应用型大学英语综合教程二unit6

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1、上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Book 2应应 用用 型型 大大 学学 英英 语语 系系 列列 教教 程程 Application-oriented college English Course 2上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 BackNextLanguage Skills DevelopmentLanguage in UseEnhancement of Language Abilities Unit 6Unit SixTable of Contents3上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus1 contentBackNextPart 1 Language Skill

2、s DevelopmentStarterText: The Debtor GenerationWorking with words and phrasesDiscussionPractice: interpretingPractice: translationPractice: writingSurfing the InternetHighlightsTable of Contents4上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 focus1highlightsBackNextHighlights S: Talkingabout cartoons: street beggars & bank car

3、ddebtorsL:PayingwithbankcardsatCitySupermarketR:ThedebtorgenerationW:HowtowriteparallelconstructionsInternet work: IntroducingastudentcreditcardwithfavorableclausesPart 1 Language Skills Development5A. Look at the two cartoons below and discuss the following questions. 上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 1. StarterB

4、ackNext6上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 focus1text 1. Is it better to be a beggar or a debtor? Why?It depends. On the one hand, a debtor who tries torepayhisdebtassoonasheisabletoissurelybetterthan a beggar who begs simply because he is ashamelesslazybones.Ontheotherhand,abeggarwhoistooweak,toooldortoodisabledto

5、avoidbeggingisundoubtedly more understandable than a debtor whoowesalotofmoneyandcantrepayit. BackNext1. Starter7上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 focus1text 2. What are the advantages of using credit cards?Thereareseveraladvantagesofusingcreditcards.1)Itissafealternativetocarryingcash.2)Itallowsthecreditcardaccou

6、ntholdertobuildasolidcredithistory.3)Itcanaccessfundsincaseofemergency.4)Itallowsextratimetopayforgoodsandservicespurchased.5)Itiscleanandenvironment-friendly. BackNext1. Starter8上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 focus1text 3. Do you agree that credit cards build up debts? Yes.Foronething,itissoconvenienttoswipeth

7、ecardforshoppingthatyoumayuseitmoreoftenthanyourealizeit.Foranother,thecardmayleadyoutothemisconceptionthatyouhavemoreconsumptionpowerthanyoureallydo. BackNext1. Starter9B. Listen to a conversation at City Supermarket and answer the following questions. 上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 1. StarterBackNextMind Mapb

8、ankcard银行卡 valid/ a. 有效的 freedeliveryservice免费送货服务 10上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 1. StarterBackNext1. Does City Supermarket accept bank cards? Yes,itdoes.2. Why does the cashier ask the customer to show a valid proof of identity?Becausethecustomerssignatureonthereceiptisnotthesameasthatonthebackofthecard.11上

9、海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 focus1starterSigning the Receipt at City Supermarket Tapescript 1. StarterBackNextCashier:Goodevening,sir!WelcometoCitySupermarket!Customer: Doyouacceptbankcards?Cashier:Certainly,sir.Youarewelcometouseabankcard.Customer: Verynice.Cashier:Thatllbe$110inall,sir.Customer: OK.12上海交通大上

10、海交通大学学出版社出版社 focus1starter 1. StarterBackNextCashier:Thankyou,sir.PleaseenteryourPINcode.(Afterawhile)Sorry,sir.Yoursignatureonthereceiptisnotthesameasthatonthebackofthecard.Forthesafetyofyourbankcard,wouldyoupleaseshowmeavalidproofofyouridentity?Customer:OK,noproblem.Hereyouare.Cashier:Hereisyourba

11、nkcard.Pleasekeepit.Customer:OK.Thankyou.Cashier:Bytheway,doyouneedfreedeliveryservice?Customer:No.Icanputtheminmycar.Thanksanyway.13( )1.GenerationY ( )2.GenerationX上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 working with wordsa.thedebtorgenerationorpeoplegrowingupwithacredit-fueledlifestyleanddigitaldevicesb.people

12、bornin1978orlaterc.peoplebornbetween1965and1977d.peopleenrolledinhighschooloruniversityonSeptember11,2001 BackNextText Lead-inWarm upA. Match the generation terms (1-4) with their definitions (a-d). ( )3.Generation9.11 ( )4.GenerationD bcda14上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 BackNextText Lead-inWarm upB. Look at t

13、he chart. Describe the trend it reveals. Reference AnswerIn1998,about68%ofundergrads had credit cards.In2000,approximately79%ofundergrads had credit cards.The chart reveals more andmoreundergradsareandwillbeusingcreditcards.15Text Lead-inText organization上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Para.MeaningIntroductionPa

14、ras._BodyParas._Paras._Paras._Paras._BackNext1-2Introduction to Generation D and theproblemstheymayface.3-14LifestyleofGenerationDandtheirattitudetowardsdebtscausedbycreditcards3-6Generation D is different from previousgenerationsinmanyaspects.7-10GenerationDhastofacerealitywhenitiscontradictorytoth

15、eirdreams.11-14Generation D does not postpone lifesmilestonesbydebts.16BackNextTranslation2 Text: The Debtor Generation 1 When they turn 18, theyget calls from credit cardcompanies.Afewyearslater,theyvegotaloadofdebtsmanyofthemwiththousandsofdollarsinstudentloansandcredit card bills. Then theybuy ca

16、rs, furniture and nicenewclothesmostlyoncredit. turnlinkv.达到（某一年龄或时间）e.g.Hehasturnedforty.他已年过四十。Ithasjustturnedtwelve.刚过十二点钟。 a load of: 很多，大量e.g. Youre talking a load ofrubbish.debt: n.1)C债务；欠款e.g.IfIpayallmydebtsIllhavenomoneyleft.2)U负债情况e.g.Wewerepoor,butwenevergotintodebt. credit: n. U赊购e.g.Noc

17、reditisgivenatthisshop.on credit:借贷，赊账e.g.Iboughtacaroncredit. credit: n. U赊购e.g.Nocreditisgivenatthisshop.on credit:借贷，赊账e.g.Iboughtacaroncredit. 负债的一代负债的一代 1 1 他们一满18岁，就会接到信用卡公司的电话。几年后，他们就会背负一大笔债务他们中很多人都会欠下几千美元的学生贷款和信用卡账单。接着，他们还会买汽车，买家具，买漂亮的新衣服，几乎全是刷卡消费。17BackNextTranslation2 Text: The Debtor Gene

18、ration2 2 他们不会一直那样天真。当负债的一代还没有得到收入丰厚的全职工作，就要为偿还信用卡公司的债务而付出代价的时候，很多人就会醒悟过来。2Theydontremaininnocent for long. Manymembers of Generation Dfeeldisillusionedwhentheymake sacrifices to repaylenders who gave themcreditbeforetheyhadwell-paying,full-timejobs. innocent: a. 1)无知的，头脑简单的e.g. Dont be so innocent

19、as tobelieveeverythingthepoliticianstellyou.2)清白的，无罪的e.g. A man is accounted innocentuntilheisprovenguilty. Generation D comes from the titleThe Debtor Generationandcanbeshortened as D Generation orGenerationD(负债的一代). disillusioned:a.不再抱幻想的，大失所望的，幻想破灭的e.g. Disillusioned voters want analternativetoth

20、etwomainparties.Shesdisillusionedwithlifeingeneral.dis-否定、相反或相对e.g.dishonest(不诚实的);disagreeable(令人不快的，讨厌的);disagreement(分歧，不一致，意见不合);disengage(放开；挣脱开，摆脱开) repay: vt. 1)还（钱）；偿还e.g.Illrepayyouthemoneyyoulentmenextweek.2)报答，酬谢e.g.Idliketobuythemsomethingtorepayalltheirkindness.repayable:a.可偿还的；应偿还的；应回报

21、的repayment:n.U归还借款，偿还债务 well-paying: a.高工资的，报酬优厚的 sacrifice:n.1)C,U牺牲，舍弃e.g. Getting rich isnt worth thesacrificeofyourprinciples.2)C,U祭献，祭祀e.g.Itwascommontomakesacrificestothegodstoensureagoodharvest. 18BackNextTranslation2 Text: The Debtor Generation一场真正的变革一场真正的变革3 前几代刚成年的时候，往往生活窘迫客厅中摆放着牛奶箱，冰箱里放着老

22、密尔沃基牌的啤酒。他们在为了舒适的物质生活而兢兢业业的奋斗中，学会了一个道理花钱与赚钱密切相关。 A Real Revolution3Previousgenerationstendedto begin adulthood in reducedcircumstances milk crates inthelivingroom,OldMilwaukeeinthefridge.Theyworkedtheirwayintomaterialcomfortwhileabsorbingthelessonthatbuying is closely related toearning. adulthood: n

