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1、Lesson Ten The Sad Young MenRod W. Horton and Herbert W Rod W. Horton and Herbert W EdwardsEdwards Background information1. About the authors Rod and Edwards are joint authors of the book, Backgrounds of American Literary Thoughts (1967), from which this piece of text is taken. 2. The Sad Young Men
2、and the Lost Generation The two terms refer to the same group of people. The first name was created by F. Scott Fitzgerald in his book All the Sad Young Men and second by Gertrude Stein. These names were applied to the disillusioned intellectuals and aesthetes of the years following the World War .
3、When the World War broke out, some of them took part in “the war to end wars” only to find that modern warfare was not as glorious or heroic as they thought it to be. vDisillusioned and disgusted by the frivolous, greedy, and heedless way of life in America they began to write about their own experi
4、ence in the war. They were basically expatriates who left America and formed community of writers and artists in Paris, involved with other European novelists and poets in their experimentation on new modes of thought and expression. These writers were named by Gertrude Stein, also an expatriate, “T
5、he Lost Generation”. (Hemingway: the representative)vThe Lost Generation3.3.海明威与海明威与“迷惘的一代迷惘的一代”Hemingway and the “Lost Generation” 作为“迷惘的一代”的代言人,海明威在他的两部早期成名作太阳照常升起和永别了,武器中描写了当时青年一代的幻灭感以及对传统道德观念的反叛精神和强烈的反战情绪。“迷惘”是他创作个性的显著特点,他一生都在迷惘中追求.海明威与“迷惘的一代”结下了不解之缘,他创作的整个思想基础都是在“迷惘的一代”时期奠定的。vErnest Miller Hemi
6、ngway (July 21, 1899 July 2, 1961) was an American writer and journalist. He was part of the 1920s expatriate community in Paris, and one of the veterans of World War I later known as the Lost Generation. He received the Pulitzer Prize in 1953 for The Old Man and the Sea, and the Nobel Prize in Lite
7、rature in 1954.vHemingways distinctive writing style is characterized by economy and understatement, and had a significant influence on the development of twentieth-century fiction writing. His protagonists are typically stoical men who exhibit an ideal described as grace under pressure. Many of his
8、 works are now considered classics of American literature.Hemingway in Milan 1918 At home4. The Beat Generation It refers to a group of American poets and writers and novelists of the 1950s and 1960s on romantic rebellion against the culture and value systems of America. They used literary works of
9、loose structure and slang diction to express their revolt. They opposed the prevailing “establishment” values with an anti-intellectual freedom, often associated with religious ecstasy, visionary states, or the effect of drugs. The groups ideology includes some measure of primitivism, Orientalism, e
10、xperimentation and eccentricity.v垮掉的一代(the Beat Generation) 第二次世界大战后在美国出现的一个文学流派。有人根据英文“Beats”和“Beatniks”(“垮掉青年”的俗称)译成“避世青年”或“疲塌派”，也有人取其诗歌的部分特征，称为“节拍运动”或“敲打诗派”。“垮掉青年”对战后美国社会现实不满，又迫于麦卡锡主义的反动政治高压，便以“脱俗”方式来表示抗议。他们奇装异服，蔑视传统观念，厌弃学业和工作，长期浪迹于底层社会，形成了独特的社会圈子和处世哲学。50年代初，他们的反叛情绪表现为一股“地下文学”潮流，向保守文化的统治发动冲击。多数垮掉
11、派文人来自东部。著名的有杰克凯鲁亚克、艾伦金斯堡、威廉 巴罗斯、格雷戈里。柯尔索、约翰克莱伦霍尔姆斯、塞缪尔克雷姆和加里斯奈德等。1950年，凯鲁亚克与巴罗斯合写侦探故事未成，却各自完成了一部垮v掉派小说小镇与城市(1951)和吸毒者(1953)。霍尔姆斯从中受到启发，在小说走吧(1952)中更明确地反映纽约“垮掉青年”的生活感受，又在纽约时报上鼓吹垮掉派文学，但这种尝试受到东部学院派势力的压抑，他们就往西部寻求同道和发展基地。当时洛杉矶近郊的西威尼斯有个以劳伦斯李普顿为首的垮掉派组织，他于1955年发表小说神圣的野蛮人。在旧金山，以劳伦斯弗林盖梯的“城市之光”书店为中心，聚合了一群立志从事“
12、文艺复兴”的反学院派诗人，他们的首领即是后来成为“垮掉的一代”理论家的肯尼斯雷克思罗斯。The Beat Generation5. F.Scott Fitzgerald He (September 24, 1896 December 21, 1940) was an American writer of novels and short stories, whose works are evocative of the Jazz Age, a term he coined himself. He is widely regarded as one of the twentieth centur
13、ys greatest writers. Fitzgerald is considered a member of the Lost Generation of the Twenties. He finished four novels, including The Great Gatsby, with another published posthumously, and wrote dozens of short stories that treat themes of youth and promise along with despair and age. He is a most r
