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1、Dynamic Spectral EqualizerJoseph Ford, James Walker, David Neilson, Keith GoossenReferences:Ford, Walker, Goossen & Neilson, European Conference on Optical Communications 1999Greywall, Busch & Walker, Sensors & Actuators A A72, 1999.Ford, Walker, Greywall & Goossen, IEEE J. Lightwave Tech. 16, 1998G
2、oossen, Arney & Walker, IEEE Phot. Tech. Lett. 6, 1994计霜弘熔刮孰矾露粱懦熟园笋般摹谩庶硷纤炕直固块阅模秃肩迪眯狼萧捶Dynamic Spectral Equalizer动态光谱均衡器Dynamic Spectral Equalizer动态光谱均衡器l lI but power divergence is inevitable but power divergence is inevitable Spectral gain dependence in amplifiers is 1 dB at best Spectral gain depe
3、ndence in amplifiers is 1 dB at best Fixed wavelength add/drop creates divergence Fixed wavelength add/drop creates divergence Dynamic add/drop switching creates radical divergence Dynamic add/drop switching creates radical divergence Gain saturation in amplifiers depletes weaker signals, and Gain s
4、aturation in amplifiers depletes weaker signals, and Transmission nonlinearities limit maximum useful laser output power Transmission nonlinearities limit maximum useful laser output powerl lIDynamic gain equalizationl lIl lISignals start out uniformSignals start out uniform Source power adjusted by
5、 fixed line-build-out attenuators Source power adjusted by fixed line-build-out attenuatorsl lIEqualizerl lISolution: Dynamic spectral equalizationSolution: Dynamic spectral equalizationl lIl lI BasicBasic: 2 nm resolution over 35 nm passband, 0.5 sec response: 2 nm resolution over 35 nm passband, 0
6、.5 sec response(resolves amplifier cascade nonuniformity)(resolves amplifier cascade nonuniformity) FancyFancy: 50 GHz resolution (0.2 nm) over 70 nm band, 10 usec response: 50 GHz resolution (0.2 nm) over 70 nm band, 10 usec response(resolves wavelength add/drop dynamics)(resolves wavelength add/dr
7、op dynamics)碧炳烟队惨值垢拈惦廷疗兰沂汽铰臭惠掠秋犁返绿摔航铆团恢容辩磁硬搞Dynamic Spectral Equalizer动态光谱均衡器Dynamic Spectral Equalizer动态光谱均衡器The “MARS” resonant MEMS modulatorMARS (Membrane Anti-Reflection Switch) analog optical modulator l/4 Silicon Nitride “drumhead” suspended over a Silicon substrate 0 Vdrive 30V3l/4 gap l/2 i
8、nputl/4 SiNxSiliconPSGreflecttransmitVdrive 0 Vdrive 30V3l/4 gap l/2 inputl/4 SiNxSiliconPSGreflecttransmitVdriveVoltage ResponsetheorymeasuredDrive voltage (V)Ford, Walker, Greywall & Goossen, IEEE J. Lightwave Tech. 16, 1998Greywall, Busch & Walker, Sensors & Actuators A A72, 1999.Goossen, Arney &
9、 Walker, IEEE Phot. Tech. Lett. 6, 1994宗档眼咙庸刮铺削哲肺旱琐秧净饼莽猖洛舍鹏情骏倪闸滔炉僳族值郡喊挣Dynamic Spectral Equalizer动态光谱均衡器Dynamic Spectral Equalizer动态光谱均衡器MARS equalizer deviceMaterial: 200 nm Low-stress Silicon-rich nitride on 1150 nm PSG spacer Material: 200 nm Low-stress Silicon-rich nitride on 1150 nm PSG spacer
10、Membrane dimensions: 300 um x 1500 um (8x8 mm chip)Membrane dimensions: 300 um x 1500 um (8x8 mm chip)Actuators: 40 chrome-gold electrode pairs on a 32 micron pitchActuators: 40 chrome-gold electrode pairs on a 32 micron pitchVoltageApplied silicon substratePSGelectrodes Optical WindowVoltageApplied
11、 Ford & Walker, IEEE Phot. Tech. Lett. 10, 1998Reflection loss: 2.0 dB 0V, 27 dB 30VMechanically continuous membrane with segmented actuator electrodes伟乐抓汗尘韵艳堪恿朴睦臼扳仙夹热淹宦郝斑赋才涛占械而绕可宵偶火重Dynamic Spectral Equalizer动态光谱均衡器Dynamic Spectral Equalizer动态光谱均衡器Free-space WDM packageFord, Walker, Goossen & Neils
12、on, European Conf. On Optical Commun. 19993.7 dB loss, 0.1 dB PDL (incl. optical circulator)100 nm spectral range (5 mm active area)Custom achromatic lens (athermal lens & kovar mechanics)I/O Fiber(to circulator)Electrical I/OLens and l l/4f = 50mmMicromechanicalAttenuator ArrayGrating in tip/tilt m
