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1、modal verbsGrammar1.情态动词情态动词表示推测表示推测不表示推测不表示推测cancouldmaymightshallshouldmustwillwouldoughttohavetodare(darent)need(neednt)usedto2.情态动词有一定的意义，但没有人称和数的情态动词有一定的意义，但没有人称和数的变化，不能独立使用，它和后面的动词构成变化，不能独立使用，它和后面的动词构成谓语谓语只作情态动词的只作情态动词的can/could,may/might,oughtto，must可情态可实义的可情态可实义的need,dare/dared可情态可助动词的可情态可助动
2、词的shall/should,will/would相当于情态动词的相当于情态动词的haveto,usedto3.must,can/could,may/might的用法的用法must1.must表示推测时，表示推测时，只能用于只能用于肯定句。肯定句。e.g.这个电脑肯定出了问题。这个电脑肯定出了问题。Theremustbesomethingwrongwiththecomputer. 你努力学了一整天，你努力学了一整天， 一定累了吧一定累了吧Youhaveworkedhardallday.Youmustbetired.4.must,can/could,may/might的用法的用法注意：注意：mu
3、st用于肯定句中可表示用于肯定句中可表示“偏偏偏偏”。Naturally,afterItoldherwhattodo,mydaughtermustgoanddotheopposite.自然地，在我交代女儿做什么之后，她偏偏要自然地，在我交代女儿做什么之后，她偏偏要做相反的事情做相反的事情. 5.2.must+bedoing/do表示对表示对现在的动作现在的动作进行进行肯定推测肯定推测e.g.他现在一定在看小说他现在一定在看小说. .Hemustbereadingnovelsnow. 他们买了一辆新车他们买了一辆新车。 他们一定很有钱他们一定很有钱.Theyhaveboughtanewcar.T
4、heymusthavealotofmoney.6.3.must+havedone 表示对表示对过去发生的事情过去发生的事情作作出的肯定判断出的肯定判断e.g.e.g.他们在玩篮球，他们在玩篮球， 他们一定完成了作业。他们一定完成了作业。Theyareplayingbasketball,theymusthavefinishedtheirhomework. 路是湿的。昨天晚上一定下雨了。路是湿的。昨天晚上一定下雨了。Theroadiswet.Itmusthaverainedlastnight.7.对现在或将来情况推测：对现在或将来情况推测：must+动词原形。动词原形。must只能用于肯定。否定和
5、疑问分别用只能用于肯定。否定和疑问分别用cant和和can。e.g.Hemusttellalie.Canhetellalie?Hecanttellalie.*must-should/oughttomay-might/could+do可能性依次减弱可能性依次减弱8.(对过去情况推测：对过去情况推测：must may, might)+完完成时。成时。e.g. You must have met him before. mustmaymight可能性依次减弱可能性依次减弱must只能用于肯定句，译成只能用于肯定句，译成“一定一定”。否定和。否定和疑问分别用疑问分别用cant / couldnt和和c
6、an / could。e.g. Could /Can it have happened last night ?It couldnt/cant have happened last night.9.can/could 1.can/could表示推测时，只能用在表示推测时，只能用在否定句或否定句或疑问句中疑问句中。e.g.Itssolate.CanTombereading? CanitbeMr.Green? 这个人不可能是玛丽，这个人不可能是玛丽， 她生病了。她生病了。ItcantbeMary.Shehasfallenill. 她不可能在说谎。她不可能在说谎。Shecouldntbetellin
7、glies.14. 在疑问句中在疑问句中 could 比比can 更有礼貌，在此更有礼貌，在此不是不是can的过去式。的过去式。 e.g. Can you wait a moment please? Liz, can you do me a favor? Excuse me, could you tell me the way to the station? I wonder if you could help me. (请请求求) 15.2.can/couldhavedone 对对过去发生过去发生行为的可行为的可能性进行推测能性进行推测: :刚才我还看见他了，刚才我还看见他了， 所以他不可能
8、出国的。所以他不可能出国的。 Isawhimjustnowsohecouldnthavegoneabroad. 门是锁着的，门是锁着的， 所以她不可能在家。所以她不可能在家。Thedoorwaslocked.Shecouldnthavebeenathome.16.3.can/couldhavedone “本可以，本来可能本可以，本来可能已经已经”用于用于肯定句肯定句中，表示对中，表示对过去发生的事过去发生的事情情做出的判断做出的判断. . e.g.你本来可以考的更好。你本来可以考的更好。Youcouldhavehadabettermark.17.may/might1.may/might表示推测
