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1、Unit1Unit 10 The Transaction1课堂上课课堂上课Watch the video clip and answer the following questions.1.What does Mr. Keating ask students to do?2. What is the purpose of his doing so?Pre-reading Activities - Audiovisual supplement 1Audiovisual SupplementCultural InformationHe asks students to rip the introd
2、uction part of the poetry text book.His intention is to develop the students ability of independent thinking which is quite important in literature study. He believes that words and ideas can change the world.2课堂上课课堂上课Pre-reading Activities - Audiovisual supplement 2Audiovisual SupplementCultural In
3、formation3课堂上课课堂上课Mr. Keating: Go on. Rip it out. Thank you Mr. Dalton. Gentlemen, tell you what, dont just tear out that page, tear out the entire introduction. I want it gone, history. Leave nothing of it. Rip it out. Rip! Begone J. Evans Pritchard, Ph.D. Rip. Shred. Tear. Rip it out! I want to he
4、ar nothing but ripping of Mr. Pritchard. Well perforate it, put it on a roll. Its not the Bible. Youre not going to go to hell for this. Go on. Make a clean tear. I want nothing left of it. Cameron: We shouldnt be doing this.Neil: Rip! Rip! Rip!Mr. Keating: Rip it out! Rip!McAllister: What the hell
5、is going on here?Mr. Keating: I dont hear enough rips.Video Script1Audiovisual SupplementCultural InformationFrom Dead Poets Society 4课堂上课课堂上课Video Script2Audiovisual SupplementCultural InformationMcAllister: Mr. Keating.Mr. Keating: Mr. McAllister.McAllister: Im sorry, I I didnt know you were here.
6、Mr. Keating: I am.McAllister: Ah, so you are. Excuse me.Mr. Keating: Keep ripping gentlemen. This is a battle, a war. And the casualties could be your hearts and souls. Thank you Mr. Dalton. Armies of academics going forward, measuring poetry. No, we will not have that here. No more of Mr. J. Evans
7、Pritchard. Now in my class you will learn to think for yourselves again. You will learn to savor words and language. No matter what anybody tells you, words and ideas can change the world. 5课堂上课课堂上课Many philosophers and writers would like to express their philosophic ideas through the form of dialog
8、ue. And one important theorist making great contribution in clarifying the function of dialogic thinking is Mikhail Bakhtin. 1. The Importance of DialogueCultural information 1Audiovisual SupplementCultural Information6课堂上课课堂上课1) Self-other relationship “other” plays a key role in understanding: In
9、order to understand, it is immensely important for the person who understands to be located outside the object of his or her creative understanding in time, in space, in culture. Mikhail Bakhtin (from New York Review of Books, June 10, 1993)Cultural information 2Audiovisual SupplementCultural Inform
10、ation7课堂上课课堂上课2) Polyphony (many voices) single voice is not the carrier of truth: Truth is a number of mutually addressed, albeit contradictory and logically inconsistent statements. Truth needs a multitude of carrying voices.Cultural information 2Audiovisual SupplementCultural Information8课堂上课课堂上课
11、 The text opens with two writers answering students questions about how to write in dialogue, showing sharp contrasts from various aspects. By summarizing different methods in writing, the text later on points out that even with diversity and differentiation, the common ground of any writing is the
12、same. Many renowned philosophers and writers such as Plato and Oscar Wilde expressed their philosophic ideas in the form of dialogue where different aspects of truth were better presented. Through dialogue between people on an equal footing, we get the revelation that different, sometimes even seemi
13、ngly contradictory elements, can co-exist so harmoniously within the range of one truth. Human beings have an inclination to look at the world from a self-centeredGlobal Reading - Structural analysisStructural AnalysisText Analysis9课堂上课课堂上课perspective, and it will result in an illusion far from trut
14、h. Therefore, it is important for one to try his best to train his mind from an early time in his life to tolerate other peoples opinions of the world because such different understanding of life helps one better pursue the truth.Global Reading - Structural analysisStructural AnalysisText Analysis10
15、课堂上课课堂上课Structural analysisThe first part (Paragraphs 1-17) is devoted to answers given by two writers to the students questions.The second part (Paragraphs 18-22) is a generalization of the essence of writing.1) In terms of organization, the article clearly falls into two main parts:2) In order to
16、deliver the sharp differences in the answers of the two writers in the first part, the author usesShort paragraphs and the repetition of “he said ” and “Then I said ” The rhetorical trick of contrast “The words just flowed. It was easy.” (Paragraph 3) vs. “It was hard and lonely, and the words seldo
17、m just flowed.” (Paragraph 4)e.g.Structural AnalysisText Analysis11课堂上课课堂上课Structural analysisAdvantage of such rhetoric technique: some knowledge of different and even conflicting ideas helps one to gain greater thinking power and acquire a broader vision. 3) The diversity of the writing methods in
18、 the second part is expressed by the parallel use of “some ” and “others ”Some people write by day, others by night. Some people need silence, others turn on the radio. (Paragraph 18)e.g.4) The transition paragraph from the specific examples to general discussion of the topic is Paragraph 17; The sh
19、ift from the diversity to the commonality shared by all writers is realized with two words “But all” in the beginning of Paragraph 19.Structural AnalysisText Analysis12课堂上课课堂上课Detailed reading 1Detailed ReadingThe TransactionWilliam Zinsser1 About ten years ago a school in Connecticut held “a day de
20、voted to the arts,” and I was asked if I would come and talk about writing as a vocation. When I arrived I found that a second speaker had been invited Dr. Brock (as Ill call him), a surgeon who had recently begun to write and had sold some stories to national magazines. He was going to talk about w
21、riting as an avocation. That made us a panel, and we sat down to face a crowd of student newspaper editors, English teachers and parents, all eager to learn the secrets of our glamorous work.13课堂上课课堂上课Detailed reading2-52 Dr. Brock was dressed in a bright red jacket, looking vaguely bohemian, as aut
22、hors are supposed to look, and the first question went to him. What was it like to be a writer?3 He said it was tremendous fun. Coming home from an arduous day at the hospital, he would go straight to his yellow pad and write his tensions away. The words just flowed. It was easy.4 I then said that w
23、riting wasnt easy and it wasnt fun. It was hard and lonely, and the words seldom just flowed.5 Next Dr. Brock was asked if it was important to rewrite. “Absolutely not,” he said. “Let it all hang out, and whatever form the sentences take will reflect the writer at his most natural.”Detailed Reading1
24、4课堂上课课堂上课Detailed reading6-86 I then said that rewriting is the essence of writing. I pointed out that professional writers rewrite their sentences repeatedly and then rewrite what they have rewritten. I mentioned that E. B. White and James Thurber rewrote their pieces eight or nine times.7 “What do
25、 you do on days when it isnt going well?” Dr. Brock was asked. He said he just stopped writing and put the work aside for a day when it would go better.8 I then said that the professional writer must establish a daily schedule and stick to it. I said that writing is a craft, not an art, and that the
26、 man who runs away from his craft because he lacks inspiration is fooling himself. He is also going broke.Detailed Reading15课堂上课课堂上课Detailed reading9-139 “What if youre feeling depressed or unhappy?” a student asked. “Wont that affect your writing?”10 Probably it will, Dr. Brock replied. Go fishing.