23、.U成年-hood状态；时期e.g.parenthood(做父母的身份);manhood (成年，成年时期); childhood(童年);neighborhood(街区，域区) reduced circumstances:（委婉表达从富到穷）生活窘迫 work ones way into: 兢兢业业地达成e.g.Heworkshiswayintobeingasuccessfulcontractor. Meaning: Theyobtainedacomfortablemateriallifebyhardwork.Meanwhile, they learned that if theywantt

24、obuy,theyhavetoearnfirst.absorb: vt. 1)理解；吸取e.g. Clever children absorbknowledgeeasily.2)吸收（水、光、蒸汽等）e.g. Plants can absorb carbondioxideandreleaseoxygen. work ones way into: 兢兢业业地达成e.g.Heworkshiswayintobeingasuccessfulcontractor. reduced circumstances:（委婉表达从富到穷）生活窘迫19BackNextTranslation2 Text: The D

25、ebtor Generation4 与此相反，负债的一代中很多人刚成年的时候往往享受着优越的物质生活客厅中摆着各种架子，冰箱里放着皮特牌淡啤酒。紧接着，如果他们稍不注意（开销），就不得不控制这种依赖信用卡消费的生活方式以便可以付清账单。而这一点，并不是所有的人都能做到，那么他们就会因此付出代价。Question about Para. 44Incontrast,manyinGeneration D begin adulthoodwith material comfortshelvesinthelivingroom,PetesWickedAleintherefrigerator.AA littl

26、e later, if theyre notcareful, they have to throttlebackontheircredit-fueledlifestyle so they can pay thebills. Not all can, and theypaytheconsequences. in contrast:相反e.g. In contrast with their system,oursseemsveryold-fashioned.Hiswhitehairwasinsharpcontrasttohisdarkskin. Meaning: On the contrary,

27、manypeopleofDebtorGenerationgrowupincomfortableconditionallkindsofshelves in the living room, top-gradebeerintherefrigerator. throttle: vt.1)调节油门，减/加速e.g. I throttled back as weapproachedtherunway.Hightariffsthrottletradebetweencountries.2)使窒息，掐死e.g.Hethrottledtheguardwithhisbarehands.throttle back:

28、 控制，收敛e.g.Hehopestothrottlebackonhisemotions. throttle: vt.1)调节油门，减/加速e.g. I throttled back as weapproachedtherunway.Hightariffsthrottletradebetweencountries.2)使窒息，掐死e.g.Hethrottledtheguardwithhisbarehands.throttle back: 控制，收敛e.g.Hehopestothrottlebackonhisemotions. Meaning: Later on, if theyrecarele

29、ss with their spending, theyhavetocontroltheircreditonwhichtheir life is dependent so that theywillbeabletorepaytheirdebts.20focus1text The Generation D begins adulthood with materialcomfort and depends too much ng.thood in reducedcircumstances,workingtheirwayintomaterialcomfort,thusknowingthatbuyin

30、giscloselyrelatoncreditcardconsumption. Previous generations, however, beganadulthoodinreducedcircumstances.Theyworkedtheirwayintomaterialcomfort. 上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 2. Text: A Story of Steve Jobs 1. How is the lifestyle of the Generation D different from that of their previous generations? BackNext

31、2 Text: The Debtor Generation21BackNextTranslation2 Text: The Debtor GenerationQuestion about Para. 5 5 Experts agree that todays18- to 30-year-olds have moredebtsthantheirforebears.Thats especially true of themajorityofhighschoolgraduateswhogoontocollegeor trade school, where peoplecommonly get stu

32、dent loansand credit cards, even if theydonthavejobs. be true of: 合乎事实的；真的；真实的；确实的e.g. Possibly the same is true ofsocialwork.The same is true of all politicalparties. go on to sth.:接着开始另一个项目e.g.Letsgoontothenextitemontheagenda. 5 5 专家们认为，现在18至30岁之间的人比他们上几代欠的债更多。尤其对大多数高中毕业就上大学或职业学校的学生来说，情况更是如此。在大学或职

33、业学校里，尽管学生没有工作，通常也可以申请学生贷款和信用卡。 22上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 focus1text 2. What do the experts have in common with regard to their opinions concerning the 18-to 30-year-olds debts?Expertsagreethattodays18-to30-year-oldshavemoredebtsthantheirforebears. BackNext2 Text: The Debtor Generation23BackNextTranslatio

34、n2 Text: The Debtor GenerationQuestion about Para. 66Peopledisagreeaboutwhetherthatssobad.Afterall,young adults accept studentloans and credit cards gladlyand most repay dutifully. Butcriticsworrythatcorrosivesocial effects result from thehabit of taking on debt beforeone has sufficient income torep

35、ay. corrosive: a.逐步起破坏作用的，损害性的e.g. Fear of unemployment ishaving a corrosive effect on thecountryseconomy. result from:由产生e.g. Her injuries resulted from afall.cf.result in:造成，导致e.g. The cyclone has resulted inmanythousandsofdeaths. take on: 承担e.g.Donttakeonmoreresponsibilitythanyouareexpected. 6 6

36、人们对这种情况是否很糟糕意见不一。毕竟，年轻人很乐意接受学生贷款和信用卡， 而且大多数人能尽责地偿还。但是评论家们担心，这种个人还没有足够的收入来还款就背上债务的习惯会造成不良的社会影响。24上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 focus1text 3. Do people see eye to eye on the issue of student debts? What are the two opposing views?No, they dont. Some believe that young adultsaccept student loans and credit cards

37、gladly andmostrepaydutifully.Butcriticsworrythatcorrosivesocialeffectsresultfromthehabitoftakingondebtbeforeonehassufficientincometorepay. BackNext2 Text: The Debtor Generation25BackNextTranslation2 Text: The Debtor Generation梦想与债务梦想与债务 7 20世纪90年代，负债生活的诱惑日增。学杂费暴涨，联邦政府也加强了对学生贷款的限制，信用卡在校园市场的推销如火如荼。200

38、0年，78% 的大学本科生拥有信用卡。 Dreams and Debt7 The lure of living on debtincreased in the 1990s. Tuitionandfeesskyrocketed,thefederal government increasedstudent loan limits, and creditcardsweremarketedvigorouslyoncampus.In2000,78percentof college undergraduates hadcreditcards. tuition:n.1)U学费e.g. When I star

39、ted college,tuitionwas$350aquarter.2)U讲授，教诲e.g.HereceivedprivatetuitioninEnglish. skyrocket: vi.（指物价等）飞涨，猛涨e.g. The trade deficit hasskyrocketed. vigorously:ad.有力地e.g.Theywerearguingvigorouslyontheresponsibilityofthe death of the four collegestudents.26BackNextTranslation2 Text: The Debtor Generatio

40、n8 更微妙的变化到处可见。经济蓬勃发展，在异国复活节假旅游胜地拍摄的MTV充斥荧屏，老友记描述了一群年轻人在曼哈顿宽敞公寓里的舒适生活。二十几岁的年轻人梦想着大学或职业学校一毕业就过上富足的生活。Question about Para. 7- 88Subtlerchangesabounded.The economy boomed, MTVbroadcastedfromexoticspring-breaklocales,Friendsportrayed young adults livingcomfortablyinroomyapartmentsinManhattan.Twenty-somet

41、hingsexpectedtolivewellrightoutofcollegeortradeschool.Meaning: Delicate changesexisteverywhere. abound: vi. 大量存在，有许多e.g. Grass abounds here all theyearround. boom: vi.迅速发展，繁荣e.g.Bythe1980s,thecomputerindustrywasbooming. exotic: a.1)异国情调的；奇异的e.g.Thefilmretainsmuchofthebooksexoticflavour.2)异国的，外来的e.g.

42、PandasareexoticanimalstoAmerica. portray: vt. 1)描述；描绘；描写e.g.Thefilmvividlyportrayslifeinthetrenches.2)为某人画像，画某人的像e.g.Sheisportrayedwearingherweddinggown. roomy:a.=spacious宽敞的，宽大的e.g. Though more expensive, aroomy car can make you morecomfortable.n.+-yrainy,windy,snowy,juicy,watery,glassy,grassy. Twe

43、nty-something: 二十几岁的人thirty-something/forty-something 三十到三十九（四十到四十九）岁e.g. Afifty-somethingcametoseeyouwhenyouwereout.你不在时，有一位五十几岁的男子来找过你。27上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 focus1text 4. Why did the lure of living on debt increase in the 1990s? Because tuition and fees skyrocketed, the federalgovernmentincreasedst

44、udentloanlimits,andcreditcardsweremarketedvigorouslyoncampus.Meanwhile, theeconomy boomed, and mass mediaportrayedyoungadultslivingcomfortablyinlargecity.Theyareallattractivetoyoungpeople. BackNext2 Text: The Debtor Generation28BackNextTranslation2 Text: The Debtor Generation9 9 在这些情况下，还有什么理由不借钱呢？19

45、96年，公立大学里平均每位贷款的学生在毕业时欠债11950 美元。1998年，平均每个本科生有3.5张信用卡，负有1879美元的结欠款。Question about Para. 9 9Underthesecircumstances,whynotborrow?Anaveragestudentloanrecipientowed$11,950 upon graduatingfrom a public university in1996.In1998,theaverageundergraduatehadabalance of $1,879 on 3.5creditcards. balance: n.

