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1、主谓一致Subject-predicateagreement1.主谓一致v主谓一致的三原则主谓一致的三原则 语法一致语法一致：大多数谓语动词的单复数形式取决于主语的人称。意义一致意义一致：当主语强调整体时用单数；当主语强调构成集体的各个成员时用复数。就近一致就近一致：往往采用就近原则。单数的几种情况单数的几种情况 v1.不定式、动名词、主语从句作主语时用单数形式。v2.事件、国名、机构名称、书籍及其他作品的名称作主语时用单数形式。v3、时间、距离、重量、长度、价值等名词，不论单复数，都用单数形式。v4、each,every,one,either,neither,manya,morethanon
2、e,notonlyone等作主语或者修饰主语时，一般使用单数形式。v5、thenumberof作主语时，用单数形式。v6.aportion/series/species/swarm/kind+of+n.作主语时，用单数形式。注意：quantities后面的名词无论是可数名词复数，还是不可数名词，都用复数形式。v7.由and连接的短语作主语：用and连接两个以上的名词戒代词作主语时，谓语一般用复数。Eg.JackandJill;注意：注意：连接的名词或代词前后都有every,each,no,manya等修饰。Everyhourandeveryminuteisprecioustome.连接的名词戒
3、代词表示单一概念指同一个人或一整体，须用单数形式。Earlytobedandearlytorisemakesamanhealthy,wealthyandwise.其他：friendandfoe;butterandbread,vpartandparcel(重要的部分),vneedleandthread;theebbandflow。复数的几种情况复数的几种情况v1.anumberof作主语，用复数形式；v2.由and,bothand连接的短语作主语，用复数；v3.people,police,clergy（牧师）,cattle,poultry,vermin（害虫，寄生虫）,militia（民兵）等等
4、作主语时，用复数；v4.常以复数形式出现的名词作主语时，如：remains,riches,scissors（剪刀）,shears（大剪刀）,clothes,pants,leavings（残余）,annals（年报，编年史）v5.不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，用复数形式。e.g.Fivethousandsquaremetersofhousinghavebeenbuilt.根据语意根据语意v抽象、具体均可：audience,class,club,committee,family,firm,government,public,jury,school,staff,team,union,polic
5、e。Thetelevisionpublicisincreasingrapidly.电视观众正急速增长。Thepublicaretiredofdemonstrations.公众对示威感到厌烦。Thepoliceareonhistrack.警察在跟踪他。v单复同形Chinese,Japanese,deer,sheep,swine,series,species,means等，这些名词要根据起数量概念决定谓语单复数。vtheminority/majorityof+n.,plenty/part/half/rest/xpercentof+n.作主语时，谓语形式与名词一致。vform(s)/kind(s)/
6、type(s)of+n.作主语时，谓语单复数与form(s)等的单复数一致。v注意：注意：即使名词是不可数名词，谓语劢词也要用复数形式。e.g.Twokindsofsalthavebeenprovedtobeharmfultohumanbody.vthe+adj.作主语时，若指一个人或抽象概念用单数；若指一类人用复数。Thedeadwashismother.死者是他的母亲。ThehomelessinHaitiarereportedtobemorethan50,000.v在强调句中，强调主语时，that/who引导的谓语动词形式取决于被强调的主语。e.g.Itwasthedriverwhowas
7、toblamefortheaccident.是司机对应该对这件事事故负责。就近原则就近原则vor,eitheror,neithernor,notonly(but)also等作主语时：e.g.NeitheryounorIamwrong.vaswellas应理解为插入语，不影响谓语形式。accompaniedwith,asmuchas,besides,except,including,inadditionto,insteadof,nolessthan,ratherthan,togetherwith,alongwith,with,but,like,morethan,nolessthan,except
8、forvtherebe句型中，谓语使用就近原则。vManya+单名谓单vOneandahalf+复名谓单（复）vOne+Nandahalf+谓单vMorethanone+单名+谓单vMore+复名thanone+谓复vAgreat/goodmany(of)studentshave2.代词All,someone,none,oneAlmost,most,many,much,moreWhat，whatever，whicheverNothingbut,anythingbut,ofoneself自动的，属于自己的inoneself从本质上说vOnecannotmakeasilkpurseoutofaso
9、wsear.巧妇难为无米之炊.单复数的概念veach和every都是单数概念，但every只能作形容词，each能作代词和形容词。两者修饰名词时，都表示“每一个”，但each强调个体，every强调整体。vall指代两个以上人时用复数；当all指代东西时为单数。vnone作代词，谓语单复数两可。v三者之间的相互关系不用among,而是用between肯定与否定v完全肯定：Bothofthetwobooksaregood.Allofthebooksaregood.v完全否定：Neitherofthetwobooksis/aregood.Noneofthebooksisgood.v部分否定：Bot
