revised英语词汇学考前串讲1_外语学习-GRE

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1、英语词汇学考前串讲 1.考试题形式分为： .选择题(30 分)： 完全是考书中的例子， 理论与例子的结合,也就是 Theory 和 Example 的结合。 .填空（10 分） ：考特例,不是考简单的ExamplesTheory而是考Exceptions . .（10 分） 考试内容： .Types of meaning changes: 词意变化的种类 .Types of meaning : 词义的种类，如：概念意义，联想意义，情感意义等。 .Languages branches : 语系与语族, 语系如：印欧语系；语族如：一个大的语 系下分为那几个小的语族，如：日尔曼语族，斯堪的纳维亚语族

2、等。 . Feathers of idioms: 习语的特点 .(10 分) 考试内容： .Types of Bound Morphemes: 粘着词素的种类 .Types of Word Formations: 构词法的种类 .Types of Meaning: 词义的种类 .Types of Meaning of Idioms: 习语涵义的种类 . 名词解释 (10 分)： . 简答题 (12 分)： .比较题：两种理论/概念之间的区别就叫比较题，比如说概念意义与联想意 义有何区别，粘着词素与派生词根有何区别，两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等。 .名词解释扩展题：难的名词解释派生的简答题，

3、如:Affected Meaning 名词 解释起来太长了，放在简答题里，就成为： What is Affected Meaning, briefly exemplify it. .Optional: 可考可不考的题，往往是给出名词让你举例子 .分析题(18 分)：给出例子，让你用理论加以分析。 二. 串讲内容： Introduction 部分： Lexicology 这门课算哪一种学科的分支: Lexicology is a branch of linguistics. Lexicology 和那些重要的学科建立了联系: 1)Morphology 2) Semantics 3) Stylis

4、tics 4) Etymology 5) Lexicography 研究 lexicology 的两大方法: 1) Diachronic approach : 历时语言学 2) Synchronic approach : 共时语言学 e.g. wife 纵观历时语言学的方法论，woman 词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式？ Woman 的词义的变化算 Narrowing or specialization 第一章部分： What is word ? 词具有哪些特点？ 词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。 1) A word is a minimal free form of a language;

5、 2) A sound unity or a given sound ; 3) a unit of meaning; 4) a for 以上词的四 m that can function alone in a sentence. 个特点也就是词的名词解释 词的分类（classification of a word ） 词根据发音可以分为哪两种词？或者说词根据拼写可以分为哪两类词？ 1) simple words 2) complex words 单音节词例子： e.g. Man and fine are simple 多音节词例子： e.g. Management, misfortune, b

6、lackmail management 可以次划分为 manage 和 -ment misfortune 可以次划分为 mis- 和 fortune blackmail 次划分为 black 和 mail What is the relationship between sound and meaning? 1)There is no logical relationship between the sound and actual thing. e.g. dog. cat 2)The relationship between them is conventional. 3) In diffe

7、rent languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds. 例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化的种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情感意义等语系与语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族如日尔曼语族斯堪的纳维亚语族等习语的特点分考试内容粘着词素比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别粘着词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法

8、论词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式的词义的变化算第一章部分词具有哪些特点词的特点也就是对词的名词解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类词根据 What is relationship between sound and form? 1)The written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form. Naturally the written form should agree with the oral form, such as English language. 2)This is fa

9、irly true of English in its earliest stage i.e. Old English 3)With the development of the language, more and more differences occur between the two. What are the great changes that causes illogical relationship or irregularity between sound and form? 1) The internal reason for this is that the Engli

10、sh alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language so that some letters must do double duty or work together in combination. 2) Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and in s

11、ome cases the two have drawn far apart. 3) A third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes. 4) Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary. 要记住以上四句话中的关键词： 1) influenced by Romans 2) Pronunciation changed 3) early scr

12、ibes 4) borrowing 你能不能举出外来语对英语发音,拼写造成不一致的例子有哪些？ e.g. stimulus (L) ,fiesta (Sp) ,eureka (Gr), kimono (Jap) 外来语对英语造成的最大的影响就是sound and form 不一致。 What is vocabulary? Vocabulary refers to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the words 例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化的种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情

13、感意义等语系与语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族如日尔曼语族斯堪的纳维亚语族等习语的特点分考试内容粘着词素比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别粘着词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法论词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式的词义的变化算第一章部分词具有哪些特点词的特点也就是对词的名词解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类词根据used in a particular historical pe

