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1、Fresh and residual phosphorus uptake by ryegrass from soils with different fertilization histories黑麦草从不同施肥历史的土壤黑麦草从不同施肥历史的土壤中吸收新鲜和残余的磷中吸收新鲜和残余的磷2011210198陈巧Fresh and residual phosphorus uptake by ryegrass from soils with different fertilization histories摘要摘要关键词关键词引言引言材料和方法材料和方法结果结果讨论讨论结论结论参考文献参考文献Pl
2、ant Soil (2010)334:391407DOI10.1007/s11104-010-0390-6一、摘要 动物粪便作为磷源动物粪便作为磷源、全球动物粪便循全球动物粪便循环利用环利用在有机农业有机农业上变得越来越重要。 通过盆栽试验，使用放射性磷标记技放射性磷标记技术术研究了黑麦草在供应动物粪便或可溶性矿物肥料的土壤上对磷吸收应用。 Fresh and residual phosphorus uptake by ryegrass from soils with different fertilization historiesPlant Soil (2010)334:391407DOI
3、10.1007/s11104-010-0390-6一、摘要 在不同磷素状况和微生物活动的土壤在不同磷素状况和微生物活动的土壤上。标记土壤速效磷可以评估不同施上。标记土壤速效磷可以评估不同施肥历史残留在土壤上的磷含量。肥历史残留在土壤上的磷含量。 每个土样，收获四次黑麦草后新鲜磷每个土样，收获四次黑麦草后新鲜磷的回收低于矿物的回收低于矿物P P的回收，其中，粪便的回收，其中，粪便磷介于磷介于24%-35%24%-35%和矿物磷介于和矿物磷介于37%-43%37%-43%之间。之间。 Fresh and residual phosphorus uptake by ryegrass from soi
4、ls with different fertilization historiesPlant Soil (2010)334:391407DOI10.1007/s11104-010-0390-6一、摘要 新新鲜鲜粪粪肥肥中中磷磷的的回回收收受受土土壤壤有有效效磷磷含含量的影响。量的影响。 对对于于评评估估植植物物吸吸收收的的粪粪便便磷磷，间间接接同同位位素素稀稀释释技技术术是是有有用用的的，但但必必须须考考虑虑到到磷磷的的相相互互作作用用，例例如如，有有机机物物对对磷磷的吸收的影响。的吸收的影响。Fresh and residual phosphorus uptake by ryegrass f
5、rom soils with different fertilization historiesPlant Soil (2010)334:391407DOI10.1007/s11104-010-0390-6二、关键词Phosphorus Animal manure Residualphosphorus Isotope techniques Phosphorus uptake Organic and conventional farming Fresh and residual phosphorus uptake by ryegrass from soils with different fer
6、tilization historiesPlant Soil (2010)334:391407DOI10.1007/s11104-010-0390-6磷、磷、动物粪便、动物粪便、残余的磷、残余的磷、同位素技术、同位素技术、磷的吸收、磷的吸收、有有机机农农业业与与常常规规农业农业三、引言利用磷的同位素示踪技术，研究了长期施用利用磷的同位素示踪技术，研究了长期施用有机肥与常规种植对黑麦草吸收新鲜施用的有机肥与常规种植对黑麦草吸收新鲜施用的动物粪便、水溶性无机磷肥及残留磷的影响。动物粪便、水溶性无机磷肥及残留磷的影响。假设假设i i：黑麦草在土壤上从有机质中吸收新：黑麦草在土壤上从有机质中吸收新鲜施
7、用的粪便中的磷比传统种植系统中更高鲜施用的粪便中的磷比传统种植系统中更高假设假设iiii：降低吸收新鲜施用的粪肥磷而不是：降低吸收新鲜施用的粪肥磷而不是用矿物磷来补偿在施粪肥的土壤上吸收的残用矿物磷来补偿在施粪肥的土壤上吸收的残留磷。留磷。Fresh and residual phosphorus uptake by ryegrass from soils with different fertilization historiesPlant Soil (2010)334:391407DOI10.1007/s11104-010-0390-6三、引言对生长的意大利黑麦草在不同种植制度的土对生长的
8、意大利黑麦草在不同种植制度的土壤上进行田间试验。壤上进行田间试验。比较了收获四次的黑麦草从动物粪便中及从比较了收获四次的黑麦草从动物粪便中及从矿物肥料中吸收磷。矿物肥料中吸收磷。确定了黑麦草吸收的残留磷及在不同施肥历确定了黑麦草吸收的残留磷及在不同施肥历史的土壤上的生长试验。史的土壤上的生长试验。Fresh and residual phosphorus uptake by ryegrass from soils with different fertilization historiesPlant Soil (2010)334:391407DOI10.1007/s11104-010-0390
9、-6四、四、Material and methods 材料与方法材料与方法Cropping systems and soilsPlant growth experiment and plant analysesSoil incubation experiment and soil analysesCalculation of P uptake by ryegrass from different sourcesUptake of P from fresh fertilizerUptake of residual PP derived from the seeds and from the so