46、1)C(usu.sing)结欠e.g. The balance of 500 will be paidwithinoneweek.2)C(usu.sing)差额e.g.Imustcheckmybankbalance,i.e.findouthowmuchmoneyIhaveinmyaccount.balance of payments:国际收支差额balance of trade:贸易差额，进出口差额e.g. a balance-of-trade deficit (when acountry spends more than it earns fromexports) 29上海交通大上海交通大学

47、学出版社出版社 focus1text 5. How much balance did an undergraduate have on average on 3.5 credit cards in 1998? $1,879. BackNext2 Text: The Debtor Generation30BackNextTranslation2 Text: The Debtor Generation10 10 有人担心，这些债务将迫使毕业生放弃令人振奋但薪水不高的职业，而去从事沉闷乏味但收入丰厚的工作。密苏里大学研究员帕特里夏萨默斯，在做学生贷款项目研究时曾采访了500多人，她说有一个准英语博士

48、生打算拿到博士学位后就重操旧业当21点扑克游戏的发牌员。Question about Para. 1010Someworrythatallthisdebtforces grads to forsake excitingbut low-paying jobs in favor ofdrearybutwell-payingjobs.Patricia Somers, a University ofMissouriresearcherwhointerviewed 500 people for herresearchonstudentloans,tellsofaPh.D.candidateinEngli

49、shwhowas considering returning to herold jobdealing blackjackafterearningherdoctorate. grad=graduategrad: n. C大学毕业生（尤指获得学士学位的人）e.g.HisgirlfriendisaHarvardgrad.2)C毕业生e.g.ahigh-schoolgraduate tell of:描述，叙述e.g.Thepoemtellsofthedeedsofafamouswarrior. doctorate:n.C博士学位Related terms：bachelorsdegree学士学位(Ba

50、chelorofArts文学学士BachelorofScience理学学士)mastersdegree硕士学位(MasterofArts文学硕士MasterofScience理学硕士)doctorsdegree博士学位(通常叫Ph.D.即DoctorofPhilosophy) forsake:vt.1)=giveup放弃，离开（尤指喜爱的事物）e.g.Youmustforsakeyourbadhabits.2)=abandon离开（尤指不履行责任），遗弃，舍弃e.g. His gambling father forsook hisfamilyandwentwestforaliving.区别区别

51、:forsake,abandon,desert,giveupThesailorsabandonedthesinkingship.He deserted his country and helped theenemy.HehasforsakenhisnativeFinlandtoliveinBritain.Innocaseshouldyougiveup. 31上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 focus1text 6. Why did a Ph.D. candidate consider returning to her old jobdealing blackjackafter earni

52、ng her doctorate? Becausedebtforceshertoforsakeexcitingbutlow-payingjobsinfavorofdrearybutwell-payingjobs. BackNext2 Text: The Debtor Generation32BackNextTranslation2 Text: The Debtor Generation不推迟人生大事不推迟人生大事 11 当然，大多数贷款人在签署贷款文件时是以另一种角度看待这个问题的：学生贷款债务使他们能够追求自己的梦想，其他的信贷来源则让他们过上舒适的生活。Question about Par

53、a. 11Not Putting It Off11Mostborrowers,ofcourse,lookatitanotherwaywhentheysignthoseloanpapers:Studentloan debt enables them topursuetheirdreams,andothersourcesofcreditallowthemtoliveincomfort.33上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 focus1text 7. How do most students view their debts? Most students think that student l

54、oan debt enablesthem to pursue their dreams, and other sources ofcreditallowthemtoliveincomfort. BackNext2 Text: The Debtor Generation34BackNextTranslation2 Text: The Debtor Generation12 即使年轻人花的比赚的多，他们也不会推迟那些人生大事结婚、生子、买房。12 Even as young peoplespend more than they earn,theyre not postponing lifesmil

55、estonesmarriage, childrenandahouse. postpone:vt.延期，推迟e.g.Thematchwaspostponed to the followingSaturday because of badweather. milestone: n.C里程碑e.g. The heart transplant reachedasignificant milestoneinthe1930s. Meaning:Eventhoughyoungpeople do not make as muchmoneyastheyspend,theyrenotputting off the

56、 important eventsin their life, such as gettingmarried,havingkidsandbuyinghouses.35BackNextTranslation2 Text: The Debtor Generation 13 当被研究人员问及是否会因为债务而推迟结婚、生子或购房时，少数学生说债务确实会有那种影响。但研究表明，他们的言行并不一致：他们想结婚的时候就结婚、想生子的时候就生子，想买房的时候就买房，债务对此并没有多大影响。13Whenresearchershaveaskedstudents whether debt will causethe

57、mtodelaymarriage,parenthood or homeownership, afewsaythatdebtindeedwillhavethateffect.Butstudiesshowthatdeedsdontmatchwords:Peopleget married, have kids and buyhouses when they want to, anddebt has little to do with thetiming.Meaning: But studies showthattheydonotdowhattheysay:Peoplegetmarried,havek

58、idsandbuyhousesastheywishanddebthas little influence on their lifeplanning. have something/little to do with:与有（没有什么）关系e.g. Her diligence must havesomethingtodowithhersuccess.The big fire has little to dowiththeweather. timing: n. U, C 时间选择（或安排）；发生时刻（或时段）e.g.Oneofthesecretsofcricketisgoodtiming.Plea

59、secheckyourflighttimingscarefully. 36BackNextTranslation2 Text: The Debtor Generation14 有些人甚至自负地声称：债务会催人成长。14 Some people make aloftierclaim:thatdebtforcespeopletogrowup. lofty: a. 1)傲慢的，高傲的e.g.Shehassuchaloftymanner.2)崇高的，高尚的e.g.loftyambitions/principles 37上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 interactionRead aloud t

60、he tongue twister on debt. TedsdadwroteTedaletterHetoldTedhewasabadcreditdebtorAndhisheadwasburiedindebtTopaythedebtheputhissteppetinthenetTedbethedbettergetridofdebtDadsaidTedcouldsettlethedebtButTedletdadmakeeveryefforttosettlethedebtDadwroteTedthelastletterthenextduskThatTedleftwithhissteppetinth

61、enetheputonthebedintheflatBackNext38上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 BackNextA. Put the following Chinese expressions into English. 4. Working with words and phrases 1. 1. 偿还贷款偿还贷款 _2. 2. 一次付清学费一次付清学费 _3. 3. 终年多雨终年多雨 _4. 4. 异国淡水宠物鱼异国淡水宠物鱼 _ _ 5. 5. 把他描写成一位了不起的英雄把他描写成一位了不起的英雄 _6. 6. 攻读博士学位攻读博士学位 _7. 7. 有志之士有志之士 _8

62、. 8. 人类历史上的里程碑人类历史上的里程碑 _ repaytheloan payoffthetuitiononceforallaboundwithrainalltheyearroundexoticfreshwaterpetfishportrayhimasagreatherostudyforonesdoctorateapersonwithloftyidealsthemilestonesinthehumanhistory39上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 B. Complete the following sentences with appropriate words in the t

63、ext. 4. Working with words and phrases 1.Weveinvitedfriendstosupperanditstoolatetop_itnow.2.Thecouplearereadytomakeeverys_iftheycangettheirchildintoaforeignuniversity.3.Assumingriskssimplymeansacceptingthepossibilitythatalossmayoccurandbeingpreparedtopaythec_.BackNextostpone acrificeonsequences40上海交

64、通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 4. Working with words and phrases 4.Theprivatesector,inc_,isbeingaskedtotakeabiggerrolethanthepublicsector.5.Theoldworkert_ofhissufferingsintheoldsociety.6.Theyproposeattheconferencethatoneeffectivemethodofdebtmanagementistostopbuyingonc_.BackNextontractoldredit41上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 F

65、ocus1discussionDiscuss the following questions with a partner or in a small group of 4 to 6 students. 1. Whats the most important reason that younger generations have more debts? 5. Discussion HintsGrew up in the worldwide economic boom, used toenjoying material comfort and pleasure, credit cardspro

