罗立胜-学术综合英语Unit

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1、mainUnit 8PEI Energy Framework2012Part A Section A Pre-listening-Background Information1.1Pre-listeningNew Words and ExpressionsBackground InformationPart APart BListeningThree Mile Island Accident The Three Mile Island accident was the most significant accident in the history of the American commer

2、cial nuclear power generating industry. It happened on March 28, 1979, as a result of technical malfunctions and human error. Radiation was released, a part of the nuclear core was damaged, and thousands of residents were evacuated from the area. Section A Pre-listening-Background Information1.2Pre-

3、listeningNew Words and ExpressionsBackground InformationPart APart BListeningSection A Pre-listening-Background Information1.3Pre-listeningNew Words and ExpressionsBackground InformationPart APart BListening Though it caused no known deaths or diseases to plant workers or members of the nearby commu

4、nity, it brought about sweeping changes in nuclear power industry. The disaster inflamed public opposition to nuclear power. After that, dozens of planned reactors were canceled.Section A. New Words and ExpressionsPre-listeningNew Words and ExpressionsBackground InformationPart APart BListeningnucle

5、ar power 核电核电bring online 使使运行；把运行；把投入使用投入使用be opposed to 反对反对waste disposal 废物废料处理废物废料处理address 应对，解决应对，解决not in my backyard 事不关己事不关己reinvigorate 给给以新的活力以新的活力studio 演播室演播室Section A Listen Task 1.1Listen to the program and try to get its main ideas by taking notes. Fill in the blanks according to yo

6、ur notes.Pre-listeningTask 1 Listen and Take Notes Task 2 Listen for DetailsPart APart BListening1. In the radio program, the anchorman is2. .introducingtwo experts and talking about the utilization of nuclear power and the construction of nuclear power plants in the US_3. Peoples attitudes towards

7、nuclear power are now . President Bush: . Other politicians: . Environmentalists in the past: ; now: .Section A Listen Task 1.2Pre-listeningTask 1 Listen and Take Notes Task 2 Listen for DetailsPart APart BListening2. In terms of the current utilization of nuclear energy, France gets and the US gets

8、 .70% of its electricity from nuclear power_less than a third of that of France_changing_wants to see an increased emphasison nuclear power_not mentioned_opposed to nuclearpower_some say that nuclear energy posesmuch less threat_4. The participants in the debate are Dave Modeen from and Arjun Makhij

9、ani from .5. The anchorman mentioned some telephone numbers and his purpose is .Section A Listen Task 1.3Pre-listeningTask 1 Listen and Take Notes Task 2 Listen for DetailsPart APart BListeningthe nuclear division for the Electric PowerResearch Institute (EPRI) _Research (IEER)the Institute for Ener

10、gy and Environmental _to make it possible for the listeners to call in and express their views on the topic under discussion_Task 2.1Listen to the program again and try to answer the following questions.1.How many nuclear power plants were put to use in France in the past 30 years?58 in the past 30

11、years.2. How many nuclear power plants were built in the US during the same period? Why?None. Because of the Three Mile Island Accident, people worry about the safety.Pre-listeningListeningTask 1 Listen and Take Notes Task 2 Listen for DetailsPart APart BTask 2.23. Technologically, what are people w

12、orried about?They mainly worry about issues such as safety and waste disposal.4. Why are some environmentalists less strongly opposed to the construction of nuclear power plants?Because nuclear power plants pose much less threat compared to global warming.Pre-listeningListeningTask 1 Listen and Take

13、 Notes Task 2 Listen for DetailsPart APart BTask 2.35. Were Dave Modeen and Arjun Makhijani in the same studio?No, they were on air from two different studios, one in North Carolina and the other in Maryland.Pre-listeningListeningTask 1 Listen and Take Notes Task 2 Listen for DetailsPart APart BScri

14、pt1.1Part APart BNuclear Power PlantsIm Clare Flado. Welcome to this special broadcast on Science Friday from ScienceF. Youre listening to Talk of the Nation on Science Friday. Im Clare Flado. France gets about 70% of its electricity from nuclear power. Here in the US, that number is less than a thi

15、rd of that. France has brought 58 nuclear plants online in the last 30 years. The US hasnt ordered any new plants here since theAnchorman: Script1.2Part APart Bthe 1970s, following the Three Mile Island Accident. But that may all be changing. President Bush has said he wants to see an increased emph

16、asis on nuclear power here in the US, including starting construction on new plants by the end of the decade. But is the country ready for nuclear power? Has the technology improved to the point where concerns over issues such as safety and waste disposal can be addressed? Will the phrase “NotScript

17、1.3Part APart B“Not in my backyard” strike fear in the heart of politicians? Is there a political will to build new plants? On the other hand, ironically, were seeing environmentalists who once were rigidly opposed to nuclear power. Some of them are now saying “As compared to global warming, nuclear

18、 energy poses much less threat. Its really the lesser of two evils, although this would be enough to reinvigorate the call to go nuclear.” What doScript1.4Part APart Bdo you think? Well be telling you debating on the nuclear energy proposal this hour. Do you think we should consider revising nuclear

19、 energy policies in the United States? What do you think about it? Our number 1-800-989-8255, 1-800-989 TALK. Let me introduce my guests. Dave Modeen is the vice president of the nuclear division for the Electric PowerResearch Institute (EPRI). Script1.8Part APart BIts based in Charlotte, North Caro

20、lina. Hes joining us from our Washington studio. Welcome to Science Friday.Thank you Clare.And Arjun Makhijani is the president of the Institute for Energy and Environmental Research (IEER) from Takoma Park, Maryland. Welcome to our program.Thank you Clare.Dave: Anchorman: Arjun: Script1.9Part APart

21、 BEnvironmental Research (IEER) from Takoma Park, Maryland. Welcome to our program.Thank you Clare.Arjun: Script2.1Part APart BNuclear Power PlantsIm Clare Flado. Welcome to this special broadcast on Science Friday from ScienceF. Youre listening to Talk of the Nation on Science Friday. Im Clare Flad

22、o. France gets about 70% of its electricity from nuclear power. Here in the US, that number is less than a third of that. France has brought 58 nuclear plants online in the last 30 years. The US hasnt ordered any new plants here since theAnchorman: Script2.2Part APart Bthe 1970s, following the Three

23、 Mile Island Accident. But that may all be changing. President Bush has said he wants to see an increased emphasis on nuclear power here in the US, including starting construction on new plants by the end of the decade. But is the country ready for nuclear power? Has the technology improved to the p

24、oint where concerns over issues such as safety and waste disposal can be addressed? Will the phrase Script2.3Part APart B“Not in my backyard” strike fear in the heart of politicians? Is there a political will to build new plants? On the other hand, ironically, were seeing environmentalists who once

25、were rigidly opposed to nuclear power. Some of them are now saying “As compared to global warming, nuclear energy poses much less threat. Its really the lesser of two evils, although this would be enough to reinvigorate the call to go nuclear.” What Script2.4Part APart Bdo you think? Well be telling

26、 you debating on the nuclear energy proposalthis hour. Do you think we should considerrevising nuclear energy policies in theUnited States? What do you think aboutit? Our number 1-800-989-8255, 1-800-989TALK. Let me introduce my guests. Dave Modeen is the vice president ofthe nuclear division for th

27、e Electric PowerResearch Institute (EPRI). Its based inCharlotte, North Carolina. Hes joining usfrom our Washington studio. Welcome toScience Friday.Script2.8Part APart BThank you Clare.And Arjun Makhijani is the president of the Institute for Energy and Environmental Research (IEER) from Takoma Par

28、k, Maryland. Welcome to our program.Thank you Clare.Dave: Anchorman:Arjun: Section B Background InformationPre-listeningListeningNew Words and ExpressionsBackground InformationPart APart BThe Coming Nuclear Renaissance Thirty years ago, the Three Mile Island accident brought the expansion of the nuc

29、lear industry to a halt: dozens of planned reactors were canceled; not a single nuclear plant has been ordered and built in the United States since 1979. But 30 years after Three Mile Island, the nuclear future looks brighter than it has in a long time.L-B-P.2Pre-listeningListeningNew Words and Expr

30、essionsBackground InformationPart APart B The “nuclear renaissance” started under President George W. Bush. Within months after he took office in 2001, Bush set a 2012 goal of Greenhouse Gas Reduction Initiative. The nuclear energy industry played a significant role in helping to achieve President B

31、ushs clean air goals. From 2002 to 2007, nuclear programs got $6.2 billion for research and development, twice as much as fossil fuel programs received, according to the Government Accountability Office. L-B-P.3Pre-listeningListeningNew Words and ExpressionsBackground InformationPart APart B On Febr

32、uary 16, 2010 at the IBEW Local Headquarters in Lanham, Maryland, President Obama said that safe, new nuclear power plants are a “necessity” as he announced more than $8 billion federal loan guarantees to build the first nuclear power plant in three decades. And that is only the beginning. The Obama

33、 administration will triple the budget to finance safe, clean nuclear facilities.L-B-P.4Pre-listeningListeningNew Words and ExpressionsBackground InformationPart APart B Barack Obama is committed to ensuring Americas energy independence and environmental protection. “Whether its nuclear energy or so

34、lar or wind energy”, said the president, “if we fail to invest in the technologies of tomorrow, then were going to be importing those technologies instead of exporting them.”; “The fact is, even though weve not broken ground on a new power plant in 30 years, nuclear energy remains our largest source

35、 of fuel that producesL-B-P.5Pre-listeningListeningNew Words and ExpressionsBackground InformationPart APart Bproduces no carbon emissions. To meet our growing energy needs and prevent the worst consequences of climate change, well need to increase our supply of nuclear power. Its that simple.”Secti

36、on B Background Information _Greenhouse Gas1 Greenhouse Gas Reduction Initiative: an alternative to the international Kyoto Treaty, including a series of tax credits and other incentives to encourage business and farmers to reduce harmful emissions. The major differences are listed below:Part APart

37、BKyoto TreatyGGRIGoal To reduce greenhouse gas emissions 5.2 percent overall and 7 percent in the U.S. by 2012To reduce greenhouse gas emissions 4.5 percent in the U.S. by 2012Section B Background Information _ Greenhouse Gas2Part APart BParticipation To set mandatory goals for the reduction of gree

38、nhouse gas emissions, as applied to about 30 of the most developed nationsTo set voluntary goals, allowing businesses to decide whether or not to participateSection B Background Information _ Greenhouse Gas2Part APart BIncentivesTo allow nations to buy or sell carbon credits on the international fin

39、ancial market or reduce their quota by expanding forests or farmland that absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphereTo urge businesses to voluntarily reduce emissions by providing tax incentives to those that invest in and effectively utilize “clean” technologyL-B-P. New Words and Expressionsinevitab