14、epresentative figure of the 1920s and a literary spokesman of the Jazz Age. His fictions best embody the spirit of the Jazz Age, in which he shows a particular interest in the upper-class society, especially the upper-class people. Young men and women in the 1920s had a sense of reckless confidence
15、not only about money but about life in general. Plunging into their personal adventures, engaging themselves in casual sex and heavy drinking, they took risks and spent money extravagantly and enjoyed themselves to their hearts content. But beneath their masks of relaxation and joviality there was o
16、nly sterility, meaninglessness and futility and s spiritual wasteland.F.Scott Fitzgerald and his wife The Great Gatsby 盖茨比盖茨比是美国中西部的一个穷孩子，他爱上了一位“大家闺秀”黛西。战争爆发了，盖茨比去海外参战。当他戴着军功勋章回来时，戴西已经嫁给了芝加哥的富家子弟汤姆。盖茨比悟到：因为他没有钱，所以他失去了黛西；如果他有钱，有比汤姆更多的钱，他就能夺回黛西。于是他怀着对黛西的痴情，怀着献身爱情的理想，开始了顽强的奋斗。他想方设法甚至不择手段赚钱，终于成为一个有钱人。他在
17、黛西住所的海湾对面买下了一幢豪华的别墅，举行盛大的宴会，想以次来吸引黛西。他通过黛西表哥卡罗威的帮忙，终于在跟心爱的姑娘分手五年后再次同她见面，并向她表白了他不变的爱情。黛西虽然为他的忠诚和执着感动，对他现有的财富不免动心，也对粗野不忠的tom深感失望，但她最终没有勇气离开她的丈夫离开她的家。在一次摊牌和争吵之后，心情不宁的黛西在驾车回家途中恰好撞死了tom的情人威尔逊太太。盖茨比决定为黛西承担责任，但嫉妒的tom嫁祸于人，指使威尔逊太太的丈夫枪杀了盖茨比。当他冰凉的尸体浸泡在游泳池水中时，tom和黛西重归于好，出门旅行去了。 6. Gertrude Stein (1874-1946) She
18、 is an American writer, majoring in psychology and medicine. Settled in Paris, she was absorbed into the world of experimental literary creation. As a critic, she was held in high esteem in Paris. Her home was something of a cultural saloon for artists and the expatriate writers between the two worl
19、d wars.Gertrude SteinvAs an American writer, she spent most of her life in France, and became a catalyst in the development of modern art and literature. Her life was marked by two primary relationships, the first with her brother Leo Stein, from 1874-1914 (Gertrude and Leo), and the second with Ali
20、ce B. Toklas, from 1907 until Steins death in 1946 (Gertrude and Alice). Stein shared her salon at 27 rue de Fleurus, Paris, first with Leo and then with Alice. Throughout her lifetime, Stein cultivated significant tertiary relationships with well-known members of the avant garde artistic and litera
21、ry world.7. John Dos PassosvJohn Dos Passos (January 14, 1896 September 28, 1970), the illegitimate son of a prominent American attorney, was born in Chicago in 1896. Brought up by his mother in Virginia, and for a time lived in France. Dos Passos returned to the United States to attend Harvard Univ
22、ersity. vDos Passos left university to join the Allied war effort in Europe. He served as an ambulance driver in France and Italy during the First World War and afterwards drew upon these experiences in his novels, One Mans Initiation (1920) and Three Soldiers (1921).vIn 1922 Dos Passos published a
23、collection of essays, Rosinante to the Road Again, and a volume of poems, A Pushcart at the Curb. However, his literary reputation was established with his well-received novel Manhattan Transfer (1925). vAs well as writing plays such as The Garbage Man (1926), Airways (1928) and Fortune Heights (193
24、4), Dos Passos contributed articles for left-wing journals such as the New Masses. In 1927 he joined with other artists such as Upton Sinclair, Dorothy Parker, Edna St. Vincent Millay, Ben Shahn, Floyd Dell in the campaign against the proposed execution of Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti. This
25、included the writing of Facing the Chair: Sacco and Vanzetti (1927). The 1930s saw the publication of his USA trilogy: The 42nd Parallel (1930), 1919 (1932) and The Big Money (1936). Dos Passos developed the experimental literary device where the narratives intersect and continue from one novel to t
26、he next. The USA trilogy also included what became known as newsreels (impressionistic collections of slogans, popular song lyrics, newspaper headlines and extracts from political speeches). Dos Passos was active in the campaign against the growth of fascism in Europe. He joined other literary figur
27、es such as Dashiell Hammett, Clifford Odets, Lillian Hellman and Ernest Hemingway in supporting the Republicans during the Spanish Civil War. However Dos Passos gradually became disillusioned with left-wing politics and this is reflected in his novels, The Adventures of a Young Man (1939) and Number