66、videeaseofconsumptionandconvenientwayoflife.BackNextThe younger generations grew up in the worldwideeconomic boom. They are used to enjoying materialcomfort.So,whencreditcardsprovidethemwitheaseof consumption and convenient way of life, theybecomemoreindulgedinitthanpreviousgenerations.Thatswhytheyh

67、avemoredebts.42上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus1discussion2. Do you think that debt forces people to grow up? Why or why not? 5. Discussion HintsNo,toomanydebts,sacrificealottopayback,maybeforcedtodoillegaldeedstorepay.No,Idontthinkso.Becauseifyoungpeoplehavetoomanydebts,theyhavetosacrificealottopayback,suc

68、hastheirtimeoflearning,lifeexperiencewiththeirpeers and soon.Whatsworse, some young peoplemaybeforcedtodoillegaldeedsinordertopaybacktheirdebts.BackNext43上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus1discussion3. If you have more than one credit card, how would you like to use them properly? 5. Discussion HintsPlan diff

69、erent uses of the cards according to theirfavorableclauses,controlunnecessaryconsumptionandspendmoneyontherightcause,makeendsmeet.I will make a plan of how to use different cardsaccordingtofavorableclausesofeachcreditcard.Iwillcontrol my unnecessary consumption and spendmoneyontherightcause.Iwillmak

70、eendsmeet.BackNext44 When the researcher, Patricia Somers interviewed a student for her research on student loans, they had a conversation as follows. Interpret it into English with your partner. 萨默斯：萨默斯：你好！感谢你参加我的这项调查。请回答我几个问题。你有债 务吗？学生：学生： 有一些，但不是很多。萨默斯：萨默斯：你的债务主要包括哪些方面呢？是否有学生贷款或者信用卡债 务？学生：学生： 既有学

71、生贷款又有一些日常消费的信用卡债务。(consumption)萨默斯：萨默斯：你觉得信用卡债务对你的生活有影响吗？(influence)上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus1interpretingForReferenceAnswerClick Here6. Practice: interpreting BackNext45上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus1interpretingSomers:Hello.Thankyouforattendingmyresearchinterview.Pleaseanswerseveralquestions.Doyouhaveany

72、debts?Student:Yes,alittle.Notmuch.Somers:Whatkindofdebtsdoyouhave?Aretherestudentloansorcreditcarddebts?Student:Yes,Ihavebothstudentloansandsomecreditcarddebtsofdailyconsumption.Somers:Doyouthinkcreditcarddebtsinfluenceyourlife?6. Practice: interpreting BackNext46学生：学生： 有影响。债务多时我就感到有压力，只好做些兼职来偿 还债务。

73、(repay)萨默斯：萨默斯：那你觉得信用卡对于学生来说是利大于弊，还是弊大于 利呢？(dogood)学生：学生： 我觉得是弊大于利，因为信用卡会让学生养成过度消费 或浪费的坏习惯。(overconsumption)萨默斯：萨默斯：非常感谢你回答我的问题。学生：学生： 不客气。上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus1interpretingForReferenceAnswerClick Here6. Practice: interpreting BackNext47上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus1interpretingStudent:Yes,Ithinkso.If

74、eelpressurewhendebtsabound.Ihavetotakesomepart-timejobstorepaythosedebts.Somers:Inyouropinion,docreditcardsdomoregoodormoreharmtostudents?Student:Ithinktheydomoreharm.Becausecreditcardsresultinthestudentsbadhabitofoverconsumptionorwasteofmoney.Somers:Thankyouverymuchforansweringmyquestions.Student:Y

75、ouarewelcome.6. Practice: interpreting BackNext481.Thatsespeciallytrue ofthemajorityofhighschoolgraduateswhogo on tocollegeortradeschool,wherepeoplecommonlygetstudentloansandcreditcards,eveniftheydonthavejobs.上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus1translationA. Put the following sentences from the text into Chine

76、se. Pay special attention to the italicized expressions. 尤其对大多数高中毕业就上大学或职业学校的学生来说，情况更是如此。在大学或职业学校里，尽管学生没有工作，通常也可以申请学生贷款和信用卡。7. Practice: translation BackNext492.Butcriticsworrythatcorrosivesocialeffectsresult fromthehabitoftaking ondebtbeforeonehassufficientincometorepay.上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus1tra

77、nslation但是评论家们担心，这种个人还没有足够的收入来还款就背上债务的习惯会造成不良的社会影响。7. Practice: translation BackNext50上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus1translation7. Practice: translation 3.Theeconomyboomed,MTVbroadcastedfromexoticspring-break locales,FriendsportrayedyoungadultslivingcomfortablyinroomyapartmentsinManhattan.经济蓬勃发展，在异国复活节假旅游

78、胜地拍摄的MTV充斥荧屏，老友记描述了一群年轻人在曼哈顿宽敞公寓里的舒适生活。BackNext514.Someworrythatallthisdebtforcesgradstoforsakeexcitingbutlow-payingjobsin favor ofdrearybutwell-payingjobs.5.Somepeoplemakealoftier claim:thatdebtforcespeopletogrowup.上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus1translation有人担心，这些债务将迫使毕业生放弃令人振奋但薪水不高的职业，而去从事沉闷乏味但收入丰厚的工作。有

79、些人甚至自负地声称：债务会催人成长。7. Practice: translation BackNext52上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 B. Complete the sentences by translating into English the Chinese given in the brackets. 7. Practice: translation BackNext1.Thebelief_(贷款利率将上调)inthenearfuturehasnotbeenconfirmed.2.Duetoinflation,_(物价飞涨).3.Theyfeltthattheirleader

80、_(在他们需要的时候离弃了他们).4.Itseemsthateventhough_(油价正在下滑),theeconomicrecessionissuppressingdriving.5.AftertheDukesdeath,hiseldestson_(要求继承爵位).thattheinterestontheloanwillincreasethepriceskyrocketedforsooktheminthehouroftheirneedtheoilpriceisgoingdown madeaclaimofthetitle 53上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus1writingBa

81、ckNextA. Write a summary of the text (max. 150 words), referring to the outline below.ForReferenceAnswerClick Here Summary outline: 1.Youngpeoplerunningupdebts;2.GenerationDspreferenceformaterialcomfort;3.Youngadultsacceptanceofstudentloansandcreditcards;4.Graduatespayingtheconsequences;5.Criticscon

82、cernabouttheproblem.8. Practice: writing 54上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus1writingTemptedbymaterialcomfortandthevariouscreditcardsavailable,manyyoungpeopleacceptstudentloansandcreditcardsgladly. Oncredit,theybuycars,furnitureandnicenewclothes.Thusafewyearslater,theyvegotaloadofdebts.Thelureoflivingondebtin

83、creasedinthe1990salongwiththeeconomicboom,skyrocketedtuitionandfees,increasedstudentloanlimits, plus the promotion of the mass media. In 1998, the averageundergraduatehadabalanceof$1,879on3.5creditcards.Many critics worry that credit debts make graduates pay theconsequencessoonerorlater.Allthisdebtm

84、ayforcegraduatestogiveupexcitingbutlow-payingjobsinfavorofdrearybutwell-payingjobsinordertorepaylenders. Reference answer:8. Practice: writing BackNext55上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus1writingBackNextB. Basic sentence writing techniques: how to write parallel constructions. Rewrite the following sentences,

85、 putting the ideas into parallel constructions.1. Mr. Hunt wanted to complete his task today rather than delayingituntiltomorrow.Mr. Huntwantedtocompletehistasktodayratherthandelayituntiltomorrow.(Theinfinitiveshouldbeusedafter“ratherthan”sothatitstandsparallelwiththeinfinitive“complete”.)8. Practic

86、e: writing 56上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus1writingBackNext2.Ienjoymeetingpeople,talkingtothem,andtolistentotheiropinions.I enjoy meeting people, talking tothem,andlisteningtotheiropinions.(Usingthethreegerundsasnonfiniteverbsinparallel.)8. Practice: writing 57上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus1writing3.Thankyoufor

87、sendingusthethreedocumentswerequestedyourbirthcertificate,yourmarriagecontract,andweappreciateyourinclusionofyourcopyofthedeedofsale.Thankyouforsendingusthethreedocumentswerequestedyourbirthcertificate,yourmarriagecontract,andyourcopyofthe deed of sale. (The deletion of “we appreciate yourinclusion”

88、ensuresclarityofthesentence.Structurally,“yourcopyofthedeedofsale”runsinparallelwiththetwoprecedingnoun phrases of “your birth certificate” and “your marriagecontract”.)8. Practice: writing BackNext58上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus1writingBackNext4.Youarerequestedtocometotheluncheonpreparedtodiscussthepres