40、le 不可避免的不可避免的premature 未成熟的；早熟的未成熟的；早熟的tax credit 税收减免税收减免liability protection 负债准备；负债保护机制负债准备；负债保护机制insure 保险保险metrics 度量衡，标准度量衡，标准achievable 做得成的，可完成的，可做得成的，可完成的，可 有成就的有成就的commission 委员会委员会Pre-listeningListeningNew Words and ExpressionsBackground InformationPart APart BL-B-P. New Words and Express

41、ionscertify 证明，证实证明，证实forthcoming 即将来临的，将出现的即将来临的，将出现的congressional 国会的国会的loan default 贷款违约；贷款拖欠贷款违约；贷款拖欠Westinghouse reactor 威斯丁豪斯反应堆威斯丁豪斯反应堆fantasy land 梦境，幻境梦境，幻境perspective 视角；观点视角；观点Pre-listeningListeningNew Words and ExpressionsBackground InformationPart APart B1. According to Dave and Arjun,

42、the US government is 2. in support of nuclear power with the hope of 1) ; 2) .Task 1.1Pre-listeningListeningTask 1 Listen and Take Notes Task 2 Listen for DetailsPart APart BListen to the talk and try to get its main ideas by taking notes. Fill in the blanks according to your notes.solving the probl

43、em of greenhouse gas emission/global warming_solving the problem of power shortage_4. With improvement in technology, the nuclear power plants are claimed to have become increasingly .2. According to Arjun the possibility that more nuclear power plants will be built in the US is 3. If more nuclear p

44、ower plants are to be built, they to solve the electricity shortage in the US.Task 1.2Pre-listeningListeningPart APart BTask 1 Listen and Take Notes Task 2 Listen for Detailssmall/slim/slight_.are still unable_safer_Task 1.3Pre-listeningListeningPart APart BTask 1 Listen and Take Notes Task 2 Listen

45、 for Details5. In terms of the view that nuclear power plants can help address Americas environmental problems, Dave and Arjun with each other.disagree_Task 2.1Listen to the talk again and try to answer the following questions.Pre-listeningListeningPart APart BTask 1 Listen and Take Notes Task 2 Lis

46、ten for Details1. According to the anchorman, how much was the tax 2. credit for energy? What for?$3.1 billion for liability protection.2. According to Dave, is there an insurance system for the nuclear power industry?Yes, there is a self-insuring system in place ever since they began to operate as

47、commercial programs.Task 2.2Pre-listeningListeningPart APart BTask 1 Listen and Take Notes Task 2 Listen for Details3. According to Arjun, how many nuclear power plants will have to be built if the US is to achieve the level of France? And at what rate?Seven or eight hundred nuclear power plants in

48、the next 50 years, i.e., two or three every two months for the next 40 years.4. According to Arjun, if the US is going to build six nuclear power plants in 10 years, can they help to solve Americas power shortage and meet the demand?No. Its just like a few drops (of water) in the boxes and wouldnt a

49、ccount for much.Task 2.3Pre-listeningListeningPart APart BTask 1 Listen and Take Notes Task 2 Listen for Details5. According to Arjun, can the construction of more nuclear power plants help to address the issue of global warming?No. It is so far at least a fantasy land, which means it is still unabl

50、e to help address the issue.Lets talk with the two gentlemen about this. It appears inevitable, does it not that the government is going ahead, Dave, with the premature nuclear power?Yes, I think very much so. And therere a number of reasons that I cant think of. Its trying to address the greenhouse

51、 gas emissions, only one of the many factors that really get the Bush Administration to come out so strongly in favor of nuclear energy.L-B-L.1 Script1.1Part APart BShould There Be More Nuclear Power Plants in the US?Anchorman: Dave: L-B-L.1 Script1.2In fact, Im reading from a physics article, and p

52、hysicists today were talking about the US commerces 2005 energy bill has tax credits with $3.1 billion in it. And it gives something important, which is liability protection, which the nuclear industry lost following the Three Mile. One of the things they couldnt get was insurance following that cra

53、sh?No, I dont believe thats correct. Theres been a (actor) in fact the industrys self-insuringAnchorman: Dave: L-B-L.1 Script1.3and a structure that the government puts in place, that really has a model system, which essentially has no fault. The insurance has to handle cost from such accidents. Tha

54、ts been in place for the history of a commercial program.So why havent there been nuclear power plants?I think, quite frankly, until the beginning of the 90s we did not operate the plants as well as we do today. Weve had a steadyAnchorman: Dave: L-B-L.1 Script1.4steady increase in the efficiency and

55、 the effectiveness today where the fleet-wide average is 90% efficiency. Its the lowest cost based on generation and by all metrics both the industry and the government say its safer and safer today than it has ever been.Arjun, your reaction?Yeah, well, first of all, Im very glad in this sudden soft

56、 corner we should do something about global warming. BecauseAnchorman: Arjun: L-B-L.1 Script1.5I agree that its a gigantic and perhaps the most important environmental problem humanity has ever faced.In order to address to the level of France we need about seven or eight hundred nuclear power plants

57、 here in the next 50 years, if you want 70% in this country, which might be bigger than France with a much bigger electricity sector.Thats about maybe two months, two or three every two months for the next 40 years. years. Not in an achievable level. In regard to the energy bill, its very interestin

58、g that the nuclear power industry, after half a century of governments support, still wants subsidies. Wall Street has no confidence in nuclear power and although a lot of people are talking about it, nobodys really ordered the reactor yet.According to the physics article, the Nuclear Choice (Regula

59、tory) Commission certifies the design of a new reactor, a Westinghouse L-B-L.1 Script1.6Anchorman: Westinghouse reactor last December and I think that orders may be forthcoming within the next two years.Yeah, I think that orders may be forthcoming in the first 6. The extent of government subsidies p

60、er reactor may be one to two billion a year a couple of years ago, the congressional budget office had estimated there would be a high likelihood of loan defaults. So you know, if the government guarantees loans and puts up maybe five, 10, 12 billions dollars for the first six plants.L-B-L.1 Script1

61、.7Dave: L-B-L.1 Script1.8Well have six plants, but how far is that going to take us?Our growth in electricity requires 20 30 plants every year and if we have 6 plants in 10 years, its really a few drops in the boxes.So you are agreeing that there are not enough plants being ordered?No, Im not agreei

62、ng, but Im saying that nobody is lining up to really build a lot of nuclear power plants. And to say that Anchorman: Arjun: Anchorman: Arjun:L-B-L.1 Script1.9nuclear power plants are going to be the answer to the electricity sectors roles and to global warming is so far at least a fantasy land.Dave,

63、 yes.I could offer a couple of perspectives Anchorman: Dave:Lets talk with the two gentlemen about this. It appears inevitable, does it not that the government is going ahead, Dave, with the premature nuclear power?Yes, I think very much so. And therere a number of reasons that I cant think of. Its

64、trying to address the greenhouse gas emissions, only one of the many factors that really get the Bush Administration to come out so strongly in favor of nuclear energy.L-B-L.1 Script2.1Part APart BShould There Be More Nuclear Power Plants in the US?Anchorman: Dave: L-B-L.1 Script2.2In fact, Im readi

65、ng from a physics article, and physicists today were talking about the US commerces 2005 energy bill has tax credits with $3.1 billion in it. And it gives something important, which is liability protection, which the nuclear industry lost following the Three Mile. One of the things they couldnt get

66、was insurance following that crash?No, I dont believe thats correct. Theres been a (actor) in fact the industrys self-insuringAnchorman: Dave: L-B-L.1 Script2.3and a structure that the government puts in place, that really has a model system, which essentially has no fault. The insurance has to hand

67、le cost from such accidents. Thats been in place for the history of a commercial program.So why havent there been nuclear power plants?I think, quite frankly, until the beginning of the 90s we did not operate the plants as well as we do today. Weve had a steadyAnchorman: Dave: L-B-L.1 Script2.4stead

68、y increase in the efficiency and the effectiveness today where the fleet-wide average is 90% efficiency. Its the lowest cost based on generation and by all metrics both the industry and the government say its safer and safer today than it has ever been.Arjun, your reaction?Yeah, well, first of all,

69、Im very glad in this sudden soft corner we should do something about global warming. BecauseAnchorman: Arjun: L-B-L.1 Script2.5I agree that its a gigantic and perhaps the most important environmental problem humanity has ever faced.In order to address to the level of France we need about seven or ei

70、ght hundred nuclear power plants here in the next 50 years, if you want 70% in this country, which might be bigger than France with a much bigger electricity sector.Thats about maybe two months, two or three every two months for the next 40 years. years. Not in an achievable level. In regard to the

71、energy bill, its very interesting that the nuclear power industry, after half a century of governments support, still wants subsidies. Wall Street has no confidence in nuclear power and although a lot of people are talking about it, nobodys really ordered the reactor yet.According to the physics art

72、icle, the Nuclear Choice (Regulatory) Commission certifies the design of a new reactor, a Westinghouse L-B-L.1 Script2.6Anchorman: Westinghouse reactor last December and I think that orders may be forthcoming within the next two years.Yeah, I think that orders may be forthcoming in the first 6. The

73、extent of government subsidies per reactor may be one to two billion a year a couple of years ago, the congressional budget office had estimated there would be a high likelihood of loan defaults. So you know, if the government guarantees loans and puts up maybe five, 10, 12 billions dollars for the

74、first six plants.L-B-L.1 Script2.7Dave: L-B-L.1 Script2.8Well have six plants, but how far is that going to take us?Our growth in electricity requires 20 30 plants every year and if we have 6 plants in 10 years, its really a few drops in the boxes.So you are agreeing that there are not enough plants

75、 being ordered?No, Im not agreeing, but Im saying that nobody is lining up to really build a lot of nuclear power plants. And to say that Anchorman: Arjun: Anchorman: Arjun:L-B-L.1 Script2.9nuclear power plants are going to be the answer to the electricity sectors roles and to global warming is so f

76、ar at least a fantasy land.Dave, yes.I could offer a couple of perspectives Anchorman: Dave:Part B- Pair Work.1Form pairs and answer the following questions. After a brief discussion, some students will be invited to present their ideas in front of the class.1. With the steady growth of the Chinese

77、economy, 2. Chinas demand for energy is also increasing. How can 3. China meet its ever-increasing demand?Pair WorkPart B- Pair Work.22. What do you think are the most effective measures to make energy consumers conserve energy?Pair WorkPart B- Pair Work.33. Look at the following pictures first, and

78、 then try to answer the question: Should China build more nuclear power plants to meet its ever-increasing demand for electricity?Pair WorkPart B- Pair Work.1_pop1Pair WorkChinas economy is booming and therefore it needs more energy to keep its economy going. To meet the ever-increasing demand, Chin

79、a needs to save energy and find more sources of energy.1.First, it should work out relevant policies to encourage people and enterprises to use less energy, such as oil and natural gas, to reduce the demand or at least decelerate the growth rates.Second, it should establish an energy-efficient indus