10、hofthetwobooksarenotgood.NotallofuslikeEnglish.其它要点其它要点v在表示时间、金钱、距离等的短语前，another可用于有数词修饰的复数名词前another3miles;3milesmore。vother与some,any,no,every,数词连用时，置于这些词的后面。vother与名词连用，置于名词前面，但other不能单独使用。veveryotherday/while/week每隔vthree:one,theother,anothervtwo:thebiggeroneisred.反义疑问句v祈使句；Lets,shallwe?Letus,wil
11、lyou?vI wish后的反义疑问句后的反义疑问句 e.g.Iwishtohaveanothertry,mayI?陈述句谓语劢词为wish时，表示征求意见，附加问句用may。v否定性的；(un-,dis-,im,in-,ir-除外)v当陈述部分是I(We)think(believe,suppose,consider)+that从句时，疑问句应和从句的人称时态保持一致。Ithinkthathehasdonehisbest,hasnthe?Idontthinkthatyoucandoit,canyou?Wedontbelievethatthenewsistrue,isit?Ibelievehec
12、anfindhernowhere,canhe?v非第一人称：按照正常来变化Hedidntthinkthatthenewswastrue,didhe?v陈述部分主语是everything,nothing,anything或something时，反意疑问句的主语应用代词it。v陈述部分的主语是everybody,everyone,anybody,anyone,somebody,someone,nobody,noone,none,neither时，they；偶见：Everyonelikesthebook,doesnthe?(dontthey?)vIamastudent,arentI?v祈使句时一般用
13、willyou表示请求，用wontyou表示委婉请求或邀请。如：Dositdown,wontyou?/willyou?Pleaseopenthewindow,willyou?(wontyou?)Dontmakeanynoise,willyou?vYoudbettertellhimaboutthematter,hadntyou?vTherearetwocakesontheplate,arentthere?vHeusedtoliveinthecountry,didnthe?/usednthe?v陈述部分must(may,might)+have+V-ed表推测时，若有明显的过去时间状语，问句用过去时
14、形式。Hemighthaveforgottenhispenintheclassroomyesterday,didnthe?Youmusthavegotuplatethismorning,didntyou?v若句中没有明显过去时间状语，用现在完成时形式。如：Everyonemusthaveknownthedeathofthewaitress,haventthey？v陈述部分主语为动名词或不定式时，问句主语用it代替。Todoonegooddeediseasyforaperson,isntit?Skatingisyourfavoritesport,isntit?v陈述部分的主语为从句时，问句部分的
15、主语一般用it代替，如：Whathesaidistrue,isntit?(不用didnthe?)Wherewewillbuildthedamhasnotbeendecidedyet,hasit?(不用wontwe?)vNowpractise!1.Howcloseparentsaretotheirchildrenastronginfluenceonthecharacterofthechildren.A.haveB.hasC.havingD.tohave2.Howtheadvancedworkermanagedtoraiseproduction_(be)ofinteresttousall.3.As
16、arule,whatisoutofsight_(disturb)mensmindsmoreseriouslythanwhattheysee.4.Iamgoinganyway.Whetherornotshewillgo_(be)uptoher.5.Knowingyoureblessed_(allow)youtoattainpatience,understandingandjoy.6.Totranslatethisidealintoreality_(need)hardwork.7._ofthetwinswasarrested,becauseIsawbothatapartylastnight.8.A
17、.NoneB.BothC.NeitherD.All8.Herearefiveconditionsthatmustbeworkedintoyourgoals.All_essential.9.Asmilecanhelponerealizethatall_nothopeless.10.Theamountofpressurewhichthematerialsaresubjecttoaffectthequalityoftheproducts.11.Onlyasmallpercentageofpeople_(be)reallyindependent.12.Thenumberofpeoplewho_(lac
18、k)astrongsenseofpurpose_(be)surprising.13.Hewastheonlyoneoftheboyswho_(be)givenaprize.14.23.Thisistheoneofthebooksonthesubjectthat_(be)writteninChinese.15.Thestatistics_thatlivingstandardsintheareahaveimproveddrasticallyinrecentyear.16.A.provesB.areprovingC.isprovingD.prove17.Thefirst40yearsoflife_(