14、riod. Vocabulary also refers to all the words of a given dialect, given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person. Classification of Words ( 本课的一个重点, 年年考试都考) What is the classification of words? How to classify words in linguistics? Three criteria : 1) By use of freque

15、ncy 2) By notion 3) By origin By use of frequency 可划分为： 1) The basic word stock 2) Nonbasic word vocabulary By notion 可划分为： 1) Content word 2) Functional word Content words are also known as notional words . (Content words 的别称) Functional words are also known as empty words, or form words. ( Functio

16、nal words 的别称) Functional words possesses a characteristic of basic word stock, i.e. stability According to Stuart Robertson ,et al (1957),* ( 年年考试必考) the nine functional words , namely ,and , be , have , it , of , the , to , will ,you What are the characteristics of basic word stock? 1) All nationa

17、l character 2) Stability 例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化的种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情感意义等语系与语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族如日尔曼语族斯堪的纳维亚语族等习语的特点分考试内容粘着词素比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别粘着词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法论词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式的词义的变化算第一章部分词具有哪些特点词的特点也就是对词的

18、名词解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类词根据3) Productivity 4) Polysemy 5) Collocability 要把握住All national character的词,就是和我们日常生活息息相关的，最普通的词 稳定性是基本词的一个很大特点，请你举例说明？ e.g. man, woman , fire, water e.g. machine, video, telephone e.g. bow, chariot , knight Stability is relative, not absolute. 根据词的 use frequency 划分出的基本词之外，

19、还有一类词叫作 None basic vocabulary, 非基本词有几大特点？或者是几大分类？ 1) Terminology e.g. sonata, algebra 2) Jargon e.g. Bottom line ( Jargon ) 3) Slang e.g. smoky, bear ( Slang ) 4) Argot e.g. persuader 5) Dialectal words e.g. station ( AusE = ranch ) bluid ( ScotE= blood) 6) Archaisms 例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化的种类词义的种类如概念意义

20、联想意义情感意义等语系与语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族如日尔曼语族斯堪的纳维亚语族等习语的特点分考试内容粘着词素比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别粘着词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法论词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式的词义的变化算第一章部分词具有哪些特点词的特点也就是对词的名词解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类词根据 e.g. wilt (will) 7) Neologis

21、ms e.g. email ( Neologisms ) beaver 是 girl 的 slang 表达方式，但是二者之间存在着 Stylistic difference Which constitutes the larger number among English vocabulary, content words or functional words ? Answer : Content words What is native words? Answer : (1) By origin, English words can be classified into native wo

22、rds and borrowed words. (2) Native words are words brought to Britain in the fifth century by the German tribes: the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes, thus know as Anglo-Saxon words. (3) Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are small in number ,amounting to roughly 50,000 to 60,000, but they form the mainst

23、ream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language 什么叫 borrowed words? Answer: (1) words taken over from foreign languages are know as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple terms. (2) It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80 percent of the modern English v

24、ocabulary (3) The English language has vast debts .In any dictionary some 80% of the entries are borrowed. 什么叫 Denizens? Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language. In other words they have come to conform to the English way of pronunciation

25、and spelling, such as port from portus (L). Denizens的例子都要记：Port from portus (L), cup from cuppa (L), shift from skipta (ON), shirt from skyrta (ON), change from changier (F), pork from porc (F). 什么叫 Translation-loans ? 例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化的种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情感意义等语系与语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族如日尔曼语族斯堪的

26、纳维亚语族等习语的特点分考试内容粘着词素比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别粘着词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法论词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式的词义的变化算第一章部分词具有哪些特点词的特点也就是对词的名词解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类词根据Translation-loans are words and expressions formed form the existing material

27、in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language, such as long time no see from haojiumeijian (Ch) 什么叫 Semantic-loans ? words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form ,But their meaning are borrowed , in other words, English has borrowed a new meani

28、ng for an existing word in the language ,such as the word dream ,which originally meant joy and music , and its modern meaning was borrowed later from the Norse. 第二章：The development of the English vocabulary The Indo-European Language Family It is assumed that the world has approximately 3,000(some

29、put it 5,000)languages ,which can be grouped into roughly 300 language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar . ( 重点：语系划分的标准） What is the criteria to divide language families ? The answer : 1. the basis of similarities in their basic word stock 2. grammar (重点)The