27、 Take a walk. 11 Probably it wont, I said. If your job is to write every day, you learn to do it like any other job.12 A student asked if we found it useful to circulate in the literary world. Dr. Brock said that he was greatly enjoying his new life as a man of letters, and he told several stories o
28、f being taken to lunch by his publisher and his agent at chic Manhattan restaurants where writers and editors gather. I said that professional writers are solitary drudges who seldom see other writers.13 “Do you put symbolism in your writing?” a student asked me.Detailed Reading16课堂上课课堂上课Detailed re
29、ading14-1614 “Not if I can help it,” I replied. I have an unbroken record of missing the deeper meaning in any story, play or movie, and as for dance and mime, I have never had even a remote notion of what is being conveyed.15 “I love symbols!” Dr. Brock exclaimed, and he described with gusto the jo
30、ys of weaving them through his work.16 So the morning went, and it was a revelation to all of us. At the end Dr. Brock told me he was enormously interested in my answers it had never occurred to him that writing could be hard. I told him I was just as interested in his answers it had never occurred
31、to me that writing could be easy. (Maybe I should take up surgery on the side.)Detailed Reading17课堂上课课堂上课Detailed reading17-1817 As for the students, anyone might think we left them bewildered. But in fact we probably gave them a broader glimpse of the writing process than if only one of us had talk
32、ed. For of course there isnt any “right” way to do such intensely personal work. There are all kinds of writers and all kinds of methods, and any method that helps people to say what they want to say is the right method for them.18 Some people write by day, others by night. Some people need silence,
33、 others turn on the radio. Some write by hand, some by typewriter or word processor, some by talking into a tape recorder. Some people write their first draft in one long burst and then revise; others cant write the second paragraph until they have fiddled endlessly with the first.Detailed Reading18
34、课堂上课课堂上课Detailed reading19-2019 But all of them are vulnerable and all of them are tense. They are driven by a compulsion to put some part of themselves on paper, and yet they dont just write what comes naturally. They sit down to commit an act of literature, and the self who emerges on paper is a f
35、ar stiffer person than the one who sat down. The problem is to find the real man or woman behind all the tension.20 For ultimately the product that any writer has to sell is not the subject being written about, but who he or she is. I often find myself reading with interest about a topic I never tho
36、ught would interest me some unusual scientific quest, for instance. What holds me is the enthusiasm of the writer for his field. How was he drawn into it? What emotional baggage did he bring along? Detailed Reading19课堂上课课堂上课Detailed reading21How did it change his life? Its not necessary to want to s
37、pend a year alone at Walden Pond to become deeply involved with a writer who did.21 This is the personal transaction thats at the heart of good nonfiction writing. Out of it come two of the most important qualities that this book will go in search of: humanity and warmth. Good writing has an alivene
38、ss that keeps the reader reading from one paragraph to the next, and its not a question of gimmicks to “personalize” the author. Its a question of using the English language in a way that will achieve the greatest strength and the least clutter.22 Can such principles be taught? Maybe not. But most o
39、f them can be learned.Detailed Reading20课堂上课课堂上课Do you think the process of the activity is within the expectation of both the speakers and the audience? Detailed reading1-QuesionNo. Due to the differences in the background of the two speakers, different views towards the topic of writing are somewh
40、at anticipated. But the fact that their opinions should be so conflicting to each other is a surprise to both the speakers and the audience.Detailed Reading21课堂上课课堂上课What would be the possible response of the students as suggested by the writer? Detailed reading17-QuesionThe students might have a br
41、oader glimpse of the writing process. They would realize that there might be totally different writers and methods of writing and the most effective method of writing is the one that helps the writer to say what he wants to say.Detailed Reading22课堂上课课堂上课What does the writer mean when he says that al
42、l of the writers are “vulnerable and tense”? Detailed reading19-Quesion“Vulnerable” refers to the quality of being sensitive to all the stimulus in life, and “tense” refers to the sharp awareness of expressing natural feelings in an artistic way.Detailed Reading23课堂上课课堂上课1) What does the writer thin
43、k is the very thing that makes a piece of good writing? Detailed reading21-QuesionAccording to the writer, its the existence of the personal transaction that makes a piece of good writing. The writer should devote genuine emotion in the process of writing and only thus can he arouse the expected res
44、ponse in his readers. Detailed Reading2) What does the writer mean that such principles cannot be taught but can be learned? What can be taught in writing is the writing skills, but writing skills alone cannot make a great, or even a good, piece of writing. The genuine enthusiasm for art and sincere
45、 emotion for the world, which are essential to good writing, can only be learned by heart and through ones life experiences.24课堂上课课堂上课Detailed reading21 ActivityClass ActivityGroup discussion: Do you enjoy the process of writing? Do you write with the flow of thought or based on careful planning and
46、 meditation? Share your experiences with you classmates.Impromptu writing: Use ten minutes to write whatever in your mind on a piece of paper and read this writing to the class.Detailed Reading25课堂上课课堂上课bohemian a.Detailed reading2 bohemiane.g.bohemian cafes frequented by artists, musicians, and act
