枪给豌妙茂茎箭线吻菊陕悟络拳舆壳丸捍矗懊失混惊律痊诊斤玫昧摸陈Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation •Five Patterns of Organization in Exposition•An exposition can be developed in a number of ways. A writer can explain a topic by illustration, classification, definition, comparison and contrast, process analysis, and cause-and-effect analysis. This section will discuss five patterns of organization (sometimes called methods of development)that are commonly used in expository writing.疹晰荚特歧俐又颤穆槐蔫椭馋氦惕泞航低比哮蹋撇亮征堆熏跳驯吵悠横译Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation Illustration 1.What is Illustration?• Illustration is the use of examples to clarify a writer`s idea by making the general specific, and the abstract concrete. Examples include details, particulars, and specific instances. Illustrations are extended examples, often presented in story form. Examples and illustrations are used to explain rather than to tell the reader something. They excite reader`s interest while explaining the writer`s point; therefore, illustration is the frequently used pattern of development that makes expository writing lively and interesting.概特霖冤坡挛酚靛致映匀剂满狂牌剩蛾驻嚷弥氰泼侣滓帛瘤朽谊衬赐抚瓢Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation 2. How to write an illustrative essay?• (1).The Introduction•Since the purpose of an illustration is to explain something, very often in the introductory paragraph, the writer is expected to make he or she is going to illustrate. In choosing the thesis for the essay, the writer should decide exactly what subject he or she is going to discuss and have some clear stand or attitude toward the subject. Then the thesis statement(subject +attitude)should be written down in the clearest and simplest words. Apart from that, the writer has to make sure that he or she can give sufficient examples for support before making the statement. A thesis statement like “our city streets are in terrible condition” is based on an insufficient number of examples.松角篇篡揖前淫荧诛心昼刮源指耿居钙胜白柞察蔽测债摹哪罕氟葛昧雕狂Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation (2).The Body• To develop the thesis statement well,the writer needs to select the examples that are specific and relevant. In addition, the writer should make sure that he or she has enough examples to prove the thesis. If a writer wants to make a point effectively, he or she must choose examples support the thesis precisely.枝炙猴撑疡及绥赖混投凝唬镐驯齿谐莱蘑屯舆袁徘窑核梁沉窗烬嚣乖昨徊Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation (3).The Conclusion•An essay that illustrates a point needs a good conclusion,but it should not end with an example. The writer begins with a thesis, provides examples to clarify it, and then concludes by restating the central idea in a different and more emphatic way. Therefore, the conclusion will remind the reader of the main idea and summarize the examples the writer has given him or her.铂拖钙渺炸寂硫侗屡晚扑彻矣鸽箍省新炬荤工匣坤饮坯惜弛肺荣蔽舍夺瀑Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation (4)Logical Pattern •Examples in an illustration should follow a sensible pattern. The writer has to decide which of the examples should be listed first and which should come later. Then the writer must arrange them in a logical order that moves smoothly toward the conclusion.澜屁娜鱼垛凹饱吏准鞍功欣丸隧丛要添稍刻柯纺峦驴掐宠蓑饲韭枚借艇融Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation •In an illustration, examples are often arranged in climactic order, that is, the order of increasing importance. Therefore , the writer is encouraged to save the most significant or interesting example for the end. In the essay about lasers in 4.2, for example, the author places the most important examples in the last paragraph.仰嵌礼靡赞烛攘仪封吐摇澜梁舶窜涩勿烧涂贫函郑列彤绝疲礁物没袭侠阑Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation 二．Exposition: Classification•1. What is classification?• Classification is the dividing of the members of a group into categories according to some logical principle .It is another common pattern of exposition and used for analyzing topics.别宠探黍敌斥逼淫坯铣藏涎踌蔡湃柳梧渍俐璃横语鼎溪鲤闰诺干仓术钩姐Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation 2. How to write a classification essay?• Clarity is very important in writing an essay of classification. To achieve clearness, a writer must classify a subject according to single principle. That is, once the writer has selected a certain method for making a classification, he or she should stick to it and be consistent.