10、ilStatistical analysisFresh and residual phosphorus uptake by ryegrass from soils with different fertilization historiesPlant Soil (2010)334:391407DOI10.1007/s11104-010-0390-64.1 Cropping systems and soils 种植系统和土壤土壤样品取自于尔韦尔附近的巴塞尔（瑞士）长期土壤样品取自于尔韦尔附近的巴塞尔（瑞士）长期定位试验场，是一个典型肥沃的淤泥土壤（定位试验场，是一个典型肥沃的淤泥土壤（农业部农业
11、部19991999）表土层包含表土层包含12%12%沙，淤泥沙，淤泥72%72%，粘土，粘土16%16%(Leifeld et al. 2009).做个五处理，四个重复：做个五处理，四个重复：处理一：处理一：bio-dynamic(BIODYN) 处理二：处理二：bio-organic (BIOORG)处理三：处理三：conventional with conventional with manure（CONFYM） 处理四：处理四：conventional exclusively mineral （CONMIN）处理五处理五：non-fertilized control （NOFERT）采用
12、七年制轮作采用七年制轮作split-split-plotsplit-split-plot拉丁方设计。拉丁方设计。Fresh and residual phosphorus uptake by ryegrass from soils with different fertilization historiesPlant Soil (2010)334:391407DOI10.1007/s11104-010-0390-64.2 Plant growth experiment and plant analyses 植物生长实验和植株分析植物生长实验和植株分析 土壤设的四个重复做相同处理，土壤设的四个重
13、复做相同处理，44%的持水能力的持水能力（235g235g水水kgkg1 1土壤干物质）土壤干物质），20、80-85%大气湿度。大气湿度。土壤设三个处理，在每个土样上随机土壤设三个处理，在每个土样上随机施用。施用。处理一：不施用磷肥（空白）处理一：不施用磷肥（空白）处理二：动物粪便中磷（牛粪）处理二：动物粪便中磷（牛粪）处理三：水溶性无机磷（磷酸氢二铵）处理三：水溶性无机磷（磷酸氢二铵）Fresh and residual phosphorus uptake by ryegrass from soils with different fertilization historiesPlant
14、Soil (2010)334:391407DOI10.1007/s11104-010-0390-64.2 Plant growth experiment and plant analyses 植物生长实验和植株分析植物生长实验和植株分析 黑麦草修剪时间为：播种后黑麦草修剪时间为：播种后1717天，天，3131天，天，4545天和天和5959天，收获距地面天，收获距地面2 2厘米以上。厘米以上。在第一，二和第三次收获后，氮、钾、钙、镁施在第一，二和第三次收获后，氮、钾、钙、镁施用率为用率为: :（mg/kgmg/kg）110110、9090、2020、5 5。每次收割后，称量干物质产量，用每次收
15、割后，称量干物质产量，用SA分析植物的分析植物的矿质养分。矿质养分。400毫毫mg的切碎在的切碎在550灰化灰化4h，灰化物溶解在，灰化物溶解在2ml的的20%盐酸。加热，过滤和稀释至盐酸。加热，过滤和稀释至50ml。全。全磷测定方法，总氮含量分析使用卡劳尔巴闪光燃磷测定方法，总氮含量分析使用卡劳尔巴闪光燃烧碳氮分析法。烧碳氮分析法。Fresh and residual phosphorus uptake by ryegrass from soils with different fertilization historiesPlant Soil (2010)334:391407DOI10.1
16、007/s11104-010-0390-64.3 Soil incubation experiment and soil analyses 土培试验和土壤分析土培试验和土壤分析分析土壤中磷、PH、水溶性磷状况： 水土比为10 : 1悬浮动摇16小时（fardeau1993）。微生物磷测定使用熏蒸提取法(Oehl et al. 2001)。全磷，无机和有机土壤中磷含量的确定用点火方法(Saunders and Williams 1955)。有机磷和无机磷用0.5mol/L的硫酸从非点燃样品中萃取。Fresh and residual phosphorus uptake by ryegrass f
17、rom soils with different fertilization historiesPlant Soil (2010)334:391407DOI10.1007/s11104-010-0390-64.4 Calculation of P uptake by ryegrass from different sources 计算黑麦草吸收的不同来源的磷黑麦草的磷来源：i) 植物生长实验初期供应的新鲜磷肥 (矿物磷或粪便磷) ；ii) 残余磷 (不同施肥土壤上未耗竭的有效磷和施肥土壤上残余的磷)iii) 土壤样品原来含有的磷.Fresh and residual phosphorus up
18、take by ryegrass from soils with different fertilization historiesPlant Soil (2010)334:391407DOI10.1007/s11104-010-0390-64.5 Uptake of P from fresh fertilizer 从新鲜肥料中吸收磷从新鲜肥料中吸收磷 Pdff%=100 (SAplmineralP33)/(SAmineralP33 )With:SAplmineralP33: SA of P in plants grown with freshly applied 33P labeled di
19、ammonium phosphate (kBq mg1 P)SAmineralP33 SA of applied fresh diammonium phosphate (kBq mg1 P)Fresh and residual phosphorus uptake by ryegrass from soils with different fertilization historiesPlant Soil (2010)334:391407DOI10.1007/s11104-010-0390-64.5 Uptake of P from fresh fertilizer 从新鲜肥料中吸收磷从新鲜肥料