80、trial system, with which the same amount of energy could produce much less carbon dioxide.Part B- Pair Work.1_pop2Pair WorkThird, new sources of energy have to be found or utilized, for example, solar energy, wind power, tidal power, biofuels, etc. Fourth, China should carry out an educational campa

81、ign to educate the public on the importance of conserving energy.Part B- Pair Work.2_pop1Pair WorkThere are several measures to be taken.2.First, consumers would be most responsive to prices. If the prices go up, their expenditure on the energy resources will increase, too. Therefore, raising the ra

82、tes of utilities or the prices of things like gasoline can motivate people to be more energy-efficient. Second, there should be tax incentives or tax credits for those who choose to buy energy-efficient motor vehicles or houses. In this case, if they save energy, they also save their own money; heav

83、ier taxesPart B- Pair Work.2_pop1Pair Worktaxes can also be imposed on those energy-consuming vehicles, enterprises or sectors so that they are more motivated to conserve energy.Third, the government should launch a nationwide education campaign on the importance and necessity of energy conservation

84、, especially for schoolchildren. It is helpful for them to develop good energy conservation habits at an early age. A habit, once formed in ones early childhood, is never easy to be forgotten or changed.Part B- Pair Work.3_pop1Pair WorkPros: 3.As we can see from the picture, the majority of nuclear

85、plants are distributed in developed countries, especially the United States, West European countries, and Japan. China has only a few nuclear power plants which are operated, being built or planned to be built. China should accelerate its nuclear construction progress, so as to catch up with the dev

86、eloped countries; otherwise, china will lose the competitive edge.Part B- Pair Work.3_pop1Pair WorkCons: Nuclear power can help solve the problem of greenhouse gas emission or global warming, because nuclear energy produces no carbon emissions.Admittedly, China is already behind the developed countr

87、ies in developing nuclear power. The problem is, even though we speed up constructing, we will still lag behind the developed countries. Therefore, China should invest in the technologies of tomorrow, such as solar, wind, tidal, or biofuel energy, in order to have our own competitive edge.Part B- Pa

88、ir Work.3_pop2Pair WorkNuclear power plant is not very safe. Once broken or exploded, it could cause great disasters, such as the Three Mile Island accident in the United States Chernobyl accident in the Soviet Union and the nuclear crisis in Japan. Besides, the disposal of nuclear waste is a knotty

89、 and difficult technical problem.Before ReadingWatch a video clip and discuss the following questions with your partner.1) What are the safety and environment problems of 2) nuclear power plants?2) According to the video clip, what is the biggest obstacle of constructing new nuclear power plants?Bef

90、ore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-A-1Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-A-1_pop1Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingPASTERNAK: They come in different shapes and sizes, but 104 nuclear reactors around the United States are all rooted in the same basic science. They split unst

91、able atoms of uranium to unleash massive amounts of energy, heating water and turning turbines enough to make about one-fifth of the countrys electricity. But this fleet of reactors is aging, and even if their licenses are extended, they will start going dark by 2060. No new units have been authoriz

92、ed since 1979. Nuclear Power Regaining FavorR-A-1_pop2Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingThat was the year that small amounts of radiation were released from Three Mile Island in Pennsylvania, and authorities feared for days that a huge surge might escape from the plant. Protesters had alrea

93、dy been organizing anti-nuke rallies to call attention to the risks of radiation, and though no one died at Three Mile Island, the close call was frightening to the public. Seven years later, 31 people died immediately after an explosion at Chernobyl, then in the Soviet Union. That disaster spread r

94、adiation over an area the size of Denmark and led to the resettlement of hundreds of R-A-1_pop3Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Readingthousands of people. Now, though, there is another peril to take into account: climate change caused in large part by burning fossil fuels like coal or gas. Fossi

95、l fuels produce nearly 70 percent of Americas power. The nuclear energy industry argues that their kind of electricity has to be part of any solution to global warming because it delivers large amounts with very little carbon. Increasingly, others are beginning to agree. Many headlines and speeches

96、have called this time the nuclear renaissance. With several Republicans in the Senate pushing a plan for 100 new nuclearR-A-1_pop4Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Readingnuclear reactors, spurred by incentives launched under President Bush, the first applications in 25 years started arriving in 2

97、007. Already, utilities are seeking enough expansion to increase capacity. SCOTT BURNELL, NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION: The last time that the NRC had an application in-house for a new reactor prior to 2007 was back in 1979, and that particular application was withdrawn later on after the events of

98、 Three Mile Island. Given the increase in interest that the NRC knew was coming, we have expanded our workforce by about 600 people, most of that here at headquarters. PASTERNAK: Yet the renaissance is far from assured. Safety and waste issues remain. And the biggest obstacle of all is money. Decade

99、s have passed without accidents, and public fear about another Three Mile Island or Chernobyl has ebbed. What to do with radioactive waste from nuclear plants is another stumbling block. ELLEN VANCKO, UNION OF CONCERNED SCIENTISTS: We have to constantly be vigilant, not only from existing reactors,

100、from new reactors as well. The new reactor designs are not significantly different than the ones we have in operation today, and people need to understand that. R-A-1_pop5Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingPASTERNAK: The federal government assumed responsibility for finding a long-term repos

101、itory. After decades of study, the choice, Yucca Mountain in Nevada, has been placed on hold by the Obama administration. BURNELL: The Department of Energy did submit an application for that site in 2008. The staff has been reviewing it. There are questions going forward regarding the budget resourc

102、es that will be available for the Department of Energy to continue to pursue that application. But at this point, from the NRC standpoint, R-A-1_pop6Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-A-1_pop7Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Readingstandpoint, we continue to look at Yucca Mountain. Well

103、 determine whether or not thats acceptable. If it is, that would become the nations repository. PASTERNAK: Most pressing of all is the question of who will pay to build all the new nuclear reactors being proposed. Nuclear power plants are relatively cheap to operate, but building a reactor can cost

104、$5$8 billion. Utilities cant afford to pay for construction on their own, and huge cost overruns and delays in the past make private financing unlikely. To ensure that residents of Prince Edward Island have access to secure and competitively priced energy supplies, which are acquired and consumed in

105、 an efficient and environmentally responsible manner, it is necessary to formulate a comprehensive provincial energy strategy. This requires response to immediate needs of price and security, but must also includeR-B-T1Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingPEI Energy Framework and Renewable Ene

106、rgy Strategyinclude a vision of what is the optimum path for meeting future energy demands. As with most strategies, it must be designed with the flexibility to respond to changes in fuel markets and technological advancements. Political decisions, such as the ratification of the Kyoto Protocol by t

107、he Government of Canada, will undoubtedly impact how, and at what price, we consume fossil fuels. R-B-T2Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-B-T3 Regardless of future commodity prices and other unforeseen events, it is expected that the development of renewable energy resources will play an

108、important role in the provincial energy strategy. In recent years, the Prince Edward Island Energy Corporation has installed 10.56 megawatts of wind power that meets four percent of the Islands electricity needs. Other wind projects are in the conceptual stage. Evaluation of developing alternative f

109、uel facilities to produce ethanol for the transportationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-B-T4Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Readingtransportation sector has begun. The province is exploring its possible role in hydrogen fuel development perhaps, the fuel of the future. Biomass and s

110、olar technologies, already deployed within the province, may play a larger role in meeting future thermal, and possibly electrical, demands. Although the future is not fully known, it would appear that renewables will play a major role in PEIs energy future. This Renewable Energy Strategy will help

111、define that role. Presently, Prince Edward Island is very dependent on imported oil supplies to satisfy its energy requirements. In fact, 80 percent of total energy demand is met by petroleum products, with the transportation sector completely reliant on this fuel source. Most of the provinces therm

112、al requirements heating homes, commercial buildings and powering industrial operations are met with light and heavy oil or propane. Electricity accounts for approximately 13 percent of the Islands energy needs. Since theR-B-T5Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Readingearly 1980s, virtually all of t

113、his power has been derived from off-Island generation and transmitted across the Northumberland Strait via a cable connection with the New Brunswick Power Corporation. Other than the recent wind power projects, which comprise 0.5 percent of total energy supply, on-Island electrical generation requir

114、es petroleum. Biomass, an indigenous product that includes cordwood, sawmill residue and municipal garbage, is responsible for the remaining 6.5 percent of PEIs energy mix.R-B-T6Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-B-T7 For the past several years, the prices paid by Islanders for petroleum p

115、roducts have been competitive with those of neighboring provinces. However, these fuels have always been subject to rapidly fluctuating prices that are set by the international oil market. Constrictions in oil supply from the major oil producing regions of the world have largely been the cause of th

116、ese price peaks. Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-B-T8 Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Reading But as the worlds thirst for oil increases, particularly from emerging economies such as China, it is questionable if known resources can meet additional demand, which will lead to increase

117、d pricing. Locally, the transportation sector has shown a constant rise in demand for gasoline since the mid 1980s, mainly due to an increase in private passenger vehicles. Without a public transportation network and with increasing numbers of vehicles on Island highways, this trend is expected to c

118、ontinue. Electricity is a vital component to our modern lifestyle. Its use is widespread in every sector of our economy. Historically, PEI has endured some of the highest electricity rates in Canada, mainly because of the reliance on fossil fuels. Nonetheless, Islanders have continually increased th

119、eir requirement for electricity. This is particularly demonstrated in the residential sector where the average amount of electricity used per month in PEI households increased 14 percent from 1995 to 2002. As with petroleum, there are growing signs that the demand for electricity will outstrip suppl

120、y in Maritime Canada without construction of additional generating capacity.R-B-T9 Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-B-T10Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Reading In June 2003, the PEI Energy Corporation released the Draft PEI Renewable Energy Strategy and hosted six public consultatio

121、n sessions across the Island. The intent of these meetings was to explain the current energy situation in Prince Edward Island and seek input as to how the province should incorporate renewable sources into the future energy mix. The results of the sessions and comments received on the Draft PEI Ren

122、ewable Energy Strategy have been incorporated into this document.R-B-T11 Participants at last years public consultation sessions were informed that Prince Edward Island is the only province in Canada without substantial resources of hydroelectric power, fossil fuels or nuclear energy. This has requi

123、red the province to import virtually all its sources of energy. In fact, imported petroleum fuels account for almost 80 percent of the Islands energy needs. The transportation sector is totally dependent on petroleumBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-B-T12petroleum products and a large com

124、ponent of the Islands thermal demands are being met by this fuel type. However, the province has excellent wind resource potential that could generate at least 200 megawatts of electricity, and the agricultural sector may be a source of producing the necessary feedstocks for a biofuel industry to me

125、et some of the thermal and transportation requirements.Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-B-T13 Electricity accounts for another 13 percent of the energy mix. Until the recent installation of wind capacity at North Cape, electricity generated in Prince Edward Island was obtained from petro

126、leum. Generally, on-Island generation with petroleum is the most expensive alternative for the electrical utility. In recent years, most of the provinces electricity has been obtained from off-Island generation that is transmitted via two submarine cables connecting with New Brunswick. In 2004, it i

