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1、名名 词词 性性 从从 句句从句可分为：从句可分为：副词性从句：副词性从句：状语从句包括状语从句包括时间时间状语从句、状语从句、条条件件状语从句、状语从句、地点地点状语从句、状语从句、原因原因状语从句、状语从句、目的目的状语从句、状语从句、结果结果状语从句、状语从句、方式方式状语从句、状语从句、让步让步状语从句和状语从句和比较比较状语从句。状语从句。形容词性从句形容词性从句：定语从句定语从句名词性从句名词性从句：主语从句主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句同位语从句在复合句中充当在复合句中充当名词性成分名词性成分的从句的从句叫名词性从句叫名词性从句。名词性从句名词性从句
2、分为分为：主语从句主语从句表语从句表语从句宾语从句宾语从句同位语从句同位语从句His job is very important.What he does is very important.主语主语 This is my job.This is what he does every day. 表语表语I dont like his job.I dont like what he does every day. 宾语宾语I dont know about the man, Mr. White.I dont know about the fact that he is a teacher. 同位
3、语同位语Atlunchtime,theradioweathermanreportedthatthemistwouldbecomeathickfogintheafternoon.Thetruthisthatthefogistoothickforthebustorunthatfar.Whatsurprisedmemostwasthattheoldmancouldntseeanything.ThefactthatPollydidntaskforthemansnameisapity.Predictive Clause(表语从句表语从句)Object Clause(宾语从句宾语从句)Subject Cl
4、ause(主语从句主语从句)Appositive Clause同位语从句同位语从句Find clauses from the following sentences and tell the functions of them一、引导名词性从句的连接词：一、引导名词性从句的连接词：1.that(无意义，无句法功能无意义，无句法功能); whether(是否是否)； whetheror(或者或者或者或者); whetheror not / whether or not (是否是否); if (or not) (是否；引是否；引导导动词后的宾语从句动词后的宾语从句; 即即:不于句首不于句首,不于介
5、词后不于介词后)、2. 连接代词连接代词:what(所所的的= the thing which；什；什么么); whatever(无论什么无论什么); which(ever) (无论无论哪个哪个); who(谁；谁；的人的人); whoever(无论谁无论谁); whom(谁谁)whomever(无论谁无论谁); whose(ever) (无论无论谁的谁的)此类连词只起引导作用，无句法功能此类连词只起引导作用，无句法功能3.连接副词连接副词: how怎样怎样/那样那样; however无论怎样无论怎样; when啥时啥时/ 的时候的时候; whenever无论啥时无论啥时; why为什么为什么
6、/的原因的原因; where哪里哪里/的地方的地方; wherever无论哪里无论哪里第第2、3两类连词既引导从句又有句法功能；两类连词既引导从句又有句法功能；wh-连词有时不带疑问意义，译为：连词有时不带疑问意义，译为：的原因时间的原因时间人人1. I want to know what the relationship is between them.2. What I am interested in is what they are talking about.3. What I like most about this picture is the fact that everyth
7、ing is in harmony.41. After _ seemed an endless wait, it was her turn to enter the personnel managers office. A. that B. what C. there D. it44. Have you ever been in a situation _ you know the other person is right yet you cannot agree with him? A. by which B. that C. in where D. where名词性从句（四级真题）名词性
8、从句名词性从句 名词性从句的名词性从句的语序语序 连接词连接词的选用的选用同位语从句同位语从句和和定语从句定语从句的区别的区别二、名词性从句的二、名词性从句的语序语序（1） 名词性从句构成有两种名词性从句构成有两种a. That + 陈述句陈述句That light travels in straight lines is known to all.b. 疑问词疑问词+句子的剩余成分句子的剩余成分 This is what we are looking for.(2) 疑问词引导的名词性从句要求使用疑问词引导的名词性从句要求使用陈述句陈述句 语序语序，不能用一般疑问句语序。，不能用一般疑问句语
9、序。他是怎么成功的仍然是个谜。他是怎么成功的仍然是个谜。你能告诉我他住在什么地方吗？你能告诉我他住在什么地方吗？How was he successful is still a puzzle. ( )How he was successful is still a puzzle. ( )Could you tell me where he lives? ( )Could you tell me where does he live? ( )FTFT三、名词性从句连接词的选用三、名词性从句连接词的选用(一）一）that 和和what 的选用的选用that 和和 what 都可引导都可引导所有的名
10、词从句所有的名词从句。但是，但是，what除起连接作用外，还在名除起连接作用外，还在名词性从句中词性从句中充当成分充当成分，可做从句的主，可做从句的主语、宾语、或表语。而语、宾语、或表语。而that在名词性从在名词性从句中句中不充当任何成分不充当任何成分，只起连接作用。，只起连接作用。连词连词that的用法：的用法：That he left is certain.The fact is that he left.I didnt know (that) he left.Im sorry / surprised (that) he left.I know nothing except that h