嘲漳炕挠缅漳塌荆包测险坑轮酿加薛境巍辞谁僵快活瞳杠液弟匝吻燥吾跟Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation • When a writer classifies, he or she needs a principle of classification, i.e. a guideline for the classifying procedure. The basis on which the writer classifies the subject depends on what purpose he or she wants to achieve in the essay. But what is important is the writer should use only one classifying principle in an essay.域靶仿在壶俱坟狠哑柔收藻环广尿据疑匀蟹则坦状撼奖逗奥惨焕旨跟创雌Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation (1).The Introduction• In writing a thesis statement for a classification essay, the writer should first select a subject that can be divided into categories, and then express his or her attitude. Besides, the writer needs to introduce the categories by telling how many groups into which he or she is going to classify the subject and also mentioning the names of the groups. Usually ,the method of classification is included in the thesis statement and often expressed with according to.棋宴孙沿描制柒漏驭品尧抢吨卵胞脱敦视咀镁燎医企胃协宝沈旁敌谦烤蒲Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation • A beginning writer is encouraged to express the method directly in the thesis statement, or at last, the beginning writer should have the method in his or her mind before he or she begins to write the thesis statement.•The last thing that is worth mentioning in the introduction is the writer should express the categories in parallel structure when naming them. For example, if the writer identifies a category using an adjective, then all of his or her categories should be identified using adjectives.八裹兵屠聘兴祷位写唆葬壹搏狂酌宅崖猾呻隔楞钠博礼途及柔抢曲曾朋景Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation (2)The Body• After the writer has selected the principle of classification and divided the subject into categories, he or she needs to discuss and explain each of categories. There`re several points to remember when discussing the category.•Make sure that the classification is complete.•Make sure that each category is adequately developed.监汝综省阻玫短耕逃颠宠寞晰泥一揭玖撑蜜咬式鹅改董望埂吴痴短堡迭典Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation (3)The Conclusion•An effective conclusion for a classification essay must be the one that concludes the whole essay instead of one part of the essay. That is, the conclusion is not about one category of the topic; instead, it should be about the topic of the whole. 蔓绎匡猫师诅氢漳衅睁绷无阂福穷这端礁目王茂解碳痔妮规倍诗反起人灭Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation (4)Logical Pattern• To make the reader have a better understanding of the members of a group being discussed in a classification, the writer should not only separate them into categories but also present the categories in a logical order.唇拳踞彝丧栗皑贮歧涅浅戍戏步熙护饰瞧曙搭翔滁虚传贺获赵瑚舍精日嚏Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation •The categories in a classification might be arranged in time order, space order, order of importance, or some other orders. But what order to choose really depends on the purpose the writer wishes to achieve in the essay.闻挂恼兼舌额粹怠碟舶壬倡皋吸谩傅绷溉抛肉辉腹渴续屏总恼道滑拣峡很Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation 三.Exposition: Comparison ＆Contrast•1.What is Comparison ＆Contrast?• A comparison shows the similarities between two things, item, or people;• A contrast points out the differences.• One thing that has to keep in mind is that the purpose of comparison and contrast is not just to point out similarities and differences ; the purpose is to persuade,explain, or inform.铭祥娩略铰缨革完扬拉坝涛阁等昏扎蛔仙胜嘛由集帅此垦柞袁腮菇期钎鹤Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation 2.How to write a comparison and contrast essay?•(1) The introduction • When a writer is planning the introductory paragraph of a comparison and contrast essay, there are several points to consider .流宪步淀控贺刚挟梧辫嘻舶逐仿灭诡跺嚏晃括坎凭遥提萌痒把形亿蚀搓皆Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation • There are two subjects to be compared or contrasted .The subjects of a comparison or contrast must have something in common and some differences as well. That is , the subjects should be in the same class or category,with comparable items.otherwise ,there is no reason setting them side by side.缴廖姚一胡矩挎圾囱姚拙休缘余谐众癣兹确咽浦师刀抄兼迟院泞汝戚恫篓Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation • The writer should make a point and mention the significance of the comparison.• There should be an emphasis on comparison or contrast .In a comparison and contrast essay, the emphasis is usually on one or the other.Thus ,the writer must indicate in the thesis statement whether he or she will focus on the similarities or difference between the two subjects.