127、s expected that 94 percent of PEIs electricity will be obtained from generating facilities in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Much ofBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-B-T14this generating capacity is with fossil fuels. In addition to the issue of price stability, there is some question as

128、to the ability of the regions generation capacity to meet future needs. Of more immediate concern to Islanders is a requirement for Maritime Electric Company Ltd. to acquire 50 megawatts of new generating capacity by late 2005. Options to meet this capacity shortfall include the construction of on-I

129、sland generation (with light fuel oil) or the construction of additional interconnection (cable) capacity and the purchase of capacity from mainland or New England utilities.Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-B-T15 Most participants at the public consultation sessions understood that a lon

130、g-term energy strategy requires the appropriate mix of conventional and renewable sources. In the short term, PEI will continue to be heavily reliant on imported petroleum fuels for thermal and transportation requirements; and electricity will be mainly generated from off-Island facilities with most

131、ly nonrenewable fuels. But there are several opportunities to integrate renewable energy in the provincial fuel mix in the near and foreseeable future.Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-B-T16 It was particularly noted that wind energy was the renewable resource that has the most promise fo

132、r PEI, given the favorable wind regime of many areas of the province. This is largely due to the fact that the cost of electricity from traditional, nonrenewable sources will continue to escalate while power produced from renewable resources, particularly wind energy, has been steadily reducing in p

133、rice. While this form of energy is still slightly more expensiveBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-B-T17expensive than conventional fuels, the gap is closing. Approximately 75 percent of a wind farms cost is related to its initial capital investment. Obviously, the cost of fuel (the wind)

134、will remain unchanged at zero into the future. Wind power thus has the potential to stabilize future electricity prices and provide a measure of energy security.Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-B-T18 There was general agreement at the public consultation sessions that the Prince Edward I

135、sland Energy Corporation should continue its position as the leading agency to develop wind energy in PEI. However, support was registered for allowing private interests, including community-based initiatives and individual homeowners, the opportunity to invest in wind power. The role of the Energy

136、Corporation may, therefore, evolve to become one of regulator, evaluator of the technical merits of proposals, or broker buying power from wind facilities for the utilities.Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-B-T19 As noted by many session participants, conservation and energy efficiency ar

137、e immediate responses to addressing energy costs and enabling sustainable development. This strategy also includes initiatives to meet those objectives.Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-B-T1-formulateformulate: v. develop a plan, system, or proposal carefully 制定，编制制定，编制The contract was fo

138、rmulated in difficult legal language.该合同是用深奥的法律术语订立的。该合同是用深奥的法律术语订立的。e.g.R-B-T2- optimumoptimum: a. the best possible 最佳的，最好的最佳的，最好的The market offers optimum conditions for sale.市场为销售提供了最佳条件。市场为销售提供了最佳条件。e.g.R-B-T2-ratificationratification: n. making an agreement officially valid by voting for or si

139、gning it 批准，同意，认可批准，同意，认可This agreement is subject to ratification by the authorities of both parties.此协议需经双方负责人批准。此协议需经双方负责人批准。e.g.R-B-T-megawattmegawatt: n. one million watts 兆瓦兆瓦But the unmanned probe still needs an engine delivering one megawatt per pound.但但是是无无人人驾驾驶驶探探测测器器仍仍需需要要一一个个能能为为每每磅磅重重量量

140、提提供供1 1兆瓦能量的发动机。兆瓦能量的发动机。e.g.R-B-T-propanepropane: n. a gas found in natural gas and petroleum and used as a fuel for cooking and heating 丙烷丙烷Green gas and fuel propane are primarily propane so they all perform similarly in the end.绿气和燃料丙烷的成份就是丙烷绿气和燃料丙烷的成份就是丙烷, ,所以最终性能相似。所以最终性能相似。e.g.R-B-T- transmit

141、transmit: v. pass sth. from one person or place to another 传输，传送传输，传送The World Cup final is being transmitted live to over fifty countries.世界杯决赛现在正向五十多个国家现场转播。世界杯决赛现在正向五十多个国家现场转播。e.g.R-B-T- outstripoutstrip: v. become larger, more important, etc. than sb. / sth.; surpass 超过超过We soon outstripped the

142、slower runners.我们很快就超过了那些跑得慢的人。我们很快就超过了那些跑得慢的人。e.g.R-B-T-incorporateincorporate: v. include sth. so that it forms a part of sth. else 合并，包括合并，包括Many of your suggestions have been incorporated in the new plan.你的很多建议已经被纳入新计划中。你的很多建议已经被纳入新计划中。e.g.R-B-T-municipalmunicipal: a. connected with or belonging

143、 to a town, city or district that has its own local government 市政的；城市的市政的；城市的The opening of a market stall is governed by municipal fiat.开设市场摊位受市政法令管制。开设市场摊位受市政法令管制。e.g.R-B-T- hydroelectrichydroelectric: a. using the power of water to produce electricity 水电的水电的Like Chinas Taihang Mountains, they are

144、 rich in coal and hydroelectric potential.像中国的太行山一样，这条山脉也富有煤矿和水电资像中国的太行山一样，这条山脉也富有煤矿和水电资源。源。e.g.R-B-T-feedstockfeedstock: n. raw material required for industrial process 原料，给料原料，给料The product may form the feedstock to a subsequent refining process.产品可以作为原料去进一步精加工。产品可以作为原料去进一步精加工。e.g.R-B-T-biofuel bi

145、ofuel: n. biological fuel 生物燃料生物燃料Demand for biofuel feedstocks, by contrast, is soaring.相比之下相比之下, ,生物燃料原料的需求增长迅猛。生物燃料原料的需求增长迅猛。e.g.R-B-T-utilityutility: n. a service provided for the public, for example an electricity, water or gas supply 公用事业公用事业Some municipalities operate their own public utiliti

146、es.有些城市自行经营自己的公用事业。有些城市自行经营自己的公用事业。e.g.R-B-T- in the short termin the short term: for a short period of time 从短期来看从短期来看In the short term, the medicine may not be very effective. 从眼前来看从眼前来看, ,这药可能疗效不是很大。这药可能疗效不是很大。e.g.R-B-T-initiative initiative: n. ones proposal, responsible decision, or new plan 主动

147、行为；倡议主动行为；倡议I put it all down to her hard work and initiative.我把这一切归因于她工作又勤奋又主动。我把这一切归因于她工作又勤奋又主动。e.g.R-B-T- To ensure that 1To ensure that residents of Prince Edward Island have access to secure and competitively priced energy supplies, which are acquired and consumed in an efficient and environmen

148、tally responsible manner, it is necessary to formulate a comprehensive provincial energy strategy.复合句，复合句，“to ensure ”不定式短语充当目的状不定式短语充当目的状语，语，“which ”引导的定语从句用来修饰先行词引导的定语从句用来修饰先行词“energy supplies”。R-B-T- To ensure that 2The sentence can be restructured as: It is necessary to formulate a comprehensive

149、 provincial energy strategy to ensure that residents of Prince Edward Island have access to secure and competitively priced energy supplies, which are acquired and consumed in an efficient and environmentally responsible manner.R-B-T-Biomass 1Biomass, an indigenous product that includes cordwood, sa

150、wmill residue and municipal garbage, is responsible for the remaining 6.5 percent of PEIs energy mix.“an indigenous product that municipal garbage”作作“biomass”的同位语，其中又包含一的同位语，其中又包含一个个 that 引导的定语从句，主句是引导的定语从句，主句是“Biomass is responsible for the remaining 6.5 percent of PEIs energy mix.”R-B-T-Biomass 2T

151、he sentence can be split into two: Biomass is an indigenous product that includes cordwood, sawmill residue and municipal garbage. It is responsible for the remaining 6.5 percent of PEIs energy mix.R-B-T- But as the1But as the worlds thirst for oil increases, particularly from emerging economies suc

152、h as China, it is questionable if known resources can meet additional demand, which will lead to increased pricing.as 引导一个时间状语从句，主句是引导一个时间状语从句，主句是“it is questionable if known resources can meet additional demand, which will lead to increased pricing”，“particularly from emerging economies such as Chi

153、na”作插入语。作插入语。R-B-T-But as the 2But as the worlds demand for oil rises, especially from fast-developing economies such as China, whether known resources can meet additional demand, which will lead to even higher prices, remains questionable.R-B-T-Of more1 Of more immediate concern to Islanders is a r

154、equirement for Maritime Electric Company Ltd. to acquire 50 megawatts of new generating capacity by late 2005.该句为倒装句，主语是该句为倒装句，主语是“a requirement for Maritime Electric Company Ltd. to acquire 50 megawatts of new generating capacity by late 2005”，表语是，表语是“Of more immediate concern to Islanders”。R-B-T-O

155、f more 2该句的正常语序为：该句的正常语序为：A requirement for Maritime Electric Company Ltd. to acquire 50 megawatts of new generating capacity by late 2005 is of more immediate concern to Islanders.Part AR-B-T-It was 1 It was particularly noted that wind energy was the renewable resource that has the most promise fo

156、r PEI, given the favorable wind regime of many areas of the province.It 作形式主语，真正的主语是作形式主语，真正的主语是“wind energy for PEI”。“given”引导一个条件状语。引导一个条件状语。Wind energy is the most promising renewable resource for PEI, given the fact that the favorable wind regime of many areas are located in PEI. This is especia

157、lly noteworthy.R-B-T_ However-1 However, support was registered for allowing private interests, including community-based initiatives and individual homeowners, the opportunity to invest in wind power.“including community-based initiatives and individual homeowners”作插入语，补充说明作插入语，补充说明private interest

158、s。People are supportive of the idea that private interests should be given the opportunity to invest in wind power. Private interests include initiatives based on communities and individual homeowners.R-B-1.2 T1能源框架与可再生能源战略能源框架与可再生能源战略 为为确确保保爱爱德德华华王王子子岛岛上上的的居居民民能能够够用用上上供供应应稳稳定定、价价格格具具有有竞竞争争力力的的能能源源，

159、并并且且能能以以高高效效和和对对环环境境负负责责的的态态度度获获取取或或者者消消费费这这些些能能源源，有有必必要要制制定定一一套套全全面面的的本本省省能能源源战战略略。这这就就要要求求既既要要能能够够获获取取廉廉价价稳稳定定的的能能源源，又又要要为为将将来来的的能能源源需需求求制制定定一一条条最最优优路路线线。和和制制定定其其他他战战略略一一样样，它它必必须须有有一一定定的的灵灵活活性性，以以应应对对技技术术进进步步和和燃燃料料市市场场的的变变化化。政政治治上上的的决决策策，如如加加拿拿大大政政府府批批准准京京都都议议定定书书，也也无无疑疑会会影影响响我我们们消消费费化化石石燃燃料料的的方式和

