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1、Groundless BeliefsA. E. ManderR einforcementT ext AnalysisGroundless BeliefsB ackgroundW arming upUnit 3Questions / ActivitiesCheck-on PreviewObjectivesWBTRWarming upGroundless BeliefsUnit 3Warming upQuestions / ActivitiesAre carrots a rabbits favorite? How do you know?WBTRAristotle vs. GalileosAris
2、totle vs. GalileosLesson 6 Groundless BeliefsWhy was Galileo able to prove Aristotle wrong? What lesson shall we learn from Galileos experiment? Warming upQuestions / ActivitiesWhat are the words used by the author in referring to groundless “beliefs”?- propositions, assumptions, dogma, opinionAccor
3、ding to the author where do these beliefs come from?- from other people: family, friends, media, tradition, interest groups, etc.Why do we tend to accept these beliefs?- “suggestion”, self-interest, sentimental associations, FashionWhy do we have to be on guard against them?- most of them are irrati
4、onal; they are _ rather than thought.- once they become so s_ in they prevent us from accepting new ideas.Check-on PreviewWarming upObjectivesCall attention to groundless beliefsUnderstand the causes of groundless beliefsDiscuss the importance of inquisition Consider the strategies against groundles
5、s beliefsEncourage students to actively identify groundless beliefs in lifeAppreciate the logic structureWBTRWarming upBackgroundAuthorBWTRGroundless BeliefsUnit 3A. E. Mander (18941985)A well-published Australian scholar. BackgroundAuthorHis Life and WorksBooks Logic for the millionsClearer thinkin
6、g (logic for everyman)The making of the AustraliansOur sham democracyPsychology for everyman (and woman) Clearer thinking; logic for everyday use Public enemy, the pressAlarming Australia Quotations from Manders book The trouble with most folks is not so much their ignorance, as their knowing so man
7、y things which aint so. - Josh Billings He who cannot reason is a fool; he who will not is a bigot; he who dare not is a slave. -W. Drummond BackgroundAuthorDetailedAnalysisStructureThemeText AnalysisTWBRGroundless BeliefsUnit 3Text AnalysisThemelUnderstand the sources of groundless beliefslDevelop
8、the alert to groundless beliefslEmphasize the importance of a curious, inquiring mindlDiscuss how to develop such a mindTWBRI.The Introduction (para. 1): Prevalence of groundless beliefsII.The body (paras. 224): Types/Causes of groundless beliefs1.Result of environment in early life. (paras. 23)2.Pa
9、rroting. (paras. 413)3.Self-interest (paras. 1417)4.Sentimental associations (paras. 1819)5.Fashion (paras. 2024) III.The conclusion (para. 25): The writers praise of rational thinkers Text AnalysisStructureText AnalysisDetailed AnalysisMain IdeaSentence ParaphraseWords & ExpressionsExerciseI II III
10、TWBRText AnalysisDetailed AnalysisPart I: The Introduction (para.1): Prevalence of groundless beliefsMain IdeaWhat does the author advocate in the first sentence? Have you ever asked yourself these questions? Can you give examples of groundless beliefs which rest upon “mere tradition” or somebodys “
11、bare assertion”?Text AnalysisDetailed AnalysisPart I: Sentence ParaphraseThey rest upon mere tradition, or on somebodys bare assertion unsupported by even a shadow of proof. (para. 1) be based onThese groundless believes are either based on tradition or on somebodys strong claims which are not suppo
12、rted by the slightest trace of proof. the slightest trace of proofText AnalysisDetailed AnalysisPart I: Words & ExpressionsWordsPhrasesSentence Patternclass come acrossmeet with rest upon(on)a shadow ofWhat reason have we for doingText AnalysisDetailed AnalysisPart I: ExerciseTranslate the following
13、 sentences into English, using words in the brackets.如今，在他们生活的城市，农民工很少被当成市民看待。(class)Yet few of migrant workers are even classed as citizens of the city where they live.一个国家的实力不只是取决于经济发展；它至少在相同的程度上有赖于其教育水平。（rest upon)The strength of a country does not rest upon economic development alone; it rests u
14、pon education, at least to the same extent.我们明确地知道，人的生命从何时开始。(a shadow of) We know, without a shadow of a doubt, when human life begins。 Text AnalysisDetailed AnalysisPart II: Types/Causes of groundless beliefs (paras. 224)Section 1. Result of environment in early life. (paras. 23) How can a simple
