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1、Lesson 4The Nightingale and the Rose BTLEWWriting DevicesWriting DevicesMetonymy （转喻）In metonymy, an idea is evoked or named by means of term designating some associated notion. “It” stands for “thought” in grammar, but actually refers to Mr. Houghton, and it is vulgar to refer to a girl as a skirt.
2、 ：一种一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法，如用华盛顿 代替 美政府 或用 剑 代替 军事力量 It will lecture on disinterested purity while its neck is being remorselessly twisted toward a skirt. (Para. 23)Mr. HoughtonMore examples To be continued on the next page.girlsLesson 4The Nightingale and the Rose BTLEWWriting DevicesWriting
3、 Devices Democracy favors the vote rather than the bullet. (Vote=election, bullet=military solutions) “Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun.” (Mao Zedong refers it to the military revolution) Bill Gates is the king of operating systems worldwide. (Bill Gates = Microsoft) The pen is might
4、ier than the sword. (pen = writer; sword = fighter)ComparisonsynecdocheTo be continued on the next page.Lesson 4The Nightingale and the Rose BTLEWWriting DevicesWriting DevicesIrony （反语）To be continued on the next page.Irony is the expression of ones meaning by using language that normally signifies
5、 the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect. Technically, it is about as proficient as most businessmens golf, as honest as most politicians intentions, or as coherent as most books that get written. (Para. 23) Mr. Houghton was given to high-minded monologues about the good life, sexles
6、s and full of duty. (Para. 20)Lesson 4The Nightingale and the Rose BTLEWII.II.Writing DevicesWriting DevicesTo be continued on the next page.It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. For instance.You could hear the wind, trapped in his chest and struggling with a
7、ll the unnatural impediments. His body would reel with shock and his face go white at the unaccustomed visitation. He would stagger back to his desk and collapse there, useless for the rest of the morning. (Para. 19)Hyperbole （夸张）Lesson 4The Nightingale and the Rose BTLEWWriting DevicesWriting Devic
8、esTo be continued on the next page.Simile （明喻）It makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common. To make the comparison, words like “as”, “as. as”, “as if” and “like” are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. They all
9、 came tumbling down like so many rotten apples off a tree. (Para. 31) Man enjoys agreement as cows will graze all the same way on the side of a hill. (Para. 24)Lesson 4The Nightingale and the Rose BTLEWWriting DevicesWriting DevicesMetaphor （暗喻）It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between tw
10、o unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. He seems to me ruled not by thought but by an invisible and irresistible spring in his neck. (Para. 20) It took the swimmer some distance from the shore and left him there, out of his depth. (Para. 29)The end of W
11、riting Devices.Lesson 4The Nightingale and the Rose BTLEWLesson 4The Nightingale and the Rose BTLEWLesson 4The Nightingale and the Rose BTLEW Grade- 3 thinkersMajoritySelf-contradictionStampede, jump on the bandwagonDelight in their solidarityInnocent stupidity Grade- 2 thinkersMinority the contradi
12、ctionsLag behind, withdraw from the crowdDelight in laughing at othersDestruction without constructionWhat What kind of follies kind of follies and contradictionsand contradictions did did the author the author detectdetect? ?Para. 25Para. 25Lesson 4The Nightingale and the Rose BTLEWThe price for be
13、ing a grade-2 thinkerIt “could be costly as well as fun”.It “did not make for content”.It “satisfies the young ego but does not make for personal security”It “took the swimmer out of his depth”.It asks “what is truth?” and stops there.Lesson 4The Nightingale and the Rose BTLEWWhat might be grade-one
14、 thinking like? Comprehension QssystemmorallivinglogicalunconventionalLesson 4The Nightingale and the Rose BTLEWSummary Grade-threeGrade-two Grade-one natureproportionbehaviorconsequenceLesson 4The Nightingale and the Rose BTLEWGrade-threeGrade-two Grade-one natureprejudiced, ignorant, hypocriticalm