160、价格。方式和价格。R-B-1.2 T2能源框架与可再生能源战略能源框架与可再生能源战略 为为确确保保爱爱德德华华王王子子岛岛上上的的居居民民能能够够用用上上供供应应稳稳定定、价价格格具具有有竞竞争争力力的的能能源源，并并且且能能以以高高效效和和对对环环境境负负责责的的态态度度获获取取或或者者消消费费这这些些能能源源，有有必必要要制制定定一一套套全全面面的的本本省省能能源源战战略略。这这就就要要求求既既要要能能够够获获取取廉廉价价稳稳定定的的能能源源，又又要要为为将将来来的的能能源源需需求求制制定定一一条条最最优优路路线线。和和制制定定其其他他战战略略一一样样，它它必必须须有有一一定定的的灵灵活

161、活性性，以以应应对对技技术术进进步步和和燃燃料料市市场场的的变变化化。政政治治上上的的决决策策，如如加加拿拿大大政政府府批批准准京京都都议议定定书书，也也无无疑疑会会影影响响我我们们消消费费化化石石燃燃料料的的方式和价格。方式和价格。R-B-1.2 T3 无论未来商品价格如何变化，也无论将来发生何种突发事件，无论未来商品价格如何变化，也无论将来发生何种突发事件，预计可再生能源的开发将在本省的能源战略中起重要作用。近年预计可再生能源的开发将在本省的能源战略中起重要作用。近年来，爱德华王子岛能源公司的风力发电装机容量已达来，爱德华王子岛能源公司的风力发电装机容量已达10.56兆瓦，兆瓦，满足了本岛

162、满足了本岛4%的电力需求。其他的风能项目也在计划之中。乙的电力需求。其他的风能项目也在计划之中。乙醇可以用作交通运输业的替代燃料，对乙醇生产设备的评估也已醇可以用作交通运输业的替代燃料，对乙醇生产设备的评估也已开始。本省再在摸索其在发展氢燃料中的定位，氢或许可成为未开始。本省再在摸索其在发展氢燃料中的定位，氢或许可成为未来的燃料。本岛已经推广使用的生物燃料和太阳能技术也可以在来的燃料。本岛已经推广使用的生物燃料和太阳能技术也可以在满足未来的供热或者电力需求方面发挥更重要的作用。虽然未来满足未来的供热或者电力需求方面发挥更重要的作用。虽然未来仍有许多不确定性，但现在看来可再生资源在爱德华王子岛的

163、能仍有许多不确定性，但现在看来可再生资源在爱德华王子岛的能源结构中将会发挥重要的作用。此次制定的源结构中将会发挥重要的作用。此次制定的可再生能源战略可再生能源战略将有助于明确这一作用。将有助于明确这一作用。R-B-1.2 T4 无论未来商品价格如何变化，也无论将来发生何种突发事件，无论未来商品价格如何变化，也无论将来发生何种突发事件，预计可再生能源的开发将在本省的能源战略中起重要作用。近年预计可再生能源的开发将在本省的能源战略中起重要作用。近年来，爱德华王子岛能源公司的风力发电装机容量已达来，爱德华王子岛能源公司的风力发电装机容量已达10.56兆瓦，兆瓦，满足了本岛满足了本岛4%的电力需求。其

164、他的风能项目也在计划之中。乙的电力需求。其他的风能项目也在计划之中。乙醇可以用作交通运输业的替代燃料，对乙醇生产设备的评估也已醇可以用作交通运输业的替代燃料，对乙醇生产设备的评估也已开始。本省再在摸索其在发展氢燃料中的定位，氢或许可成为未开始。本省再在摸索其在发展氢燃料中的定位，氢或许可成为未来的燃料。本岛已经推广使用的生物燃料和太阳能技术也可以在来的燃料。本岛已经推广使用的生物燃料和太阳能技术也可以在满足未来的供热或者电力需求方面发挥更重要的作用。虽然未来满足未来的供热或者电力需求方面发挥更重要的作用。虽然未来仍有许多不确定性，但现在看来可再生资源在爱德华王子岛的能仍有许多不确定性，但现在看

165、来可再生资源在爱德华王子岛的能源结构中将会发挥重要的作用。此次制定的源结构中将会发挥重要的作用。此次制定的可再生能源战略可再生能源战略将有助于明确这一作用。将有助于明确这一作用。R-B-1.2 T5 目前，爱德华王子岛主要依赖进口石油来满足其能源需目前，爱德华王子岛主要依赖进口石油来满足其能源需求。事实上，石油占其能源需求总量的求。事实上，石油占其能源需求总量的80%，其交通运输业，其交通运输业完全以石油为燃料来源。本省的大部分热力供应家庭取完全以石油为燃料来源。本省的大部分热力供应家庭取暖、商业楼群供暖以及工业设施电力供应均是以轻油、暖、商业楼群供暖以及工业设施电力供应均是以轻油、重油或者丙

166、烷为燃料。电力约占全岛能源需求的重油或者丙烷为燃料。电力约占全岛能源需求的13%。20世世界界80年代初期，本岛几乎全部电力生产都来自岛外通过年代初期，本岛几乎全部电力生产都来自岛外通过与新布兰斯维克电力公司电网相连，跨越诺森伯兰德海峡输与新布兰斯维克电力公司电网相连，跨越诺森伯兰德海峡输送到岛上。新建风力发电项目仅为整个能源供应的送到岛上。新建风力发电项目仅为整个能源供应的0.5%，除，除此以外，岛内的发电均依赖石油。岛上原本就有的生物燃料，此以外，岛内的发电均依赖石油。岛上原本就有的生物燃料，包括木料、锯木厂的边角余料、市政垃圾等，占爱德华王子包括木料、锯木厂的边角余料、市政垃圾等，占爱德

167、华王子岛能源结构的其余岛能源结构的其余6.5%。R-B-1.2 T6 目前，爱德华王子岛主要依赖进口石油来满足其能源需目前，爱德华王子岛主要依赖进口石油来满足其能源需求。事实上，石油占其能源需求总量的求。事实上，石油占其能源需求总量的80%，其交通运输业，其交通运输业完全以石油为燃料来源。本省的大部分热力供应家庭取完全以石油为燃料来源。本省的大部分热力供应家庭取暖、商业楼群供暖以及工业设施电力供应均是以轻油、暖、商业楼群供暖以及工业设施电力供应均是以轻油、重油或者丙烷为燃料。电力约占全岛能源需求的重油或者丙烷为燃料。电力约占全岛能源需求的13%。20世世界界80年代初期，本岛几乎全部电力生产都

168、来自岛外通过年代初期，本岛几乎全部电力生产都来自岛外通过与新布兰斯维克电力公司电网相连，跨越诺森伯兰德海峡输与新布兰斯维克电力公司电网相连，跨越诺森伯兰德海峡输送到岛上。新建风力发电项目仅为整个能源供应的送到岛上。新建风力发电项目仅为整个能源供应的0.5%，除，除此以外，岛内的发电均依赖石油。岛上原本就有的生物燃料，此以外，岛内的发电均依赖石油。岛上原本就有的生物燃料，包括木料、锯木厂的边角余料、市政垃圾等，占爱德华王子包括木料、锯木厂的边角余料、市政垃圾等，占爱德华王子岛能源结构的其余岛能源结构的其余6.5%。R-B-1.2 T7 在过去的几年里，岛上居民购买石油产品的价格与周在过去的几年里

169、，岛上居民购买石油产品的价格与周边省份相比还是有竞争力的。然而，这些燃料的价格总是受边省份相比还是有竞争力的。然而，这些燃料的价格总是受国际市场油价快速波动的影响。世界主要产油国减少石油供国际市场油价快速波动的影响。世界主要产油国减少石油供应一直是造成油价居高不下的原因。应一直是造成油价居高不下的原因。R-B-1.2 T8但是由于全世界对石油需求强劲，特别是一些新兴的经济体但是由于全世界对石油需求强劲，特别是一些新兴的经济体如中国更是如此，已探明的资源能否满足新增的需如中国更是如此，已探明的资源能否满足新增的需求还是个未知数，而这也将会推动油价进一步上涨。在本岛，求还是个未知数，而这也将会推动

170、油价进一步上涨。在本岛，自从自从20世纪世纪80年代中期起交通运输业对汽油的需求就不断年代中期起交通运输业对汽油的需求就不断增长，主要是由于私营客运车辆增加。由于没有公共交通网增长，主要是由于私营客运车辆增加。由于没有公共交通网络，而且车辆的数量又在不断增加，这一趋势有望持续下去。络，而且车辆的数量又在不断增加，这一趋势有望持续下去。R-B-1.2 T9 电电力力是是我我们们现现代代生生活活中中不不可可或或缺缺的的要要素素。在在我我们们经经济济的的各各个个方方面面电电力力的的应应用用都都非非常常普普及及。过过去去，爱爱德德华华王王子子岛岛的的电电价价一一度度是是全全加加拿拿大大最最贵贵的的，这

171、这主主要要是是由由于于对对化化石石燃燃料料的的依依赖赖。尽尽管管如如此此，岛岛上上居居民民对对于于电电力力的的需需求求依依然然不不断断增增加加，特特别别是是居居民民用用电电。1995年年至至2002年年，岛岛上上每每户户居居民民每每月月的的平平均均用用电电量量增增长长了了14%。就就像像对对石石油油的的需需求求一一样样，越越来来越越多多的的迹迹象象表表明明，如如果果没没有有新新增增发发电电能能力力，本本岛岛对对于于电力的需求将会超过加拿大滨海地区的全部供电量。电力的需求将会超过加拿大滨海地区的全部供电量。R-B-1.2 T10 2003年年6月，爱德华王子岛能源公司发布了月，爱德华王子岛能源公

172、司发布了爱德华爱德华王子岛可再生能源战略（草案）王子岛可再生能源战略（草案），并在全岛范围内举办，并在全岛范围内举办了了6场公众咨询会。举办这些咨询会的初衷就是向公众说场公众咨询会。举办这些咨询会的初衷就是向公众说明爱德华王子岛的能源现状以及就如何将可再生资源纳入明爱德华王子岛的能源现状以及就如何将可再生资源纳入未来的能源组合听取公众意见。咨询会上收集到的关于未来的能源组合听取公众意见。咨询会上收集到的关于爱德华王子岛可再生能源战略（草案）爱德华王子岛可再生能源战略（草案）的意见和建议的意见和建议已经被本文件收录。已经被本文件收录。R-B-1.2 T11 去年公众咨询会的参与者在会上获悉：爱德