13、ount600 lp/mm, 43o blaze angleGold-coated epoxy on Zerudur substrate哩肇宵督魁写整秋饭贸肉倾膘酿蹋摇扮摆尺男质准吻台痘奋挞崇梅掐美敲Dynamic Spectral Equalizer动态光谱均衡器Dynamic Spectral Equalizer动态光谱均衡器Wavelength (nm)ASE power (dB, relative to input)1520153015401550156015700-10-20-30-40-50Initial ASE (gain) spectraEqualized ASE (gain)
14、 spectraManual dynamic gain equalization filterFord & Walker, IEEE Phot. Tech. Lett. 10, 1998; Ford, Walker, Goossen & Neilson, European Conference on Optical Communications 19991dB11dB6 dB uniform insertion loss, 0.1 dB PDL 0.1 ps polarization mode dispersion,0.5 ps/nm chromatic dispersion25 dB dyn
15、amic range over 40 nm spectrumPerformance:宋拭郡匝剪伎糊桃衔权解腥仇苹绣磕固朔姓躁架蠕肠鹅耿碾贵哈朔河密藤Dynamic Spectral Equalizer动态光谱均衡器Dynamic Spectral Equalizer动态光谱均衡器Computer-Controlled Equalizer PrototypeControl Algorithm Users program power setpoints Computer estimates drive voltages* Feedback from OSA refines settingsFord
16、, Walker, Goossen & Neilson, European Conference on Optical Communications 1999Optical spectrum analyzerRack-mounted PC controllerDGEF & optical circulatorEqualizer response model: Membrane displacement estimated by adding Lorentzian-shaped features with crosscoupling; Optical response computed anal
17、ytically.螟踌煌痰祁武敞饯髓彪肛德糕谱慌坚浴汞桌拈冀骨匆载苑忆泅况箱琴袁员Dynamic Spectral Equalizer动态光谱均衡器Dynamic Spectral Equalizer动态光谱均衡器 Original “MONET” amplifier 1st stage2nd stageInput power spectrum1525wavelength, nm0-10-20-30-40input power, dBm (schematic)-13 dBm/ch x 36 ch-18 dBm/ch x 36 ch1565-8 dBm/ch x 16 ch2 gain stag
18、eswith DCF port(7 dB fixed loss)Original amplifier design: 12 nm band & fixed input power 1 dB output power divergence1525wavelength, nm0-10-20-30-40input power, dBm (schematic)-13 dBm/ch x 36 ch-18 dBm/ch x 36 ch1565-13 dBm/ch x 36 chOriginal amplifier design: 12 nm band & fixed input power 1 dB ou
19、tput power divergenceExtended operation? Operating band to 30 nm Input power range by 15 dBOutput power spectrum1525wavelength, nm0-10-20-30-40input power, dBm (schematic)1565-18 dBm/ch x 36 ch-18 dBm/ch x 36 chOriginal amplifier design: 12 nm band & fixed input power 7 dB loss divergence15250-10-20
20、-30-40input power, dBm (schematic)1565wavelength, nm-23 dBm/ch x 36 chConventional Erbium fiber amplifier抹熄冶笨汗悯惧光宵甩抛场瓤竞析也骏樱惋湾芬吕料脓敏轩硫声诅掠嘘屏Dynamic Spectral Equalizer动态光谱均衡器Dynamic Spectral Equalizer动态光谱均衡器Auto-equalized amplifier1st stage2nd stageDGEFPC controllerOSAtapInput power spectrum1525waveleng
21、th, nm0-10-20-30-40input power, dBm (schematic)-13 dBm/ch x 36 ch-18 dBm/ch x 36 ch1565-13 dBm/ch x 36 chOriginal amplifier design: 12 nm band & fixed input power 1 dB output power divergenceExtended operation? Operating band to 30 nm Input power range by 15 dBAdd equalizer at DCF port Feedback outp
22、ut tap into OSA1525wavelength, nm0-10-20-30-40input power, dBm (schematic)1565-18 dBm/ch x 36 ch-18 dBm/ch x 36 chOriginal amplifier design: 12 nm band & fixed input power 1 dB output power divergenceExtended operation: Operating band to 30 nm Input power range by 15 dBUsing equalizer at DCF port: 2
23、0 dB input power range 30 nm bandwidth15250-10-20-30-40input power, dBm (schematic)1565wavelength, nm-23 dBm/ch x 36 chAutomatically-equalized EDFAAlgorithm convergence澜慕训助国摇磋乾霞萧橱脱历冰境郧脂宅址构则讼踪蟹噶窝总何啤泽罚钎Dynamic Spectral Equalizer动态光谱均衡器Dynamic Spectral Equalizer动态光谱均衡器MEMS dynamic gain equalizers now in production although not at Lucent or their spinoff Agere!Note: Similar spectral equalizers except using Liquid Crystal attenuator arraysavailable from Corning, JDS Uniphase, OptoGone, Avanex淀烦正鸵吸拱嘶舟慈松训肌使瘩囱避臆儿秆当胚渔哮泊基应莎碰某培殷婪Dynamic Spectral Equalizer动态光谱均衡器Dynamic Spectral Equalizer动态光谱均衡器