47、orsDetailed Readinghaving or denoting the qualities of a person with artistic or literary interests who disregards conventional standards of behavior26课堂上课课堂上课Detailed reading2- arduousarduous a.e.g.After a long, hot, and arduous journey we fell asleep the moment our heads touched the pillows.The ex
48、periment was far more arduous than most of us had expected.Antonym: facileDetailed Readinginvolving strenuous effort, difficult and tiring27课堂上课课堂上课circulate v.Detailed reading1 circulate1Derivation: circulation (n.)e.g. Rumours started to circulate among the villagers about the cause of his death r
49、ight after he died.e.g. This kind of stamp is no longer in circulation.Detailed Readingmove around a social function to talk to different people; move continuously through a closed system or area28课堂上课课堂上课Detailed reading1 symbolismDetailed Readingsymbolism n.Symbolism is an artistic and poetic move
50、ment or style using symbolic images and indirect suggestion to express mystical ideas, emotions, and states of mind. It originated in late 19th-century France and Belgium, flourished all over Europe, had great international impact, and influenced 20th-century art and literature.What does this ? (sym
51、bol, symbolize) 这个符号象征着什么？这个符号象征着什么？symbolize_Practice:Derivation: symbol (n.), symbolic (a.), symbolize (v.)e.g. poetry full of religious symbolism29课堂上课课堂上课Detailed reading2 bewilderbewilder v.e.g. He was bewildered by his daughters reaction.Synonym: puzzle, perplex, confoundDetailed Readingcause
52、sb. to become perplexed and confused30课堂上课课堂上课Detailed reading1 fiddleDetailed ReadingCollocations:fiddle withfiddle about / arounde.g. She sat in the car and played the radio, fiddling with the knobs.fiddle v.tinker with sth. in an attempt to make minor adjustments or improvementse.g. Feeling nervo
53、us when facing the interviewer, she fiddled with the strings of her purse.e.g. Stop fiddling about and do some work.31课堂上课课堂上课Detailed reading1 commit1Detailed ReadingCollocations:commit sb. / sth. to sth.: order sb. to be put in a hospital or prisone.g.It was disclosed in the media that this senior
54、 official had committed adultery with several mit v.do sth. wrong or illegale.g. commit a man to prisone.g.He has committed himself to support his brothers mit sb. / oneself (to sth. / to doing sth.): say that sb. will definitely do sth. or must do sth.32课堂上课课堂上课Detailed reading1 commit2Detailed Rea
55、dingDerivation: commitment (n.): a promise to do sth. or to behave in a particular waye.g. the governments commitment to public services33课堂上课课堂上课Detailed reading3 Coming home from an Coming home from an arduous day at the hospital, he would go straight to his yellow pad and write his tensions away.
56、 (Paragraph 3)Paraphrase:After a whole days intense work at the hospital, he would get rid of his tensions through writing.Detailed Reading34课堂上课课堂上课Detailed reading5 Let it all “Let it all hang out, and whatever form the sentences take will reflect the writer at his most natural.” (Paragraph 5)Para
57、phrase:Let the writer relax completely and the sentences he writes will show the most natural state of him.Detailed Reading35课堂上课课堂上课Detailed reading14 I have an I have an unbroken record of missing the deeper meaning in any story, play or movie, and as for dance and mime, I have never had even a re
58、mote notion of what is being conveyed. (Paragraph 14)Paraphrase:I have nearly always failed to understand the hidden, implicit meaning expressed in any story, play or movie, and I do not have the slightest idea of what is being conveyed in dance and mime. Detailed Reading36课堂上课课堂上课Detailed reading16
59、 Maybe I should Maybe I should take up surgery on the side. (Paragraph 16)Paraphrase:Perhaps I should take up surgery as a hobby.Detailed Reading37课堂上课课堂上课Detailed reading19 They sit They sit down to commit an act of literature (paragraph 19)Paraphrase:They sit down to do some literary writing.Detai
60、led Reading38课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Vocabulary mainPhrase Practice Word DerivationSynonym / AntonymVocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar39课堂上课课堂上课4) The cellist told us his story of being taken to concerts and music as a child. Consolidation Activities-Phras
61、e practice 11) Although released from prison, Duncan has an inclination to the police. VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarrun away from_2) Following the election, the Democrats were demoralized, discredited, and worst of all, . going broke_3) Ms. Blair is expected to
62、 with her many years of experience to the new post. bring along_drawn into_Fill in the blank in each sentence with an appropriate phrasal verb or collocation from the text.40课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities-Phrase practice 2VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar5) “No n
63、eed to worry,” she comforted us with a smile. “Let it all .”hang out_41课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- run away fromVocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammare.g. 他十三岁那年就离家出走了。他十三岁那年就离家出走了。He ran away from home at the age of thirteen.run away from: suddenly leave sb. / a
64、place; escape from sb. / a place42课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- go brokeVocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammare.g. 这个公司不会破产。这个公司不会破产。The firm will not go broke.go broke: bankrupt43课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- bring alongVocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOr
65、al ActivitiesWritingGrammare.g.我们怎么能够让（人们的）态度发生改变？我们怎么能够让（人们的）态度发生改变？How can we bring along a change in attitudes?bring along: make sth. happen44课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- draw intoVocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammare.g.她发现自己卷入了她两个邻居之间的争论中。她发现自己卷入了她两个邻居之间的争论中。
66、She found herself drawn into a disagreement between two of her neighbours.draw into: make sb. become involved in sth., especially when they do not want to be 45课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- hang outVocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammare.g. 别担心，做你想做的吧！别担心，做你想做的吧！Don