20、中吸收磷 The amount of fresh fertilizer taken up by the plants (Pdff, mg kg1 soil) is: Pdff =Pdff% Pupt/100 (2) With:Pupt P taken up by the plants (mg kg1 soil) The fraction (%) of P in the plant: Pdff% =100(1-SApl+PSA plzeroP) (3) WithSApl+P SA in plants grown with fresh fertilizer (kBq mg1 P)SAplzeroP
21、 SA in plants grown on the same soil without fresh fertilizer (kBq mg1 P)Fresh and residual phosphorus uptake by ryegrass from soils with different fertilization historiesPlant Soil (2010)334:391407DOI10.1007/s11104-010-0390-64.5 Uptake of P from fresh fertilizer 从新鲜肥料中吸收磷从新鲜肥料中吸收磷 The recovery of f
22、resh fertilizer P in plants (RecPff%, in %) is: RecPff% =100PdffF (4) With:F amount of freshly applied P fertilizer (30 mg P kg1 soil for mineral P33, mineral P and manure P, respectively).Fresh and residual phosphorus uptake by ryegrass from soils with different fertilization historiesPlant Soil (2
23、010)334:391407DOI10.1007/s11104-010-0390-64.6 Uptake of residual P 残余磷的吸收labeling soil available P with carrier-free 33P-orthophosphate Pdrf% =100(1-SAplFERTzeroPSAplNOFERTzeroP (5)WithPdrf% fraction (%) of P in plant derived from residual PSAplFERTzeroP SA in plants grown in FERT soils containing r
24、esidual P but no fresh P fertilizer (kBq mg1 P)SAplNOFERTzeroP SA in plants grown on NOFERT soil containing no residual P and no fresh P fertilizer (kBq mg1 P)Fresh and residual phosphorus uptake by ryegrass from soils with different fertilization historiesPlant Soil (2010)334:391407DOI10.1007/s1110
25、4-010-0390-64.6 Uptake of residual P 残余磷的吸收Pdrf% =100(1-SAplFERTfPSAplNOFERTfP ) (6)With:SAplFERTfP SA in plants grown in FERT soilscontaining residual P and fresh P fertilizer (kBq mg1 P)SAplNOFERTfP SA in plants grown on NOFERT soil containing no residual P but fresh fertilizer (kBq mg1 P)Fresh an
26、d residual phosphorus uptake by ryegrass from soils with different fertilization historiesPlant Soil (2010)334:391407DOI10.1007/s11104-010-0390-64.6 Uptake of residual P 残余磷的吸收The amount of residual P (Pdrf, mg kg1 soil) taken up by the plants is: Pdrf =Pdrf%Pupt100 (7)The recovery of residual P (Re
27、cPrf%) in plants is:RecPrf% =100Pdrf(PtotFERTPtotNOFERTT) (8)With:PtotFERT total P content in soil FERT (mg P kg1 soil)PtotNOFERT total P content in soil NOFERT(mg Pkg1 soil).Fresh and residual phosphorus uptake by ryegrass from soils with different fertilization historiesPlant Soil (2010)334:391407
28、DOI10.1007/s11104-010-0390-64.7 P derived from the seeds and from the soil 磷来源于种子和土壤Phosphorus derived from the soil (Pdfs) can be calculated by:Pdfs(mg kg-1 soil )=Pupt -Pdff Pdrf- Pdfseed (9)Fresh and residual phosphorus uptake by ryegrass from soils with different fertilization historiesPlant Soi
