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1、Microorganisms and MicrobiologyChapter 1 Chapter outline1.1 What is a microbe?1.2 The importance of Microbiology1.3 Microbes in our lives1.4 The history of microbiology1.5 Important events in the development of microbiologyConceptsMicroorganisms are responsible for many of the changes observed in or
2、ganic and inorganic matter (e.g., fermentation and the carbon, nitrogen and sulfur cycles that occurred in nature.The development of microbiology as a scientific discipline has depended on the availability of the microscope and the ability to isolate and grow pure cultures of microorganisms.Microbio
3、logy is a large discipline, which has a great impact on other areas of biology and general human welfareThe word microbe (microorganism) is used to describe an organism that is so small that can not be seen without the use of a microscope. Viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and some algae are all in
4、cluded in this category.1.1 What is a microbe? Our world is populated by invisible creatures too small to be seen with the unaided eye. These life forms, the microbes or microorganisms, may be seen only by magnifying their image with a microscope. Microbial worldOrganisms (living)Infectious agents (
5、non-living)Prokaryotes (unicellular)eukaryotesvirusesviroidsprionsEubacteriaArchaeaAlgae (unicellular or multicellular)Fungi (unicellular or multicellular)Protozoa (unicellular)Other (multicellular organisms)Most of the bacteria, protozoa, and fungi are single-celled microorganisms, and even the mul
6、ticelled microbes do not have a great range of cell types. Viruses are not even cells, just genetic material surrounded by a protein coat and incapable of independent existence.The size and cell type of microbes MicrobeApproximate range of sizes Cell type Viruses 0.01-0.25m Acellular Bacteria 0.1-10
7、m Prokaryote Fungi 2m-1m Eukaryote Protozoa 2-1000m Eukaryote Algae 1m-several meters EukaryoteThe size and cell type of microbesMicrobes impinge on all aspects of life, just a few of these are listed below:The environmentMedicineFoodBiotechnologyResearch1.2 The importance of microbiologyThe environ
8、mentMedicineFoodBiotechnologyResearchPress here to continue Microbes are responsible for the geochemical cycles. They are found in association with plants in symbiotic relationships. Some microbes are devastating plant pathogens, but others may act as biological control agents against diseases.The d
9、isease-causing ability of some microbes is well known. However, microorganisms have also provided us with the means of their control in the form of antibiotics and other medically important drugs. Microbes have been used to produce food, from brewing and wine making, through cheese production and br
10、ead making, to the manufacture of soy sauce. But microbes are also responsible for food spoilage.Traditionally microbes have been used to synthesize important chemicals. The advent of genetic engineering techniques has led to the cloning of polypeptides into microbes.Microbes have been used as model
11、 organisms for the investigation of biochemical and genetical processes. Millions of copies of the same single cell can be produced very quickly and give plenty of homogeneous experimental material. Most people have no ethical objections to experiments with these microorganisms.1.3 Microbes in our l
12、ives Microorganisms as Disease Agents Microorganisms and Agriculture Microorganisms and the Food Industry Microorganisms, Energy, and the Environment Microorganisms and the Future Branches of MicrobiologyBacteriologyProtozoologyParasitologyMicrobial MorphologyMycologyVirologyPhycology or AlgologyMic
13、robial physiologyMicrobial taxonomyMicrobial geneticsMolecular biologyMicrobial ecologyThe future of microbiology is brightThe future of microbiology is brightThe future of microbiology is brightThe future of microbiology is brightMicrobiology is one of the most rewarding of professions, because it
14、gives its practitioners the opportunity to be in contact with all the other natural science and thus to contribute in many different ways to the betterment of human life.1.4 The history of microbiologyIn the field of observation, chance favors In the field of observation, chance favors only prepared
15、 minds.only prepared minds. - Louis Pasteur - Louis Pasteur The discovery of microorganismsThe spontaneous generation conflictThe recognition of microbial role in diseaseThe discovery of microbial effects on organic and inorganic matterThe development of microbiology in this centuryThe discovery of
16、microorganismsThe first person to accurately observe and describe microorganismsAntony van Leeuwenhock (1632-1723)The first person to observe and describe microorganisms The first person to observe and describe microorganisms The first person to observe and describe microorganisms The first person t
17、o observe and describe microorganisms was the amateur was the amateur was the amateur was the amateur microscopistmicroscopistmicroscopistmicroscopist AntonyAntonyAntonyAntony van van van van leeuwenhoekleeuwenhoekleeuwenhoekleeuwenhoek of Delft, Holland.of Delft, Holland.of Delft, Holland.of Delft,
18、 Holland.Leeuwenhock made his simple, single-lens microscope which could amplify the object being viewed 50 300 times. Between 1673-1723, he wrote a series of letters to the Royal Society of London describing the microbes he observed from the samples of rainwater, and humam mouth.Leeuwenhoeks drawin