89、entproblemsandwithsomesolutionstooffer.Youarerequestedtocometotheluncheonpreparedtodiscuss the present problems and to offer somesolutions. (The infinitive phrases “to offer ” and “to come ” form aparallelconstruction.)8. Practice: writing 59上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus1writingBackNext5.Myworkconsistsof

90、bothmakingbusinesscontactsandtosecurenewsalescontractsforthecompany.Myworkconsistsofbothmakingbusinesscontactsandsecuring new sales contracts for the company. (Theprinciple of parallelism requires that the infinitive “tosecure”bechangedtothepresentgerundialform.)8. Practice: writing 60上海交通大上海交通大学学出版

91、社出版社 Focus1writingBackNext6.Youmustexaminealltheproposalsbeforeyoudecidewhichoneisthemostfeasible,howeconomicalitis,anditseffectiveness.Youmustexaminealltheproposalsbeforeyoudecidewhich one is the most feasible, economical, andeffective. (The three adjectives form a parallelconstruction which is eco

92、nomical as a result ofsubstitution of the two wh-clauses by the twoadjectives.)8. Practice: writing 61上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus1writingBackNext7.NotonlydoIpromisetodoit,butdoitwell.Ipromisenotonlytodoit,butalsotodoitwell.(Theinfinitive“todo”isusedtwiceinthesentence;therefore,itshould be placed after

93、the correlative conjunction “notonly”and“butalso”.8. Practice: writing 62上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus1internetBackNextGotohttp:/orhttp:/ introduction tothebestcreditcardtoyourclassmates.ForReferenceAnswerClick Here9. Surfing the Internet 63上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus1internetToday,Idliketointroduceyouakind

94、ofcreditcardPelicanStateCUStudentCard.TheStudentVisaCardallowsyoutoestablishagoodcreditratingwhileearningawardpoints!Earn1PointforEveryDollarYouSpend!Therearealotoffavorableclauses.(1)NoAnnualorUp-frontFees.(2)FreeOnlinePointsManagement.(3)RedeemPointsSooner!Youmaystartredeemingyourpointsforawardswi

95、thaslittleas1,500points!(4)24-HourToll-FreeCardmemberServicePrompt,friendlyservicesavailable atanytime. Replacement cards are sentwithin3businessdays!Reference answer:9. Surfing the Internet BackNext64上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus1internet(5)VisaZeroLiabilityYouarenotliableforunauthorized purchasesonyour

96、VisaCard.(6)25DayGracePeriodCardmemberscantake25daystopayforpurchasesinfullwithoutaccruinginterest.(7)FreeCreditCardChecks.(8)FreeExtraCardCardmemberscanshareacardwithfamilymembers.(9)Cashfast!703,000ATMsworldwide!The information about the cost of the card I described today isaccurateasof9/25/2008.T

97、hisinformationmayhavechangedafterthatdate.Ifyouareinterestedinthiscard,youmayfindoutonthewebsiteofthecreditunionbyyourselves.9. Surfing the Internet BackNext65上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 contentBackNext Part 2 Language in UseDialogue: applying for a credit cardPair work: your bank card is not valid Te

98、xt: Introduction to IBRD Working with words Research project Listening-based writing HighlightsTableofContents66上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 focus2highlightsBackNext HighlightsR&L:Dialogue:applyingforacreditcardS:YourbankcardisnotvalidLanguageforpayingwithbankcardsR:IntroductiontoIBRDResearch project:Aspeechf

99、orpromotinganewly-designedcreditcardL&W:AdvantagesanddisadvantagesofcreditcardsPart 2 Language in Use67上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 BackNext1. Dialogue: applying for a credit cardAwomanwantstoapplyforacreditcardwithabank.Sheisnowatthebanktoenquireaboutcreditcardapplication.Sheisreceivedbyabankclerk.Listentoth

100、edialogueandfillintheblanks.Thenreaditaloud. Clerk:Goodafternoon,madam.CanIhelpyou?Woman:Yes.IwanttohaveaPeonyCardfromyourbank,butIdontknowwhatkindofcardisbestforme.Clerk:Well,wehaveabigPeonyCardfamily,including(1)_,PeonyCreditCard,(2) _,etc.Woman:WhatisaPeonyMoneyLinkCard?PeonyMoneyLinkCard PeonyIn

101、ternationalDebitCard 68上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 BackNext1. Dialogue: applying for a credit cardClerk:Itisaversatilecardthatlinksalotof(3)_together.Woman:Versatile?Whatdoesthatmean?Clerk:Youmayeithermakedepositsand(4)_atanysavingsofficeormaketransfersand(5)_atanyATMwiththecard.Woman:Anythingelse?Clerk:With

102、thiscard,youmayalsoenjoyserviceslike(6)_andpaymentfor(7)_,etc.Woman:Oh,itsconvenientforme.Clerk:Bytheway,ithasa(8)_.Woman:ThatsjustwhatIwanted.Canyouhelpmewithmyapplication?Clerk:Idbegladto.businesswithdrawalsinquirespayrollservicepowerandgasmatchedpassbook691.IwanttohaveaPeony Cardfromyourbank,butI

103、dontknowwhatkindofcardisbestforme.我想在贵行办一张牡丹卡，但我不知道哪一种卡最适合我。 Peony Card wasissuedbyICBCinFebruary1989.Theideacomes from ICBC Guangdong Branchs “Red Cotton Card” in1987.Peony,thesymbolofpeace,happinessandprosperity,isusedasthenameofthiscreditcardtoexpressitssinceregoodwishestocardusers. 上海交通大上海交通大学学出

104、版社出版社 focus2 dialogue Notes to the DialogueBack Next1. Dialogue: applying for a credit card702.Well,wehaveabigPeonyCardfamily,includingPeonyMoney Link Card,PeonyCreditCard,Peony International Debit Card,etc.噢，我行的牡丹卡是个大家族，包括牡丹灵通卡、牡丹信用卡、牡丹国际借记卡等等。 Peony Money Link CardisadebitcardreleasedbyICBC.WithPe

105、onyMoneyLinkCard,customerscantransactmoneydepositanddrawing, personal settlement, E-banking, investment and financing,self-helpbillpayment,andmanyotherservices. Peony International Debit Card (double-currency) is issued byICBC, generally accepted in China and foreign countries, settled inboth RMB an

106、d a certain designated foreign currency and has suchfunctions as consumption, account transfer and settlement, cashdepositandwithdrawal,etc. 上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 focus2 dialogue Back Next1. Dialogue: applying for a credit card713.Itisaversatilecardthatlinksalotofbusinessestogether.它是一种多用途卡，集多种商业用途于一身。

107、 versatile: a. 1)多用途的，万能的 e.g.Nylonisaversatilematerial.2)多才多艺的 e.g.Sheisaversatileactress. 上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 focus2 dialogue Back Next1. Dialogue: applying for a credit card724.Youmayeithermakedeposits andwithdrawalsatanysavingsofficeormaketransfersand inquiries atanyATM withthecard.持这种卡，您既可以在任何储蓄

108、所存取款，也可以在任何一台自动取款机上转账、查询。withdrawal: n. C取款，提款e.g.Youareallowedtomaketwowithdrawalsamonthfromtheaccount.inquiry: n. C请求帮助；询问e.g.Ivebeenmakinginquiriesaboutit.inquiryagent=privatedetective上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 focus2 dialogue Back Next1. Dialogue: applying for a credit card735.Bytheway,ithasa matched pa

109、ssbook.顺便提一下，它还有一本对应的存折。passbook: n. C存折e.g. Illmaketheentryinyourpassbook.Synonyms:bankbook,depositbook 上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 focus2 dialogue Back Next1. Dialogue: applying for a credit card74上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 pairwork 2. Pair work: your bank card is not valid Work in pairs to role-play the fo

110、llowing situation.Student AStudent BYouareatthecheckoutpayingforyourgoodsatCitySupermarket.Youhandabankcardtothecashier,butaretoldthatitisnotvalid.Youproduceanotherbankcard.Youneedfreedeliveryserviceofyourgoodstoyourhome.YouareacashierwithCitySupermarket.Youfindthecustomersbankcardnolongervalid.Back

111、Next75上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 pairworkForReferenceAnswerClick HereLanguage for paying with bank cardsPleaseenteryourPINcode/password.Thereisnotenoughmoneyonthecard.Thecardisnotvalid.Pleasesignyournameonthereceipt.Yoursignatureisnotthesameasthatonthebackofthecard.Thankyouforusingthebankcard.Learnin

112、gBackNext 2. Pair work: your bank card is not valid 76上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 pairworkCard in Short of MoneyReference answer:BackNextCashier:Goodevening,madam!WelcometoCitySupermarket!Client:Goodevening!Cashier:Thetotalis560RMB.Cashorcard?Client:Card.Hereyouare.Cashier:Thankyou.PleaseenteryourPINc

113、ode.Client:OK.Cashier:Sorry,butImafraidthereisnotenoughmoneyonthecardanditisnotvalidnow.Youmaycheckwiththebank.Pleasekeepthecard. 2. Pair work: your bank card is not valid 77上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 pairworkClient:Well.Ihaveanotherbankcard.Hereitis.Cashier:Thankyou.PleaseenteryourPINcodeThetransact

114、ioniscompleted.Pleasesignyournameonthereceipt.Hereisyourcard.Pleasekeepit.Thankyouforusingthebankcard.Client:Thankyou.Bytheway,doyouofferfreedeliveryservice?Cashier:Yes,wedo.YoucanaskformoreinformationattheInformationDeskoverthere.Client:Thankyou.Goodbye.Cashier:Welcometooursupermarketagain.Goodbye.

