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1、Grammar非谓语动词非谓语动词谓语：说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状谓语：说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。它有人称、数、时态和语态的变化。态。它有人称、数、时态和语态的变化。 e.g. He works. He takes care of the baby. He will go to Shanghai. He didnt go to Shanghai. He has gone to Shanghai. You are students. You look smart.单谓语或动词单谓语或动词短语短语情态动词情态动词/助动助动词词+ v.系动词系动词+表语表语非谓语：无人称，数的变
2、化，不单独作谓语，但保留非谓语：无人称，数的变化，不单独作谓语，但保留动词特点，可以有宾语或状语动词特点，可以有宾语或状语。e.g. He works. He wants to work here. He is working now. He has done his work. 非非谓谓语语动动词词过去分词过去分词不定式不定式动名词动名词现在分词现在分词分分 词词-ing -ing 形式形式动名词动名词现在分词现在分词非谓语动词的句法功能非谓语动词的句法功能主语主语宾语宾语表语表语宾补宾补定语定语状语状语不不定定式式动动名名词词分分词词主语主语宾语宾语 表语表语宾补宾补定语定语状语状语主语主
3、语宾语宾语表语表语定语定语表语表语宾补宾补定语定语状语状语一、不定式与动名词做主语：一、不定式与动名词做主语：1. 动名词做主语往往表示泛指的、一般的行为动名词做主语往往表示泛指的、一般的行为; 不定式不定式 做主语常表示某次具体的行为或将来的动作。做主语常表示某次具体的行为或将来的动作。 e.g. Climbing mountains is great fun. 爬山很有趣。爬山很有趣。 To visit China is my next goal. 2. 不定式做主语，一般用不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不当形式主语，把作主语的不 定式短语后置。定式短语后置。 e.g. I
4、t took me only five minutes to finish the job.3. 动名词作主语有时用动名词作主语有时用it作形式主语，把动名词置于句作形式主语，把动名词置于句 尾。常见于以下句型中：尾。常见于以下句型中： Its use/ good / fun Its useful/ nice/ useless e.g Its nice seeing you again. 1. _ a language requires time and effort. A. Learn B. Learning C. To learn D. Being learned2. It is not
5、always easy _ invitations. A. to refuse B. refusing C. to be refused D. being refused3. How _ the problem will be discussed at tomorrows meeting. A. to solve B. to be solved C. being solved D. solving4. It _ forty-five minutes _ there by bus. A. cost, to get B. takes, getting C. takes, to get D. tak
6、es, to get to5. It is no good _. You should give_. A. to smoke, it up B. smoking, it up C. smoking, up it D. to smoke, up it二、不定式与动名词做宾语：二、不定式与动名词做宾语：v1. 下列动词后常跟不定式做宾语：下列动词后常跟不定式做宾语： want, wish, hope, expect, ask, afford, agree, choose, pretend, decide, happen, learn, offer, refuse, fail, plan, prep
7、are, order, manage, promise, intend等。等。ve.g. He agreed to get someone to help us.v They promised not to break the school rules again. 二、不定式与动名词做宾语：二、不定式与动名词做宾语：2. 在下列动词或动词短语后常用动名词做宾语：在下列动词或动词短语后常用动名词做宾语： admit, advise, allow, avoid, bear, cannot help, consider, delay, enjoy, finish, give up, imagine
8、. include, keep, keep on, mind, miss, put off, permit, practice, resist, risk, suggest, stand, insist on, be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent(from), keepfrom, stop(from), protectfrom, be engaged in, spend(in), succeed in, admit to, be/ get/ become used t
9、o, be equal to, devoteto, get down to, look forward to, object to, stick to, take to, see to, lead to, pay attention to等。等。二、不定式与动名词做宾语：二、不定式与动名词做宾语：3. 有些动词既能以不定式作宾语，又能以动名有些动词既能以不定式作宾语，又能以动名词作宾语。两者意思基本相同，如：词作宾语。两者意思基本相同，如：begin, start, like, hate, continue, prefer等。等。 但有些动词两种形式意思有很大的差别，此但有些动词两种形式意思有
10、很大的差别，此类动词主要有：类动词主要有：forget, remember, stop, regret, try, mean, cant help等。等。 remember (forget) to do sth. 记住（忘记）要做某事记住（忘记）要做某事remember (forget) doing sth. 记得（忘记）过去曾经做过某事记得（忘记）过去曾经做过某事 regret to do sth. 对现在要发生的事表示对现在要发生的事表示“抱歉、遗憾抱歉、遗憾”regret doing sth. 对已经发生的事表示后悔对已经发生的事表示后悔二、不定式与动名词做宾语：二、不定式与动名词做宾语
11、： stop to do sth. 停下来去做某事停下来去做某事 stop doing sth. 停止做某事停止做某事 try to do sth. 设法设法，想法，想法， 试图试图 try doing sth. 试一试，试一试， 试试看试试看 mean to do sth. 打算打算，想要，想要，有，有的意图的意图 mean doing sth. 意味着，意思是，意味着，意思是， cant help to do sth. 不能帮忙做某事不能帮忙做某事 cant help doing sth. 禁不住做某事禁不住做某事二、不定式与动名词做宾语：二、不定式与动名词做宾语：1. He gave u