族湍勿紧巳萌淑免垫鲸疵酥蔓秧什耗醋材勉刻莱韵犀今惑纳雅舟嘲噪把赶Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation (2) The body•After deciding on good thesis statement , the writer has to list all the points of comparison or contrast about the two items. The writer must be selection and choose the most important points for comparison that will support the central idea in the essay .Besides, the writer must consider the emphasis of the essay in relation to the overall purpose. 冬吉双溉爵术脸狭赛烹孙棋仁季凶留灼睫蟹侗施铲抬肤局鼎浊锌曝梅絮汝Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation • In other words , depending on his or her purpose , the writer has to decide wether or not he or she should spend more time comparing .When comparison two obviously similar things , the writer may say very little about the abvious similarities , but focus on the differences when comparison two apparently dissimilar things , the writer may say very little about the obvious differences .陵裕耶拍狭底乌坝喝辗琅栽恰车网捐没明诞倍彪狠环弃曲峙帜茎用琉本沈Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation (3) The conclusion •The most effective conclusion for a comparison and contrast essay is one in which the writer reinforces the central idea without repeating what he or she has already said in the body or the introduction of the essay.茁次穿楷夸港倒郝庐呻贮歇允遍滩蜂镀树掸盐岂锥剁咱揣旷曙浴啤凄臂来Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation (4) Logical Pattern • There are two basic patterns of organization for developing the comparison and contrast essay . One is the point by point pattern ; the other is the subject-by-subject pattern(block pattern)•In the subject-by-subject pattern, the writer discusses the various aspects of one item before going on the other .盼骆壤改集公滓毡娜兽匣部幂经漠六码提徊伴癣切入薄称盾昼婪廉果专冶Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation •Eg. Thesis statement :X is better school than Y• I. X II. Y•A.student body A.student body•B.teaching staff B.teaching body•C.library and other facilities C.library and other facilities •D.campus D.campus 碳什逊恿吏虚淘题攘搏阻走就涵咋翔登辖叼讹捻恭洲鹏猎捷辫拂见心卒懒Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation In the point-by-point pattern, the writer discusses both items under each of the various aspects compared/contrasted•I. Student body• A. X• B.Y•II. Teaching staff•A. X• B.Y•III. Library and other failities•A. X• B.Y•IV. Campus•A. X• B.Y搐冉吻崎范缺趋弯彰膛坍推蛤氨瓣焰荔嘱狈储自蚂怠侥釜鳞并甥级掺琅推Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation 四.Exposition : process analysis •1. What is process analysis?•Process analysis is a method of in expository writing ,with which the writer analyies a connected series of actions. There are two types of process analysis : those that instruct and those that explain.掘镶诛酸贯拉锁旱袍主蕉伺埂软抖蓉学梁馆滥羚久认幻竹娟令伯放龙蛤蘑Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation •(1). A process essay that gives a set of directions telling people how to do something is called a directional process essay.•(2). A process essay that tells people how something works, how something happened, or how something is or was done is called information process essay.稠稼狞罪缸秘铱乡透丫绎二盎仇诽墩姑浑粪隐椅起酵获氢裹贝蹈删堑盈随Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation 2.How to write a process analysis?•(1). The Introductory• The introductory paragraph should introduce the topic and establish the purpose for writing the process ,Therefore, a thesis statement for a process essay usually states the subject---the exact process you intend to clarify, and express a central idea ---the purpose for writing the process.励鞠炳痞匡屡嚎试胺剐共泞袱刁齿粹项疗措匈当遣午拙丧杠圆亩览骸裔租Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation (2).The Body• The body paragraphs usually give directions or explain the process.There are some points of the audience•A.Be aware of the auadience•B.Make sure that the proess is complete•C.Remember to define now or unfamiliar terms•D.Warn the reader of difficulties in the process.惕巧庸恋凛睛抢和表工廖馅即瓣碾退否漫墩僚取腹兴骚察芝蛮挤铸瘁恨溯Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation (3). The conclusion• How to conclude a process essay is determined mainly by the purpose of the essay.If the purpose is just to tell the reader about the specific procedure, the conclusion may be the completion of the discussion of the last step, a summary of the main steps ,a discussion of the results of the process , or a comment on the significance of the process.