28、 One (1943). Other books by Dos Passos include the novels, The Grand Design (1949), Chosen Country (1951) and Midcentury (1961), a biography, The Head and Heart of Thomas Jefferson (1954) and an autobiography, The Best of Times: An Informal Memoir (1966). John Dos Passos died in 1970.v小说家。生于芝加哥一个富裕的
29、律师家庭。1916年毕业于哈佛大学，去西班牙学习建筑，不久参加第一次世界大战，先后在法国战地医疗队和美军医疗队服役。根据亲身经历写成的三个士兵(1921)是他第一部有影响的小说，也是最早反映美国青年一代厌战和迷惘情绪的作品。1925年发表的曼哈顿中转站以大战前后的纽约社会为背景，报写了记者、律师、演员、水手、工会干部等人物形象。他们都是资本主义社会的失意者，生活苦闷，精神空虚。多斯帕索斯虽然在作品中反映了战后一代的迷惘情绪，但他的思想并不消极。他当时对资本主义社会十分不满，自称“放弃了对它的希望”，“向往革命”。1926年参加新群众杂志编委。他作为美国共产党的支持者，采访罢工斗争，为共产党的刊
30、物写稿。v1927年因参加营救萨柯和樊塞蒂的活动被捕入狱。1932年曾支持共产党的总统候选人，但没有加入过共产党。多斯帕索斯的代表作是美国三部曲，包括北纬四十二度(1930)、一九一九年(1932)和赚大钱(1936)。这部作品规模宏大，时间从本世纪初直至1929年经济危机爆发，描写了12个人物形象。他们的故事独立成章，情节上偶尔有所联系。30年代中期以后，多斯帕索斯在政治见解上开始与美国共产党和进步阵营发生分歧。西班牙内战爆发后，这种分歧加深。他后来的作品大多宣扬资产阶级的民主自由，对美共和苏共多所指责。 A brief overview of the text1. The type of
31、writing of the essay It is a piece of exposition.2. A general introduction to the text This essay describes a special group of people, the Sad Young Man in American literary history, who were shocked and uprooted for a time but never “lost”. The Revolt of the Younger Generation is the most interesti
32、ng aspect in the 20th century. It was a logical outcome of conditions at that time the aftermath of the WWI and the rising of America. vIt started with WWI, which whipped up the energies of the youth and created an enlistment craze. But when the young people had a good taste of the war and returned
33、home only to find that they could adjust themselves no more to their hometown, they rebelled in the form of completely overthrowing the Victorian gentility, which in itself was obsolescent in a society highly industrialized. The young intellectuals flocked to live unconventionally in Greenwich Villa
34、ge, place well known for Bohemianism and eccentricity. Soon non-intellectuals began to imitate their manners, which was also a way for the youth to escape their social responsibilities. Their imitation and especially Americas materialism dissatisfied the young intellectuals greatly, so many went to
35、live in Europe as expatriates. But almost all of them returned with a few years out of homesickness. Tempered by their life of expatriation, they produced the liveliest, freshest and most stimulating works in Americas literary history.vThis is a piece of expository writing explaining a certain area
36、and s special writers group in America literary history. Unlike most of this kind of writing, it does not state its thesis until it comes to the last sentence of the last paragraph. However, each paragraph or paragraph unit develops a new but closed related aspect of the thought stated in the thesis
37、 so that they form a coherent whole. Detailed study of the textPara. 1: 1. What of the Twenties has been most commented upon and romanticized? The Revolt of the Younger Generation.2. How is it so? The slightest mention of the decade brings nostalgic recollections to the middle-aged and curious quest
38、ionings by the young.3. What will be recalled by the middle-aged? The deliciously illicit thrill, the brave denunciation and the fashionable experimentation4. What questions will be asked by the young? Questions about the naughty,5. What are the specific questions asked by the present-day students?6
39、. What are the necessary answers to the these inquiries? “Yes” and “No”7. Why are both “yes” and “no” right?8. Important points:vnostalgic recollections and curious questionings: both adjectives are transferred epithet, really modify “the middle-age” and “the young” respectively. vdeliciously illici
40、t thrill: an improper action but very enjoyable and exciting. A visit to a speakeasy was improper or prohibited because these places sold alcoholic drinks illegally. This explains the “illicit thrill”. vfashionable experimentations in amour: Trying out new ways of lovemaking as everyone way doing at