9、时，只能用于陈述句，表示推测时，只能用于陈述句，表示对现在或将来要发生的动作把握不大。表示对现在或将来要发生的动作把握不大。e.g.她们明天可能会到这里来。她们明天可能会到这里来。Theymaycomeheretomorrow. 他们可能还在等我们呢。他们可能还在等我们呢。Theymaybestillwaitingforus.18.2.might可用于可用于指过去的行为或者表示可能性指过去的行为或者表示可能性更小更小。e.g.他也许在做功课吧。他也许在做功课吧。Hemightbedoinghishomeworknow. 我问他我是否可以离开。我问他我是否可以离开。IaskedhimifImig
10、htleave.Iaskedhim“MayIleavenow?”19.3.might/mayhavedone,表示对表示对过去发生的动过去发生的动作作进行可能性推测。进行可能性推测。 e.g.他可能去医务室了。他可能去医务室了。Hemayhavegonetotheclinic. 他可能已经从报纸上知道这个消息了。他可能已经从报纸上知道这个消息了。Hemighthavereadaboutthenewsinthenewspaper.20.4）may 表表示示许许可可，表表示示允允许许别别人人做做某某事事， 也可征求对方的许可。也可征求对方的许可。 May I open the door? We m
11、ay keep the book for two weeks.5） 用于祈使句，表示祝愿。用于祈使句，表示祝愿。May you succeed!May you have a nice trip! 21.表示推测表示推测情态动词的重要用法情态动词的重要用法. .肯定的推测肯定的推测可能的推测可能的推测否定的推测否定的推测疑问的推测疑问的推测must 对将来对将来对现在对现在对过去对过去情态动词情态动词may,mightcant,couldntcan,could+V.+V.+havedone常见常见mustbe+bedoing+V.+V.+havedone+bedoing可以用可以用not表示表示
12、“可能不可能不”+V.+V.+havedone+bedoing+V.+V.+havedone+bedoing22.Will/Wouldyoudo?(表请求表请求would更委婉更委婉)表意表意志，愿望，决心志，愿望，决心would表过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向表过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向“总是总是,总要总要”usedto表过去常常（现在已没有这种习惯）表过去常常（现在已没有这种习惯）“过去常常过去常常”usedto可于状态动词连用可于状态动词连用would不可以不可以e.g.Heusedtobeaquietboy.()Hewouldbeaquietboy.()will/would23. sh
13、all/should 1.shall 用于第二、三人称陈述句中，表示说话用于第二、三人称陈述句中，表示说话人给对方的命令，警告，允诺或威胁。人给对方的命令，警告，允诺或威胁。e.g.1)You shall go with me.(命令命令) 2)You shall have the book when I finish it.(允诺允诺) 3)He shall be punished.(威胁威胁) 2. shall用于第一、三人称疑问句中，表示说话人用于第一、三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见和向对方请示。征求对方的意见和向对方请示。e.g.4)Shall we begin our cl
14、ass?（征求意见）（征求意见） 5)When shall Mike be able to leave hospital?(请示请示)24.3.用于条约，规定，规章等文件中，表示一用于条约，规定，规章等文件中，表示一种义务，多用于第三人称中。种义务，多用于第三人称中。6) “The interest _be divided into five parts, according to the agreement made by both sides.” declared the judge.A. may B. should C. must D. shall25.用于表达合理推断。用于表达合理推断
15、。e.g. It is three oclock, the football game should begin now. Mary took dancing lessons for years, she should be an excellent dancer. 2.should的用法的用法26.2.should的用法的用法注意：注意：should可表示可表示“居然，竟然居然，竟然”。e.g.我不敢相信这样一个绅士居然对老人如此我不敢相信这样一个绅士居然对老人如此无礼。无礼。Icantbelievesuchagentlemanshouldbesorudetotheold.27.e.g.Yo
16、ungpeopleshouldlearnhowtousecomputers.Everycitizenoughttoobeylaw.Yououghtnottogo.3.should常表示劝告、建议、命令，与常表示劝告、建议、命令，与oughtto意义相近，但意义相近，但oughtto多表示责任、多表示责任、义务，语气强烈。在疑问句中通常用义务，语气强烈。在疑问句中通常用should代替代替oughtto。28.e.g.Youshould/oughttohavetoldherthetruthearlier.Sheshouldnthaveleftwithoutsayingaword.4.should
