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1、吕思刘畅胡冰吴迪ContentAuthorSettingPlotThemeCharacterStyleandTechniqueQuestionAutobiographyApril15,1843BorninNewYorkcity1855-1860traveledtoLondon,Paris,GenevaandNewport,RhodeIsland1860thefamilyreturnedtoNewport1862entertheHarvardLawSchool1864starthisliteraturecareer1869aftertravelingthroughEnglandFranceand
2、Italy,hedecidedtoleaveAmericaandsettleinEurope1875-1876liveinPariswherehemetFlaubertandTurgenev1915becameaBritishsubjectin1915,oneyearbeforehisdeathFebruary28,1916Died(aged72)atLondon,hisasheswasremovedtopoetscornerinWestminsterAbbeyFamilyHisfather,HenryJames,Sr.,wasanAmericantheologian，alsoalecture
3、randphilosopherwhohadinheritedindependentmeansfromhisfather,anAlbany,NYbankerandinvestor.MarryWalsh(mother)camefromawealthyfamilylongsettledinNewYorkCity.(seniorbrother)WilliamJamesanAmericanphilosopher，psychologist,alsotrainedasaphysician,thefirsteducatortoofferapsychologycourseintheUnitedStates,on
4、eofleadingthinkersofthelatenineteenthcenturybelievedbymanytobeoneofthemostinfluentialphilosopherstheUnitedStateshaseverproduced.(sister)AliceJamesanAmericandiarist,knownmainlyfortheposthumously(死后)publisheddiarythatshekeptinherfinalyearsRelationshipsJamesregularlyrejectedsuggestionsthathemarry.Hehad
5、beeninlovewithhiscousinMaryTemple,butaneuroticfearofsexkepthimfromadmittingsuchaffections.WhenJameswas56,hewroteletterstoAndersenthatareintenselyemotional.Hecorrespondedinalmostequallyextravagantlanguagewithhismanyfemalefriends.EducationHiseducationwascalculatedbyhisfathertoexposehimtomanyinfluences
6、,primarilyscientificandphilosophical;itwasdescribedasextraordinarilyhaphazardandpromiscuous.JamesdidnotsharetheusualeducationinLatinandGreekclassics.In1862heattendedHarvardLawSchool,butrealizedthathewasnotinterestedinstudyinglaw.Hepursuedhisinterestinliteratureandassociatedwithauthorsandcritics.Nota
7、bleworksTheAmerican,1877TheTurnoftheScrew,1898ThePortraitofaLady,1881TheWingsoftheDove,1902DaisyMiller,1879TheAmbassadors,1903TheBostoniansThePrincessofCasamassimaTheGoldenBowlTheAwkwardAgeAchievementandContentionHenryJamesisregardedasoneofthekeyfiguresof19th-centuryliteraryrealism.Heisbestknownfora
8、numberofnovelsshowingAmericansencounteringEuropeandEuropeans.Heisgenerallyregardedastheforerunnerofthe20thcenturystream-of-consciousnessnovelsandthefounderofpsychologicalrealism.Jamescontributedsignificantlytoliterarycriticism,particularlyinhisinsistencethatwritersbeallowedthegreatestpossiblefreedom
9、inpresentingtheirviewoftheworld.Jamesclaimedthatatextmustfirstandforemostberealisticandcontainarepresentationoflifethatisrecognisabletoitsreaders.ErnestHemingway,“HewasagreatwriterwhocametoVeniceandlookedoutthewindowandsmokedhiscigarandthought.E.M.ForstercomplainedaboutJamesssqueamishnessinthetreatm
10、entofsexandotherpossiblycontroversialmaterial,ordismissedhisstyleasdifficultandobscure,relyingheavilyonextremelylongsentencesandexcessivelyLatinatelanguage.OscarWildeoncecriticizedhimforwriting“fictionasifitwereapainfulduty.”SettingAmannamedSpencerBrydonreturnstotheNewYorkCityafter30yearsandencounte
11、rstheghostofhisalteregoinJollyCorner.PlotHisreturntotheJollyCornerandgoodmemoryhereHistrackingofthealteregoHisdiscussionwithAliceaboutthealteregoSpencerBrydonreturnstoNewYorkCityaftermorethanthirtyyearsabroad.Hehasagreedtoteardownhisoldfamilyhousetobuildamoreprofitableapartmentbuilding.Hecomestotheh
12、ouse,calledJollyCornerandstartstohoveratnightwhichremindshimofthepassedhappymemorieswithhisfamilies.Besides,hefindsthatgreatchangeshavetakenplaceinNewYorkandrealizeshemayhavebeenasuccessfulbusinessmanifhedidntgotoEuropetopursueart.HediscussesthispossibilitywithAliceStaverton,hiswomanfriendwhohasalwa
13、yslivedinNewYork.Meanwhile,Brydonbeginstobelievethathisalterego-theghostofthemanhemighthavebeen-ishauntingthe“JollyCorner”.Alicetellshimshehasseentheghostinherdreamtwice,butrefusestotellBrydonwhattheghostlookslike.Therefore,Brydondecidestofigureitouthimself.Hespendsawholenightinpursuitofthealterego.