12、s some advice on how _ English. A. learning B. learned C. to learn D. learn2. I dont know whether you happen , but Im going to study in the U.S.A this September . Ato be heard B. to be hearing Cto hear D. to have heard 3. I forgot _ my name when I finished _ the composition. A. to sign, to writing B
13、. to sign, writing C. signing, writing4. -You were brave enough to raised objections at the meeting. -Well, now I regret _ that. A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done5. She cant help _ the house because shes busy making a cake. A. to clean B. cleaning C. cleaned D. being cleaned三、不定
14、式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词做表语三、不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词做表语 1. 表示一定的概念，具有名词的性质时，不定式和动名表示一定的概念，具有名词的性质时，不定式和动名 词可以互换。词可以互换。 e.g. My hobby is collecting/ to collect ancient coins. 2. 若表示具体的、个别的动作或有将来含义时，一般用若表示具体的、个别的动作或有将来含义时，一般用 不定式。不定式。 e.g. My wish is to find a part-time job this summer. 3. 现在分词和过去分词作表语具有形容词特征现在分词和过去
15、分词作表语具有形容词特征,也可以也可以 作为形容词。但要注意二者的区别作为形容词。但要注意二者的区别 e.g. The party was very exciting. They were very excited at the news1. Her wish is _ an engineer. A. becoming B. become C. to become D. being come2.Some peoples greatest pleasure is _. A. fishing B. to fish C. to be fishing D. being fish3. The repor
16、t was so _ that they were all _. A. inspiring, exciting B. inspiring, excited C. inspired, excited D. inspired, exciting4. -“You look pale.” -“I feel a little _.” A. tireB. tiredC. tiringD. tiresome 四、不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词做定语四、不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词做定语 1. 不定式做定语放在所修饰的名词后，不定式做定语放在所修饰的名词后，表示未发生的表示未发生的 动作或通常发生的
17、某一动作。动作或通常发生的某一动作。 e.g. The train to arrive is from London He is always the first to come and the last to leave. 2. 动名词做定语往往说明所修饰词的某种动名词做定语往往说明所修饰词的某种用途用途，一般，一般 放在被修饰词的前面。放在被修饰词的前面。 e.g. a washing machine （动名词做定语，（动名词做定语，= a machine which is used for washing） 洗衣机洗衣机 a reading room（动名词做定语，（动名词做定语，= a
18、 room which is used for reading） 阅览室阅览室3. 现在分词作定语表示主动、正在进行的动作。现在分词作定语表示主动、正在进行的动作。过去过去 分词作定语则表示被动、或完成的意义。分词作定语则表示被动、或完成的意义。单个分词单个分词 或形容词性的分词作定语往往放在被修饰词的前或形容词性的分词作定语往往放在被修饰词的前 面；分词短语作定语多置于被修饰词后面。面；分词短语作定语多置于被修饰词后面。 e.g. the rising sun（现在分词做定语，（现在分词做定语，= the sun which is rising）正在升起的太阳）正在升起的太阳 the cha
19、nging world（现在分词做定语，（现在分词做定语，= the world which is changing）变化中的世界）变化中的世界 a moving movie 感人的电影感人的电影 excited voice激动的声音激动的声音 （形容词性分词作定语）（形容词性分词作定语） fallen leaves 落叶落叶 a broken cup 一个破了的杯子一个破了的杯子 （过去分词作定语则表示被动、或完成）（过去分词作定语则表示被动、或完成）1. She said she had a important meeting _. A. to attend in B. to attend
20、 C. attend D. attending2. He is always the first _ questions. A. to answer B. answering C. to be answered D. being answered3. The Olympic Games _ in the year 2012 will be a great success. A. being held B. to be held C. held D. to hold4. The first textbooks _ for teaching English as a foreign languag
21、e came out in the 16th century. A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written5. At present, English is the main subject _ here. A. to be taught B. being taught C. teaching D. to be teaching 6. -“Who are those people with the banner（横幅）（横幅）? -A group _ itself the League for peace. A.