19、give)usthetext;thenext30yearsthecommentary.18.Theabilitytoretainamentalrecordofearlierexperiencesarereferredtoas“memory”.（改错）19.Ensuringanadequatewatersupplyhavebeenaconcerneversincepeoplebegantoliveintownsandcities.（改错）20.Noneofus_(be)afraidofdifficulties.21.Bothteachingandresearchwork_(be)makinggr
20、eatstrides.Tenseandvoice1.表达将来时的形式：表达将来时的形式：(1)在时间、条件、让步从句中，一般现在时代替将来时，但要注意区别从句的类型，如：Illtellhimwhenyouwillringagain.我告诉他你什么时候再来电话。(宾语从句)比较：Illtellhimwhenyouringagain.你再打电话时我告诉他。(状语从句)(2)在makesure,makecertain,see(toit)后的that从句中，谓语动词用一般现在时代替将来时，如：Seetoitthatyouincludeinthepaperwhateverquestionstheydid
21、ntknowtheanswertolasttime.(include不能用willinclude或其他形式)2.完成时是时态测试的重点，注意与完成时是时态测试的重点，注意与完成时连用的句型和时间状语：完成时连用的句型和时间状语：v(1)by/between/upto/till+过去时间、since、bythetime/when+表示过去发生情况的从句，主句用过去完成时。v如：Wehadjusthadourbreakfastwhenanoldmancametothedoor.vBetween1897and1919atleast29motionpicturesinwhichartificialbe
22、ingswereportrayedhadbeenproduced.v(表示1919年时已发生的情况)v(2)by+将来时间、bythetime/when+谓语动词是一般现在时的从句，主句用将来完成时。如：vBythetimeyouarriveinLondon,wewillhavestayedinEuropefortwoweeks.vIhopeherhealthwillhaveimprovedgreatlybythetimewecomebacknextyear.v(3)bynow、since+过去时间、in/during/for/over/thepast/lastfew(或具体数字)years/
23、days/months，主句用现在完成时,如：vThechangesthathadtakenplaceinairtravelduringthelastsixtyyearswouldhaveseemedcompletelyimpossibletoeventhemostbrilliantscientistsattheturnofthe19thcentury.v但在itis+具体时间since/before这一句型中，主句更多的时候不用完成时。vItisfouryearssinceJohnleftschool.v(4)在Itisthe+序数词/形容词最高级+that的定语从句中，谓语动词常用现在完成
24、时。如：vItisntthefirsttimethatIhavefoundmyselfinanembarrassingsituation.v(5)在nosoonerthan,hardly/scarcelywhen句型中，主句常用过去完成时。vNosoonerthanwearrivedhome,hadwefoundthatithadbeenbrokeninto.v3.完成进行时指动作在完成时的基础上还要完成进行时指动作在完成时的基础上还要继续下去。如：继续下去。如：vThecompanyhasbeenpromisingariseinsalaryforages,butnothinghashappe
25、ned.时态要点v1.掌握不同时态的标志词如：与完成时连用的时间状语：allthiswhile,allthisyear,forsometime,sofar,already,before,just,long,yet等v2.掌握不同时态的特殊用法一般现在时表将来：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时；常用的引导词有：时间：when,until,after,before,assoonas,once,themoment/theminute,theday;条件：if,unless,provided.Ifheacceptsthejob,hewillgetmoremoneysoon.正在进行时表示将来：表
26、示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作（这时多有表示将来的时间状语）。具有这种语法功能的动词仅限于过渡性动词。即表示从一个状态或位置转移到另一个状态或位置上去的动词。常用动词有：go, leave, come, arrive, land, meet, move, return, start, stay, stop等。时态要点v3.记住不同时态的典型句型在Itisthe+序数词/形容词最高级+that的定语从句中，谓语动词常用现在完成时。如：vItisntthefirsttimethatIhavefoundmyselfinanembarrassingsituation.在nosoonerthan,hardly/scarcelywhen/before句型中，主句常用过去完成时。vHardlyhadIgotonthebuswhenitstartedtomove.时态、语态答题思路：时态、语态答题思路：(1)先根据选项的区别点确定考题要点为时态，然后回到题句中寻找给出的或暗示的时间状语，缩小选择范围，进而选出正确答案；(2)根据谓语动词与句子主语或非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系，确定句子是主动语态还是被动语态。