14、Heseesthealteregowalksintheroomandwantstowaylayhimandmeethim,buthefails.Severaldayslater,hereturnsandmeetsthealteregoagain.Thistimethealteregodoesntdisappearwhichfrightenshim.Hefeelsitashametolooklikeanevilghost.Sohewantstoleaveassoonaspossible.Duringhisescape,heconfrontstheghostfacetofaceandhefaint
15、s.Whenheawakens,hefindshimselfpillowedonthelapofAlice,whocametothehousebecauseshesensedBrydonwasindanger.HetellshisencounterwiththealteregotoAliceandAlicealsotoldhimshehaddreamedofthealterego,whohadsufferedandlosttwofingers.Shepitiestheghostofhisalterego,butshecouldacceptBrydonasheis.ThemeThisstoryt
16、reatsathemeofnearlyuniversalinterest:theunlivedlife,thelifeapersonmighthavehadbutdidnt.Itinspirespeoplethatonedecisionafteranotherleadsanyhumanbeingdownaparticularpath,butwewilllosetheopportunitytotaketheinfinitenumberofotherwayoflife.AnalysisofcharactersAliceStavertonSpencerBrydonAlterEgofriendsOth
17、erselfSpencerBrydon:Art-lovingNotmaterialistic(P79)Brave(P90)Dignified(P91)AliceStaverton:Charming(P79)ExquisiteGentle(P85)(P98)OptimisticKind-hearted(P100)Assertive(坚定自信的)(P80)Alterego:Ugly(P89)Rich(P96)Well-dressedMaterialisticPitiful(P100)StyleandTechniquePsychologicalRealism（心理现实主义）TheTransferof
18、PointofViewSensationalism(渲染)心理现实主义在小说创作中，将对现实生活的如实描写、心理探测、性格刻画、环境写实与某些象征、怪诞手法融为一体，被称为“心理现实主义（psychologicalrealism）”。同时，美国19世纪现实主义文学呈现了多元化景观况，还产生了乡土文学（localcolourism）、自然主义（naturalism）等流派。心理现实主义的代表作家美国作家亨利詹姆斯、乔伊斯卡罗尔欧茨（1938）、沃特阿比什(1931)、雷蒙德卡弗等。由于多数人的外部自我都是以伪装形式出现的，因此，最真实最有价值的自我则潜藏在人的灵魂之中。(Alterego）The
19、TransferofPointofViewThird-personnarrativetofirst-personnarrative(page89,92)InTheJollyCorner,thenarratorisnearlyomniscient,relatingexactlywhatSpencersees,thinks,andfeels.AnothernarrativetechniqueutilizedbyJamesistheslightlydifferentnarrativetoneusedforthedifferentsectionsofthestory.Inthesecondsectio
20、n,Spencerwandersthehousealoneandthenarrativevoicenearlybecomeshispointofview.Inthefirstandthirdsections,thenarratorismoreobjectiveinexplainingnotonlySpencersimpressionsbutothercharactersactionsandopinions.Sensationalism(渲染)Page81gruesome,grey,toograve“crappinguptothimtopstoreysintheayvilhours”Page95
21、thrill,glimmeringsidelights,inconceivable不可思议的，occult神秘的Page96unnaturedreadfuldarkspectral幽灵的Page97horrorgrotesquemonstrousevilodiousQuestions:1.Inwhatwayisthenarrativevoiceinthestoryssecondsectiondifferentfromthatintheothertwoandwhatistheneedforsuchachange?(1).objectiveperspectivevssubjectiveperspe
22、ctiveInthefirstandthirdsection,itismainlyaboutdialoguesanddescriptionofenvironment,whileinthesecondsection,itfocusesonthepsychologyofBrydon.(2).ThirdpersonvsFirstperson.Tomakethewholepassagenotsosimplex(单一的)anddepictthecharacteristicoftheprotagonistbetter.2.WhyisSpencersomuchfrightenedbyhisalterego?
23、Howdotheydifferfromoneanother?Whatdotheyshareincommon?Foronething,heisfrightenedbecausethealteregoisaghostofalifeunlived.Foranother,uponreturningtoNewYork,heishavingregretsabouthischoicestoembracealifeinEuropeandalifeofease.Heregretsnothavingengagedinbusiness,whichwillmakehimaspowerfulandsuccessfula
24、sthealterego.Differences:Spencerpursuesart,thespirituallifeandthealteregopursuesmoney,themateriallife.Similarities:thesameappearancebothhavethecouragetopursuethelifetheywant3.HowisAlicecharacterized?Whatadditionalinformationdoweneedtounderstandherbetter?Charming,exquisite,gentle,optimistic,kind-hearted,assertiveThankYou