41、 that time vmoral and stylistic vagaries: odd and eccentric dress and conductvsee in perspective: to view or judge things or events in a way that show their true relations to one another 9. The main idea of the para.: Introduction to the topic: one aspect of life in the TwentiesRevolt of the Younger
42、 Generation and peoples reaction to it.Para.2: 1. What was the nature of the revolt of the young people? It was the logical outcome of conditions in the age.2. What were the historical conditions of the age? First of all, the first world war led the rebellion that had affected in the entire Western
43、world. Second, the political and cultural development helped America reach an international stature that broke the artificial walls of 3. Important points:vthe first serious war in a century: The writer, perhaps, is referring to the Napoleonic wars that ended in Napoleons defeat at Waterloo (1815) a
44、s the last serious war that took place almost a hundred years.vto reach international stature: to develop and grow into a nation respected and esteemed by all other nations in the world.vmetaphor, comparing “provincial morality” to “artificial walls” vprovincial morality and the geographical protect
45、ion: In the past, morally, the Americans in action just follow the narrow and limited principles of right and wrong as accepted in their own country; geographically, they remain isolated and protected by the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. In other words, both aspects indicate that the United States ca
46、n no longer pursue a policy of isolationism.4. The main idea of the para.2: The revolt of the young people was a logical outcome of conditions in the age. Para. 3:1.The main idea: The rejection of Victorian gentility was, in any case, inevitable.2. The cause to the rejection of Victorian gentility:
47、American industrialization. After World War I, America became a highly industrialized country. There were big successful factories operating everywhere. Business became huge corporations devoid of any human feelings and the ruthless desire to dominate was exercised on a large scale. In this new atmo
48、sphere, the principles of polite, courteous and considerate behavior and conduct that were formed in a quieter and less competitive age (before World War I) could no longer exist.3. How was Victorian gentility treated in the bustling age even without war? It was difficult to accepted since it bore n
49、o relationship to the bustling business medium.4. What was the function of the war? It acted merely as catalytic agent in this breakdown of the Victorian social structure and it released the young peoples inhibited violent energies.5. After the war, what were their released energies turned to? They
50、were turned to the destruction of the obsolescent nineteenth-century society.6. Important points:vVictorian gentility: the quality of being genteel, or specifically excessive or affected refinement and elegance that show the middle-class respectability, prudery, bigotry, etc. generally attributed to
51、 Victorian Englandvto battle for success: metaphor: They had to fight as in a battle in order to become successful. vMetaphor, the war being compared to a catalytic agent. The war only helped to speed up the breakdown of the Victorian social structure. Para.4:1. The main idea: In a much changing wor
52、ld, the youth was faced with the challenge of bringing the mores up to date, but at the same time it was tempted to escape its responsibilities and retreat behind2. How did they escape their responsibilities? They retreated behind an air of naughty alcoholic sophistication and a pose of Bohemian imm
53、orality.3. What was the pattern of their escape? The faddishness, the wild spending of money on4. What made the escape possible? A general prosperity and a postwar fatigue with politics, economic restrictions,5. What were other factors that offered them more opportunities of following this pattern?
54、Prohibition, the much-publicized orgies and defiant manifestoes of the intellectuals6. How long did the escape last? This escape lasted until the money ran out, until the crash of the world economic structure at the end of the decade calledand forced7. Important points:vbringing our mores up to date