30、 Balto-Slavic comprises such modern languages as( 选择题内容：) Prussian, Lithuanian , Polish ,Czech, Bulgarian ,Slovenian and Russian. Indo-European 两大分支：1.Eastern set2.Western set Eastern set: Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Armenian and Albanian Western set : Celtic, Italic , Hellenic, Germanic. In the wes

31、tern Set, Greek is the modern language derived from Hellenic. Celtic ：Scottish, Irish, Welsh, Breton The five Romance languages, namely ,Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian , Roumanian all belong to the Italic. The Germanic family consists of the four Northern European Languages: Norwegian ,Iceland

32、ic, Danish and Swedish ,which are generally known as Scandinavian languages. Then there is German, Dutch ,Flemish and English. With Vikings invasion, many Scandinavian words came into the English language. 例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化的种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情感意义等语系与语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族如日尔曼语族斯堪的纳维亚语族等习语的特点分考

33、试内容粘着词素比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别粘着词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法论词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式的词义的变化算第一章部分词具有哪些特点词的特点也就是对词的名词解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类词根据 It is estimated that at least 900 words of Scandinavian origin have survived in modern Eng

34、lish. Old English has a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words. It was a highly inflected language just like modern German. 重点句: Modern English began with the establishment of printing in England 古英语最大的模糊性的概念来自于 (scripts ) 古英语正因为出现印刷术才打破了 ( early scripts) Sound and form 真正达到统一是在什么时期？ .Sound and

35、form reached their concord in ( Modern English period ) 如果从词汇变化的角度而言，Modern English 又可以细划分为 early period , modern period. *现代英语早期阶段属于哪一种文化现象的发展时期 （重要的选择或填空内容） Early modern English appeared in the Renaissance ， Modern English period 有什么样的外来语的进入？ The Latin words swarmed into English in early modern En

36、glish period 现代英语时期，英语词汇大量丰富还有另外一个原因是 (colonization) The richness of Modern English in vocabulary also arises from (Colonization ) The English language has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language ( 重要选择或填空内容) Growth of Present-day English V ocabulary Three main sources of

37、new words : 1)The rapid development of modern science and technology 2)Social, economic and political changes; 3)The influence of other cultures and language 2.4 Modes of Vocabulary Development 例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化的种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情感意义等语系与语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族如日尔曼语族斯堪的纳维亚语族等习语的特点分考试内容粘着词素比如说概念

38、意义与联想意义有何区别粘着词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法论词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式的词义的变化算第一章部分词具有哪些特点词的特点也就是对词的名词解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类词根据 1)creation 2) semantic change 3) borrowing 2)Semantic change （还包括外来词的 Semantic loans ） Elevation, degr

39、adation, extension, narrowing, transfer 外来词可以被称作 borrowed words , 因此又可以被称作 重点句：borrowed words are also known as loaned words . 恢复古英语的用词是美国英语的一大特色 Reviving archaic or obsolete words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though quite insignificant. This is especially true of American En

40、glish. 英语从 synthetic language 发展到 present analytical language 是在英语的哪一个阶段完成的？ 答案：Modern English period 文艺复兴时期，恰逢英语发展的哪个阶段? 答案：Early Modern English period 在英语发展过程 在哪个阶段出现三语鼎立的现象？ French, Latin, English in Middle English period easel, port, freight, 出现于英语发展的哪个阶段，属于哪一种外来词的引入？ 答案：Middle English , Dutch 在

41、英语发展的某一个阶段，有一种语言进入英语，它一共带来了 2500 个词汇，这种语言是什么？ 答案：Dutch (考题) 据现代语言学家的统计，英语中目前所占本族词的数量有多少? 答案：50,000 to 60,000 他们的来源是(Anglo_Saxon tongue ) 第二次世界大战以后，大量外来词进入英语中，如：Mao jackets , black belt , kongfu, 这些词属于英语词汇发展的 Present - day English Vocabulary 例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化的种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情感意义等语系与语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大

42、的语系下分为那几个小的语族如日尔曼语族斯堪的纳维亚语族等习语的特点分考试内容粘着词素比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别粘着词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法论词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式的词义的变化算第一章部分词具有哪些特点词的特点也就是对词的名词解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类词根据 注意：第二章出大题的内容无非就是请简述印欧语系的发展与组成。 Old English 和 Middle Eng