17、/oughttohavedone表示责备或表示责备或批评批评,意为意为“本应该做到本应该做到但没有做到但没有做到”,用用于否定则表示于否定则表示“本不该本不该但但”oughtto的语气的语气更强烈更强烈.29.must和和haveto1.must用于一般问句中用于一般问句中,肯定回答用肯定回答用must否否定式用定式用neednt或或donthaveto，做，做“不必不必”,mustnt表示表示“禁止，不允许禁止，不允许”e.g.MustIfinishallassignmentsatatime?Yes,youmust.No,youneednt.Youmustntgetoffwhiletheca
18、risstillmoving.30.e.g.IdontlikethisTVset.Wemustbuyanewone.Therewasnomorebus.Theyhadtowalkhome.2.表示表示“必须必须”这个意思时，这个意思时，must和和haveto稍有区别。稍有区别。must着重说明主观看着重说明主观看法，法，haveto强调客观需要。另外，强调客观需要。另外，haveto能用于更多时态。能用于更多时态。31.need/darea.need表需要和必须常用于否定句和疑问表需要和必须常用于否定句和疑问句句,neednthavedone“本不必做本不必做”b.dare表敢表敢,常用于否
19、定句常用于否定句,疑问句和条件句疑问句和条件句中。中。c.dare与与need用做实意动词时有时态，人用做实意动词时有时态，人称和数的变化称和数的变化,但但dare用于否定句和疑问句时用于否定句和疑问句时常接不带常接不带to的不定式的不定式,need后要接带后要接带to的不定的不定式。式。32.1.Idontknowwheresheis,she_beinWuhan.2.Atthismoment,ourteacher_ourexampapers.这时，我们老师想必在批改试卷。这时，我们老师想必在批改试卷。3.Theroadiswet.It_lastnight.(rain)4.Yourmother
20、_foryou.你妈妈一定一直在找你。你妈妈一定一直在找你。maymustbemarkingmusthaverainedmusthavebeenlooking33.5.Philip_seriouslyinthecaraccident.菲利普可能在车祸中受了重伤菲利普可能在车祸中受了重伤.6.-Lindahasgonetowork,butherbicycleisstillhere.-She_(go)bybus.7.Mike_hiscar,forhecametoworkbybusthismorning.迈克一定还没有找回他的车，因为早上他是坐迈克一定还没有找回他的车，因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的
21、。公共汽车来上班的。may(might)havebeenhurtmay(might)havegonecanthavefound34.Practice2:表示推测表示推测情态动词的重要用法情态动词的重要用法.1.YoumustbeMrSmith-Iwastoldtoexpectyouhere.2.Hemusthaveknownwhatwewanted.3.Wemayhavereadthesamereport.4.Hecanthavesleptthroughallthatnoise.5.Theressomeoneoutside-whocanitbe?6.Whatcantheybedoing?7.T
22、hesepillsmighthelptocureyourdisease.8.Youcouldberight,Isuppose.35.1.-IsJohncomingbytrain?-Heshould,buthe_not.Helikesdrivinghiscar.(2002高考题）高考题）A.mustB.canC.needD.may2.Ithasbeenannouncedthatcandidates(候选人候选人)_remainintheirseatsuntilallthepapershavebeencollected.(2002上海高考题）上海高考题）A.canB.willC.mayD.shal
23、l3.-Iheardtheywentskiinginthemountainslastwinter.(2002北京高考题）北京高考题）-It_truebecausetherewaslittlesnowthere.A.maynotbeB.wontbeC.couldntbeD.mustntbe36.modal verbGrammar(33ms)37. should & ought toshould 可指可指“竟然竟然”讲讲e.g. You ought to help him because he is in trouble now.(语气强，有命令意味。语气强，有命令意味。) You should
24、have a rest after finishing your sports.（一般性建议）（一般性建议） You ought to call the police when you find something wrong in your house. He should take care of the babies tonight.38.oughtto的否定式：的否定式：Heoughtnttodoit.oughtto的疑问句：的疑问句：Oughtwetodoitatonce?反意疑问句里：反意疑问句里：Heoughttobehere,oughtnthe?oughtto表应该，表应该，o