67、t worry. Let it all hang out. let it all hang out: (informal) relax and do what you like 46课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Word derivation 1.1VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar1) drudgery n. drudge n. drudge v.e.g. 无尽无休的无尽无休的单调乏味的家务单调乏味的家务给那个公司打工无异于做苦力。给那个公司打工无异于做
68、苦力。他勤苦地做一些单调的工作。他勤苦地做一些单调的工作。the endless drudgery of houseworkWorking for that company, I was little more than a drudge.He drudges at some monotonous work.47课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Word derivation 1.2VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar2) circulatory a. circ
69、ulation n. circulate v.e.g.心脏和循环系统心脏和循环系统这份报纸的日销售量约这份报纸的日销售量约55,000份。份。打开窗让空气流通吧！打开窗让空气流通吧！The newspaper has a daily circulation of 55,000.the heart and circulatory systemOpen a window to allow the air to circulate!48课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Word derivation 1.3VocabularyTranslation Integrat
70、ed SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar3) social a. sociable a. society n. e.g. 我们这条街多数家庭都享受社会福利。我们这条街多数家庭都享受社会福利。她从不好交际。她从不好交际。社会有权要违法者受到惩罚。社会有权要违法者受到惩罚。Most of the families in our road are on social security.She has never really been the sociable type. Society has a right to see law-breakers punish
71、ed.49课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Word derivation 1.4VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar4) mention v. mention n. mentionable a.e.g.有人提起过我吗有人提起过我吗?没提到他的贡献。没提到他的贡献。我的贡献不值一提。我的贡献不值一提。Did I hear my name mentioned? There was no mention of his contribution.My contribu
72、tion is not mentionable.50课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Word derivation 1.5VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar5) resist v. resistance n. resistant a. e.g.他再也抵抗不住了。他再也抵抗不住了。这种意见受到某种抵制。这种意见受到某种抵制。能抵抗抗生素的一种传染病能抵抗抗生素的一种传染病He could resist no longer.an infection thats
73、resistant to antibioticsThe idea met with some resistance.51课堂上课课堂上课Her anger intensified.Consolidation Activities- Word derivation 1.6VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar6) intense a. intensive a. intensify v.e.g. 他压力巨大。他压力巨大。他们用一周时间教速成英语课程。他们用一周时间教速成英语课程。她更加生气了。她更加生
74、气了。He is under intense pressure.They teach you English in an intensive course lasting just a week.52课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Word derivation 1.7VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar7) exclaim v. exclamation n.e.g. 他大声说那不是事实。他大声说那不是事实。他一阵惊叹。他一阵惊叹。He exclaimed t
75、hat it was untrue.He gave an exclamation of surprise.53课堂上课课堂上课Ba Jin is a literary giant.Consolidation Activities- Word derivation 1.8VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar8) literature n. literacy n. literary a.e.g.18世纪英国文学世纪英国文学发明了印刷术后文化教育才得以普及。发明了印刷术后文化教育才得以普及。巴金是一位
76、文坛巨匠。巴金是一位文坛巨匠。18th century English literatureMass literacy was only possible after the invention of printing.54课堂上课课堂上课restful, easy Consolidation Activities- Synonym / Antonym11) That made us a panel, and we sat down to face a crowd of student newspaper editors, English teachers and parents, all e
77、ager to learn the secrets of our glamorous work.Synonym:team, group2) Coming home from an arduous day at the hospital, he would go straight to his yellow pad and write his tensions away.Antonym:VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar55课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Sy
78、nonym / Antonym23) “Absolutely not,” he said. “Let it all hang out, and whatever form the sentences take will reflect the writer at his most natural.”Antonym:questionably 4) I said that writing is a craft, not an art, and that the man who runs away from his craft because he lacks inspiration is fool
79、ing himself.Synonym:occupation, trade VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar56课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Synonym / Antonym35) Dr. Brock said that he was greatly enjoying his new life as a man of letters, and he told several stories of being taken to lunch by his
80、publisher and his agent at chic Manhattan restaurants where writers and editors gather.Synonym: stylish, fashionable6) I said that professional writers are solitary drudges who seldom see other writers.Antonym: gregarious VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar7) They ar
81、e driven by a compulsion to put some part of themselves on paper, and yet they dont just write what comes naturally.Antonym: liberty, freedom 57课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Synonym / Antonym48) Its a question of using the English language in a way that will achieve the greatest strength and the
82、 least clutter.Synonym:confusion, disorder, jumble VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar58课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Grammar mainVocabularyGrammarTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingDirect Speech & Indirect SpeechFree Direct Speech & Free Indirect
83、 SpeechInversion59课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Grammar1.1Direct Speech & Indirect Speech Direct speech gives the exact words in the report, and in writing and print uses quotation marks. A wide range of verbs can be used to indicate the type of utterance or the way in which something is said, s
84、uch as answer, ask, comment, cry, ejaculate, enquire / inquire, exclaim, groan, growl, moan, murmur, mutter, note, observe, reply, respond, retort, scream, screech, shout, shriek, smile, whine, yell.VocabularyGrammarTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWriting“What do you do on days when it i
85、snt going well?” Dr. Brock was asked. “Not if I can help it,” I replied.e.g.60课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Grammar1.2VocabularyGrammarTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritinge.g. A student asked if we found it useful to circulate in literary world. In indirect speech, verbs are gener
86、ally “backshifted” in tense to align them with the time of reporting, and other changes, such as in pronouns and adverbials of time and place, are made for the same reason.61课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Grammar1.4PracticeChange the sentences from direct speech to indirect speech and vice versa.