15、“suggestion” become a “belief”? uncritically we accepted and believed it. we didnt have the power of questioning. How shall we deal with the beliefs developed in early childhood? Text AnalysisDetailed AnalysisRoman CatholicIn order to be saved, all persons who have attained the use of reason must be
16、lieve explicitly that God exists and that he rewards the good and punishes the wicked.The Church is the congregation of all baptized persons, under the authority of the Sovereign Pontiff and the bishops in communion with him. We find the chief truths taught by Jesus Christ through the Catholic Churc
17、h in the Apostles Creed. Presbyterian We believe that Jesus Christ is the eternal Son of God, and we shall trust in Him, alone, for salvation. We believe the Bible is the revelation of Gods truth and is infallible and authoritative in all matters of faith and practice. We believe that all are sinner
18、s and totally unable to save themselves from Gods displeasure, except by His mercy. Text AnalysisDetailed AnalysisPart II: Words & ExpressionsWordsPhrasesSentence PatternGrammarwayreverse be consistent withfeel sure ofbe brought up toIt isto doThe same is true ofwhen infants (omission)Text AnalysisD
19、etailed AnalysisPart II: ExerciseTranslate the following sentences into English, using words in the brackets.尽管中国有此抱怨,但世界贸易组织称碳关税符合世界贸易规则。(consistent)Despite bluster from Beijing, the WTO says carbon tariffs can be consistent with world trade rules.尽管沃尔玛员工的确一般比较穷，但去那里购物的人也同样如此。(the same)While it is
20、true that Walmart employees tend to be poor, the same is true of Walmart shoppers.Text AnalysisDetailed AnalysisPart II: Types/Causes of groundless beliefs (paras. 224)Section 2. Parroting. (paras. 413)Main IdeaWhat does “parroting” mean? Copy, echo, or repeat without question. Accept only such new
21、ideas as fit in with the ideas we already hold How should we treat other peoples ideas according to the author? Whats the author opinion of newspapers and advertisements? Why do we tend to accept only such new ideas as fit in with the ideas we already hold; and all conflicting ideas seem to us “obvi
22、ously” absurd? What propositions should we treat with caution? Old propositionsObvious truthsText AnalysisDetailed AnalysisProgress in human thought seems to consist mainly in getting rid of such ideas. Text AnalysisDetailed AnalysisPart II: Sentence ParaphraseWhen we find ourselves entertaining an
23、opinion about which there is a feeling that even to enquire into it would be absurd, unnecessary, undesirable, or wickedwe may know that that opinion is a non-rational one. (para. 7) allow yourself to consider it as possible or as worth thinking about seriously Another common mistake we make is to j
24、udge opinions according to our feelings. An opinion is true because it is true, not because we like it or find it desirable or useful. In fact, truth can often be unpleasant or painful whereas untruth can be soothing and attractive. Text AnalysisDetailed AnalysisPart III: Words & ExpressionsWordsPhr
25、asesSentence PatternGrammarentertaintemptconceiveintellectcredit (v.)fit in withon ones guard break downin the light ofon the grounds ofconsist in such new ideas as fit in withThat the earth must be flat formally seemed so obviousText AnalysisDetailed AnalysisPart II: ExerciseTranslate the following
26、 sentences into English, using words in the brackets.我不会考虑从事这种不跟人打交道的工作。(entertain)I wouldnt entertain the idea of such an unsociable job. 我决不相信那个荒谬绝伦的故事。(credit)I shall never credit that absurd tale.人们永远根据其它人的行动调整他们的行为。(in the light of) Humans are forever adapting their behaviour in the light of ot
27、hers actions.Text AnalysisDetailed AnalysisPart II: Types/Causes of groundless beliefs (paras. 224)Section 3. Self-interest (paras. 1417)Main IdeaWhat does “self-interest” mean? Way of earning ones livelihood and acquiring wealthSocial position Justification How is someones social position defined?P
