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1、GrammarGrammarNoun Clauses名名词性从句性从句By Aki Huang1.概念概念 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等词宾语等, 因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。表语从句和同位语从句。Who will win the match is st
2、ill unknown. I want to know what he has told you. The fact is that we have lost the game. The news that we won the game is exciting. 主语从句主语从句宾语从句宾语从句表语从句表语从句同位语从句同位语从句如何判断从句类型主语从句主语从句在复合句中作主语在复合句中作主语, 它可以位它可以位于句首于句首, 但常见的主语从句多放在句末但常见的主语从句多放在句末,句首则用形式主语句首则用形式主语it。用用it 作形式主语的结构作形式主语的结构(1) It is名词从句名词从
3、句 It is a fact that 事实是事实是 It is an honor that 非常荣幸非常荣幸 It is common knowledge that是常识是常识(2) It is形容词从句形容词从句 (多用多用 should) It is natural that 很自然很自然 It is strange that 奇怪的是奇怪的是(3) It 不及物动词从句不及物动词从句 It seems that 似乎似乎 It happened that 碰巧碰巧 It appears that 似乎似乎(4) It is 过去分词从句过去分词从句 It is reported tha
4、t 据报道据报道 It has been proved that 已证实已证实 It is said that 据说据说 It is certain that he will come.It is said that some American friends will visit our school next week.It happened that we were out for a walk yesterday evening.It doesnt matter whether I stay or not.宾语从句宾语从句 1）经常出现在及物动词，介词和某些形容词的后面。that 引导
5、的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语： anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。等。也可以将此类词后的也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。从句的看作原因状语从句。 I am not sure what I ought to do. Im a
6、fraid you dont understand what I said. Im surprised that I didnt see all that before. Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams.2） 在接复合宾语的句子中在接复合宾语的句子中, 为了保持为了保持句子平衡句子平衡, 用用it 作形式宾语作形式宾语,将从句放于将从句放于句尾句尾, 常接复合宾语的动词有常接复合宾语的动词有: make, find, see, hear, feel, think. I think it necessary th
7、at we take plenty of hot water every day. I feel it possible that you will finish the work in a day.表语从句表语从句出现在系动词的后面。 be, look, remain, seem。一般结构是。一般结构是“主语连系动词表语主语连系动词表语从句从句”。The problem is who we can get to replace her. 同位语从句同位语从句出现在抽象名词，如fact, news, idea, thought, question, reply, report, remark等
8、 之后。The kings decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.同位语从句与定语从句的区别同位语从句与定语从句的区别(1) 定定语语从从句句中中的的that既既代代替替先先行行词词，同同时时以以在在从从句句中中作作某某个个成成分分（主主语语或或宾宾语语），而而同同位位语语从从句句中中的的that是是连连词词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。只起连接主句与从
9、句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。(2) 定定语语从从句句是是形形容容词词性性的的，其其功功能能是是修修饰饰先先行行词词，对对先先行行词词加加以以限限定定，描描述述定定的的性性质质或或特特征征；同同位位语语从从句句是是名名词词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如：性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如：1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他他告告诉诉我我的的消消息息是是汤汤姆姆明明年年将将出出国国。）（第第一一个个that引导的从句是定语从句，引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语）在从句中作
10、宾语）2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（汤汤姆姆将将出出国国的的消消息息是是他他讲讲的的。）（同同位位语语从从句句，that在在句句中中不不作作任何成分）任何成分）从句从属连词连接代词连接副词主语宾语表语同位语that，whetherwhat，who，whom，which，whose，whateverwhen, where,how, why,wheneverthat, if,whetherwhat, who, whom,whose, which, whoeverwhen, where,how, why,whereverwhe
11、n, where,how, why,howeverwhen, where,how, why,howeverthat，whetherthat, asif,because,whetherwhat, who, whom,whose, which, whicheverwhat, who, whom,whose, which, whicheverthat的用法在从句中不充当任何成分，在从句中不充当任何成分，也没有任何具体意思。也没有任何具体意思。引导的句子相当于一个陈述句。引导的句子相当于一个陈述句。只起到连接的作用。只起到连接的作用。主语主语一般不省略一般不省略宾语宾语做及物动词宾语做及物动词宾语可以