115、BackNext 2. Pair work: your bank card is not valid 78上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Translation国际复兴开发银行的介绍国际复兴开发银行的介绍 1 国际复兴开发银行（IBRD）成立于1945年，旨在帮助欧洲从二战中恢复，是组成世界银行集团的五个机构之一。国际复兴开发银行在世界银行中专门负责同中等收入和经济落后但信誉良好的国家合作，促进可持续发展，增强公平性和创造就业机会，减少贫困及解决区域和全球重要问题。1 Founded in 1945 to help Europerecover from World War II, the

116、International Bank for ReconstructionandDevelopment(IBRD)isoneofthefive institutions that make up theWorldBankGroup.IBRDisthepartoftheWorldBankthatworkswithmiddle-incomeandcreditworthypoorercountriestopromotesustainable,equitableandjob-creating growth, reduce poverty andaddressissuesofregionalandglo

117、balimportance. 3. Text: Introduction to IBRD True-false Statements about Para.1BackNextWorld Bank Group.国际复兴开发银行（IBRD）成立于1945年，旨在帮助欧洲从二战中恢复，是组成世界银行集团的五个机构之一。The World Bank Group (WBG) consistsof five closely associated institutions,all owned by member countries thatcarryultimatedecision-makingpower.

118、Each institution plays a different butcollaborative role in the mission tofight poverty and improve livingstandardsforpeopleinthedevelopingcountries. reconstruction:n.U修复，重建e.g. I have a plan for thereconstructionofthecitycentre. creditworthy: a.信用可靠的，可信赖偿还借贷的，借贷安全的e.g. The bank depends oncreditwort

119、hycustomers. sustainable:a.可持续的e.g.Thegovernmentshoulddomore to promote sustainableagriculture. 79上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 text ( )1.TheInternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment(IBRD)istheWorldBank.( )2.IBRDworkswithmiddle-incomeandcreditworthypoorercountries.FTBackNext 3. Text: Introduction

120、 to IBRD 80上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Translation2 国际复兴开发银行类似于一种合作组织，它为185个成员国共同所有，为成员国服务。通过提供灵活、及时和因地制宜的金融产品、知识技术服务和战略咨询帮助其成员国实现目标。通过世界银行财政部，国际复兴开发银行的客户还有机会以优惠的条件获得比世界金融市场提供的金额更大，期限更长，条件更合理的贷款。2 Structured something like acooperative, IBRD is owned andoperated for the benefit of its 185membercountries.Deli

121、veringflexible,timelyandtailoredfinancialproducts,knowledge and technical services,andstrategicadvicehelpsitsmembersachieveresults.ThroughtheWorld Bank Treasury, IBRD clientsalso have access to capital onfavorable terms in larger volumes,withlongermaturities,andinamoresustainablemannerthanworldfinan

122、cialmarketstypicallyprovide. 3. Text: Introduction to IBRD True-false Statement about Para. 2BackNext cooperative: n.C合作企业（或团体）e.g.Theydecidedtosetupacooperative.a.合作的，协作的，配合的e.g.Thepeopleinthevillagewere very cooperative for thebuildingofthesuperhighway. tailored: a.特制的，专门的 e.g. tailored program; t

123、ailoredbenefits strategic: a.战略性的，根据全局而安排的e.g.Thesuccessofabusinessreliesonitsstrategicdecisions. favorable: a.优惠的e.g.Thebankofferedtolendusthe money on very favorableterms. volume: n.C,U数量e.g. This work has grown involumerecently. maturity: n.C（债券或保单）到期时间，到期日e.g. The longest maturity of apetty cons

124、umer credit is oneyear. 81上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 text ( )3.IBRDclientscannotgetcapitalonfavorabletermsinlargervolumesthroughtheWorldBankTreasury.FBackNext 3. Text: Introduction to IBRD 82上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 text Translation3 具体地说，国际复兴开发银行：提供私人债权人所不提供的那些长期人力和社会发展需要的贷款；在危机时期，通过提供支持来维护借款方的财政能力

125、，此时，受到最大影响的是穷人；3Specifically,theIBRD:supportslong-termhumanandsocial development needs thatprivatecreditorsdonotfinance;preserves borrowers financialstrengthbyprovidingsupportincrisis periods, which is whenpoorpeoplearemostadverselyaffected;(tobecontinued) BackNext 3. Text: Introduction to IBRD 83上海

126、交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 text Translation利用融资条件，促进关键政策和体制改革（如安全网或反腐败改革）；创建良好的投资环境，以鼓励私人投资； 为所有成员国中对穷人福利至关重要的地区提供财政支持（以从国际复兴开发银行的净收入中拨款的方式）。uses the leverage of financing topromote key policy and institutionalreforms (such as safety net or anti-corruptionreforms);createsafavorableinvestmentclimate in

127、order to catalyze theprovisionofprivatecapital;providesfinancialsupport(intheformof grants made available from theIBRDsnetincome)inareasthatarecritical to the well-being of poorpeopleinallcountries. BackNextTrue-false Statements about Para. 3 in the form of:以形式e.g.Waterisintheformoficebelowzerodegre

128、eCelsius. in the form of:以形式e.g.WaterisintheformoficebelowzerodegreeCelsius. grant: n. C拨款，补助金；奖学金，助学金e.g. He has been awarded aresearchgrant.vt.同意，允许e.g.Theygrantedhimpermissiontogo. 3. Text: Introduction to IBRD 84上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 text ()4.Incrisisperiods,especiallywhenpoorpeoplearemostad

129、verselyaffected,IBRDprovidessupporttoprotectborrowersfinancialstrength.( )5.IBRDisnotresponsibleforfinancialsupportinareasthatarecriticaltothewell-beingofpoorpeopleinallcountries.FTBackNext 3. Text: Introduction to IBRD 85上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 text Translation4 4 中等收入国家有世界上70%的穷人。在过去的20年里，他们在经济管

130、理和政府管理方面已经有了很大的改善，并对世界银行提供的战略，智力和财政资源的需求迅速增加。国际复兴开发银行所面临的挑战是，如何更好地管理和分配资源，以便更好地满足这些国家的需要。4Middle-incomecountries,where70percentoftheworldspoorlive,havemadeprofoundimprovementsineconomicmanagementandgovernanceoverthepasttwodecades and are rapidly increasingtheirdemandforthestrategic,intellectualandfi

131、nancialresourcestheWorldBankhastooffer.ThechallengefacingtheIBRDistobettermanage and deliver its resources tobestmeettheneedsofthesecountries. True-false Statement about Para. 4BackNext meet the needs of:满足的要求e.g.Youcanspoilthemifyoumeettheneedsofyourkidsallthetime. 3. Text: Introduction to IBRD 86上

132、海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 text ()6.Itisachallengeformiddle-incomecountriestobettermanageanddelivertheirresourcestobestmeettheneedsoftheirpeople.FBackNext 3. Text: Introduction to IBRD 87上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 text Translation5 5 为了提高在中等收入国家的影响，国际复兴开发银 行 正 与 国 际 金 融 公 司（IFC），多边投资担保机构（MIGA），国际货币基金组织

133、（IMF）及其他多边开发银行紧密合作。在运作过程中，国际复兴开发银行还努力利用中等收入国家自身积累的知识和发展经验，并与发展共同体中的基金会、民间团体合作伙伴和捐助者进行合作。5 To increase its impact in middle-incomecountries,IBRDisworkingclosely with the International FinanceCorporation(IFC),theMultilateralInvestment Guarantee Agency (MIGA),the International Monetary Fund (IMF)andoth

134、ermultilateraldevelopmentbanks.Inthecourseofitswork,IBRDisalso striving to capitalize on middle-incomecountriesownaccumulatedknowledgeanddevelopmentexperiencesand collaborates with foundations, civilsociety partners and donors in thedevelopmentcommunity. BackNext strive: vi.努力，奋斗e.g.Noonecanbeasucce