11、e left.I have no idea that he left.主语从从句主语从从句表语从句表语从句（动词）宾语从句（动词）宾语从句（形容词）宾语从句（形容词）宾语从句（介词）宾语从句（介词）宾语从句同位语从句同位语从句说明：that无句法功能，引导宾语从句宾语从句时可省，但介词except/but/besides后面、并列宾语从句的第二个以上的that不省;Hesaid(that)therewasntanytroubleandthathewasjustwaitingforher.that / what1._ he wants is a book.2. _ he wants to go
12、there is obvious.3.The result is _ we won the game.4.This is _ we want to know.5.Is _ he told us true ?6.We should pay attention to _ the teacher is saying.7. I have no doubt _ he will come.8. I have no idea _ he did that afternoon.WhatThatthatwhatwhatwhatthatwhat其它连接代词和副词的连用其它连接代词和副词的连用主要根据名词性主要根据名
13、词性从句中的具体意义从句中的具体意义,正确的正确的选择选择who、which、when、where、why、how 等连接词，这些连接词既具有疑问含义，等连接词，这些连接词既具有疑问含义，又起连接作用，同时在从句中充当各种成分。又起连接作用，同时在从句中充当各种成分。我们何时举行运动会还没有决定。我们何时举行运动会还没有决定。_ we shall hold our sports meeting is not decided.我不知道昨天谁打破了玻璃。我不知道昨天谁打破了玻璃。I dont know _ broke the glass yesterday.我不知道他长的什么样子。我不知道他长的什
14、么样子。I have no idea _ he looks like.这就是我忘记眼镜的地方。这就是我忘记眼镜的地方。This is _ I left my glasses.Whenwhowhatwhere（二）连词（二）连词whether / if 的用法：的用法：Whether he left ( or not ) is unknown.My question is whether he left ( or not ). I didnt know whether / if he left.Im not sure whether / if he left.Im worried about w
15、hether he left.I have a question whether he left or not.主语从句主语从句= It is unknown whether / if he left.表语从句表语从句（动词）宾语从句（动词）宾语从句 whether= if（形容词）宾语从句（形容词）宾语从句 whether=if（介词介词）宾语从句）宾语从句同位语从句同位语从句We will slow down _ you really cant follow me. 条件状语从句条件状语从句ifwhether和和if的区别的区别:whether和和if在在宾语从句宾语从句中可以互换，中可以
16、互换，但是但是作介词宾语时作介词宾语时连接词一般用连接词一般用whether。 It all depends on whether they will come back.后面直接跟后面直接跟or not 时用时用whether。 I didnt know whether or not he had arrived in Wuhan.主语从句、表语从句主语从句、表语从句中只能用中只能用whether。 Whether the meeting will be put off has not been decided yet.The question is whether they have so
17、 much money.whether可以引导可以引导同位语同位语从句，用以从句，用以说明前面说明前面的名词的内容的名词的内容，if不能。不能。 We ought to discuss carefully the question whether we can do it or not.whether常与常与or连用表示一种选择，连用表示一种选择，if不能这样不能这样用；用；whether也可与动词不定式连用也可与动词不定式连用但但if不能。不能。 The question of whether they are male or female is not important. I have
18、not decided whether to go or not.间接引语位于句首时间接引语位于句首时或者是或者是间接引语提前间接引语提前时用时用whether不用不用if。 Thank you, but whether Ill be free Im not sure at the moment.whether可可引导一个让步状语从句引导一个让步状语从句表示表示“不管不管”、“无论无论”，而，而if不能。不能。 Whether he comes or not, we will begin our party on time.（三）连词（三）连词wh-的用法：的用法：(仅以仅以who / whe
19、n 为例）为例）Who left is unknown =Its unknown who left.When he left is unknown.=Its unknown when.My question is who left.What I wonder is when he left.I know who left.I dont know when he left.Are you sure who left?Im uncertain when he left.I have no information as to who left.Have you any idea of when he