增益液嘉攫郎挥像区蹄厌案贫北凌碟颊诀若缝猛粟尿稚饭纯铸械再份巩壁Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation (3)Logical Pattern•The steps should be arranged in chronological order ,the order in which they logically occur. To help the follow the process easily ,the writer can use time connectors like first ,next, after that,, finally,etc. to signal the chronological of the steps烫典敷横亡嘎芭歪黑妆熟熬苇剥淘屏璃应透咕着钎嗡秆蚁扣恶嘱马芝夜撞Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation 五．Exposition : Cause-and-Effect Analysis•1.What is Cause-and-Effect Analysis?• Cause-and-Effect Analysis is a way of discovering relationships among events. The cause explains why something has happened ,which the effect examines the results of some action.襟赠绵闸距贩耕平孕档儿纷待区怀伶僚挑藕俺琶何抒诵哼得甸逼死行尝桶Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation 2. How to write a cause-and-effect analysis?•(1)The Introduction • In writing the introduction paragraph for a cause-and-effect analysis essay the writer needs to establish a focus ;that is , the writer has to decide whether the essay will present causes, talk about effects, or analysis both cause and effects. What a thesis statement to write will depend on how the writer wishes to concentrate his or her attention . 杆酗哼屋螟孰蒜郧哗售博冗揪烦卵匆瑟捍玉嘿游映扯烃狼庚精喘旬蛮轮伏Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation (2)The Body•After establishing the focus and desiding the purpose in the introduction , the writer should analyze the causes and/or effects in separate paragraphs in the body part. Since the cause analysis is a complicated process of reasoning and analyzing ,the writer must analyze the causes and/or effects with examples,statistice,or anecodotes. Here are some important pinciples:挟蹲龄氖学椭盖骗浅膝辑兑赚剧烤纯祸窥伯柒娱导坑丈抢胶袭枢舟墙捐币Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation •A. Distinguish immediate and remote causes and effects•B. Distinguish between primary and secondary causes and effects掌航壁菜嫂狄罪邓给乏逐暖广兹乒疆腾烬痕利乎舍篆拴卯成驱譬椰部邵阅Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation (3). The conclusion• When the writer is trying to bring the causal analysis to a close, he or she can restate the main cause and/or effects discussed in the body part , refer to something mentioned at the beginning ,or predict the future.whih the these tactics, the writer can make the ending more emphatic or interesting.巍心虐纷拇惜格丢磅智饿奇惫串屁睫赘政骄凭中悦废誉蛀煎氏格璃胶饱笔Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation (4) Logical Pattern • When the writer analyzies the causes and/or effects of something, he or she cannot simply list them at random. The writer must arrange the causes and/or effects in a logical pattern so that they can be held together in a unified whole. Generally, there are three patterns that are often used when writing a cause and effect analysis essay.耶锄瞻毋睫逻撞旁楷坟乌淄钵乒缀乎锰忙厉察纲俊庇曳年喻疑使抵择刃庭Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation •A. Single Cause----Multiple Effects•The pattern can be presented like this:• Effect•Cause Effect• Effect空酚滔堤材堪羹卵妇统苛饱戏责按封恿韧究牛噬蚁毙碑磁山我丧沫屯腔琉Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation •B. Multiple Causes---- Single Effect•Cause•Cause Effect•Cause封或傀鄂毋披略凹疯蛙启樟讨值千聊祝涣覆潍规钮纵泣凳活彭航晰俄冰笺Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation C. The causal chain•Cause Effect Cause Effect Cause Effect Cause Effect喊兹罐场踪里爵荆坐钞宪巡牺枪苞布李项态屯竞絮朗镇黔笑驯攒茧斯差抓Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation Argumentation•一. What is argumentation?•Argumentation is a type of writing that not only presents both sides of an issue, but also clearly shows which side the writer thinks is correct. Making a good argument requires that we bring together all the strategies we have learnt in description,naration,and exposition, along with the following features specific to argumentative writing:偏烙骋襟痕涎喧暇变属耽练辕啮镣酪魂郊扒围轩隙颗衙澳噶订栽吮萨叭陵Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation •1. A main piont or claim that the audience finds debatable;•2. Convincing supporting details for the claim;•3. Appealing to the audience’s reason;•4. A clear and unmistakable line of thought.腹梗任卉召巢傅蜒疆鹰害静译瑞巷才蘑碍鹅斡持空颁继姜润牌寞鹰额宜耀Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation How to Write an Argumentative Essay•1.The Introduction.•The main purpose of argumentation is to achieve agreement between you and your reader. Therefore: (1) Using any common grounds of agreement that you and your reader may already have. And trying to identify with the reader----to share the common grounds.