55、: take up the demanding task of reforming our traditional social customs in order to keep up with this changing world. vBohemian: a person, esp. an artist, poet, etc. who lives in an unconventional, nonconforming wayvProhibition: the forbidding by law of the manufacture, transportation, and sale of
56、a alcoholic liquors for beverage purposes; specifically in the U.S., the period (1920-1933) of prohibition by Federal law.vGreenwich Village: section of New York City, on the lower west side of Manhattan; noted as center for artists, writers, etc., formerly a villagevmetaphor, comparing the wild, ri
57、otous living of the escapists to a party and the escapists to drunken revelers.vthe crash of the world economic structure: It refers to the Great Economic Depression which started in the America in 1929.vSober up: The great economic depression brought the young escapists back to the senses and stopp
58、ed the wild, riotous lives they were living. Para. 5:1. The main idea: How the revolt/rebellion got started with World War .2. What were the intolerable political and historical factors to the idealistic citizens?vThe prolonged stalemate of 1916-1916: the stalemate on the West Front in Europe. Gruel
59、ing trench warfare took place, but the battle lines remained virtually stationary for three years.vThe increasing insolence of Germany: This refers to the sinking of the Lusitania, a liner under British registration, by a German submarine on May 7, 1915. In the sinking, 1,195 persons lost their live
60、s, of whom 128 were U.S. citizens. The considerable sympathy for Germany that had previously existed in the United States to a large extent disappeared, and there were demands from many for an immediate declaration of war. It also refers to the German announcement, at the end of 1916, that Germany w
61、ould begin unrestricted submarine warfare to break British control of the seas. In protest the United States broke off relations with Germany, Feb. 1917.vOur official reluctance to declare our status as belligerent3. What did they do? They began to enlist under foreign flags (Metonymy).4. What was t
62、heir purpose of doing so? They wanted to get into the fun before the whole thing turned belly up (metaphor). The young people wanted to take part in the glorious adventure before the war ended. 5. What made the innocent young men think of war as romantic? The motion picture or story. The civil war o
63、f 1861-1865 was always portrayed in the movies and in stories as a highly sentimental drama (nostalgic to people from the southern states) and the war with Spain in 1898 always ended in a scene in a movie showing the one-sided victory at manila or the Americans charging up San Juan Hill.6. What did
64、high school assembly orators advocate? They advocated that the strenuous life as in the European conflict would be of great value to their character-forming.7. What was the result? Their enthusiasm and the number were beyond control.8. Important points:vJohn Dos Passos U.S.A: In his finest achieveme
65、nt, the trilogy U.S.A. (1937), composed of The 42nd Paralled (1930), 1919 (1932) and The Big Money (1936), he developed the kaleidoscopic technique of Manhattan Transfer (1925), by skillfully weaving together narration, stream of consciousness, biographies of representative figures, and quotations f
66、rom newspapers and magazines. Dos Passos presented the first three decades of the 20th century in America. vGreenwich Village: section of New York City, on the lower west side of Manhattan; noted as center for artists, writers, etc.: formerly a village vFor over 100 years, this small area below 14th
67、 Street and west of Broadway has been a Mecca to the creative, rebellious and Bohemian. Although today no starving artists could afford to live here, the vibe still lingers and the beat goes on.vProhibition: the forbidding by law of the manufacture, transportation, and sale of a alcoholic liquors fo