25、ughtto语气语气shouldshouldnthe?Imsurprisedthatheshouldeatsolittleevery.39.have tohave to 表示表示客观需要客观需要去做的事情，意为去做的事情，意为“必必须，不得不。须，不得不。”e.g. I have to get the station early to catch the first train. We missed the bus so we had to walk home. We have to overcome all kinds of difficulties.40.have to 有多种时态。常见的
26、有有多种时态。常见的有:一般将来时一般将来时 We will have to gather at the school gate at 7 tomorrow.一般现在时一般现在时 I have to take more money with me because my wife has so much to buy.一般过去时一般过去时 Finally, we had to give up our idea to hold a picnic outside as it rained for a whole afternoon.have to （考点）（考点）41.NeedIdo?Yes,you
27、must.No,youneednt.dare & need情态动词情态动词实义动词实义动词dare否，疑，条否，疑，条 dare not do否否,疑疑dont dare to do dont dare do不用于肯定句不用于肯定句肯：肯：dare to do need否，疑否，疑 neednt do (dont) need sth (dont) need to do肯：肯：must, have to, ought to, should42.Musttheydo?Yes,theymust.No,theyneednt/donthaveto.must & have tomust have to主观
28、客观主观客观 主观主观 客观客观时态时态 现在，将来现在，将来 多种多种表推测表推测询问意愿询问意愿否定意否定意禁止，不允许禁止，不允许 不必不必43.n must表主观意志，而表主观意志，而have to表由于客观表由于客观因素不得不做完成的事情。因素不得不做完成的事情。nmust没有过去式，除在间接引语中可表示没有过去式，除在间接引语中可表示过去的时间。在直接引语中表示过去的时过去的时间。在直接引语中表示过去的时间用间用had to代替。代替。e.g. I told her that she must give up smoking. She said, “We had to get ev
29、erything ready that night.”比较比较must & have to44.注意对注意对need问句的回答问句的回答:-NeedIfinishtheworktoday?-Yes,_.No,_.No,_.youmustyouneedntyoudonthaveto45.neednt对其它情态动词的回答对其它情态动词的回答:-ShallItellJohnaboutit?-No,you_.-Mustwedoitnow?-No,you_.neednt(donthaveto)neednt(donthaveto)46.nCould I borrow your dictionary?(委婉
30、委婉) - Yes，you can/may. Sure. Go ahead. Please yourself.nMay I take this seat?(第一人称疑第一人称疑问句问句) Yes, you may. No, you mustnt.47.Practice1:高考考题专练高考考题专练1.Ithoughtyou_likesomethingtoread,soIhavebroughtyousomebooks.A.mayB.mightC.wouldD.must2.Whereismypen?I_it.A.mightloseB.wouldhavelostC.shouldhavelostD.mu
31、sthavelost3.Ididnthearthephone.I_asleepA.mustbeB.musthavebeenC.shouldbeD.shouldhavebeenBDB48.4.-Therewerealreadyfivepeopleinthecar,buttheymanagedtotakemeaswell.-It_acomfortablejourneyA.cantbeB.shouldntbeC.mustnthavebeenD.couldnthavebeen5.Itsnearlysevenoclock.Jack_behereatanymoment.A.mustB.needC.shou
32、ldD.couldDC49.情态动词考题情态动词考题:1.-Didthetrainarriveintime?-No.It_twohoursago.A.musthavearrivedB.oughttohavearrivedC.mustarriveD.oughttoarrive2.MustIdrivetohishouseandpickupthechildren?No,. A.youshouldntB.youmightnot C.youneednt D.youmustntBC50.3.WedidntseeTomatthemeetingyesterday.Heit. A.mustnthaveatten