87、VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar1. “What do you do on days when it isnt going well?” Dr. Brock was asked. Dr. Brock was asked what he did on days when it wasnt going well.2. A student asked if we found it useful to circulate in literary world.A student asked: “Do
88、you find it useful to circulate in literary world?”3. “I know the answer,” Jane said.Jane said that she knew the answer.62课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Grammar1.6VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar4. Doris told Robert that he could then watch television.Doris tol
89、d Robert, “You can now watch television.”63课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Grammar2.1Free Direct Speech & Free Indirect SpeechVocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar Free direct speech lacks a reporting clause to show the shift from narration to reporting; it is often
90、used in fiction to represent the mental reactions of characters to what they see or experience.Probably it will, Dr. Brock replied. Go fishing. Take a walk. Probably it wont, I said. If your job is to write every day, you learn to do it like any other job.e.g. Free indirect speech resembles indirect
91、 speech in shifting tenses and other references, but there is generally no reporting clause and it retains some features of direct speech (such as direct questions and vocatives).64课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Grammar2.1VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarHe said
92、 it was tremendous fun. Coming home from an arduous day at the hospital, he would go straight to his yellow pad and write his tensions away. The words just flowed. It was easy. e.g.65课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Grammar2.2VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarPract
93、ice1. Oh, Mama, Ida thought, did I know you? Did you know me? What am I afraid of? She asked herself and she thought, I am a widow and losing my look. I am afraid of the future. Identify the free direct speech and free indirect speech in the following passages.free direct speech2. He laid down his b
94、undle and thought of his misfortune. And just what pleasure had he found, since he came into this world? free indirect speech66课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Grammar2.3VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar3. Tell him if he smokes he wont grow. O let him! His life is
95、nt such a bed of roses! Waiting outside pubs to bring da home.free direct speech4. That was where he had learned what was right and what was not. It had not been his fault that his father had died and that the estate had been in disorder and that he had had to make his own way. But he had, and he ha
96、d not done so badly either. But he was not a snob. free indirect speech67课堂上课课堂上课She could rarely have been faced with so severe a challenge. Rarely could she have been faced with so severe a challenge.John is coming here. Here comes John.Consolidation Activities- Grammar3.1VocabularyTranslation Int
97、egrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarInversionWhen we use negative adverbials or only + adverbial at the beginning of a sentence, the subject and verb are inverted. The auxiliary appears before the subject.When we put an adverbial phrase of direction or place at the beginning of a sentence, we
98、 sometimes put an intransitive verb in front of the subject. e.g.68课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Grammar3.2VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarPracticeRewrite the following sentences, using inversion.1. Customers money cannot be refunded under any circumstances.Un
99、der no circumstances can customers money be refunded. 2. The enchanting suburb of Balham lies a few miles further on. A few miles further on lies the enchanting suburb of Balham.69课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Grammar3.3VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar3. Susan
100、 had not seen a more beautifully decorated room anywhere. Nowhere had Susan seen a more beautifully decorated room.4. You should not be absent from your seminars on any account. On no account should you be absent from your seminars.70课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Translation11. 这些现代主义艺术家看上去有点放浪不
101、羁。这些现代主义艺术家看上去有点放浪不羁。(bohemian)To describe someone bohemian is to say that he / she is living in a very informal or relaxed way and not accepting societys rules of behaviour.VocabularyGrammarTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingTranslate the following sentences into English.These moder
102、nist artists look vaguely bohemian.71课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Translation2Practice： 放浪不羁的生活方式放浪不羁的生活方式他受过正统的教育，却选择过著艺术家我行我素的生活。他受过正统的教育，却选择过著艺术家我行我素的生活。VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammara bohemian life styleAfter a very proper upbringing, he chose to lead t
103、he bohemian life of an artist.72课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Translation32. 他经常光顾一些以外国人为主要消费对象的时尚别致的他经常光顾一些以外国人为主要消费对象的时尚别致的咖啡馆和酒吧。咖啡馆和酒吧。(chic)VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarIf you describe something is chic, it is very fashionable and elegant. He is a freq
104、uent guest in some chic cafs and bars which mainly cater to foreigners.73课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Translation4Practice： 玛格丽特穿蓝色很时尚。玛格丽特穿蓝色很时尚。她总是那么时尚，那么优雅。她总是那么时尚，那么优雅。VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarMargaret was looking very chic in blue.She is always so
105、 chic, so elegant.74课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Translation53. 他的人生目标之一是将自己的职业与爱好结合起来。他的人生目标之一是将自己的职业与爱好结合起来。(avocation)VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarThe avocation one has is his hobby or minor occupation.One of his objectives in life is to unite his vocat
106、ion with his avocation.75课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Translation6Practice：他的职业是医生，副业是小说家。他的职业是医生，副业是小说家。学习外语只不过是我的一项业余爱好。学习外语只不过是我的一项业余爱好。VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarHe is a doctor by profession and a novelist by avocation.Learning foreign languages is j
107、ust an avocation with me.76课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Translation74. 老年人很容易受到不诚实推销员的欺骗。老年人很容易受到不诚实推销员的欺骗。(vulnerable)VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarWhen you describe someone is vulnerable, it is to say that he / she can be easily hurt, wounded or injured.T
108、he elderly are vulnerable to the deceit practiced by dishonest sales people.77课堂上课课堂上课Young birds are very vulnerable to predators.Consolidation Activities- Translation8VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarPractice： 他妻子去世后，他感到脆弱无助、意志消沉。他妻子去世后，他感到脆弱无助、意志消沉。幼小的鸟易受食肉动物伤害。
109、幼小的鸟易受食肉动物伤害。His wifes death left him feeling vulnerable and depressed.78课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Integrated skillsVocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarDictationCloze79课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Dictation VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral Acti
110、vitiesWritingGrammarDictation You will hear a passage read three times. At the first reading, you should listen carefully for its general idea. At the second reading, you are required to write down the exact words you have just heard (with proper punctuation). At the third reading, you should check
111、what you have written down.80课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Integrated skills1VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarDictation College writing, also called academic writing, / is assigned to teach you the critical thinking and writing skills needed / to communicate in
112、 classes and in the workplace. / To acquire and practice these skills, / you are asked to write many different types of assignments / under different circumstances. / Sometimes your teacher will assign a topic / and define the audience; / sometimes you will be called on / to define and limit the top
113、ic and audience yourself. / In any case, college writing teaches you / about the series of decisions you must make / as you forge the link between your information and your audience. 81课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Integrated skills3Fill in each blank in the passage below with ONE word you think