20、 left?I have no idea when he left.主语从句主语从句表语从句表语从句（动词）宾语从句（动词）宾语从句（形容词）宾语从句（形容词）宾语从句（介词）宾从（介词）宾从同位语从句同位语从句说明：此类连词有：说明：此类连词有：who(ever) / whom(ever) / whose(ever) / which(ever) / what(ever) / when(ever) / where(ever) / how(ever) / why它们在从句中可有两种含义：它们在从句中可有两种含义：疑问词的含义疑问词的含义的人物时间地点的人物时间地点 What he said is
21、 right. = What do you know he likes best?The thing that / which he said is right.一般不用Itisrightwhat四、主语从句四、主语从句用法特点用法特点:1.谓语通常用单数谓语通常用单数; Whether they will come or not doesnt matter much.2. 用形式主语，将主语从句后置句末用形式主语，将主语从句后置句末;A.主句是被动语态时主句是被动语态时,常用形式主语常用形式主语; It is unknown what she did to him. It hasnt bee
22、n decided whether well go there.B. 主句是疑问句式或感叹句式时，必须用形式主主句是疑问句式或感叹句式时，必须用形式主语语; Is it possible that he will come? How strange it is that the children are so quiet!C. 用形式主语的常见句型：用形式主语的常见句型： 1).It + be + adj. 主语从句主语从句 It is probable that she told him everything. Its strange that she should accept his o
23、ffer of help.2). It + be+ 分词分词+ 主语从句主语从句 It is well known that the earth moves around the sun. (Its said / reported / believed / supposed) It is inspiring that youve made much progress in English.3). It + be + 名词（短语）名词（短语）+ 主语从句主语从句 It is a pity / a surprise / no wonderthat he isnt here. Its a pity
24、that you should think so.4). It + v. (+ obj. )+ 主语从句主语从句 It doesnt matter when they will be back. It makes no difference what you will say. It so happened that I was out that day.3. 由由whatever / whoever引导的主语从句一般不引导的主语从句一般不用用 it 替代。替代。Whoever does that should be punished.Whatever you say will be of n
25、o use now.考点：考点：主语从句主语从句It is / was that与强调句型的区别与强调句型的区别：主主语从句还原为非形式主语句型时，语从句还原为非形式主语句型时，只能去掉只能去掉it; 强强调结构调结构还原成非强调句要还原成非强调句要去掉去掉It is /was thatIt is reported that Italy has won the game.主语从句主语从句It is hard work that it takes (us) to learn English well.强调结构强调结构五、表语从句五、表语从句用法特点：用法特点：1.除上述三类连词外，引导表语从句的
26、连词还有：除上述三类连词外，引导表语从句的连词还有： because / as / as if / as though It is because he doesnt know her. Things are not always as they seem to be. He looks as if / though he is tired.2. It + seem / appear ( to sb. ) + that It seems ( to us ) (that) he has been fired. It appeared ( to her ) that you were all mi
27、staken.4. what / how / where / when / who why等引导等引导的表语从句有时的表语从句有时含疑问意义含疑问意义，有时不含有时不含。Thats what he meant. All I want to know is what he did yesterday. This is where they live now. The question is where they can live now. 注：注：the reason (why）is that3. It + look/ seem + as if / as though It looks as i
28、f/ though its going to rain. It almost seemed as if the good old man were trying his best to teach us all he knew at this last lesson. 六、宾语从句六、宾语从句（一）doubt用法（1）在在否定句和疑问句否定句和疑问句中，中，doubt后面接后面接that引引导的宾语从句。导的宾语从句。例如：Idontdoubtthathecanfinishthetaskontime.我相信他能按时完成任务。Doyoudoubtthatshewillsucceed?你怀疑她会成
29、功吗？（2）在在肯定句肯定句中，中，doubt后面一般后面一般接接whether或或if引导的宾语从句。引导的宾语从句。例如：Idoubtwhethertheycanswimacrosstheriver.我怀疑他们能否游过河去。Hedoubtsifshewillkeepherword.他不敢肯定她是否会遵守诺言。doubt用法注意：注意：在在肯定句肯定句中，中，doubt后面后面也可以也可以接接that引导的宾语引导的宾语从句，但从句，但表示疑虑较大或表示疑虑较大或“不相信不相信”。例如：Wedoubtthattheycancompletetheworkaheadoftime.我们不相信他们能