68、r beverage purposes; specifically in the U.S., the period (1920-1933) of prohibition by Federal law.vmagnolia-scented: The meaning of the phrase is not clear. It may have the literal meaning of having the scent of the magnolia. The soap opera was put up by companies selling magnolia-scented soap. It
69、 may also mean “very sweet and cloying” because the magnolia flower had a very sweet scent. Finally, it may also mean, “of, relating to, or resembling the South of pre-civil war days.” vsoap opera: (Americanism) a daytime radio or television serial drama of a highly melodramatic, sentimental nature;
70、 so called since many original sponsors were soap companies vdissolve: (in motion pictures and TV) to fade or make fade into or out of view Para. 6:1. What about their spirit and enthusiasm after they had tasted the war? Dissipated.2. How did they fight? With distinction. 3. What happened to them re
71、turning from the war? They were much altered.4. What were their hometown conditions?vHometown citizens still talked with; vTheir jobs had been taken away and no new jobs offered to them; vThey were considered to be problem children and less desirable for any post; vThey were not accustomed to their
72、very homes and developed a sudden bewildering world-weariness that were not understood ; vTheir energies could be curbed as required in sleepy Gopher Prairies since being whipped up; vThey felt outmoded5. The political conditions?vThe sodden, Napoleonic cynicism of Versailles;vThe hypocritical do-go
73、odism of Prohibition;vThe smug patriotism of the war profiteers6. What was the result? Something in the tension-ridden youth of America has to give in the form of a complete overthrow of genteel standards of behavior. 7. Important points:vhaving a good tasted of: metaphor, to have real or thorough e
74、xperience ofvFourth-of July bombast: pompous and patriotic speeches made during the Fourth of July celebrationsvOutgrown: metaphor, comparing their unsuitability to growing too large for ones clothes. They suddenly felt very confused and weary of the world. They and their relatives could not underst
75、and why this happened. vResuming the pose of self-deceiving Victorian innocence: to resume living and behaving simply and innocently as the former Victorian social structure required them to do. If they did this, they would be deceiving themselves because they knew this Victorian morality was now ou
76、tmoded and wrong.v凡尔赛条约凡尔赛条约或凡尔赛和约凡尔赛和约，全称协约国和参战各协约国和参战各国对德和约国对德和约，是第一次世界大战后，战胜国 （协约国）对战败国 （同盟国）的和约。协约国和同盟国于年月日宣布停火，经过巴黎和会长达个月的谈判后，于年月日在巴黎的凡尔赛宫签署条约，标志着第一次世界大战正式结束。得到国际联盟的承认后，于1920年1月10日正式生效。凡尔赛条约的主要目的是惩罚和削弱德国。中国在五四运动后，没有签署凡尔赛条约，但与德国另签订和约。美国则因其国会表决多数反对，所以也不签凡尔赛条约。Para. 7:1. The main idea: The young m
77、en followed the pattern set in Greenwich Village.2. What a place the village was? A dwelling place for artists and writers3. What reputation did it enjoy? A dubious reputation for Bohemianism and eccentricity. Bohemianism and eccentricity: The two words here are more or less synonymous, both emphasi
78、zing the odd and unconventional lives of the intellectuals and artists. 4. What about the young mens minds and pens? They were inflamed against war, Babbittry, and “Puritanical” gentility. 5. For what purpose did they flock there? To pour out their new-found creative strength, to tear down the old w
79、orld, to flout the morality of their grandfather and to give all to art, love and sensation. 6. Important points:vBabbittry: (after George Babbitt, title character of a satirical novel (1922) by Sinclair Lewis) a smugly conventional person interested chiefly in business and social success and indiff
80、erent to cultural values; PhilistinevPuritanical gentility: Puritan morality vMetonymy: Greenwich Village pattern, meaning the writers and artists living in Greenwich Village set which other young intellectuals throughout the country followed.vMetonymy: “pens” standing for their writing and “Babbitt
81、ry” for qualities once displaced by George Babbit. Para. 8:1. What became fashionable throughout the country for the young people? To defy the law and the conventions and to add little matchsticks to the conflagration of “flaming youth. (Metaphor: Misdeeds compared to matchsticks, meaning they helpe