22、 calling B. calls C. called D. is called 7. The pen _ belongs to me. A. which it is on the table B. lying on the table C. is on the table D. which on the table 五、不定式、现在分词、过去分词做补足语五、不定式、现在分词、过去分词做补足语 1. 在在“动词动词+宾语宾语+不定式不定式”结构中，不定式作宾语补结构中，不定式作宾语补足语，足语，“宾语宾语+不定式不定式”构成了复合宾语。构成了复合宾语。 有些动词要求不定式不带有些动词要求不定式
23、不带to，有些要求必须带，有些要求必须带to，还，还有的带与不带都可以。有的带与不带都可以。 以下动词后常跟带符号以下动词后常跟带符号to的不定式做宾语补足语：的不定式做宾语补足语： ask, tell, want, wish, order, persuade, advise, allow, warn, encourage, cause, require等。等。e.g. The doctor advised him to stay in bed for another few days. We wish him to remain and accept the post. 我们希望他留下来接受
24、这个职位。我们希望他留下来接受这个职位。 有些感官动词和使役动词，如有些感官动词和使役动词，如see, watch, hear, feel, notice, observe, look at, listen to, let, have, make, keep, get 等后常跟不带符号等后常跟不带符号to的不定式做宾语补足语，常表示的不定式做宾语补足语，常表示 动作的整个过程。动作的整个过程。 e.g. We noticed him enter the house. 我们留意到他进了那所房子。我们留意到他进了那所房子。 The boss made them work twelve hours
25、a day. 老板让他们一天干老板让他们一天干12小时工作。小时工作。1. The doctor advised Lao Li _ more rest. A. that he get B. to get C. would get D. get2. Soon they saw the boy _ in the crowd. A. disappear B. to disappear C. disappears D. disappeared3. Birds are seldom heard _ at night. A. sing B. singing C. to sing D. to be sing
26、ing 2. 现在分词做补足语分两种情况：现在分词做补足语分两种情况： 形容词性质的现在分词作补足语：形容词性质的现在分词作补足语： e.g. I find the book very interesting. 我发现这本书非常有趣。（宾语补足语）我发现这本书非常有趣。（宾语补足语） The boy is found very annoying. 发现这个小男孩很令人讨厌。（主语补足语）发现这个小男孩很令人讨厌。（主语补足语） 动词性质的现在分词作补足语：感官动词和使役动动词性质的现在分词作补足语：感官动词和使役动 词，如词，如see, watch, hear, feel, notice, o
27、bserve, look at, listen to, let, have, make, keep, get等后可以跟表示动作性质的等后可以跟表示动作性质的 现在分词作补足语，表示现在分词作补足语，表示“正在或持续做某事正在或持续做某事”。 e.g. I see him passing by a bank. 我看见他正经过一家银行。（宾语补足语）我看见他正经过一家银行。（宾语补足语） He was seen working in the garden. 有人看见他正在花园里干活。（主语补足语）有人看见他正在花园里干活。（主语补足语）1. He kept me _ for many hours.
28、 A. to wait B. having been waited C. waiting D. waited 2. Mother caught the boy _ in the corner. A. smoke B. to smoke C. smoking D. being smoked 3. Having read the Emperors New Clothes, we all found it _. A. interest B. interested C. interesting D. to interest 3. 过去分词过去分词(done)做宾语补足语，说明宾语的性质或状态，与做宾语
29、补足语，说明宾语的性质或状态，与宾语一起构成复合宾语，其前的宾语是它的逻辑主语。宾语一起构成复合宾语，其前的宾语是它的逻辑主语。 若是及物动词的过去分词，既表示被动，也可以表示动作已若是及物动词的过去分词，既表示被动，也可以表示动作已经完成（即先于谓语动词）。经完成（即先于谓语动词）。 若是不及物动词的过去分词，则只表示完成。若是不及物动词的过去分词，则只表示完成。 句子由主动变被动时，宾语补足语相应的变为主语补足语。句子由主动变被动时，宾语补足语相应的变为主语补足语。 The boss found his plan carried out successfully. The boy was
30、found lost in the forest. Have you heard this song sung in Japanese? (宾补宾补) This song is often heard sung everywhere in China. (主补主补)1. I need this chapter _ before tomorrow. A. rewriting B. rewritten C. rewrite D. to write again2. When she returned home, she found the window open and something _. A
31、. to steal B. losing C. missed D. stolen 3. There was so much noise that the speaker could not make himself _. A. being heard B. heard C. hearing D. hear 六、不定式、现在分词、过去分词做状语六、不定式、现在分词、过去分词做状语 1. 不定式做状语，主要表示目的、结果、原因以及评论不定式做状语，主要表示目的、结果、原因以及评论 性状语。性状语。 不定式往往放在系表结构后面，表示产生某种情绪或不定式往往放在系表结构后面，表示产生某种情绪或 状态的