33、ded B.cannothaveattended C.neednthaveattended D.wouldhavenotattendedB51.4.You_suchalongcomposition.Theteacheronlyaskedfor300words.Youhavewritten600.A.mustnthavewrittenB.couldnthavewrittenC.neednthavewrittenD.donothavetowriteC52.5.Thereissomeoneknockingatthedoor.itbeTom? A.canB.mustC.shouldD.oughtto6
34、.Twoyearsago,myhusbandboughtmeabicycle.Ifyouliveintown,itisoftenfasterthanacarandyouworryaboutparking.A.mustnotB.maynotC.shouldnotD.donthavetoAD53.1.Judging from his accident, he must be from the south,2.Tom bought a lot of apples. He must like eating apples,3.It is eleven oclock at night and the li
35、ghts are off. They must be sleeping now,isnt,he? didnthe?arentthey?因因must后是实意动词后是实意动词like因因must后是系动词后是系动词be must后接的是后接的是besleeping，是对正在进，是对正在进行的情况推测行的情况推测54.1.Wemusthavelearned2,000wordsbytheendoflastterm, hadntwe?3.HemusthavegonetoBeijing,didntit?hasnthe? 若句中含有过去完成时的时间状语，用过去完成时完成反意疑问句若句中含有过去完成时的时间状
36、语，用过去完成时完成反意疑问句若句中含有过去的时间状语，用一般过去时完成反意疑问句若句中含有过去的时间状语，用一般过去时完成反意疑问句若句中不含任何时间状语，若句中不含任何时间状语，用现在完成时完成反意疑问句用现在完成时完成反意疑问句2.Itmusthaverainedlastnight,fortheroadwasverymuddy，55.must +have done 表示对过去已经发生的行为进行推测，意为“想必/准是/一定作了某事”。1.It must have rained last night, for the road was very muddy. 昨晚昨晚 一定是下雨了，一定是下
37、雨了， 因为地上很泥泞。因为地上很泥泞。2.We must have learned 2,000 words by the end of last term. 到上学期为止我们一定学了有两千个单词到上学期为止我们一定学了有两千个单词 。3.He must have gone to Beijing. 他一定已经去北京了。他一定已经去北京了。 56.can/could+have done表示对过去表示对过去的行为的怀疑和不肯定，通常用在否定的行为的怀疑和不肯定，通常用在否定句和疑问句中。句和疑问句中。1. Can they have won the basketball match?他们可能赢了篮
38、球赛吗？他们可能赢了篮球赛吗？2. It couldnt have been Mr. Green. He has gone to New York. 那不可能是格林先生的，他已经去北京了。那不可能是格林先生的，他已经去北京了。57.may/might+have done表示对过去已表示对过去已发生行为的推测，意为发生行为的推测，意为“也许也许/或许已经或许已经”。一般只用于肯定句和否定句中，不用与疑问一般只用于肯定句和否定句中，不用与疑问句。句。might比比may更委婉、含蓄和不肯定。更委婉、含蓄和不肯定。 1. Its too late. I think he may have gone
39、to bed.太晚了，我想他可能已经睡觉了。太晚了，我想他可能已经睡觉了。2. He may/might not have finished the work.他可能没有完成工作。他可能没有完成工作。58.巩巩 固固 练练 习习 1.-What _ it be? -It _ be a mail box, for it is moving. It _ be a car.A. can; cant; must B. can; can; must C. can; mustnt; must D. must; mustnt can 2. -Isnt that Anns husband over there
40、? -No. it _ be him-Im sure he doesnt wear glasses.A.cant B. must not C. wont D, may not3.-When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon. -They _ be ready by 12:00.A. can B. should C. might D. need4.-are you coming to Jeffs party? -Im not sure. I _ go to the concert instead.A. must B