82、d to intensify the flame of revolt; The revolt of the young compared to a conflagration, indicating that many other young people began to intensify and spread this revolt of the young by their own misdeeds (breaking the law and living unconventional lives) 2. Who set the pattern? It was Greenwich Vi
83、llage that fanned the flames. Metonymy and metaphor, meaning the young intellectuals living in Greenwich Village helped to keep the revolt alive and the spread it throughout the country. The young intellectuals living in Greenwich Village helped to keep the revolt alive and the spread it throughout
84、the country.3. What was the result of imitation? Bohemian living became a fad and the self- conscious unconventionality was becoming a standard feature of the country club class.4. What was the reaction of the society to the fad?vIt was officially recognized by the pulpit, by the movies and magazine
85、s and by advertising.vYounger brothers and sisters began to imitate their elders.vTheir parents, who were shocked at first, soon found themselves and their friends adopting the new manners.vThe “wild party” had become as commonplace a factor in American life as the flapper, the Model T, or the Dutch
86、 Colonial home in Floral Heights. 5. Important points:vBohemian” fad: living Bohemian lives became a craze or passing fashion.vmetonymy: pulpit representing the church.vBelleau Wood and Chateau-Thierry: Both were battle fields. The former was a small forest in France, east of Paris, site of a battle
87、 (1918) in World War I, while the latter referred to a town in N France, on the Marne; scene of intensive fighting in World War I .vlives of those who were rebelling against Play with the toys of vulgar rebellion: metaphor, comparing living unconventional lives to playing with toys. These young brot
88、hers and sisters did not take part in the war, so they had no feeling of real disillusionment or loss. Nevertheless they began to imitate the manners of their elders and live the unconventional and nonconforming society. 6. The main idea: Soon the young men found their imitator among the non-intelle
89、ctuals. Bohemian living become a fad and was officially recognized by different social institutions before becoming a standard feature of the society.Para. 9:1. The main idea: Why the true intellectuals were far from being flattered.2. What was their original intention of revolting? America more sen
90、sitive., less avid and less susceptible to 3. What had happened contrary to their hope? Their ideas had been ignored and their Bohemian living had become conventionalized.4. What was the result? Their dissatisfaction became even more intolerable.5. What had followed the result? They bitterly attacke
91、d the society for its materialism and cultural boobery. 6. As the form of their attack, what appeared? An important book entitled Civilization in the United Stated, written by 30 intellectuals was published.7. What is the theme of the book? Denouncing the social darkness and revealing the family def
92、ects.8. What did they do since the country was blind and deaf to these factors? They could do nothing by to emigrate to Europe.9. Important points:vRotary luncheon: See note 20. vThe cultural boobery: cultural Babbitry of American societyvthe rallying point: metaphor, comparing the book to a rallyin
93、g pointv the country was blind dollar: Metaphor, personification and metonymy. America could see and hear nothing except the shining gleam and the ringing sound of the dollar, comparing America to a blind and deaf person; and “glint and ring of the dollar” standing for “attraction of wealth and mone
94、y”. The American people are not moved or stirred by anything. They are only conscious of money and wealth. Para. 10:1. The main idea: What they learned to do in their defiant but short-lived European expatriation.2. What did they think of themselves? As the “lost generation”.3. What part did their a
95、ttitude play? As a common denominator of the writing of the times.4. In what works was their feeling typically expressed? In Three Soldiers and The Sun Also Rises.5. What leading writers belonged to the “lost generation”? Besides Stein, Dos Passos, and Hemingway, there were6. What did they do? They