114、 appropriate. Becoming a professional writer needs no special skill or training. Anybody from anywhere can venture into professional writing and (1) in it. The most important thing is the diligence and determination of the (2) involved. This is essential (3) to make something out of writing, the per
115、son has to be convinced that success is sure. (4) this is on ground, all other necessary general skills would be acquired. Another interesting thing is the (5) that the person learns while he writes.succeed_person_because_VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarOnce_fact_
116、82课堂上课课堂上课 In addition, other things that (6) the work of professional writers include ability to write in clear and simple language, and at the same time providing a lucid explanation of the (7) matter. The writer, with the chosen writing style, must be able to communicate easily and give a pictori
117、al description of the subject being discussed in (8) a way that will (9) a vivid mental image in the minds of the (10) . A good professional writer must be empirical and proficient in the use of rhetoric. Becoming a professional writer is (11) a one-day job, but with constant practice coupled (12) p
118、ersistence, perfection is achieved. And along with it comes the remunerations attached.Consolidation Activities- Integrated skills4VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarcharacterize_subject_create_such_readers_not_with_83课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Hints1The word
119、that fills the blank is a verb infinitive with the same function of venture, and it has the collocation with in; from the context, it can be inferred that a verb meaning “do what you tried or wanted to do” is expected here. VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar84课堂上课课堂
120、上课Consolidation Activities- Hints2VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarThe sentence lacks the object of the preposition of, and judging from the meaning of the sentence, a noun meaning “people” is expected here.85课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Hints3VocabularyTransl
121、ation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarThe sentence lacks a conjunction, and the clauses before and after this conjunction are about effect and cause, therefore a conjunction to name the reason is needed here.86课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Hints4VocabularyTranslation Integrated Ski
122、llsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarThe blank is in the beginning of the sentence, the rest two clauses are complete and what is needed here is a conjunction to connect the two. According to the meaning of the whole sentence, the first clause shows the condition, so a conjunction to lead an adverbial cl
123、ause of condition is expected here.87课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Hints5VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarThe sentence lacks a noun that leads a predicative clause, and in terms of the context, what a person can learn while he writes? A noun with a general mean
124、ing such as “situation, information, etc.” and so on is expected. 88课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Hints6VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarIn the sentence, ability to write in clear and simple language, and at the same time providing a lucid explanation is used t
125、o summarized the features of the work of a professional writer, so a verb with this meaning is expected here. 89课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Hints7VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarIn a passage talking about writing, what would always be the topic that is alway
126、s discussed? If you fail to think in this way, in the latter part of the passage, give a pictorial description of the subject being discussed may provide the hint because same word may be echoed in the previous sentence.90课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Hints8VocabularyTranslation Integrated Skill
127、sOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar The blank is between in and a way and grammatically a determiner that refers forward of the specified kind is needed here. Actually the blank can be naturally filled just from the feel of language.91课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Hints9VocabularyTranslation Integrat
128、ed SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarGrammatically speaking, a verb infinitive is needed after will, and from the context, what can pictorial description can do for a vivid mental image? A verb meaning “make” is expected here. 92课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Hints10VocabularyTranslation Integra
129、ted SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarAccording to the meaning of the sentence, the image a writer creates should be shown in the mind of the person whose position is corresponding to that of the writer in the writing process. 93课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Hints11VocabularyTranslation Integra
130、ted SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarA one-day job and with constant practice are in contrast, therefore a negation that has the collocation with but is expected here.94课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Hints12VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarWhen couple is used
131、as a verb, a preposition is required after it. 95课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Oral activitiesVocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarGiving a TalkHaving a Discussion96课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Oral activities1Topic: My Favourite WriterVocabularyTranslation In
132、tegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarlthe name of the writer and his / her general informationlwhat makes him / her your favourite lwhat features of his / her writing you admire most lone book you recommend as a representative work of his / hersStructure for reference: Giving a Talk97课堂上课课堂上课
133、Consolidation Activities- Having a discussionHaving a DiscussionTopic: What do you think are the essential qualities and skills of a good writer?VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarViewpoints for reference: a. For a writer, to be humane and warm in heart is more impor
134、tant than writing skills.b. A good command of writing skills is essential for a successful writer.98课堂上课课堂上课1) A causal chain or a domino effect is a chain formed of a cause producing a situation and this situation producing another situation and so on. 2) Each situation, while being the effect of a
135、 certain happening, may also be the cause of another happening. 3) Analyze no more than three causes or effects of any situation and devote a separate paragraph to each point. This type of essay connects the reasons for which things happen and the consequences they might have.Consolidation Activitie
136、s- Writing mainVocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarEssay Writing 1. How to Write a Cause-and-effect EssayImportant term “causal chain” or “domino effect” Cause-and-effect essay:99课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Writing1VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral Act
137、ivitiesWritingGrammarCause-and-effect essay structureIntroductionIntroduce the topicPresent the starting point for the argument Provide background information for the topicBodyShow the logical progression of arguments leading from cause to effect Ensure that the structure remains intact Provide ampl
138、e evidence to show the thought processConclusionRestate the key pointsBriefly review the logical process100课堂上课课堂上课Sample: A Cause-and-effect EssayEFFECTS OF WATCHING TOO MUCH TV 1 Discoveries and invention of devices are always welcome till we, humans, find a way to abuse its benefits and be advers
139、ely affected by it. TV, for example, was invented with positive thoughts in mind there would be no national borders, education and communication would be worldwide, etc. However, we are now trying to overcome its physiological and psychological adverse effects.Consolidation Activities- Writing3Vocab
140、ularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar101课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Writing3VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar2 One of the physiological effects of watching TV in excessive amounts is eye-strain. It is true that there are specificatio