173、华王子岛是去年公众咨询会的参与者在会上获悉：爱德华王子岛是加拿大唯一一个缺乏实质性能源的省份，既无水电资源，也加拿大唯一一个缺乏实质性能源的省份，既无水电资源，也无化石资源，更无核能。这就使得该岛的能源必须全部进口。无化石资源，更无核能。这就使得该岛的能源必须全部进口。实际上，进口的石油燃料占该岛能源需求的实际上，进口的石油燃料占该岛能源需求的80%。公共交通。公共交通业完全依赖石油产品，本岛的热力需求大部分也需要石油产业完全依赖石油产品，本岛的热力需求大部分也需要石油产品为燃料。然而，本省有着丰富的风能资源，至少可以发电品为燃料。然而，本省有着丰富的风能资源，至少可以发电200兆瓦；本省的农

174、业还可以为生物燃料业提供必要的原材兆瓦；本省的农业还可以为生物燃料业提供必要的原材料，以满足热力部门和交通运输部分的需求。料，以满足热力部门和交通运输部分的需求。R-B-1.2 T12 去年公众咨询会的参与者在会上获悉：爱德华王子岛是去年公众咨询会的参与者在会上获悉：爱德华王子岛是加拿大唯一一个缺乏实质性能源的省份，既无水电资源，也加拿大唯一一个缺乏实质性能源的省份，既无水电资源，也无化石资源，更无核能。这就使得该岛的能源必须全部进口。无化石资源，更无核能。这就使得该岛的能源必须全部进口。实际上，进口的石油燃料占该岛能源需求的实际上，进口的石油燃料占该岛能源需求的80%。公共交通。公共交通业完

175、全依赖石油产品，本岛的热力需求大部分也需要石油产业完全依赖石油产品，本岛的热力需求大部分也需要石油产品为燃料。然而，本省有着丰富的风能资源，至少可以发电品为燃料。然而，本省有着丰富的风能资源，至少可以发电200兆瓦；本省的农业还可以为生物燃料业提供必要的原材兆瓦；本省的农业还可以为生物燃料业提供必要的原材料，以满足热力部门和交通运输部分的需求。料，以满足热力部门和交通运输部分的需求。 电电力力占占本本省省能能源源构构成成的的13%。爱爱德德华华王王子子岛岛的的电电力力一一直直是是靠靠石石油油来来发发电电的的，这这种种状状况况直直至至最最近近在在北北角角安安装装了了风风力力发发电电设设施施才才得

176、得以以改改变变。通通常常，岛岛内内石石油油发发电电是是公公用用事事业业中中成成本本最最高高的的选选择择。近近年年来来，岛岛内内电电力力的的供供应应主主要要来来自自岛岛外外发发电电，通通过过两两条条海海底底电电缆缆与与新新布布兰兰斯斯维维克克相相连连，将将电电力力传传输输到到岛岛上上。2004年年，预预计计爱爱德德华华王王子子岛岛94%的的电电力力都都来来自自新新布布兰兰斯斯维维克克和和新新斯斯科科舍舍。这这部部分分发发电电能能力力也也以以燃燃烧烧化化石石燃燃料料为为主主。除除了了保保持持价价格格稳稳定定问问题题外外，还还有有一一个个问问题题，就就是是该该地地区区的的发发电电能能力力如如何何满满

177、足足将将来来的的需需求求。岛岛上上居居民民目目前前最最为为关关切切的的是是海海洋洋电电力力公公司司要要在在2005年年底底前前获获得得50兆兆瓦瓦的的新新增增发发电电能能力力。解解决决这这一一电电力力短短缺缺问问题题的的方方案案有有在在岛岛上上兴兴建建发发电电厂厂（使使用用轻轻质质燃燃料料油油）或或者者另另行行兴兴建建电电力力联联网网（电电缆缆）设设施施，以以及及从从加加拿拿大大本本土土或或附附近近的的新新英英格格兰兰的的公用企业购电。公用企业购电。R-B-1.2 T13R-B-1.2 T14 电电力力占占本本省省能能源源构构成成的的13%。爱爱德德华华王王子子岛岛的的电电力力一一直直是是靠靠

178、石石油油来来发发电电的的，这这种种状状况况直直至至最最近近在在北北角角安安装装了了风风力力发发电电设设施施才才得得以以改改变变。通通常常，岛岛内内石石油油发发电电是是公公用用事事业业中中成成本本最最高高的的选选择择。近近年年来来，岛岛内内电电力力的的供供应应主主要要来来自自岛岛外外发发电电，通通过过两两条条海海底底电电缆缆与与新新布布兰兰斯斯维维克克相相连连，将将电电力力传传输输到到岛岛上上。2004年年，预预计计爱爱德德华华王王子子岛岛94%的的电电力力都都来来自自新新布布兰兰斯斯维维克克和和新新斯斯科科舍舍。这这部部分分发发电电能能力力也也以以燃燃烧烧化化石石燃燃料料为为主主。除除了了保保

179、持持价价格格稳稳定定问问题题外外，还还有有一一个个问问题题，就就是是该该地地区区的的发发电电能能力力如如何何满满足足将将来来的的需需求求。岛岛上上居居民民目目前前最最为为关关切切的的是是海海洋洋电电力力公公司司要要在在2005年年底底前前获获得得50兆兆瓦瓦的的新新增增发发电电能能力力。解解决决这这一一电电力力短短缺缺问问题题的的方方案案有有在在岛岛上上兴兴建建发发电电厂厂（使使用用轻轻质质燃燃料料油油）或或者者另另行行兴兴建建电电力力联联网网（电电缆缆）设设施施，以以及及从从加加拿拿大大本本土土或或附附近近的的新新英英格格兰兰的的公用企业购电。公用企业购电。R-B-1.2 T15 参加公众咨

180、询会的大部分人员都认为：传统能源和可再生参加公众咨询会的大部分人员都认为：传统能源和可再生资源的合理组合将是长期能源战略的必然要求。从短期来看，资源的合理组合将是长期能源战略的必然要求。从短期来看，爱德华王子岛将继续依赖进口的石油燃料来满足热力和交通的爱德华王子岛将继续依赖进口的石油燃料来满足热力和交通的需求，而且电力也主要由岛外的发电设施供给，使用的燃料也需求，而且电力也主要由岛外的发电设施供给，使用的燃料也大多为不可再生的燃料。但是在近期或者可预见的未来，将可大多为不可再生的燃料。但是在近期或者可预见的未来，将可再生能源纳入本省的能源组合也还是有机会的。再生能源纳入本省的能源组合也还是有机

181、会的。R-B-1.2 T16 特特别别需需要要指指出出的的是是：作作为为可可再再生生资资源源，风风能能在在本本省省的的许许多多地地区区都都可可用用于于发发电电，因因而而在在爱爱德德华华王王子子岛岛是是最最有有前前景景的的。这这主主要要是是由由于于从从传传统统的的非非再再生生资资源源获获得得的的电电力力成成本本将将会会继继续续增增加加，而而利利用用可可再再生生资资源源获获得得的的电电力力尤尤其其是是风风能能获获得得的的电电力力价价格格则则已已经经开开始始下下降降了了。虽虽然然现现在在风风能能发发电电的的成成本本比比传传统统燃燃料料发发电电略略高高，但但两两者者的的差差距距正正进进一一步步缩缩小小

182、。风风力力发发电电厂厂约约75%的的成成本本都都与与其其初初期期资资本本投投资资有有关关。显显然然，燃燃料料成成本本（获获取取风风能能的的成成本本）将将会会一一直直为为零零，并并保保持持不不变变。风风力力发发电电因因而而就就具具有有了了稳稳定未来电力价格的潜力，并可以成为保证能源安全的一项措施。定未来电力价格的潜力，并可以成为保证能源安全的一项措施。R-B-1.2 T17 特特别别需需要要指指出出的的是是：作作为为可可再再生生资资源源，风风能能在在本本省省的的许许多多地地区区都都可可用用于于发发电电，因因而而在在爱爱德德华华王王子子岛岛是是最最有有前前景景的的。这这主主要要是是由由于于从从传传

183、统统的的非非再再生生资资源源获获得得的的电电力力成成本本将将会会继继续续增增加加，而而利利用用可可再再生生资资源源获获得得的的电电力力尤尤其其是是风风能能获获得得的的电电力力价价格格则则已已经经开开始始下下降降了了。虽虽然然现现在在风风能能发发电电的的成成本本比比传传统统燃燃料料发发电电略略高高，但但两两者者的的差差距距正正进进一一步步缩缩小小。风风力力发发电电厂厂约约75%的的成成本本都都与与其其初初期期资资本本投投资资有有关关。显显然然，燃燃料料成成本本（获获取取风风能能的的成成本本）将将会会一一直直为为零零，并并保保持持不不变变。风风力力发发电电因因而而就就具具有有了了稳稳定未来电力价格

184、的潜力，并可以成为保证能源安全的一项措施。定未来电力价格的潜力，并可以成为保证能源安全的一项措施。R-B-1.2 T18 公众咨询会上达成了普遍共识，认为爱德华王子岛能源公公众咨询会上达成了普遍共识，认为爱德华王子岛能源公司应该继续成为发展本岛风能的领头羊。但是，也应支持私有司应该继续成为发展本岛风能的领头羊。但是，也应支持私有机构包括社区风能计划的倡导者和个人家庭风能设施的拥机构包括社区风能计划的倡导者和个人家庭风能设施的拥有者，给他们参与投资的机会。因为，该能源公司的角色将会有者，给他们参与投资的机会。因为，该能源公司的角色将会逐步变为监管者，对各种方案技术上的优缺点进行评估的评估逐步变为

185、监管者，对各种方案技术上的优缺点进行评估的评估者，或者是经纪人从各个风能电力企业购电，用于公用企者，或者是经纪人从各个风能电力企业购电，用于公用企业。业。R-B-1.2 T19 正如许多与会者所指出的那样，节约能源和提高能源利用正如许多与会者所指出的那样，节约能源和提高能源利用效率是应对能源成本上升、促进能源的可持续开发的当务之急。效率是应对能源成本上升、促进能源的可持续开发的当务之急。本战略也包括实现这些目标的倡议和设想。本战略也包括实现这些目标的倡议和设想。R-C-R1Choose the best answer to each question below.D. the PEI Ener

186、gy CorporationVocabulary DevelopmentReading ComprehensionTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Reading1. This strategy was released by _. A. the PEI authorities B. the Canadian Government C. the Canadian Congress D2. Which of the following will NOT influence PEIs energy strategy? A. Technol

187、ogical advances. B. Market changes. D. Political decisions.R-C-R2C. Educational levels. Vocabulary DevelopmentReading ComprehensionTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-C-R3A. The appropriate combination of conventional and renewable resources.Vocabulary DevelopmentReading Comprehe

188、nsionTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Reading3. What is the long-term energy strategy for PEI?B. The development of renewable resources and the construction of nuclear power plants. C. The development of wind power and alternative energy.D. The stability of oil prices and diversificati

189、on of its oil import channels.4. Which of the following is NOT suggested to cope with PEIs energy shortfall? A. Wind power. C. Fossil fuel. D. Alternative fuel.R-C-R4B. Nuclear energy.Vocabulary DevelopmentReading ComprehensionTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Reading5. From which part