30、提前完成这项工作。Idoubtthathewillcome.我看他未必会来。（二）宾语从句（二）宾语从句-否定转移否定转移 1. 将将 think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等等动动词词后后面面的的宾宾语语从从句句的的否否定定词词转转移移到主句中。但到主句中。但hope不能转移不能转移。 e.g. I dont believe he will come. 2. 将将seem, appear等后的从句的否定转移到前面。等后的从句的否定转移到前面。 e.g. It doesnt appear that we will have a sunny
31、 day tomorrow. 3. 有时有时状语或状语从句状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓语动中否定可以转移到谓语动词前。词前。 e.g. The ant is not gathering this for itself alone.（三）（三）宾语从句宾语从句用法特点：用法特点：（从句主谓语不（从句主谓语不倒装）倒装）1. 作动词宾语（从句），（作动词宾语（从句），（第一个第一个）连词）连词that可省，可省，如果后接宾语补足语时，须用形式宾语如果后接宾语补足语时，须用形式宾语it.He said (that ) he didnt help her.We think it wrong tha
32、t he didnt help her.但：动词但：动词like / hate / appreciate / take (表好恶、表好恶、看法）后，看法）后，depend on / see to (介词）介词）后即使没后即使没有宾补，也用形式宾语。有宾补，也用形式宾语。 I hate it when people speak with their mouth full. I like it when she smiles to me. I take it that you like my lessons. I would appreciate it if you would turn the
33、radio down. You may depend on it that they will help you. Ill see (to it ) that everything is ready in time.你放心他们你放心他们= make sure 我负责按时做好一切准备我负责按时做好一切准备.2. 能带宾语从句的形容词能带宾语从句的形容词有：有：sure, certain, glad, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied, pleased,disappointedIm sorry that you are ill. Im glad / satis
34、fied that youve made rapid progress. 3. 介词宾语从句介词宾语从句He is interested in whatever the teacher says in class.He differed from his classmates in that he devoted his spare time to reading.They have solved the problem of where they could get the book.考点：考点：1. 作介词或动词宾语的作介词或动词宾语的what从句从句:They are building
35、a new city on _ we callruins. A. which B. where C. what D. thatCWe saw each other again after _ seemed ages. A. what B. which C. when D. itATheyre just college graduates and havent realized _ to start and run a company. A. what takes it B. what they take C. what takes them D. what it takesD2. 介词后的连词
36、介词后的连词形式形式根据在从句中的成分而确定根据在从句中的成分而确定： Ill think highly of（器重，看重）（器重，看重） _ does a good job.A. whomever B. whoever C. who D. whomB Tom, remember to return the book to _ name is on it. A. what B. which C. whose D. whoseverD3. 宾语从句有时可置于句首表强调或对比。宾语从句有时可置于句首表强调或对比。He is slow in learning, but what he learns
37、he learns well.（学得牢靠）（学得牢靠）4. 宾语从句与主句时态的呼应：宾语从句与主句时态的呼应： 主句用现在范畴的时态主句用现在范畴的时态时，从句可根据语境时，从句可根据语境用任何时态；用任何时态； 主句用过去范畴的时态主句用过去范畴的时态时，时，从句应用相应的过从句应用相应的过去时态去时态，但但客观真理或普遍现象除外。客观真理或普遍现象除外。It looks as if we shall have a hard time.He said (that) he would come again.She remembered (that) she had left the book
38、home.The teacher told us in class (that) the earth moves around the sun.5. 在在think, believe, suppose, expect 等动词之等动词之后，宾语从句的否定式前置于主句（后，宾语从句的否定式前置于主句（否定前置否定前置）。）。I dont suppose it is the rush hour yet.Im sorry, but I dont think youre right / I knowyou.6.在在hope, fear, be afraid, believe, imagine, supp