29、l (2010)334:391407DOI10.1007/s11104-010-0390-64.8 Statistical analysis 统计分析Statistical analyses were carried out using the GLM procedure of the statistical analysis package SYSTAT 11 (Systat Software Inc., USA). Two-way analyses of variance were run to test the significance of the effects of soils,
30、fertilizer treatments and their interactions. Percentage data was transformed using arcsin-transformation before analysis of variance.Fresh and residual phosphorus uptake by ryegrass from soils with different fertilization historiesPlant Soil (2010)334:391407DOI10.1007/s11104-010-0390-6五、结果P status
31、of non-amended and amended soils 修订和修正的土壤磷状况Dry matter production and P uptake by ryegrass 干物质的生产和黑麦草吸收的磷P uptake from fresh fertilizers and residual P 从新鲜的肥料和残留磷中吸收磷Fresh and residual phosphorus uptake by ryegrass from soils with different fertilization historiesPlant Soil (2010)334:391407DOI10.100
32、7/s11104-010-0390-6六、讨论Relation between ryegrass productivity, total P uptake and N nutritionUptake of freshly applied P fertilizersUptake of residual PMethodological considerationsIndirect method to determine uptake from residual PFresh and residual phosphorus uptake by ryegrass from soils with dif
33、ferent fertilization historiesPlant Soil (2010)334:391407DOI10.1007/s11104-010-0390-6六、讨论Fresh and residual phosphorus uptake by ryegrass from soils with different fertilization historiesPlant Soil (2010)334:391407DOI10.1007/s11104-010-0390-6六、讨论Fresh and residual phosphorus uptake by ryegrass from
34、soils with different fertilization historiesPlant Soil (2010)334:391407DOI10.1007/s11104-010-0390-6Table 2 Selected characteristics and P status of the soils (average and standard error)六、讨论Fresh and residual phosphorus uptake by ryegrass from soils with different fertilization historiesPlant Soil (
35、2010)334:391407DOI10.1007/s11104-010-0390-6六、讨论Fresh and residual phosphorus uptake by ryegrass from soils with different fertilization historiesPlant Soil (2010)334:391407DOI10.1007/s11104-010-0390-6Fig. 1 a, b Soil P status of amended soils: water extractable P and microbial P extractable in water
36、 after chloroform fumigation (average and standard error). 六、讨论Fresh and residual phosphorus uptake by ryegrass from soils with different fertilization historiesPlant Soil (2010)334:391407DOI10.1007/s11104-010-0390-6Fig. 1 a, b Soil P status of amended soils: water extractable P and microbial P extr
37、actable in water after chloroform fumigation (average and standard error). 六、讨论Fresh and residual phosphorus uptake by ryegrass from soils with different fertilization historiesPlant Soil (2010)334:391407DOI10.1007/s11104-010-0390-6Fig. 2 Total shoot dry matter production for four harvests of Italia
38、n ryegrass growing on soils from different cropping systemssubjected to various fresh P fertilizer treatments (average and standard error). 六、讨论Fresh and residual phosphorus uptake by ryegrass from soils with different fertilization historiesPlant Soil (2010)334:391407DOI10.1007/s11104-010-0390-6Fig