96、tried to find their souls in, directed dad and bitter blasts at and drifted back within to take up residence on and to produce works ripened by7. Important points:vThe defeated aesthete: John Andrews is a character in Dos Passos first successful novel Three Soldiers (1921). He is highly sensitive to
97、 art and beauty but fails to succeed in life.vwandering alcoholics: A group of figures in Hemingways novel The Sun Also Rises, who are psychologically bruised, disillusioned expatriates living in post-war Paris. They take psychic refuge in eating, drinking, traveling, brawling and lovemaking. vWho t
98、ried to find their souls in the Antibes and on the Left Bank: All these novelists, dramatists, poets and critics who lived in Antibes (note 28) and on the Left Bank (note 29) tried to discover their true moral or spiritual nature while living in these places. Para. 11:1. The main idea: The character
99、istics of the “lost generation”: The lost generation was never lost.2. In reality, what they did gave the nation the loveliest, freshest, most stimulating writing in its literary experience. General analysis of the text1. The organizational pattern of the text2. The theme of text3. The devices they
100、depend on to achieve the theme4. The writing style of the essay1. The organizational pattern of the textPart One (1): Introduction to the subject, i.e. life in the twenties by describing peoples action to it.Part Two (2-9): To support and develop the thesis by providing and analyzing historical mate
101、rial concerning the Revolt of the Younger Generation of the TwentiesPart Three (10-11): To draw a conclusion and state the thesis: the writers remark about the Lost generation: The intellectuals of the Twenties, the “sad young men” cursed their luck but didnt die; escaped but voluntarily returned; f
102、layed the Babbits but loved their country, and in so doing gave the nation the liveliest,freshest, most stimulating writing in its literary experience.2. The theme of text: By providing a great variety of social, political and historical factors that were related to “the sad young men” or the “lost
103、generation”, the authors succeeded in revealing that the sad young me, or the intellectuals of the Twenties, cursed their luck but didnt die; escaped but voluntarily returned; flayed the Babbitts but loved their country, and in so doing gave the nation the liveliest, freshest, most stimulating writi
104、ng in its literary experience.3. The devices they depend on to achieve the theme:vFocusing on a certain era, and the attitudes and revolt of the young people who returned from World War , disappointed and disillusioned. vProviding a great variety of social, political and historical materials/factors
105、 that are related to “the sad young men” or the “lost generation”, and that are responsible for the formation of the character of the sad young men. vObjective analysis of those factors leads to readers believing that the sad young mens attitudes and behaviors were logical outcome of the conditions
106、of the age.vA clear and simple organization of the essay. Between the introduction of the subject and the conclusion of the thesis, the authors support the thesis in a series of paragraphs and paragraph units, each developing a new but related aspect of the thought stated in the thesis. Frequently t
107、he first sentence of the middle paragraphs states clearly the main idea of the material that follows and indicates a new but related stage of the developing thought.4. The writing style of the essayvLanguage is formal.vAnalysis is objective and convincing, with a great variety of social, political a
108、nd historical materials.vAbundant use of historical and literary allusions.vOther rhetorical devices are: metaphor, metonymy, transferred epithet and personification.vWords are well-thought out. Sentence are long and loose or periodic. And the whole essay is closely organized. Exercises Assignment The Younger Generation in China