15、ocking, satirical, cynicalMoral,LogicalTruth-seeking proportion9/10fewerfewestbehaviorStampedeGroup togetherWithdraw,Lag behindStick to truth,Dare to loseconsequenceDangerous Destructive but not constructiveConstructivecreativeLesson 4The Nightingale and the Rose BTLEWText AnalysisText AnalysisThe s
16、ummary of the characteristics of the three grades of thinking Grade-threeGrade-twoGrade-onecharacteristicsexamplesIgnorance, hypocrisy, prejudice, self-satisfied, contradictionsMr. Houghton, nine tens of peopleDetecting contradictions; do not stampede easily; lag behind, a withdrawal, destroy but no
17、t createRuth, the author, (maybe) some acquaintancesTo find out what is truth, based on a logical moral systemfar and few between, only in booksthinkingThe end of General Analysis.Lesson 4The Nightingale and the Rose BTLEWgo to 11I no longer consider the way grade-three thinkers think unimportant be
18、cause they account for nine-tenths of the people and therefore have great power. Now I know that ignorance, prejudice and hypocrisy are very powerful enemies.1 I no longer dismiss lightly a mental process. (Para. 24)Lesson 4The Nightingale and the Rose BTLEWThe author thinks that it is probably huma
19、n nature to enjoy agreement because it seems to bring peace, security, comfort and harmony.2 2go to 12A crowd of grade-thinkers, all shouting the same thing, all warming their hand at the fire of their own prejudices Man enjoys agreement as cows will graze all the same way on the side of a hill. (Pa
20、ra. 24)All feeling very content and happy because they share the same prejudicesSimile: enjoy the peaceful, safe and harmonious environment Lesson 4The Nightingale and the Rose BTLEW3 3go to 13Grade-two thinkers do not stampede easily, though often they fall into the other fault and lag behind. Grad
21、e-two thinking is a withdrawal, with eyes and ears open. It destroys without having the power to create. (Para. 25)To get easily frightened and run with the crowdTo go to the other extreme, that is to act too slowly and lag behindDetachment: (冷漠) as from social or emotional involvement; refusing to
22、be part of the crowd.Lesson 4The Nightingale and the Rose BTLEW4 4She claimed that the Bible was literally inspired. I countered by saying that the Catholics believed in the literal inspiration of Saint Jeromes Vulgate and the two books were different. Argument flagged. (Para. 26)A true historical r
23、ecordThe Latin translation of the Bible, used in a revised form as the Roman Catholic authorized versionto become dull“Both Methodists and Catholics believed that their Books are a true record of the Gods divine plan.” The author used this example to defy Ruths illogical opinion, therefore the argum
24、ent became dull because Ruth didnt know how to respond to it. go to 15Lesson 4The Nightingale and the Rose BTLEW5 5go to 16That was too easy, said I restively since there were more Roman Catholics than Methodists anyway; (Para. 27)restlessly, difficult to control ones emotionHere, the author pointed
25、 out Ruths logical error. The number of people who hold a view is no proof of its validity.Lesson 4The Nightingale and the Rose BTLEWNote the authors description of the contrasting combination of his intimate action and strong defiant expressions, which eventually made Ruth withdraw and give up as a
26、 grade-two thinker.6 6go to 17I would bet on the Buddhists; I am sure, they are greater in numberMore than she could accept or bearIf we were talking about the number of people who believe in this I slid my arm around her waist and murmured that if we were counting heads, the Buddhists were the boys
27、 for my money. She fled. The combination of my arm and those countless Buddhists was too much for her. (Para. 27)Lesson 4The Nightingale and the Rose BTLEWIII.III.7 7go to 18I was given the third degree to find out what had happened. I lost Ruth and gained an undeserved reputation as a potential lib
28、ertine. (Para. 28)To be severely questioned or interrogatedThe author lost his girlfriend and won a bad name even as a grade-two thinker, satisfying himself by finding out deficiencies but not seeking for the truth. Note the effect of the authors self-mockery. Lesson 4The Nightingale and the Rose BT