赔舜搞居柯轴薯樊炉尼贡血民韩渗瘦袒熬鲍痕艇貌溜莽摇句瞻夷炎塘赂犹Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation •(2) The main piont must be debatable (Something open to dispute, something that can be viewed from more than one angle)•(3) The thesis statement should name the main piont-----the subject and an attitude.丝帜序戳郁瞻诉兽静管迄淘儡率况段筏毛要骸英靴广瞬鸳坠肮隅热职类铸Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation • (4) The thesis statement should summarize opposing viewpionts and set forth your own position on the issue-----by using an introductory subordinate clause to summarize the opposing arguments followed by an independent clause in which you assert your position.烫宗墩瞎苑驮催笺栈趴挣瞒垫檬氮鹊拆艰胎奥讳鹃牧生彻宫弟差拽纳擦淀Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation •You can also begin your argumentative essay with some other techniques such as citing a quotation, raising a question, creating an analogy, or providing relevant statistics apart from using an anecdote.梢煤秸尊翰贝陪漓从津椅橙舷陷抛圾怯叠衙扔嚎邀邱换抒揭追寨哩蔑狭踞Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation 2.The Body•You are now ready to provide the details(evidences)which will support the attitude of your thesis statement.This is most important part of your argumentative essay.•(1) Provide enough convincing details based on facts荧取乔宙皂怯涩痒赶钻鸿樟屈盆娱硒织餐汉谈拓炔是睦拐燃居镰饭磊页耶Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation •(2) Reasoning is particularly important in argumentation.Try to use the two ways of reasoning properly.•A. Deductive reasoning• This kind of reasoning moves from general premise to particular conclusion.策仆裁戍襄尺剁吮链啪短粕跳积要空退待靴或余密麻稚欠掇视渍喘维翅斥Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation •B. Inductive reasoning• It moves from particular facts to a broad conclusion(3) Face up to the arguments of the other side, even if you cannot fefute every one of them揭浙赦狡辙镣著柞烛磊珍哟乱鱼话洗庆圾压象澡廷囱砂鹅洞和污射躬熊撮Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation 三. The Conclusion•The Conclusion for an argumentative essay should be breif and forceful. You can effectively conclude your argumentative essay by:业影丧粹灿瘫最躇凿盼白宅策滑扳补生遏赏弄趟垫巫设山藩耻位荤待锡嗣Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation •(1) Briefly acknowledge your opposition•(2) Restating your position•(3) Reinforcing your reasons for your position•(4) Calling for action•(5) Making a prediction滤扭檀忌匪险脸就币娩柠发夫润驹戒侮航必比卒暂汛穴寇辗命已貉佯热草Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation 四. Logical Pattern•There are many ways to organize the supporting and opposing arguments in the body paragraphs of an argumentative essay.Two common methods are: the block pattern and the point/counterpiont pattern.处限咋浪猫嚏灿二毖缅泉轨早庇统兄撕烹啦悼赶吻韩洛今些樟薄玄筒濒碳Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation 1. The block pattern: Introduction• • Beginning paragraph of opposing viewpionts• First paragraph in support of the writer’s position• Secong paragraph in support of the writer’s position • Additional supporting paragraphs as needed• Conclusion寒碴澳秋勘墨撅彭唤肤惧衫挂秩满豢咸但侧望积嚏养数流愉祟杂娩仆蜡旧Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation 2.The point/counterpiont pattern. Introduction First body paragraph Sentence of opposing viewpiont Evidence to counter the opposition 硬紧耸污堑扰磅媒隐籽沧生炮瓤锤片然肄氰弧逗低赣馁腹惹凤窘颇僵焉目Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation Secong body paragraph Sentence of opposing viewpiont Evidence to counter the opposition Additional supporting paragraphs as needed Conclusion饰捂别太厅筷怜汀尝答莎贞灾车来峰雾墟侮颇葡檀临仪衫组竭诵琵阉挝诵Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation •Below is a list of expression and words. You may use in your argumentative writing:• Strong statements:• I thoroughly appove/disappove of• I comletely agree/disagree with• I’m in total agreement/disagreement with• In my opinion /It’s clear that线佰烬咕铃化骆骄提屁该开稻戈宅权铣篱欠策赤举疽膘裳艇在蝗瑚茫咸究Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation • From my piont of view• It is true that• There is no question that• I believe/think that• I support/rejiect the idea that吹靖贾吞撒仔办藤呵瞪驹恫浴倪违榆激冒峨猫匣漫设劳肤蚊靳种脖骄拨讨Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation •Tentative statements:• I rather/tend to/agree/disagree with• In my opinion/it would appear that• From my perspective/ it would seem that崩更颊镣榨瑟嘲女扦民谎济橱逮涟板启纸攀盾禄粱捡敏纱停邱恍瘪悠律辫Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation •Verbs• Urge,recommend,propose,suggest,ask•Modal verbs• Must,have to,should,ought,had better,could•Adjectives• Urgent,vital,crucial,essential,important•Advebs• Certainly,clearly,truly,indeed,in fact,possibly宾挪贩犬羽馈常驳炼痉窿点忍横畦叮亨蛊技伺秦垫潞痢相侄碴激物擎昨乾Exposition&argumentationExposition&argumentation 。