135、sswithoutstrivingforit. capitalize: vi./vt.1)利用e.g. an attempt by theopposition to capitalize onthegovernmentsembarrassment2)为提供资金e.g. a highly capitalizedindustrycapitalize on:利用某物；从某物中获利e.g.Itisgoodtocapitalizeonthemistakesmadebyarival. accumulate: vt.积累，聚积e.g.Mysavingsareaccumulatinginterest. col

136、laborate:vi.合作，协作e.g. She collaborated withhersister/Sheandhersistercollaboratedonabiographyoftheirfather. True-false Statement about Para.5 3. Text: Introduction to IBRD 88上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 text ()7. Toincreaseitsimpactinmiddle-incomecountries,IBRDworkscloselyonlywiththeInternationalFinance

137、Corporation.FBackNext 3. Text: Introduction to IBRD 89上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 text Translation6 国际复兴开发银行募集的大部分资金都来自世界金融市场，自1947年发行第一次债券以来，它已成为最稳定的借款方之一。国际复兴开发银行多年积累的收益使它能够为开发项目提供资金，确保其有足够的金融实力，这使它借入成本低，从而能为客户提供良好的贷款条件。6IBRDraisesmostofitsfundsonthe worlds financial markets andhas become one of the

138、 mostestablishedborrowerssinceissuingits first bond in 1947. Theincome that IBRD has generatedover the years has allowed it tofunddevelopmentactivitiesandtoensure its financial strength,which enables it to borrow at lowcostandofferclientsgoodborrowingterms. BackNextRelated terms：nationalsavingsbond国

139、民储蓄公债governmentbond政府公债treasurybond财政部公债；国库公债；国库券unsecuredbond信用债券；无担保债券uncoveredbond无担保债券long-termbond长期债券fixedmaturitybond定期债券bondyield债券收益bondholder债券持有人；公债债权人 bond: n. C债券，公债e.g. My father put all hismoneyintostockmarketbonds. generate: vt.产生，带来，引起，导致e.g. Investment generateshigherincomes. 3. Te

140、xt: Introduction to IBRD 90上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 ensure: vt.确保，保证，担保e.g.Thismedicinewillensureyouagoodnightssleep. Note that ensure, insure and assure are different in meaning.Insuremeanstopaymoneytoaninsurancecompanyagainstfuturedisaster.e.g.Myhouseisinsuredagainstfire.Note that insure can also be use

141、d in American English to mean“ensure”.e.g.Thebossinsured/ensuredthatIwouldhaveapaidholidaysoon.assure:使确信，向保证e.g.HeassuredusofhisabilitytosolvetheproblemBackNext 3. Text: Introduction to IBRD 91上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 text Translation 7 在2006年9月的年度会议上，在其政府股东的鼓励下，世界银行保证进一步改善其对成员国提供的服务。为了满足中等收入国家日益复

142、杂的需求，国际复兴开发银行正在整顿金融和风险管理产品，扩大自成系统的知识服务的供应，使客户与该行的合作更加便捷。7 At its Annual Meeting inSeptember2006,theWorldBankwith the encouragement of itsshareholdergovernmentscommittedtomakefurtherimprovements to the services itprovidesitsmembers.Tomeettheincreasinglysophisticateddemandsofmiddle-incomecountries,IBR

143、Disoverhaulingfinancialandriskmanagement products, broadeningtheprovisionoffree-standingknowledge services and making iteasier for clients to deal with theBank. True-false Statement about Para.7BackNextNote thattheadverbialofpurposeismoved to the beginning of thesentenceforemphasis(目的状语前置用于强调). soph

144、isticated: a.1)复杂的e.g. The procedure for visaapplicationisverysophisticated.2)世故的，老练的e.g.Sheissophisticatedforherage. overhaul: vt.彻底检修e.g.Itstimetohavetheengineofyourcaroverhauled. free-standing: a. 1)单独的，独立的e.g. a free-standing adulteducationservice2)独立式的，无支撑物的e.g. He has a free-standingbookshelf

145、in the middle of hisstudy. 3. Text: Introduction to IBRD 92上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 text ()8.FinancialandriskmanagementproductsareexercisedinIBRDtomeetthenewdifficultiesbroughtbythefinancialcrisis.FBackNext 3. Text: Introduction to IBRD 93上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 A. Find appropriate verbs (14) which fit

146、the items (ad). 4. Working with words BackNext()1.capital()2.maturity()3.creditor()4.grant()5.capitalize()6.foundation()7.donor()8.bonda.certificateofdebtb.contributorc.duedated.financialorganizatione.monetaryaidf.moneylenderg.seedmoneyh.totakeadvantagecagfehdb94上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 B. Match the Chine

147、se names (18) with the English names of the banks (ah). 4. Working with words BackNext()1.中国人民银行()2.交通银行()3.中国招商银行()4.中国农业银行()5.中国工商银行()6.花旗银行()7.中国建设银行()8.渣打银行a.Citibankb.StandardCharteredc.IndustrialandCommercialBankofChinad.BankofCommunications e.ChinaConstructionBankf.AgriculturalBankofChinag.Pe

148、oplesBankofChina h.ChinaMerchantsBankdbghfcae95上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 research projectBackNextForReferenceAnswerClick Here 5. Research project Issue/Event/Context: Youareacreditcardsalesperson.Thecompanyyouworkforisplanningtodevelopnewbankcardsofferingfavorableterms.Youareaskedtodesignonecardwhic

149、hmightinterestuniversitystudents.Research Method & Route: Search for information on various types of credit cards on theInternet,includingfavorableterms,waysofaccumulatingcreditpoints,etc.Thendraftfavorabletermsforthebankcardofyourcompany,basedonwhichaspeechpromotingthecardisprepared.96上海交通大上海交通大学学出

150、版社出版社 Focus2 research projectReference answerMycardhasthemostfavorabletermsinallwalksoflife.TravelWhereveryoureheaded,gettingthereshouldbeenjoyableandconvenient.Withsavingsandspecialoffers,WorldMasterCardcanhelpmakethejourneyjustasimportantasthedestination.HotelsandResortsWhatcanmakevisitingexoticpl

151、acesevenmoreexceptional?WorldMasterCard.Cardholdersareentitledtoawidearrayofbenefitsincludingroomupgrades,discountsandcomplimentarymealsatfabuloushotelsandresortsinexcitinglocales. 5. Research project BackNext97上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 research projectJourneysandAdventuresTurnyourvacationintoamorea

152、dventurousandmemorableexperience.Whetheritsanexcursiontoalushmountainwonderland,asafarionwildplains,oraspectaculartropicaldive,yourWorldMasterCardoffersbenefitsanddiscountsthatcanmakeitevenmorethrilling.ShoppingTheWorldMasterCardcanunlockoutstandingdiscountsandoffersfromsomeoftheworldsfinestretailer

153、s.Fromexceptionalwinestofinechinaandjewelry,WorldMasterCardgivescardholdersuncommonaccesstosavingsonexquisiteitems. 5. Research project BackNext98上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 L&WListen to a conversation on student credit cards twice. Write a passage according to what you have heard, referring to the fo

154、llowing hints. 6. Listening-based writing 1.Themestatement;2.Itemsthewomanhasboughtwithhercreditcard;3.Reason(s)thatthewomanobtainedacreditcard;4.Thereasonthatthemandoesntuseacreditcard;5.Youradviceforthefirst-timecreditcardholder. BackNext99上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 L&W 6. Listening-based writing M

155、ind Mapdough/n.俚钱rating/n.信誉，信用程度spendyourselfinahole债台高筑impulsespending冲动消费sky-high/a.（价格）极高的BackNextForReferenceAnswerClick Here100上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 L&W 6. Listening-based writing Reference answer Advantages and Disadvantages of Credit Cards Areyouthinkingabout applyingfor astudent credit

156、card? Studentcredit cards are becoming more and more popular, but whatare theadvantagesanddisadvantagesofthesecreditcards?The woman got an application in the mail and bought a newentertainmentcenter,awidescreenTV,andanewDVDplayer,togetherwithanewstereowithherstudentcreditcard.Accordingtothewoman,one

157、cangetastudentcreditcardwithoutanyestablishedcreditrating,buythingsthatonecantpaywithcashliketheplaneticketshegotrecently.Besides,onecanevengetbenefitslikecashback.BackNext101上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 L&W 6. Listening-based writing However, the man is against having a student credit card.Student cre

158、dit cards lead to impulse spendingand unmanageabledebts.Tomakemattersworse,theinterestratesofsomecompaniesareusuallysky-high, andif onemissesapayment,therates,theconsequencesareunimaginable.Afewdecadesago,gettingacreditcardwassomewhatdifficultandalmostimpossibleforstudentswithnocredithistory.Now,man