39、. 3 Distribution of total P taken up by four harvests of Italian ryegrass among P derived from soil, from residual P and from fresh fertilizer as affected by soils originating from different cropping systems and by fresh P fertilizer treatment (0P: zero P; manP = manure P; minP = water soluble miner
40、al P; minP33 = 33P labeled water soluble mineral P; average and standard error). 六、讨论Fresh and residual phosphorus uptake by ryegrass from soils with different fertilization historiesPlant Soil (2010)334:391407DOI10.1007/s11104-010-0390-6Fig. 4 Cumulative shoot dry matter yield, total P uptake, P up
41、take from fresh fertilizer (manure or mineral P) and P uptake from residual P over the entire growth experiment, for the zero P (filled dot), manure P (empty dot) and mineral P (filled triangle) treatment applied to the BIODYN (left) and CONFYM soils (right)六、讨论Fresh and residual phosphorus uptake b
42、y ryegrass from soils with different fertilization historiesPlant Soil (2010)334:391407DOI10.1007/s11104-010-0390-6六、讨论Fresh and residual phosphorus uptake by ryegrass from soils with different fertilization historiesPlant Soil (2010)334:391407DOI10.1007/s11104-010-0390-6六、讨论Fresh and residual phosp
43、horus uptake by ryegrass from soils with different fertilization historiesPlant Soil (2010)334:391407DOI10.1007/s11104-010-0390-6六、讨论Fresh and residual phosphorus uptake by ryegrass from soils with different fertilization historiesPlant Soil (2010)334:391407DOI10.1007/s11104-010-0390-6Fig. 5 Recover
44、y of fresh fertilizer in the four harvests of Italian ryegrass as affected by soils originating from different cropping systems (average and standard error). 六、讨论Fresh and residual phosphorus uptake by ryegrass from soils with different fertilization historiesPlant Soil (2010)334:391407DOI10.1007/s1
45、1104-010-0390-6Fig. 6 Recovery of residual P in four harvests of Italian ryegrass on soils originating from different croppingsystems (average and standard error). 七、结论1.鲜肥能增加黑麦草对所有土壤上水溶性磷和磷的吸收，但同样的磷含量水溶性矿物磷吸收程度较小。2.在收获黑麦草四次后，粪便磷的回收率为24%-35%，而矿物P 在37%-43%3.在有效磷及微生物磷含量最低的不施肥土壤上，粪便磷的回收率最高。但，在有机与常规栽培的土
46、壤两者的回收率不太明显。Fresh and residual phosphorus uptake by ryegrass from soils with different fertilization historiesPlant Soil (2010)334:391407DOI10.1007/s11104-010-0390-6七、结论4.植物吸收的新鲜磷主要是受肥料特性和土壤有效磷状况影响。5.常规栽培的土壤上较高的微生物活性能不增加磷的利用效率。6.残余磷的回收最低的是biodyn土壤，最高的是confym土壤。7.间接同位素稀释技术对于评估植物对新鲜粪便中残留磷的吸收是有用的，但必须注意
47、尽量增加磷相互作用。从新鲜粪便中吸收的磷可能由于高估了矿化作用，在确定土壤有机P时，标记植物吸收的有机磷源用间接方法。Fresh and residual phosphorus uptake by ryegrass from soils with different fertilization historiesPlant Soil (2010)334:391407DOI10.1007/s11104-010-0390-6八、致谢九、参考文献Fresh and residual phosphorus uptake by ryegrass from soils with different fertilization historiesPlant Soil (2010)334:391407DOI10.1007/s11104-010-0390-6谢谢大家，请各位老师同学批评指正！