141、ns for watching TV; TV should be 5 m. away from the eye, the room should be adequately lit, TV should be placed at the same height with our eyes, etc. However, these do not prevent our eyes from getting tired if we keep watching TV for a long time. Another effect is obesity, which is widely observed
142、 in people who like watching TV and eating snacks every day (there is even a term “TV snacks” to refer to fast food that is suitable for eating in front of the TV). TV is such a powerful machine that people cannot get away from it it is addictive. 102课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Writing3Vocabul
143、aryTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar3 Apart from the physiological effects, TV also causes psychological effects. One is a result of being exposed to violence. After seeing so many violent scenes on TV, people start considering violent actions normal and they lose their sens
144、itivity to their environment. Partly connected to this effect, the interpersonal communication among people decreases. Being insensitive to the suffering of other people causes people to become alienated. Also, after coming home from work people seek to relax in front of the TV, and generally people
145、 prefer watching TV to talking to each other. This issue is very important since lack of interpersonal relationships mostly end in divorces. 103课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Writing3VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar4 In short, inventions are meant to be benefic
146、ial for human beings, if we know how to benefit from them. TV is one of such inventions that need to be used for the right purpose only being educated and entertained for a reasonable (according to age) period of time. We may, then, be safe from or at least reduce the adverse physiological and psych
147、ological effects of watching too much TV. Sample Analysis104课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Writing4VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar The sample is a cause-effect essay, talking about the effect of watching too much TV. It has four paragraphs in total, and obeys
148、the structural format discussed in the previous part. The first paragraph is the introduction, saying that on the one hand, as an invention, TV is designed to bring benefit to people; on the other hand, at present its negative effects are more of peoples concern. The second and the third paragraphs
149、constitute the main body of the article and discuss the adverse effects of TV from the physiological and psychological aspects respectively. They have made logical progression of arguments leading from cause to effect of the issue. The fourth paragraph is the conclusion and it calls for the attentio
150、n and efforts in reducing the harmful effects of watching too much TV.105课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Writing5VocabularyGrammarTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWriting3. Practice Write an essay on the given topic: The Effects of Living in a Foreign Country.106课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Ac
151、tivities- Writing6VocabularyGrammarTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingThe Effects of Living in a Foreign Country Living away from your own country can be an unforgettable experience: you are exposed to a fresh new environment and have a real taste of the foreign culture. However, apa
152、rt from satisfaction of your curiosity, it will exert some important effects on ones life. The major effect, and also a very common one, is that once you start a regular life away from home, you miss everything. Life in a new place would not follow your previous pattern of living and it takes some t
153、ime for you to adjust to this new pattern. This fact doesnt mean that you are unhappy then but that you are aware of being on your own. Missing your family and the attention they all paid toSample:107课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Writing6VocabularyGrammarTranslation Integrated SkillsOral Activit
154、iesWritingyou is a very usual thing to do. Little details you usually taken for granted would weigh much on your heart then. Therefore, its obvious that you have started to appreciate everything that used to belong to you. The second effect would be to accept another type of society and culture into
155、 your daily life. Since you are living in a place with different customs and traditions from yours, you have to be able to develop yourself in unknown conditions: making new friends, learning other points of view, embracing different opinions and values, and seizing every opportunity you have to go
156、to new places. These “first-hand” experiences will expand your horizon and make you a more tolerant man.108课堂上课课堂上课Consolidation Activities- Writing6VocabularyGrammarTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWriting Living far from home, even for a short period of time, can be really hard at the b
157、eginning. But it will bring about positive effects on your life. It helps you appreciate everything we have and learn to tolerate everything that is different from you. 109课堂上课课堂上课Section Five Further EnhancementText IIMemorable QuotesLead-in QuestionsTextQuestions for Discussion110课堂上课课堂上课Lead-in Q
158、uestionsDo you think a good writer is trained or born? If he / she is trained, what should be taught in a writing course? If he / she is born to be a writer, is it necessary to attend writing courses any more?Lead-in questionsText IIMemorable Quotes111课堂上课课堂上课Some Self-AnalysisTheodore Roethke1 I ex
159、pect this course to open my eyes to story material, to unleash my too dormant imagination, to develop that quality utterly lacking in my nature a sense of form. I do not expect to acquire much technique. I expect to be able to seize upon the significant, reject the trivial. I hope to acquire a great
160、er love for humanity in all its forms.Text1Text IIMemorable Quotes112课堂上课课堂上课Text2Text IIMemorable Quotes2 I have long wondered just what my strength was as a writer. I am often filled with tremendous enthusiasm for a subject, yet my writing about it will seem a sorry attempt. Above all, I possess a
161、 driving sincerity, that prime virtue of any creative worker. I write only what I believe to be the absolute truth, even if I must ruin the theme in so doing. In this respect I feel far superior to those glib people in my classes who often garner better grades than I do. They are so often pitiful fr
162、auds, artificial insincere. They have a line that works. They do not write from the depths of their hearts. Nothing of theirs was ever born of pain. Many an incoherent yet sincere piece of writing has outlived the polished product.113课堂上课课堂上课Text3-4Text IIMemorable Quotes3 I write only about people
163、and things that I know thoroughly. Perhaps I have become a mere reporter, not a writer. Yet I feel that this is all my present abilities permit. I will open my eyes in my youth and store this raw, living material. Age may bring the fire that molds experience into artistry.4 I have a genuine love of
164、nature. It is not the least bit affected, but an integral and powerful part of my life. I know that Cooper is a fraud that he doesnt give a true sense of the sublimity of American scenery. I know that Muir and Thoreau and Burroughs speak the truth.114课堂上课课堂上课Text5-6Text IIMemorable Quotes5 I can sen
165、se the moods of nature almost instinctively. Ever since I could walk, I have spent as much time as I could in the open. A perception of nature no matter how delicate, how subtle, how evanescent, remains with me forever.6 I am influenced too much, perhaps, by natural objects. I seem bound by the very
166、 room Im in. Ive associated so long with prosaic people that Ive dwarfed myself spiritually. When I get alone under an open sky where man isnt too evident then Im tremendously exalted and a thousand vivid ideas and sweet visions flood my consciousness.115课堂上课课堂上课Text7Text IIMemorable Quotes7 I think
167、 that I possess story material in abundance. I have had an unusual upbringing. I was let alone, thank God! My mother insisted upon two things, that I strive for perfection in whatever I did and that I always try to be a gentleman. I played with Italians, with Russians, Poles, and the “sissies” on Mi
168、chigan Avenue. I was carefully watched, yet allowed to follow my own inclinations. I have seen a good deal of life that would never have been revealed to an older person. Up to the time I came to college then I had seen humanity in diverse forms. Now Im cramped and unhappy. I dont feel that these id