39、ose, think, guess, expect, tell, say等词等词后可用后可用so代替一个代替一个肯定的肯定的宾语从句；若宾语从句宾语从句；若宾语从句为为否定式否定式，前三个动词（，前三个动词（hope, fear, be afraid）后只用后只用not, 其余动词可用其余动词可用两种否定式两种否定式：-We will have cool weather tomorrow.-I hope so . / I hope not. 不能：不能：I dont hope so.-Hell do a very good job. - I believe so. / I believe no
40、t . 或：或：I dont believe so.He is a good student. 肯：肯：I think so.否：否：I dont think so. / I think not . Im afraid not.七、同位语从句七、同位语从句用法要点：用法要点：( that / whether )同位语从句与定语从句一样，是同位语从句与定语从句一样，是修饰某个名词修饰某个名词的从句，但它比定语从句更详细更具体地说明的从句，但它比定语从句更详细更具体地说明“先先行词行词”的内容，其的内容，其“先行词先行词”多为以下抽象名词：多为以下抽象名词：advice, belief (信念信念
41、), doubt, desire, fact, fear, hope, idea, knowledge, news, order, problem , possibility, question, remark （意见（意见/评论评论), reply（答复）（答复）,report, suggestion, thought（想法）（想法）, wish等。等。如：如： We were overjoyed at the news that our team had won the game. They raised a question whether the work was worth doin
42、g.2. 同位语从句有时与其同位语从句有时与其“先行词先行词”之间还有其他词之间还有其他词语，称为语，称为分隔现象分隔现象。Word / An order has come from Berlin that nolanguage but German may be taught in Alsace(阿尔萨斯阿尔萨斯 ) and Lorain(罗蓝罗蓝). 3. 同位于从句的连词无句法功能；定语从句的关同位于从句的连词无句法功能；定语从句的关系代词在从句中作主语或宾语。系代词在从句中作主语或宾语。The news _ Tom has won the game is true. The news
43、_ was given by Tom is true. A. which B. that C. why D. howBA / B4.4.同位语从句同位语从句和和定语从句定语从句的区别的区别： A.定语定语从句中关系词代替先行词在从句中从句中关系词代替先行词在从句中做成做成分分;而在而在同位语同位语从句中连接词从句中连接词不做成分不做成分。 B.定语定语从句是对前面名词进行从句是对前面名词进行修饰修饰,同位语同位语从句从句是对前面的名词进行是对前面的名词进行解释说明解释说明。 1 The news that our team has won the final match is encourag
44、ing. 2 The news that you told us is really encouraging. 1.We expressed the hope that they had expressed.2. We expressed the hope that they would come to China again.1.The information has been announced that more middle school graduates will be admitted into university.2.The information that he revea
45、led at the meeting is of great value.Attributive or Appositive ATAPAPATP92 T241.基本句式基本句式 句型句型1: A is to B what C is to D. (在英语里是在英语里是一个表修辞的句式一个表修辞的句式类比类比 )本句型的意思是本句型的意思是“A对对B而言正如而言正如C对对D一样一样”。其中其中what = as,作连词用作连词用,引导状语从句。引导状语从句。 Air is to us what water is to fish.=Air is to us as water is to fish.空
46、气对于我们犹如水对于鱼。空气对于我们犹如水对于鱼。介词介词to表示对比表示对比句型句型2: What C is to D, that A is to B. 本本句句型型意意思思也也是是“A对对B而而言言正正如如C对对D一一样样”。what引引导导的的从从句句放放在在句句首首时时,从从句句后后面面的的主主句句前前必必须须添添加加that,其其句句式式是是“What., that.”; 就就像像as引引导导的的从从句句放放在在句句首首时时, 从从句句后后面面的的主主句句前前常常添添加加so一一样样, 其其句句式式是是“As., so.”。此此外外, as放放在在句句首首时时,常常用用just来来强
47、强调调。形形成成了了“Just as., so.”句型。句型。 What exercise is to the body, that reading is to the mind. = Just as exercise is to the body, so reading is to the mind.读书对于精神犹如运动对于身体一样。读书对于精神犹如运动对于身体一样。P92T27: occasion 作先行词，关系词有三种情况：作先行词，关系词有三种情况： 1）如果occasion表示“机会机会,时间时间”(time)，且在定语从句中作时间状语，就用when引导。eg.IveseenJane
48、withTomonseveraloccasion.我多次看见简和汤姆在一起。2)如果翻译成“场合场合”(specialevent)表示地点,且在定语从句中作地点状语，就用where引导。eg.Thisisnotanoccasion(场合）forfun,whereyoumusttakethingsseriously.3)如果occasion在定语从句定语从句中不是作为时间或地点状语，而是作为主语或宾语作为主语或宾语，关系词用that.eg.Thisisaoccasionthatisnotsuitableforlaughter.Sherememberedseveraloccasionsinthepast_shehadexperiencedasimilarfeeling.(1998)A.whichB.beforeC.thatD.whenD