28、opularityRespect and goodwillPrestigeText AnalysisDetailed AnalysisText AnalysisDetailed AnalysisPart III: Words & ExpressionsWordsPhrasesSentence PatternGrammarattribute compeljustifyleave no room forcling toPut it broadlyThere is many a man who isthe “grapes” being the rewardsText AnalysisDetailed
29、 AnalysisPart II: ExerciseTranslate the following sentences into English, using words in the brackets.她认为她的高寿是精心安排饮食的结果。(attribute) She attributes her great age to carefully planned diet.他坚信有朝一日他会返回故乡。(cling to)He clings to the belief that one day he will be able to return to his native home.自此以后，许多
30、中央银行明白了，流通纸币，信任就是一切。(many a)With paper money, confidence is everything, as many a central bank has since then discovered.Text AnalysisDetailed AnalysisPart II: Types/Causes of groundless beliefs (paras. 224)Section 4. Sentimental associations (paras. 1819)Main IdeaWhat examples do you have for groun
31、dless believes originated from “sentimental associations”? Do you agree with the authors arguments about “sentimental associations”? How shall we avert such a tendency? Text AnalysisDetailed AnalysisText AnalysisDetailed AnalysisPart III: Words & ExpressionsWordsPhrasesassociatebelittlegrudge dispos
32、ehave recollections of play a part instand forText AnalysisDetailed AnalysisPart II: ExerciseTranslate the following sentences into English, using words in the brackets.无论你怎么看待马克思，你都不可能贬低他在我们的世界中所发挥的作用。(belittle)Whatever one may think about Marx, one must not belittle the role he plays in our world.
33、如果任何人辜负了她的信任，她会怨恨一辈子。(grudge)She could hold a life-long grudge against anyone who betrayed her trust.市场情况的变化使我们倾向于取消合同。(dispose)Changes in the market conditions here dispose us to cancel the contract.Text AnalysisDetailed AnalysisPart II: Types/Causes of groundless beliefs (paras. 224)Section 5. Fas
34、hion (paras. 2024) Main IdeaWhat does the author mean by “fashion”?How others of our own set feel and believeHabits of thought What is the bio-psychological explanation for “brain path”? Why is there the “brain path”/thought pattern? In introspection, do you find any particular “brain paths” in your
35、self? What are they? Text AnalysisDetailed AnalysisText AnalysisDetailed AnalysisPart III: Words & ExpressionsWordsPhrasesSentence PatternGrammardictatemeritlegitimate stock a string ofgo to the dogstell sb. straightstamp inAn Old Fogey may have become such at seventeenText AnalysisDetailed Analysis
36、Part II: ExerciseTranslate the following sentences into English, using words in the brackets.该影片的预算决定了紧张的拍摄进度。(dictate)The films budget dictated a tough schedule.我的老板是老一套的回答“没坏的话就别修了！” (stock)My boss had a stock response If it aint broke, dont fix it!约翰没有坦率地告诉我，他厌倦了，想离开。(tell straight)John did not t
37、ell me straight out that he was fed up and wanted to leave.Text AnalysisDetailed AnalysisPart III: The conclusion (para. 25) The writers praise of rational thinkers Main IdeaWhat are the features of rational minds? A desire To discover, To think things out clearly and rationally To et at the truth T
38、ext AnalysisDetailed AnalysisPart III: Words & ExpressionsWordsPhrasesSentence PatternGrammarallowance make allowance for get atat all costsTo get at the truth at all costs, whatever it may turn out to be.not, not, butText AnalysisDetailed AnalysisPart III: ExerciseTranslate the following sentences
39、into English, using words in the brackets.你应带体谅其他人所犯得错误并且原谅那些冒犯你的人。(make allowance for)You must make allowance for each others faults and forgive the person who offends you.你要确定是自己走近作者并去领会他的想法，而不是寻找自己的观点。(get at)Be sure that you go to the author to get at his meaning, not to find yours.RWBTReinforce
40、mentSummarySummaryDiscussionDiscussionGroundless BeliefsUnit 3ReinforcementSummaryWhat are the five main sources of groundless beliefs? 1.Early environment; 2.The habit of parroting; 3.Self-interest;4.Sentimental association; 5.Fashion. What words should we watch out for so as to minimize the influe
41、nce of groundless beliefs? NaturallyObviouslyBy natureInevitableRWBTReinforcementDiscussionWork in groups of four:What other examples of groundless beliefs do you have? Why do you think groundless beliefs are so common? What are the dangers of groundless beliefs? How could we keep the monster of groundless belief at bay? Presentation TimeRWBT