169、iotic adolescents are worth writing about. In the summer, I turn animal and work for a few weeks in a factory. Then Im happy.116课堂上课课堂上课Text8-9Text IIMemorable Quotes8 My literary achievements have been insignificant. At fourteen, I made a speech which was translated into twenty-six languages and us
170、ed as Red Cross propaganda. When I was younger, it seemed that everything I wrote was eminently successful. I always won a prize when I entered an essay contest. In college, Ive been able to get only one “A” in four rhetoric courses. I feel this keenly. If I cant write, what can I do? I wonder.9 Whe
171、n I was a freshman, I told Carleton Wells that I knew I could write whether he thought so or not. On my next theme he wrote “You can write!” How I have cherished that praise!117课堂上课课堂上课Text10-13Text IIMemorable Quotes10 It is bad form to talk about grades, I know. If I dont get an “A” in this course
172、, it wouldnt be because I havent tried. Ive made a slow start. Im going to spend Christmas vacation writing. A “B” symbolizes defeat to me. Ive been beaten too often.11 I do wish that we were allowed to keep our stories until we felt that we had worked them into the best possible form.12 I do not ha
173、ve the divine urge to write. There seems to be something surging within, a profound undercurrent of emotion. Yet there is none of that fertility of creation which distinguishes the real writer.13 Nevertheless, I have faith in myself. Im either going to be a good writer or a poor fool.118课堂上课课堂上课Text
174、1 About the authorText IIMemorable QuotesAbout the author and the text: Theodore Huebner Roethke (1908-1963) was an American poet, who published several volumes of poetry characterized by its rhythm and natural imagery. He was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for poetry in 1954 for his book, The Waking. S
175、ome Self-Analysis, a student essay, was one of a number Roethke wrote at the University of Michigan and was probably composed during his sophomore year, 1926-1927.119课堂上课课堂上课Cooper (Paragraph 4) James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851) was a prolific and popular American writer of the early 19th century. H
176、e is best remembered as a novelist who wrote numerous sea-stories and the historical novels known as the Leatherstocking Tales, featuring frontiersman Natty Bumppo. Among his most famous works is the Romantic novel The Last of the Mohicans, often regarded as his masterpiece.Text4 CooperText IIMemora
177、ble Quotes120课堂上课课堂上课Muir (Paragraph 4) John Muir (1838-1914) was a Scottish-born American naturalist, author, and early advocate of preservation of U.S. wilderness. His letters, essays, and books telling of his adventures in nature, especially in the Sierra Nevada mountain range of California, have
178、 been read by millions and are still popular today. His direct activism helped to save the Yosemite Valley, Sequoia National Park and other wilderness areas. The Sierra Club, which he founded, is now one of the most important conservation organizations in the United States. His writings and philosop
179、hy strongly influenced the formation of the modern environmental movement.Text4 MuirText IIMemorable Quotes121课堂上课课堂上课Text4 ThoreauText IIMemorable QuotesThoreau (Paragraph 4) Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) was an American author, poet, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, histor
180、ian, philosopher, and leading transcendentalist. He is best known for his book Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay, Civil Disobedience, an argument for individual resistance to civil government in moral opposition to an unjust state.122课堂上课课堂上课Burroughs (Pa
181、ragraph 4) John Burroughs (1837-1921) was an American naturalist and essayist important in the evolution of the U.S. conservation movement. According to biographers at the American Memory project at the Library of Congress, John Burroughs was the most important practitioner after Thoreau of that esp
182、ecially American literary genre, the nature essay.Tex4 BurroughsText IIMemorable Quotes123课堂上课课堂上课Text7- the “sissies” 1Text IIMemorable Quotesthe “sissies” (Paragraph 7) Sissy (sometimes just Sis) is, firstly, a relationship nickname formed from sister, given to girls to indicate their role in the
183、family, especially the oldest female sibling. It can also be applied to girls as a term of affection from friends who are not family members.Because of its origins in a feminine nickname, sissy is also a pejorative for a boy or man to indicate or imply that he is like a sister, that is, effeminate a
184、nd fails to behave according to the traditional male gender role. Generally, it implies a lack of the courage and stoicism which are thought important to the male role. It might also imply interests seen as strikingly un-masculine. This124课堂上课课堂上课Text7- the “sissies” 2Text IIMemorable Quotespejorati
185、ve may be given to anyone as an insult. Several variations, such as “sissy boy” or “sissy baby”, exist and any term can become pejorative or insulting if preceded by “sissy” and applied to a boy or a man.125课堂上课课堂上课Text7- turn animal Text IIMemorable Quotesturn animal (Paragraph 7) get crazy126课堂上课课
186、堂上课Text2- Many an Text IIMemorable QuotesMany an incoherent yet sincere piece of writing has outlived the polished product. (Paragraph 2) If a piece of writing is a sincere expression of natural feelings and perceptions, even though it is not very well organized, it would have more enduring worth th
187、an another piece of writing that may be better organized but that contains no such warm feelings. 127课堂上课课堂上课Text4- he doesnt Text IIMemorable Quoteshe doesnt give a true sense of the sublimity of American scenery (Paragraph 4) Cooper has produced a false picture of American scenery. 128课堂上课课堂上课Text
188、12- I do not have Text IIMemorable QuotesI do not have the divine urge to write. (Paragraph 12) To be divine is to possess such surpassing excellence as to suggest inspiration by the gods, or to be able to accomplish anything naturally and intuitively. By this sentence, the author means that he is p
189、erhaps not a natural writer, although he has got all necessary emotions ready for writing. He has yet to practice until perfection. 129课堂上课课堂上课Questions for discussion11. What expectations does the author have towards the course?He expects to glean material for his story, have his imagination stirre
190、d up, cultivate a sense of form, focus on the great instead of the insignificant, and above all, to love humanity in its forms all the more.Text IIMemorable Quotes2. What is the authors most obvious merits in comparison with many other people?The author has frenzied passion and absolute sincerity fo
191、r his writing and prefers unvarnished truth.130课堂上课课堂上课3. What strengths and weaknesses does the author possibly have?His strengths are the choice of the subject and people he knows thoroughly and his sincere love of nature. His chief weakness is his being overinfluenced by natural objects and peopl
192、e he has long associated with.His mother insisted on his constant efforts to achieve perfection in whatever he was engaged in and to turn himself into a gentleman.4. What did his mother insist on?Questions for discussion2Text IIMemorable Quotes131课堂上课课堂上课Memorable Quotes1Text IIMemorable QuotesFicti
193、on gives us a second chance that life denies us. Paul Theroux132课堂上课课堂上课No tears in the writer, no tears in the reader. Robert FrostMemorable Quotes3Text IIMemorable Quotes133课堂上课课堂上课Questions for discussion1Text IIMemorable QuotesQuestions for Discussion1) Share with your classmates your unforgetta
194、ble reading experience from which you feel that your life has been enriched.2) Discuss with your classmates your opinion about the relationship between the writer and the reader and why. 134课堂上课课堂上课Memorable Quotes1Text IIMemorable QuotesPaul Edward Theroux (1941-) is an American travel writer and n
195、ovelist, whose best known work of travel writing is perhaps The Great Railway Bazaar (1975). He has also published numerous works of fiction, some of which were made into feature films.135课堂上课课堂上课Memorable Quotes1Text IIMemorable QuotesRobert Lee Frost (1874-1963) was an American poet. He is highly regarded for his realistic depictions of rural life and his command of American colloquial speech. A popular and often-quoted poet, Frost was honored frequently during his lifetime, receiving four Pulitzer Prizes for Poetry.136课堂上课课堂上课