32、原因。状态的原因。 e.g. She was surprised to see Jim walk in. 看到吉姆进来，她很惊讶。看到吉姆进来，她很惊讶。 不定式可以单独作目的状语，有时为了强调目的性，不定式可以单独作目的状语，有时为了强调目的性， 在不定式前可以加上在不定式前可以加上in order, so as。 e.g. To succeed, one must first of all believe in himself. In order to keep warm, we shut all the windows. 不定式表结果，常用在不定式表结果，常用在too to, enoug
33、h to结构中。结构中。 有时不定式前加上有时不定式前加上only，表示出人意料的结果。，表示出人意料的结果。 e.g. The child is old enough to dress himself. We hurried to the station only to be told that the train had left. The husband left his wife, never to return. 有些不定式是用来表示说话者的观点或态度的，放在有些不定式是用来表示说话者的观点或态度的，放在 句子之外，修饰整个句子，我们称之为评论性状语。句子之外，修饰整个句子，我们称之
34、为评论性状语。 e.g. I have never seen such a person, to tell you the truth. To cut a long story short, we disagree. 长话短说，我们不同意。长话短说，我们不同意。六、不定式、现在分词、过去分词做状语六、不定式、现在分词、过去分词做状语 1. I have enjoyed my visit here. Ill be very sorry _. A. for leaving B. of leaving C. to leave D. left 2. I went to see him _ him ou
35、t. A. finding B. find C. only to find D. only found 2. 现在分词做状语可表示时间、原因、结果、伴随、方现在分词做状语可表示时间、原因、结果、伴随、方 式、目的以及作评论性状语等。式、目的以及作评论性状语等。 现在分词的一般式作时间状语，往往表示动作与谓语现在分词的一般式作时间状语，往往表示动作与谓语动词同时发生或相继发生。现在分词的完成式作时间状动词同时发生或相继发生。现在分词的完成式作时间状语，往往表示动语，往往表示动 作先于谓语动词发生。作先于谓语动词发生。 e.g. Hearing the news, they all jumped
36、for joy. Having finished his speech, he answered our questions. 作原因状语：作原因状语： Living far from the school, I have to get up early in the morning. 作结果状语，常位于句尾，前面的主句表示原因，后作结果状语，常位于句尾，前面的主句表示原因，后面的分词短语表示直接造成的结果面的分词短语表示直接造成的结果(预料之中的结果）。预料之中的结果）。 e.g. The fire lasted a whole night, causing great damage. 作伴
37、随或方式状语，表示与谓语动词同时发生的另一动作伴随或方式状语，表示与谓语动词同时发生的另一动 作。作。 e.g. Following Tom, we started to climb. 我们跟随汤姆开始爬山。我们跟随汤姆开始爬山。 She came riding a brand-new bike. 她骑着一辆崭新的自行车来的。她骑着一辆崭新的自行车来的。 现在分词作目的状语往往具有伴随性，多放于句尾，且现在分词作目的状语往往具有伴随性，多放于句尾，且 与主句间用逗号隔开。与主句间用逗号隔开。 e.g. Jane kept silent, trying not to show her feeli
38、ngs. 作评论性状语，有些惯用的分词短语在句中可以独立存作评论性状语，有些惯用的分词短语在句中可以独立存 在，它们用来修饰全句，表明说话者的态度、观点等。在，它们用来修饰全句，表明说话者的态度、观点等。 常见的有：常见的有： generally speaking一般说来一般说来 strictly speaking严格说来严格说来 roughly speaking大致说来大致说来 narrowly speaking狭义上说狭义上说 judging from/ by由由判断。判断。 e.g. Judging from her accent, she must come from Australi
39、a. 1. _ the cry for help, people immediately rushed out of the rooms. A. To hear B. Hearing C. Having heard D. They hearing 2. _ Hello, he reached out his hand. A. Said B. Saying C. Talked about D. Talking to 3. 过去分词在句中可作时间、原因、条件、伴随、方式过去分词在句中可作时间、原因、条件、伴随、方式等状语。等状语。 过去分词作时间状语可置于句首，也可以置于句尾，过去分词作时间状语可
40、置于句首，也可以置于句尾， 有时还可以置于主语和谓语之间。有时还可以置于主语和谓语之间。 Asked about his address, the boy didnt respond. Seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent. 作原因状语，常置于句首。作原因状语，常置于句首。 Infected with the H1N1, the little boy was separated from the other children. 作条件状语：作条件状语： United, we stand; divided, we fall. 合则立，分则败
41、。合则立，分则败。 作伴随或方式状语：作伴随或方式状语：The pop star hurried up to her car, followed by her fans.1. _ from the tallest building, the whole city looks very beautiful. A. See B. Saw C. Seeing D. Seen 2. _ the past, our life is much better. A. Comparing with B. Be compared with C. To compare with D. Compared with Thats all. Thank you!