41、. would C. should D. might AABD59.5.-Youmaylaugh,butIvebeenthinkingofbecomingavegetarian.-Oh,you_beoutofyourmind.Youwillbehungryallthetime.A.willB.mayC.mustD.should6.-Iwonderwhytheyarelate?-They_thetrain.A.canthavemissedB.couldmissB.C.musthavemissedD.mightmiss7.-Showmeyourpermit,please!-Oh,itsnotinm
42、ypocket.It_.A.mightfalloutB.couldfalloutC.shouldhavefallenoutD.musthavefallenoutCCD60.7.-HasMikestarted?Hesaidhewouldjoinintheparty.-He_.Heisamanofkeepinghisword.A.couldhaveleftB.musthaveleftC.cantcomeD.wontbecoming8.Everythinghastwosides.Beautifulsongs,sometimes,_bejustnoisetoothers.A.mustB.mayC.sh
43、ouldD.couldB.9.-Therewerealreadyfivepeopleinthecar,buttheymanagedtotakemeaswell.C.-It_acomfortablejourney.D.A.cantbeB.mustnthavebeenE.C.shouldbeD.couldnthavebeenF.10.Chinesemusthavethelargestnumberofspeakers,_.G.A.mustnttheyB.haventtheyC.donttheyD.didnttheyH. BBDC61.could(不用can)+have done,在肯定句中表示“本来
44、能够而没能”，具有婉转的批评和责备之意。1. I could have passed my exam easily, but I made too many stupid mistakes. 我本来能够轻易通过考试，但我犯了太多不该我本来能够轻易通过考试，但我犯了太多不该 犯的犯的错误。错误。2.You could have reported to me earlier. 你本该早点告诉我的。你本该早点告诉我的。62.should/ought to+have done用于肯定句时，表示“本该做某事而实际上没做”，用于否定句时，则表示“不该做的事反而做了”。1.You should have t
45、old him a week ago.你本来应该在一周前告诉他的。你本来应该在一周前告诉他的。2.You ought not to have taken the magazine out of the reading room.他不该、把杂志带出阅览室的。他不该、把杂志带出阅览室的。63.might（不用may）+have done表示“本来可能”，但实际上没有发生的事。另外，还可表示“本来应该或可以做某事”之意，含有轻微的责备语气。1.You might not have told her.你本可以不告诉他的。（事实上你告诉他了）你本可以不告诉他的。（事实上你告诉他了）2. You migh
46、t have come earlier.你本可以早点来的。（但没有这样）你本可以早点来的。（但没有这样）64.neednt +have done表示做了本表示做了本来不必去做的事。来不必去做的事。1.She neednt have gone to the station yesterday.昨天她本不必到火车站去的昨天她本不必到火车站去的.（昨天她去了）（昨天她去了）2.You neednt have bought it.你本可不必买它的。你本可不必买它的。 （你买了）（你买了）65.巩巩 固固 练练 习习 1.Oh, Im not feeling well in the stomach. I
47、 _ so much fried chicken just now.A. shouldnt eat B. shouldnt have eaten C. mustnt eat D. mustnt have eaten2.-Why hasnt Jane arrived yet? -She _ again in the morning?A. shouldnt have overslept B. may have turned off the alarm clockC. must have no one t o call herD. should have someone to wake her up
48、3.-Did you go to the movie the day before yesterday? -No. We _, but we decided not to.A.should have gone B. could go C. should go D. could have goneBBA66.4.Asitturnedouttobeasmallhouseparty,we_soformally.A.needntdressB.B.didnthavetodressupC.MightnothavedressedupD.neednthavedressedup5.Imrathersurprisedyouhaventreportedhimtoyourteacher.Inmyopinion,you_thisassoonasyoufoundouthewascheating.A.musthavedoneB.mighthavedoneB.C.shouldhavedoneD.couldhavedoneDC67.