29、LEWIII.III.8 8go to 19To make one feel proud of ones ability and clevernessTo be in the water that is too deep for you to stand in and breatheThe author uses this metaphor to express the idea that grade-two thinking has its limitations. It does not have anything positive to offer.To find out the def
30、iciencies of our elders satisfies the young ego but does not make for personal security. It took the swimmer some distance from the shore and left him there, out of his depth. (Para. 29)Lesson 4The Nightingale and the Rose BTLEW in the person, presentExamples: I have corresponded with him for some y
31、ears,but I have never met him in the flesh. He is nicer in the flesh than in his photograph.flesh and blood:血肉之躯Those sorrows are more than flesh and blood can bear.The author doesnt give his characters any flesh and blood. 逼真的形象make ones flesh creep: 使人毛骨悚然His story made my flesh creep.thorn in the
32、 flesh: 肉中刺9 in the flesh（para.30）Lesson 4The Nightingale and the Rose BTLEWIII.III.1010I came up in the end with what must always remain the justification for grade-one thinking. I devised a coherent system for living. It was a moral system, which was wholly logical. (Para. 31)According to the auth
33、or, grade-one thinking must be based on a coherent and logical system for living, in other words, a moral system, without which you cannot prove yourself to be a grade-one thinker. Judging by the context, this system probably refers to ones world outlook and basic political beliefs and moral princip
34、les.go to 20Lesson 4The Nightingale and the Rose BTLEWIII.III.1111go to 21repeatedWhat had happened to Ruth and me now happened again. My grade-two thinking frightened away many of my acquaintances.It was Ruth all over again. I had some very good friends who stood by me, and still do. But my acquain
35、tances vanished, taking the girls with them. (Para. 32) Lesson 4The Nightingale and the Rose BTLEWIn those prewar days when many people were fully worked up to a political frenzy狂乱, it was very dangerous to voice different opinions. You might lose friends or your job.III.III.1212go to 22Had the game
36、 gone too far? In those prewar days, I stood to lose a great deal, for the sake of a hobby. (Para. 33)To go beyond what is reasonable and acceptableHis grade-two thinking which he takes as a hobby To be likely to loseLesson 4The Nightingale and the Rose BTLEWIII.III.1313go to 23Now you are expecting
37、 me to describe how I saw the folly of my ways and came back to the warm nest (Para. 34)Now you think I will tell you how I gradually saw my stupidity in being a grade-two thinker and therefore decided to give it up and return to the majority of grade-three thinkers.Lesson 4The Nightingale and the R
38、ose BTLEWIII.III.1414The end of Sentence Paraphrase.But you would be wrong. I dropped my hobby and turned professional. (Para. 35)But you guessed wrong. I did not drop my hobby of thinking ( here, we can say he might give up the hobby of grade-two thinking). Instead I went further and became a profe
39、ssional thinker.Lesson 4The Nightingale and the Rose BTLEWIII.III.Word BuildingWord BuildingList:1. Prefixhind-2. Suffix -ette3. Derivative: orate4. Suffix -ferLesson 4The Nightingale and the Rose BTLEWIII.III.Word BuildingWord BuildinghindquartershindquartersprefixPrefixhind-located at or forming t
40、he back or rearExamples: hindquarters n. 后腿，臀部 hindlimb (hind legs a.) n. (动物或昆虫的)后肢，下肢 hindsight n.枪的表尺，后瞄准器；后见之明，事后聪明 I now know with hindsight that I did him a terrible wrong. 我事后才明白我完全冤枉了他。 hindmost a. 最后面的， 最后部的Lesson 4The Nightingale and the Rose BTLEWa. small; diminutive 表示小的，小型的 b. female 表示
41、女性的 c. an imitation or inferior kind of cloth 表示仿造品或衣料质地较差的 a. kitchenette 小厨房 novelette 中或短篇 launderette 自动洗衣店b. bachelorette 未婚女子c. Leatherette 人造革suffix-etteIII.III.Word BuildingWord BuildingstatuetteLesson 4The Nightingale and the Rose BTLEWWord BuildingWord Buildingoratoryoratoryorate v. to spe
42、ak in a formal, pompous manneroration n. a formal speech, especially one given on a ceremonial occasion; a speech delivered in a high-flown or pompous mannerorator n. one who delivers an oration; an eloquent and skilled public speakeroratory n. the art of public speaking; eloquence or skill in making speeches to the public; public speaking marked by the use of overblown rhetoric