190、of the whole strategy is the text chosen? B. The middle of the strategy. C. The end of the strategy. D. The body of the strategy.R-C-R5Vocabulary DevelopmentReading ComprehensionTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingA. The beginning of the strategy.R-C-V_A1A.Choose one word from the

191、given list to fill in the blank in each of the following sentences. Change the form where necessary.Vocabulary DevelopmentReading ComprehensionTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Reading1.The automobile designer has all the latest safety features into this new type of cars.accessconsumein

192、corporateappealingattainableimpedimentcompresspriorevolveescalateoptimumalternativefluctuateresiduetransmitdefer shortfall reserveincorporated_R-C-V_A2Vocabulary DevelopmentReading ComprehensionTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Reading2.3.Even though the accident occurred a year ago, th

193、e police department the investigation into the cause of it for six months.Although not essential, some knowledge of statistics is desirable in doing marketing research.deferred_prior_accessconsumeincorporateappealingattainableimpedimentcompresspriorevolveescalateoptimumalternativefluctuateresiduetra

194、nsmitdefer shortfall reserveR-C-V_A3Vocabulary DevelopmentReading ComprehensionTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Reading4.5.During the past six months, oil prices between $40 and $80 a barrel due to general expectation of low US oil stock.Some people believe that spending the holidays i

195、n Australia isnt an exciting prospect, but I find it particularly .fluctuated_appealing_accessconsumeincorporateappealingattainableimpedimentcompresspriorevolveescalateoptimumalternativefluctuateresiduetransmitdefer shortfall reserveR-C-V_A4Vocabulary DevelopmentReading ComprehensionTranslationBefor

196、e ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Reading6.7.Oil prices in the past twelve months have hit a record high of $80 a barrel, which some economists believe is a serious to economic recovery.Nearly all prestigious universities have very good libraries, because students must have to good resources in order t

197、o do academic research.impediment_access_accessconsumeincorporateappealingattainableimpedimentcompresspriorevolveescalateoptimumalternativefluctuateresiduetransmitdefer shortfall reserveR-C-V_A5Vocabulary DevelopmentReading ComprehensionTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Reading8.9.10.Re

198、alizing that the main arguments were too lengthy, he it into one chapter.A mere trifle led to a quarrel between the two sides and finally into a full-scale war. With no hydroelectric resources to rely on, the electricity industry in this region has to large amounts of fossil pressed_escalated_consum

199、e_accessconsumeincorporateappealingattainableimpedimentcompresspriorevolveescalateoptimumalternativefluctuateresiduetransmitdefer shortfall reserveR-C-V_A6Vocabulary DevelopmentReading ComprehensionTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Reading11.12.Some experts propose that China establish

200、its own strategic oil in response to the soaring oil prices.Wal Mart, originally a small grocery store in a little-known town, has into one of the largest chain stores worldwide.reserves_evolved_accessconsumeincorporateappealingattainableimpedimentcompresspriorevolveescalateoptimumalternativefluctua

201、teresiduetransmitdefer shortfall reserveR-C-V_A7Vocabulary DevelopmentReading ComprehensionTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Reading13.14.The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing. The opening ceremony will be live by satellite to over 150 countries.Liquified coal is a good to oil

202、and coal since it is cheaper than oil and cleaner than coal. transmitted_alternative_accessconsumeincorporateappealingattainableimpedimentcompresspriorevolveescalateoptimumalternativefluctuateresiduetransmitdefer shortfall reserveR-C-V_A8Vocabulary DevelopmentReading ComprehensionTranslationBefore R

203、eadingDetailed ReadingAfter Reading15. Experts have warned us to wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly before eating them because research indicates that there are pesticide on them.residues_accessconsumeincorporateappealingattainableimpedimentcompresspriorevolveescalateoptimumalternativefluctuatere

204、siduetransmitdefer shortfall reserveR-C-V_B1B. From the list given below, choose the word which is closest in meaning to the underlined word or phrase in each sentence. Change the form where necessary.Vocabulary DevelopmentReading ComprehensionTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Readingat

205、tainablelengthyreleaseforeseeable notionformulatepriordeployvirtuallyoptimum1.It is practically impossible for a six-year-old boy to accomplish such a difficult task. virtually R-C-V_B2Vocabulary DevelopmentReading ComprehensionTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Readingattainablelengthyr

206、eleaseforeseeable notionformulatepriordeployvirtuallyoptimum2. In winter, some birds fly south, because the warm water there provides the best conditions for breeding. optimum3. This information must not be disclosed without previous written consent.priorR-C-V_B3Vocabulary DevelopmentReading Compreh

207、ensionTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Readingattainablelengthyreleaseforeseeable notionformulatepriordeployvirtuallyoptimum4. This standard is easily achievable by most students.attainable5. If you want to go abroad, you usually have to go through a very long process of obtaining a vi

208、sa. lengthyR-C-V_B4Vocabulary DevelopmentReading ComprehensionTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Readingattainablelengthyreleaseforeseeable notionformulatepriordeployvirtuallyoptimum6. She had only a vague idea of what might happen and didnt know how to prepare for what was going to happ

209、en. notion7. Its unlikely that the oil prices will rise to $100 a barrel in the predictable future, for it would hinder the economic growth of not only oil-consuming but also oil-producing countries. foreseeableR-C-V_B5Vocabulary DevelopmentReading ComprehensionTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed Read

210、ingAfter Readingattainablelengthyreleaseforeseeable notionformulatepriordeployvirtuallyoptimum8. In scientific research, usually a hypothesis is made first and then experiments were conducted to confirm it or refute it. formulated9. Two thousand troops were sent and stationed in the area in order to

211、 maintain law and order during the election. deployedR-C-V_B6Vocabulary DevelopmentReading ComprehensionTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Readingattainablelengthyreleaseforeseeable notionformulatepriordeployvirtuallyoptimum10. Even though the investigation has been going on for two mont

212、hs, the police have publicized no further details about the accident.releasedR-C-T_A1A. Translate the following sentences into Chinese.政治上的决策，如加拿大政府批准京都议定书，无政治上的决策，如加拿大政府批准京都议定书，无疑会影响我们消费化石燃料的方式和价格。疑会影响我们消费化石燃料的方式和价格。1. Political decisions, such as the ratification of the Kyoto Protocol by the Gover

213、nment of Canada, will undoubtedly impact how, and at what price, we consume fossil fuels.Vocabulary DevelopmentReading ComprehensionTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-C-T_A2Vocabulary DevelopmentReading ComprehensionTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Reading但是由于全世界对石

214、油需求强劲，特别是一些新兴的经但是由于全世界对石油需求强劲，特别是一些新兴的经济体如中国更是如此，已探明的资源能否满足济体如中国更是如此，已探明的资源能否满足新增的需求还是个未知数，而这也将会推动油价进一步新增的需求还是个未知数，而这也将会推动油价进一步上涨。上涨。2. But as the worlds thirst for oil increases, particularly from emerging economies such as China, it is questionable if known resources can meet additional demand, wh

215、ich will lead to increased pricing.R-C-T_A3举办这些咨询会的初衷就是向公众说明爱德华王子岛的举办这些咨询会的初衷就是向公众说明爱德华王子岛的能源现状以及就如何将可再生资源纳入未来的能源组合能源现状以及就如何将可再生资源纳入未来的能源组合听取公众意见。听取公众意见。3. The intent of these meetings was to explain the current energy situation in Prince Edward Island and seek input as to how the province should in

216、corporate renewable sources into the future energy mix.Vocabulary DevelopmentReading ComprehensionTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-C-T_A4去年公众咨询会的参与者在会上获悉：爱德华王子岛是去年公众咨询会的参与者在会上获悉：爱德华王子岛是加拿大唯一一个缺乏实质性能源的省份，既无水电资源，加拿大唯一一个缺乏实质性能源的省份，既无水电资源，也无化石燃料，更无核能。也无化石燃料，更无核能。4. Participants at

217、 last years public consultation sessions were informed that Prince Edward Island is the only province in Canada without substantial resources of hydroelectric power, fossil fuels or nuclear energy.Vocabulary DevelopmentReading ComprehensionTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-C-T_

218、B1Changes in oil supply and demand and other unforeseeable events will undoubtedly impact Chinas economic growth.1. 国际石油供求关系的变化以及其他一些突发事件必然会国际石油供求关系的变化以及其他一些突发事件必然会对中国的经济增长产生深刻的影响。（对中国的经济增长产生深刻的影响。（impact, unforeseeable, undoubtedly）B. Translate the following sentences into English, using the words

219、or phrases in brackets.Vocabulary DevelopmentReading ComprehensionTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-C-T_B2Although its role is not fully known, renewable energy will play a larger role in meeting future energy needs.2. 虽然可再生能源现在所起作用还不是十分明确，在满足虽然可再生能源现在所起作用还不是十分明确，在满足未来能源需求方面它将发

220、挥更大的作用。未来能源需求方面它将发挥更大的作用。 ( ( play a role in ) )Domestic gasoline prices are subject to the rapidly fluctuating oil prices that are set by the international oil market.3. 国内汽油的价格是受国际石油市场价格波动影响的。国内汽油的价格是受国际石油市场价格波动影响的。( (be subject to, fluctuate) )Vocabulary DevelopmentReading ComprehensionTranslatio

221、nBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingWS-1.1Writing SkillsCriteria of a good abstractTwo types of abstractsParts of an abstractHow to Write an AbstractWriting PracticeType1: Descriptive abstractsSteps for writing an effective abstracttell readers what information the report, article, or paper

222、contains;include the purpose, methods, and scope of the report, article, or paper;do not provide results, conclusions, or recommendations;are always very short, usually under 100 words;introduce the subject to readers, who must then read the report, article, or paper to find out the authors results,

223、 conclusions, or recommendations.WS-1.2Writing SkillsWriting PracticeTwo types of abstractsParts of an abstract Steps for writing an effective abstractInformative abstractscommunicate specific information from the report, article, or paper;include the purpose, methods, and scope of the report, artic

224、le, or paper;provide the report, article, or papers results, conclusions, and recommendations;are short from a paragraph to a page or two, depending upon the length of the original work being abstracted. Usually informative abstracts are 10% or less of the length of the original piece (Meet the word

225、 count limitation!);Criteria of a good abstractWS-1.3Writing SkillsWriting PracticeTwo types of abstractsParts of an abstract Steps for writing an effective abstractallow readers to decide whether they want to read the report, article, or paper.Criteria of a good abstractWS-2.11) AccurateWriting Ski

226、llsWriting PracticeCriteria of a good abstractTwo types of abstractsParts of an abstract Steps for writing an effective abstract Accuracy means that an abstract correctly reflects the purpose and content of the paper, includes only information that actually appears in the paper, and states whether i