159、ystudents have their own. However, finding the best card is oftendifficult. For a first-time credit card holder, youd better search forinformation about at least two different credit cards and comparethem.BackNext102上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 L&W 6. Listening-based writing Tapescript Man: Hi,Sis.Ijus

160、tcameovertodropofftheDVDsyouwanted,and.Wow!?Wheredidyougetallofthisstuff?Woman: Iboughtit.So,whatdoyouthinkofmynewentertainmentcenter?AndthewidescreenTVandmynewDVDplayer.Here,letmeshowyoumynewstereo.Youcanreallyrockthehousewiththisone.Man: Butwheredidyougetthedoughtobuyallthis?Youdidntborrowmoneyfro

161、mmomanddadagain,didyou?Woman: Ofcoursenot.Igotitwiththisastudentcreditcard.Man: Astudentcreditcard?Howintheworlddidyougetoneofthese?BackNext103上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 L&W 6. Listening-based writing Woman: Igotanapplicationinthemail.Man: Well,whydidyouwanttogetoneinthefirstplace?Woman: Listen.Itsea

162、sytogetastudentcreditcard.Youcanhaveitwithoutanyestablishedcreditrating,buythingsthatyoucantpaywithcash.liketheplaneticketIgotrecently.Besides,youcanevengetbenefitslikecashback.Man: Whatplaneticket?Woman: Ohyeah,myroommateandIaregoingtoHawaiiovertheschoolbreak,andofcourse,Ineedsomenewclothesforthat,

163、so.BackNext104上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 L&W 6. Listening-based writing Man: Idontwanttohearit.Howdoeshavingastudentcreditcardcontrolspending?Itsoundsyouvespentyourselfinahole.Anyway,studentcreditcardsjustleadtoimpulsespendingandunmanageabledebts.Andtheinterestratesofsomecompaniesareusuallysky-high,a

164、ndifyoumissapayment,therates,well,justjump!Woman: DidItellyouwenowgetdigitalcablewithover100channels?Oh,andheresyourbirthdaypresent.AnewMP3player.BackNext105上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus2 L&W 6. Listening-based writing Man: Yeah.Oh,donttellme.Chargedonthecreditcard.Listen,Idontthinkhavingastudentcreditca

165、rdisabadidea,butthisisridiculous.Andhowintheworldareyougoingtopayoffyourcreditcardbill?Woman: Um,withmybirthdaymoney.Itscomingupinaweek.Man: Hey,letssitdownandtalkabouthowyouregoingtopaythingsback,andmaybewecancomeupwithabudgetthatwillhelpyougetoutofthismess.ThatstheleastIcando.BackNext106上海交通大上海交通大

166、学学出版社出版社 Focus3contentBackNextPart 3 Enhancement of Language Abilities Get your pronunciation right Reading skills TableofContents107A. Listen and repeat, paying attention to the rhythm (节奏节奏) of the following sentences. 上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 BackNext 1. Get your pronunciation right 1.Youwontforgethim,

167、willyou?2.Whatalovelycampus,isntit?3.Youdlikesomecoffee,wouldntyou?4.Sheleftthelawyersofficeathalfpastfive,didntshe?5.Youwenttoaconcertyesterday,didntyou?6.Youhaventfinishedtheproject,haveyou?108B. Read the following and pay attention to the intonation. 上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 BackNext 1. Get your pronun

168、ciation right 1.Hedoesntlikethesea-food,doeshe?2.Itsnotimpossible,isit?3.Putthelightout,wontyou?4.Wecandependonourteacher,cantwe?5.Theoperaisquiteexciting,isntit?109上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 BackNext 1. Get your pronunciation right 6.Youarentfeelingverywell,areyou?7.Therewasnoanswer,wasthere?8.Theyshallsee

169、eachotheragain,shantthey?9.YouwerenthereinthemeetingonWednesday,wereyou?110上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 BackNext1. Get your pronunciation right 10.AjokeVisitor:Whatdoesthatpaintingrepresent?Artist:Thatisahorsegrazinginapasture.Youcanseeitforyourself,cantyou?Visitor:No,Icant.Whereisthegrass?Artist:Thehorsehase

170、atenit.Visitor:Butwhereisthehorse?Artist:Youdontsupposeshedbefoolenoughtostaythereaftershedeatenallthegrass,doyou?Shewentofftoanotherpasture.1111.Whatcanbeinferredfrom“ButIdidntkeepintouch”inPara.3?A.Ihadnowaytokeepintouch.B.Ididntbelievethatkeepingintouchcouldcreateajobforme.C.Iwastoobusytokeepinto

171、uch.D.Ihadnointerestinkeepingintouchforajobopportunity.上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus3 reading skillsB.Ididntbelievethatkeepingintouchcouldcreateajobforme. 2. Reading skills BackNext Choose the best answer to each of the following questions according to the passage.1122. What metaphor is used in saying “t

172、o keep me on track in life” in Para. 6?A.Lifeisajourneyandthepersonisthetrain.B.Apersonissomethingthatcanbekept. C. Life is like a track on which we travel like a train.D.Tomovenormallyistokeeponthetrack.上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus3 reading skillsC.Lifeislikeatrackonwhichwetravellikeatrain. 2. Reading

173、skills BackNext1133. What does “I got the picture” mean in Para. 12? A. I understood what my personal coach meant.B.Iknewmyownsituation.C.Iimaginedwhatwouldhappen.D.Ihadanideaofwhattodo.上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus3 reading skillsA.Iunderstoodwhatmypersonalcoachmeant. 2. Reading skills BackNext1144. Whi

174、ch of the following statements is NOT TRUE?A.Whenshesufferedfromtheeconomicdepression,theauthordidnothingbutcomplain.B.Theauthordidntcontacthereditorsthoughtheyaskedhertobecauseshefeltverylow.C.Shedroveeverythingthatisoptimisticawayandinvitedeverythingthatispessimistic.D.Shee-mailedhermagazineclient

175、saboutthepotentialstoryideasandhadfournewassignmentswithin24hours.上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus3 reading skillsD.Shee-mailedhermagazineclientsaboutthepotentialstoryideasandhadfournewassignmentswithin24hours. 2. Reading skills BackNext1155. Whats the main idea of this passage?A.Ifyouareunhappyanddissatisf

176、ied,justcomplain.B.Weshouldresorttootherpeoplewhohaveasimilarsituationforcomfort.C.Apersonalcoachisusefulwhenyoureintrouble.D. Be an optimist and youll have the positive result.上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus3 reading skillsD.Beanoptimistandyoullhavethepositiveresult. 2. Reading skills BackNext116上海交通大上海交通

177、大学学出版社出版社 Focus3 reading skillsSemantic Change in Reading: Metaphors语义变迁之隐喻在阅读过程中常常遇到这样的现象：明明是“母牛（cow）”却用来指人（泼妇），明明是“蔬菜（vegetable）”却用来称呼病人（植物人）；“高（high）”成了“兴奋”，“低（low）”表示“沮丧”；“关系好（goodrelationship）”常说成表示距离的“近（close）”。通过分析我们会发现，“母牛”与“泼妇”、“蔬菜”与“植物人”、“高”与“兴奋”等均是不同的概念。这种用一种概念来说明另一种概念的现象就叫隐喻。隐喻的目的主要是为了理解

178、抽象概念。隐喻是产生一词多义现象的重要原因之一，也是阅读中的一大障碍。之所以产生隐喻现象，是因为世上的事物或概念有具体和抽象之分，如动物、人、树、花等有形的事物非常具体，而人类的喜怒哀乐、爱恨情愁、人际关系等概念就非常抽象。抽象概念因为没有形象，描述起来就比较困 2. Reading skills BackNext117上海交通大上海交通大学学出版社出版社 Focus3 reading skills难。但如果用其他具体概念做比喻，抽象概念也有了借来的形象，这样既好表达，又好理解。如用“好”来说明人际关系就显得抽象，什么叫好？怎么好？好到什么程度？不好表达。但如果说关系“很近”，就有了空间形象；

179、如果说关系“很铁”，既有形象又有“非常牢固”的质感。这种比喻用久了，那些表示具体概念的词语就多了其所表达的抽象含义，这样它就成了一个多义词。了解了这种现象，在阅读过程中遇到以前学过的词在阅读材料中不知何义时，就要考虑是不是隐喻用法。如果是，就要根据上下文猜测其含义。其原来的含义可以作为线索。如在“Hestoppedhiscaratthefreewayshoulder.”一句中，我们学过的shoulder的一般含义是“人的肩膀”，但在此和高速公路搭配，又能停车，肯定不是指人的肩膀，而是公路上像人的肩膀一样的地方，因此就可猜出是“路肩（公路两侧供车辆紧急停靠的地方）”。 2. Reading skills BackNextThank you!