12、省略可以省略做介词宾语做介词宾语不可以省略不可以省略表语表语一般不省略一般不省略同位语同位语一般不省略一般不省略That the earth is round is true. = It is true that the earth is round .He said (that) he would like to see the headmaster.He differed from his classmates in that he devoted his spare time to reading.My decision is that all of us are to start at
13、 6 oclock tomorrow morning.Where did you get the idea that I could not come.whether & if翻译成翻译成“是否是否”,具有一定的意义具有一定的意义,所以所以不能省略不能省略.引导的句子相当于一个一般疑问句。引导的句子相当于一个一般疑问句。注意注意: 关联词只能用关联词只能用whether不能用不能用if 表示表示 “是否是否”的情况如下：的情况如下： A) 在表语从句和同位语从句中。如：在表语从句和同位语从句中。如： The question is whether the film is worth seein
14、g. The news whether our team has won the match is unknown.B) 在主语从句中，只有用在主语从句中，只有用it 作形式主语时作形式主语时, whether和和if 都能引导主语从句都能引导主语从句, 否则否则, 也只也只能用能用whether。如如: Whether we shall attend the meeting hasnt been decided yet. It hasnt been decided whether (if) we shall attend the meeting.C) 在介词之后。在介词之后。(介词往往可以省
15、略介词往往可以省略) 如如: It all depends (on) whether they will support us.D) 后面直接跟动词不定式时。如：后面直接跟动词不定式时。如： He doesnt know whether to stay or not.E) 后面紧接后面紧接or not 时。如：时。如： We didnt know whether or not she was ready. 关联词只能用关联词只能用 whether或或if, 不能用不能用that的情况如下：的情况如下： 若若doubt一词作一词作“怀疑怀疑”解接宾语从句解接宾语从句时，主句为肯定句用时，主句为肯
16、定句用whether或或if，主句主句为否定句或疑问句用为否定句或疑问句用that。如：如： I doubt whether he will come soon. I do not doubt that he will come soon.Do you doubt that he will come soon注意注意: 下面这个例句中下面这个例句中doubt的含义为的含义为“认认为为未必可能未必可能”。 I doubt that he will come.because “因为”。Eg. I think it is because you are doing too much. as if “
17、仿佛，好像”Eg. It looked as if it was going to rain. It looks as if you are right.虚拟语气虚拟语气What & whatever的用法what在从句中表示“什么”；whatever表示“无论什么”。两者指物。在句子中可以充当主语，表语和宾语。引导的句子相当于一个特殊疑问句，但是语序是陈述句的语序。1.Tom is no longer what he used to be.3. Whatever we do must be in the interests of the people.2. What seems easy t
18、o some people seems difficult to others.Who，whom，whoever & whomeverWho和whom表示“谁”；whoever和whomever表示“无论谁”。指人。Who和whoever在句子中可以充当主语，表语和宾语的成分。Whom和whomever在句子中充当宾语和表语的成分。P.S. 介词后面只能用whom和whomever。1.Whoever leaves the room last should close the door.2.Please tell me who/whom we have to see.3.Do you know
19、 to whom Jack was speaking?4. They should enjoy complete freedom to marry whomever they might choose.Which & whicheverWhich表示“哪一个”；whichever表示“无论哪一个”。一般在句子中充当定语成分。eg. Ill ask him which one he likes Whichever you like will be given to you.All the books are here. You may borrow whichever (book) you li
20、ke. whoseWhose表示“谁的”。在句子中充当定语的成分，其后一定会加名词。eg.The important thing is whose name should be put on the top of the list.When & wheneverWhen表示“什么时候”；whenever表示“无论什么时候”。指时间。在句子当中充当时间状语的成分。eg.I have no idea when he will return. When well start is not clear. = It is not clear when well start.Whenever you co
21、mes will be welcome.Where & whereverWhere表示“哪里”；whenever表示“无论哪里”。在句子当中充当地点状语的成分。Wherever you are is my home - my only home. Where she has gone is a mystery. How & howeverHow表示“怎么样”；however表示“无论怎么样”。在句子当中充当方式状语。How this happened is not clear. My father always thinks of how he can do more for the peop
22、le.Take however much you want and whatever you want.whyWhy表示“为什么”。在句子中充当原因状语。Ill tell you why I asked you to come. Why he went there is not known.从句从属连词连接代词连接副词主语宾语表语同位语that，whetherwhat，who，whom，which，whose，whateverwhen, where,how, why,wheneverthat, if,whetherwhat, who, whom,whose, which, whoeverwhen, where,how, why,whereverwhen, where,how, why,howeverwhen, where,how, why,howeverthat，whetherthat, asif,because,whetherwhat, who, whom,whose, which, whicheverwhat, who, whom,whose, which, whichever