227、t extends or replicates previous research if a study is done. Comparing the abstract with the outline of the papers headings is a good way to verify if it has met this criterion.WS-2.2Writing SkillsWriting PracticeTwo types of abstractsParts of an abstract Steps for writing an effective abstract2) S

228、tand-alone/self-contained A good abstract should be able to stand alone. Therefore, the author should define all abbreviations (except units of measurement) and acronyms, spell out names of tests and drugs (use generic names for drugs), and define unique terms.Criteria of a good abstractWS-2.3Writin

229、g SkillsWriting PracticeTwo types of abstractsParts of an abstract Steps for writing an effective abstract3) Concise and specific To make an abstract concise and specific, the author should make each sentence as informative as possible, especially the lead sentence, and begin with the most important

230、 information, i.e., the purpose or thesis, or perhaps the results and conclusions. The abstract should not waste space with promises. e.g. This study will examine pain control at Hospital X. This is not a good sentence in an abstract, because it has made a vague promise.Criteria of a good abstractWS

231、-2.4Writing SkillsWriting PracticeTwo types of abstractsParts of an abstract Steps for writing an effective abstract To write a concise and specific abstract, the author shouldinclude in the abstract only the most important concepts, findings, or implications;use digits for numbers unless the number

232、 begins a sentence;abbreviate whenever possible (e.g., vs. for versus, fig. for figure, etc);be economical of the words used. The author shouldnt use personal pronouns such as “I” or “we”, or waste space by repeating the title.Criteria of a good abstractWS-2.5Writing SkillsWriting PracticeTwo types

233、of abstractsParts of an abstract Steps for writing an effective abstract4) Non-evaluative5) Coherent and readable To achieve this, the author should A good abstract should report rather than evaluate, so the author shouldnt add to or comment on what is in the body of the paper.write in clear and vig

234、orous language;use key words from the paper;Criteria of a good abstractWS-2.6Writing SkillsWriting PracticeTwo types of abstractsParts of an abstract Steps for writing an effective abstractuse active rather than passive voice (“The paper discusses ” rather than “It is discussed by the author in the

235、paper that ”);use present tense to describe results that are still applicable, or conclusions drawn; also for the question and answer;use past tense to describe what was done and what was found;Criteria of a good abstractWS-2.7Writing SkillsWriting PracticeTwo types of abstractsParts of an abstract

236、Steps for writing an effective abstractuse a modal verb for implications (e.g., “may mediate”) to show the author is being cautious and prudent;avoid sentences that contain no real information (e.g., “Policy implications are discussed.”);write short sentences;use simple words and avoid jargon.Criter

237、ia of a good abstractPurpose/Motivation: What is the nature of the study/topic and why did the author do it? If the problem doesnt attract the readers attention at first sight, it might be better to put motivation first; but if the work is incremental progress on a problem that is widely recognized

238、as important, then it is probablyWS-3.1Writing SkillsWriting PracticeCriteria of a good abstractTwo types of abstractsParts of an abstract Steps for writing an effective abstract An abstract should represent as much as possible of the quantitative and qualitative information in a paper, and also ref

239、lect its reasoning. Typically, an abstract answers the following questions in about 100250 words:WS-3.2Writing SkillsWriting PracticeTwo types of abstractsParts of an abstract Steps for writing an effective abstractprobably better to put the problem statement first to indicate which piece of the lar

240、ger problem the author is breaking off to work on. This section should include the importance of the work, the difficulty of the area, and the impact it may have if successful.Problem statement: What problem is the author trying to solve? What is the scope of the authors work (a generalized approach

241、, or for a specific situation)? In some cases it is appropriate to put the problem statement before the motivation, but usually this only works if most readers already understand why the problem is important.Criteria of a good abstractWS-3.3Writing SkillsWriting PracticeTwo types of abstractsParts o

242、f an abstract Steps for writing an effective abstractApproaches/Methods: What did the author do, and how? Did the author use simulation, analytic models, prototype construction, or analysis of field data for an actual product? What was the extent of the work? (e.g. Did the author look at one applica

243、tion program or a hundred programs in twenty different programming languages?) What important variables did you control, ignore, or measure?Criteria of a good abstractWS-3.4Writing SkillsWriting PracticeTwo types of abstractsParts of an abstract Steps for writing an effective abstractResults: What d

244、id the author find? Specifically, most good papers conclude that something is many percent faster, cheaper, smaller, or otherwise better than something else. Put the result there, in numbers. Avoid vague, hand-waving results such as “very”, “small”, or “significant”. If the author has to be vague, h

245、e or she can only do so when talking about orders-of-magnitude improvement. There is a tension here in that the author should not provide numbers that can be easily misinterpreted, but on the other hand the author has room for all the necessary further explanations.Criteria of a good abstractWS-3.5W

246、riting SkillsWriting PracticeTwo types of abstractsParts of an abstract Steps for writing an effective abstractConclusions: What can the author logically conclude through the analysis of the data? What are the implications of the answer? Is it going to change a universally accepted theory in the fie

247、ld or simply serve as a tentative breakthrough indicating that this path is a waste of time (all of the previous results are useful). Are the results general, potentially generalizable, or specific to a particular case?Relevance: How does the authors findings relate to the practice of his/her field

248、of study? What significance may it bring to the field of study?Criteria of a good abstractWS-3.6Writing SkillsWriting PracticeTwo types of abstractsParts of an abstract Steps for writing an effective abstractKeywords: Some publications request “keywords”. Usually the total number of key words should

249、 be limited to three to five. Keywords may have two purposes used to facilitate keyword index searches, which are greatly reduced in importance now that on-line abstract text searching is commonly used and sometimes also used to assign papers to review committees or editors, which can be extremely i

250、mportant to the fate of the paper. So make sure that the keywords picked make assigning the paper to a review category obvious (for example, if there is a list of conference topics, use your chosen topic area as one of the keywords).Criteria of a good abstractWS-4.1Writing SkillsWriting PracticeCrit

251、eria of a good abstractTwo types of abstractsParts of an abstract Steps for writing an effective abstractTo write an effective abstract, follow these steps:1) Reread the article, paper, or report with the goal of 2) abstracting in mind.Look specifically for these main parts of the article, paper, or

252、 report: purpose, methods, scope, results, and conclusions.Use the headings, outline heads, and table of contents as a guide to writing your abstract. If you are writing an abstract about another persons article, paper, or report, the introduction and the summary are good places to begin. These area

253、s generally cover what the article emphasizes.WS-4.2Writing SkillsWriting PracticeCriteria of a good abstractTwo types of abstractsParts of an abstract Steps for writing an effective abstract2) After you have finished rereading the article, paper, or report, write a rough draft without looking back

254、at what you are abstracting.Dont merely copy key sentences from the article, paper, or report, or you will put in too much or too little information.Dont rely on the way the material was phrased in the article, paper, or report. Instead summarize information in a new way.correct weaknesses in organi

255、zation;improve transitions from point to point;drop unnecessary information;add important information that has been left out;eliminate wordiness;fix errors in grammar, spelling, and punctuation.WS-4.3Writing SkillsWriting PracticeCriteria of a good abstractTwo types of abstractsParts of an abstract

256、Steps for writing an effective abstract3) Revise the rough draft to4) Print the final copy and read it again to eliminate any errors.WP-T1.11. Compare the following two abstract, and figure out which one meets the requirements of a standard abstract.Writing SkillsWriting PracticeWP-T1.2Writing Skill

257、sWriting Practice1) This paper discusses research which was undertaken in the authors country. A theoretical framework is developed from a literature search and this is used by the authors as the basis of an analytical model. The researchers collected data within this framework and analyzed it accor

258、ding to the precepts laid down by earlier researchers in the field. The data is used to demonstrate that our understanding can be significantly increased and this is discussed in the light of previous work. Conclusions are drawn and it is shown that these may be useful for practitioners.WP-T1.32) PA

259、SM, a large-scale multimicroprocessor system being designed at Harvard University for image processing and pattern recognition, is described. This system can be dynamically reconfigured to operate as one or more independent SIMD and/or MIMD machines. PASM consists of a parallel computation unit, whi

260、ch contains N processor, N memories, and an interconnection network; Q microcontrollers, each of which controls N/Q parallel secondary storage devices; a distributed memory management system; and a system control unit, to coordinate the other system components. Possible valuesWriting SkillsWriting P

261、racticeWP-T1.4Writing SkillsWriting Practicevalues for N and Q are 1024 and 16, respectively. The control schemes and memory management on PASM are explored. Examples of how PASM can be used to perform image processing tasks are given. Obviously, the first one conforms to nearly all the criteria lis

262、ted previously. It has the method used and the conclusions, all expressed in clear language. The second one, however, is a bit too vague. It has the necessary parts of an abstract, but none of them is clearly or specifically stated.WP-T2.12. Rearrange the following sentences so that they make a cohe

263、rent paragraph.Writing SkillsWriting PracticeA) The thesis proposes, analyzes theoretically, and compares empirically four algorithms for determining the valid text structures of a sequence of units among which some rhetorical relations hold. Two algorithms apply model-theoretic techniques; the othe

264、r two apply proof-theoretic techniques.B) The thesis explores two possible applications of the text theory that it proposes. The first application concerns a discourse-based summarization system, which WP-T2.2Writing SkillsWriting Practicewhich is shown to significantly outperform both a baseline al

265、gorithm and a commercial system. An empirical psycholinguistic experiment not only provides an objective evaluation of the summarization system, but also confirms the adequacy of using the text theory proposed here in order to determine the most important units in a text. The second application conc

266、erns a set of text planning algorithms that can be used by natural language generation systems in order to construct text plans in the cases in which the high-level communicative goal is to map an entire knowledge pool into text.WP-T2.3Writing SkillsWriting PracticeC) The thesis proposes a first-ord

267、er formalization of the high-level, rhetorical structure of text. The formalization assumes that text can be sequenced into elementary units; that discourse relations hold between textual units of various sizes; that some textual units are more important to the writers purpose than others; and that

268、trees are a good approximation of the abstract structure of text. The formalization also introduces a linguistically motivated compositionality criterion, which is shown to hold for the text structures that are valid.WP-T2.4Writing SkillsWriting PracticeD) The formalization and the algorithms mentio

269、ned so far correspond to the theoretical facet of the thesis. An exploratory corpus analysis of cue phrases provides the means for applying the formalization to unrestricted natural language texts. A set of empirically motivated algorithms were designed in order to determine the elementary textual u

270、nits of a text, to hypothesize rhetorical relations that hold among these units, and eventually, to derive the discourse structure of that text. The process that finds the discourse structure of unrestricted natural language texts is called rhetorical parsing.1. _ 2. _ 3. _ 4. _ 5. _WP-T2.5E) This t

271、hesis is an inquiry into the nature of the high-level, rhetorical structure of unrestricted natural language texts, computational means to enable its derivation, and two applications (in automatic summarization and natural language generation) that follow from the ability to build such structures automatically.Writing SkillsWriting PracticeECADB