19、gs of bacteria from the human mouth.A drawing of one of the microscopes showing the lens a; mounting pin b; and focusing screws c and d.lensObject being viewedadjustingscrewsPasteurs contributions:Louis Pasteur working in his laboratoryLouis Pasteur (1822 1895) Pasteur (1857) demonstrated that lacti
20、c acid fermentation is due to the activity of micro-organisms Pasteur (1861) conflict over spontaneous generation birth of microbiology as a science Pasteur (1881) developed anthrax vaccine Pasteurization Spontaneous generation that living organisms could develop from nonliving or decomposing matter
21、.The spontaneous generation conflictPasteurs swan neck flasks used in his experiments on the spontaneous generation of microorganismsConclusion:Microorganisms are not spontaneously generated from inanimate matter, but are produced by other microorganismsRobert Koch in his laboratoryThe recognition o
22、f microbial role in diseaseRobert Koch (1843 1910)Kochs demonstration of special organisms Kochs demonstration of special organisms cause special diseasescause special diseases Kochs postulatesKochs postulatesThe microorganisms must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy org
23、anisms.The suspected microorganisms must be isolated and grown in a pure culture.The disease must result when the isolated microorganisms is inoculated into a healthy host.The same microorganisms must be isolated again from the diseased hostThe Golden age of microbiology Koch and pure cultures Ferme
24、ntation and Pasteurization Germ theory of disease VaccinationThe discovery of microbial effects on organic and inorganic matter The Russian microbiologist Winograsky discovered that soil bacteria could oxidize iron, sulfur and ammonia to obtain energy, and also isolated nitrogenfixing bacteria. Beij
25、erinck made fundamental contributions to microbial ecology. He isolated Azotobacter and Rhizobium.Alexander Fleming (1881-1955)Sir Alexander Fleming discovered the antibiotic penicillin. He had the insight to recognize the significance of the inhibition of bacterial growth in the vicinity of a funga
26、l contaminant.Date Microbiological History1676 Leeuwenhoek discovers animalcules1857 Pasteur shows that lactic acid fermentation is due to a microorganism1861 Pasteur shows that microorganisms do not arise by spontaneous generation1867 Lister publishes his work on antiseptic surgery1869 Miescher dis
27、covers nucleic acids1876-1877 Koch demonstrates that anthrax is caused by Bacillus anthracis1880 Laveran discovers Plasmodium, the cause of malaria1881 Koch cultures bacteria on gelatin Pasteur develops anthrax vaccine1.5 Important events in the development of microbiology1884 Kochs postulates first
28、 published Metchnikoff describes phagocytosis Gram stain developed1887 Petri dish (plate) developed by Richard Petri1889 Beijerinck isolates root nodule bacteria1899 Beijerinck proves that a virus particle causes the tobacco mosaic disease1921 Fleming discovers lysozyme1923 First edition of Bergeys
29、Manual1928 Griffith discovers bacterial transformation1929 Fleming discovers penicillin1933 Ruska develops first transmission electron microscope1935 Stanley crystallizes the tobacco mosaic virus1944 Avery shows that DNA carries information during transformation Waksman discovers streptomycin Watson
30、 and Crick propose the double helix structure for DNA1961-1966 Cohen et al use plasmid vectors to clone genes in bacteria1980 Development of the scanning tunneling microscope1983-1984 The polymerase chain reaction developed by Mullis1990 First human gene-therapy testing begun1997 Discovery of Thioma
31、rgarita namibiensis, the largest known bacterium Escherichia coli genome sequenced2000 Discovery that Vibrio cholerae has two separate chromosomes 1.How did Pasteurs famous experiment defeat the theory of spontaneous generation? 2.How can Kochs postulates prove cause and effect in a disease? 3.Who w
32、as the first person to use solid culture media in microbiology? What advantages do solid media offer for the culture of microorganisms?REVIEW QUESTIONS: 4.What is the enrichment culture technique and why was it a useful new method in microbiology? 5.When and how Alexander Fleming discovered antibiot
33、ics?1. Pasteurs experiments on spontaneous generation were of enormous importance for the advance of microbiology, having an impact on the methodology of microbiology, ideas on (he origin of life, and the preservation of food,to name just a few. Explain briefly how the impact of his experiments was
34、felt on each of the topics listed.APPLICATION QUESTIONS: 2. Describe the various lines of proof Robert Koch used to definitively associate the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis with the disease tuberculosis. How would his proof have been flawed if any of the tools he developed for studying bacter
35、ial diseases had not been available for his study of tuberculosis? Ronald M.Atlas Clifford Renk Principles of Microbiology.沈萍沈萍 1999. 微生物学微生物学 高等教育出版社。高等教育出版社。J J。尼克林著尼克林著 林雅兰等译。林雅兰等译。 科学出版社。科学出版社。周德庆周德庆 2002. 微生物学教程微生物学教程 第二版。高等教育出版社。第二版。高等教育出版社。李阜棣李阜棣 胡正嘉胡正嘉 . 2000 微生物学。微生物学。 第五版。中国农业出版社第五版。中国农业出版
36、社 。赵斌赵斌 何绍江何绍江. 2002 微生物学实验。科学出版社。微生物学实验。科学出版社。Johnson.case. Laboratory Experiments in Microbiology.John P.Harley Lansing M.Prescott Microbiology 3th Edition.Lansing, M. Prescott ;John, P. Harley; and Donald, A. Klein . 2002. Microbiology, 5th ed. McGraw-Hill .Gerard J. Tortora ; Bardell R. Funke ; Christine L. 1998. Case. Microbiology An Introduction , 6th . Benjamin/Cummings.Michael, T. Madigan; John, M. Martinko; and Jack, Parker. 2003. Brock Biology of Microorganisms , 10th . Prentice-Hall. References:
