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1、Victorian Era-Growth of the empire2021/3/291Outline2021/3/292 INTRODUTIONVictorian EraVictorian Era2021/3/293Victorian Age (1830-1901)Gilded Age of the United StatesBelle poque era of continental Europe Georgian period(1714-1830)Edwardian period(1901-1910)2021/3/294a long period of prosperity: overs
2、eas British Empireindustrial improvements at home profitsa long period of peace :known as the Pax Britannica(不列颠治世), and economic, colonial, and industrial consolidation 2021/3/2952021/3/296 EVENTSVictorian EraVictorian Era2021/3/2971832Reform Bill（修正法案）1836-1848The Chartist Movement （宪章运动）1837 Acce
3、ssion of Queen Victoria to the throne1840 New Zealand became a British colony, through the Treaty of Waitangi. （怀唐伊条约）1842 The Mines Act The Illustrated London News was first published.EVENTS2021/3/2981845The Irish famine begins.1848Death of around 2,000 people a week in a cholera epidemic.1851 The
4、Great Exhibition （万国工业博览会）1854 Crimean War: The United Kingdom declared war on Russia.1857 The Indian Mutiny（印军哗变）1859 Charles Darwin published The Origin of Species, which led to various reactions. 2021/3/2991867 The Constitution Act, 1867 passes and British North America becomes Dominion of Canada
5、. 1878 Treaty of Berlin (1878). Cyprus became a Crown colony. 1870 - 1891 Under the Elementary Education Act 1870, basic State Education became free for every child under the age of 10.1901 Queen Victoria died, Edward began the Edwardian era2021/3/2910Victorian EraVictorian Era EconomyEconomy2021/3/
6、2911EconomyEconomyIndustrial RevolutionColonial Expansion2021/3/2912Industrial Revolution 2021/3/2913Industrial Revolution 2021/3/2914Colonial ExpansionThe Growth of Dominions 自治领的兴起The Conquest of India 征服印度Aggression against China 侵略中国The Scramble for Africa 对非洲的掠夺2021/3/2915Colonial Expansion2021
7、/3/2916Society Victorian EraVictorian Era17Factory systemWomen and family lifeStanders of livingUrbanization18Factory systemThe appearance of machine changes the situation of factory and workers.In Victorian Age, most of the workforce slowly changed to be employed in factory, not agriculture. Worker
8、s are also goods.Children labour.19A young drawer pulling a coal tub along a mine gallery. In Britain laws passed in 1842 and 1844 improved mine working conditions.20Women and family lifeCapitalism created the conditions for womens emancipation.Three stages: 1.In the pre-industrial era 2.The family
9、wage economy of early industrialization 3. The family consumer economy21Standers of living1.Food and nutritionThe living standards of the masses of ordinary people have begun to undergo sustained growth.Malthusian trap was finally overcome by industrialization.222.HousingThe conditions was much impr
10、oved. (Although there are still some people lived badly)3.Clothing and consumer goodsConsumers benefited from falling prices for clothing and household articles23UrbanizationManchester, England pictured in 1840, showing the mass of factories.24Victorian eraliterature2021/3/2925 The Victorian novelis
11、tsIn this period the poetry of the Romantic age had given ways to novels and they became the major genre, yet romantic elements continued to be found in the major writers works. 2021/3/2926The characteristics of the Victorian novels are:The plot is unfolded against a social background which is broad
12、er than what it had been in previous novels. The plot draws materials from society and relates them in such a way that the Victorian novelists reflect the complexity of human relations in a capitalist society and reveal the writers attitudes towards the society. 2021/3/2927 The Victorian PoetsThe po
13、etry in the period like the novels also reflects the spiritual search which was characteristic of the age. The major poets of the time were Alfred Tennyson, Robert Browning, Elizabeth Browning, etc. 2021/3/2928The literary achievements of the representative authors of the timeDickens, Mrs. Gaskell ,
14、 and George EliotnovelistsAlfred Tennyson , Robert Browning, Elizabeth Browningpoets2021/3/2929The Representative Authors of the Victorian Time2021/3/2930I Charles DickensHis life storyhis literary achievements: 1) his writing career and his major works 2021/3/29312) His artistic techniques : （1） Hi
15、s chief contribution to literature was his characterization of the underdogs and unprivileged （2） In his characterization and description of scenes he has a tendency to depict the grotesque (very odd, unusual, fantastically ugly or absurd) character or events. 2021/3/2932（3）He likes to make lifeless
16、 things animate or vice versa, e.g. in Hard Times（4）Famous for his pathetic description of characters and events. He was a sentimentalist and would like to use every opportunity to arouse the emotion of his readers. 2021/3/29332.William Makepace ThackeryHis life storyhis literary achievements: 1) hi
17、s major works 2021/3/29342) his literary characteristics: （1）his attitude toward life: he was cynic who saw no good in anything and had doubt about the goodness of human nature Critics say he was a spectator of the battle of life, that is he preserved detachment, and he always held himself under con
18、trol even in pathetic scenes. 2021/3/2935（2） his protagonists are mainly aristocrats and rich business men, that is, people of the upper middle classes（3）He says “I have no brain above my eyes, and I describe what I see.” That means he presents his characters as they are real in life. In his works m
19、ost clever people are rogues and most of his virtuous people are fools. 2021/3/29363 the Bronte sisters their life storytheir literary achievements: 1）their writing career and his major works 2021/3/29372) their artistic techniques : （1）the strong romantic elements; （2）the important role of the natu
20、re; （3）the new conception of women2021/3/29384 Alfred Tennysona laureate poethis life storyhis literary achievements: 1) his major works 2021/3/29392) his artistic techniques : （1） famous for the power of creating scenery or capacity for linking scenery to state of mind（2） his metrical aptitude and
21、descriptive power, esp. in poems by Two Brothers2021/3/2940（3） the past became his great theme, whether it be his own past, his countrys past, the past of humankind, the past of the world itself. 2021/3/29415. Matthew Arnold, a poet and a literary critic his life storyhis literary achievements: 1) h
22、is major works 2021/3/29422) The major themes in his works and his attack on the ruling classes （1） The major themes in his works: the doubt of his age and the conflict between science and religion （2） He relentless exposures the aristocrats, whom he though to be essentially crude in soul, not withs
23、tanding their good clothes and superficial graces2021/3/29436. Thomas Carlyle, an essayist, historian, and philosopher his life storyhis literary achievements: 1) his writing career and his major works 2021/3/29442) the major themes in his works and compare his attack on the ruling classes with that
24、 of Mattew Arnold. （1） he attacks the aristocrats for their uselessness; they are idle and do not govern or govern only to protect their own interests. While Mattew Arnold attacks the ruling class for their crude in soul. 2021/3/2945（2） he calls for some spiritual force that will revitalize the spir
25、it of man, which has been corrupted and benumbed by mercantilism. （3） the spirit he desires is that of renunciation, duty, work, and reverence. And he wants some heroes who would reorganize society and govern it in an efficient way. 2021/3/29467.George Bernard Shaw, a dramatist his life storyhis lit
26、erary achievements: 1) his major works 2021/3/2947 2) 2) the aims of his works and his artistic techniques:（1） he was concerned about the social problems of his time. He wanted to shock his conventional audiences into a new view of their society and the moral problems that arose out of it.2021/3/2948（2）he used witty remarks, surprise, and paradoxes in his works. （3）Shaws main contribution to English literature is his dramas. 2021/3/2949Thank you2021/3/2950