43、lish 最大的 striking distinction 存在于哪一个方面? 答案：Old English was a language of full endings, Middle English was one of leveled endings. 文艺复兴时期，哪两种文化得到了复兴，这对英语词汇的丰富具有什么样的影响? 答案：Greek , Roman culture 某些希腊词被引入到了英语是在什么阶段? 答案：Modern English 十六世纪，有一种新工业出现对词汇的发展产生重要的影响，这是哪一种 industry? 答案：Printing 这导致 sound and f

44、orm 出现 concord , 出现 standardization. 第三章复习: The smallest unit in the English language refers to (morphemes)；The minimal free form in the English language refers to (word) In the plural form changing, some of the words will take internal vowel change , this internal vowel change is called (allomorphs

45、) Deer 复数没有变,还是 deer, sheep 复数没有变,还是 sheep, 因此,这种变化被称作(zero derivation) 名词解释: Morphemes : The minimal meaningful units in a language are known as morphemes. In other words, the morphemes is the smallest functioning unit in compositi on of words Allomorphs : The alternative morphs are known as allomo

46、rphs, e.g. the morpheme of plurality -s has a number of allomorphs in different sound context, e.g. in cats in bags, matches，It can be realized by the change of an internal vowel as in foot-feet, man-men, goose-geese or by zero morphs as in deer-deer, fish-fish 简答题： what are the types of morphemes ?

47、 ( 答简答题时,名词解释) 答案：Free morphemes and bound morphemes 例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化的种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情感意义等语系与语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族如日尔曼语族斯堪的纳维亚语族等习语的特点分考试内容粘着词素比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别粘着词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法论词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式的

48、词义的变化算第一章部分词具有哪些特点词的特点也就是对词的名词解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类词根据 Free morphemes : 1) Free morphemes are independent of other morphemes and are considered to be free. 2) These morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. 3) They are identical with roo

49、t words, as each of them consists of a single free root words ,as each of them consists of a single free root 4) free morphemes are free roots. bound morphemes: 1) Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound. 2) They are bound to other morphemes to form words. 3) Bound morphemes include

50、 two types: bound root and affix affix 分为两类: inflectional and derivational affixes. Inflectional affixes : Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional, thus known as inflectional morphemes. Derivational affixes: 1)derivational affixes are affixes added

51、 to other morphemes to create now words. 2) Derivational affixes can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes. root : 1) a root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. 2) the root, whether free or bound, generally carries the main component o

52、f meaning in a word 3) a root is that part of a wordform that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed stem : 1) a stem may consist of a single root morpheme as in iron or of two root morphemes as in a compound like handcuff. 2) It can be a root morpheme plus one or m

53、ore affixational morphemes as in mouthful, underestimate. 3) Therefore, a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added. 问题：Stem 和 root 有一个最大的区别在哪里? 例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化的种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情感意义等语系与语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族如日尔曼语族斯堪的纳维亚语族等习语的特点分考试内容粘着词素比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别粘着词素与派生词

54、根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法论词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式的词义的变化算第一章部分词具有哪些特点词的特点也就是对词的名词解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类词根据 答案： a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added. 问题：请加以区别下面两个词的特征: nation , dict 请加以理论的分析?

55、Both nation and dict belong to roots, nation is free root, which can function alone in a sentence, Nation as a free root, has complete meaning, when both prefixes and suffixes attached to it are removed, nation as a free root, still remains Dict is a bound root, which can not function alone grammati

56、cally , dict carries the fundamental meaning of words, dict has to combine with the other morphemes to create new words , for example , dictionary , contradiction . 问题： 分析下面一句话: He is much more cleverer than any other one in the village, too heads are better than one. 请从构词角度分析以上的例子, cleverer , bette

57、r cleverer (-er : inflectional affixes ) better ( good , well 的特殊变化) It is allomorph of good and well. 第四章: 问题：在英语中,主要的构词法分为哪几种? 答案：有七种: 1) Affixation 2) Compounding 3) conversion 4) shortening 5) clipping 6) acronymy 7) blending 有三种最常用: affixation , compounding and conversion 问题：由专有名词变为普通名词是词义变化的哪一

58、种? 答案：Extension 问题：由普通名词变为专有名词是词义变化的哪一种模式? 答案：Narrowing 例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化的种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情感意义等语系与语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族如日尔曼语族斯堪的纳维亚语族等习语的特点分考试内容粘着词素比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别粘着词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法论词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种

59、模式的词义的变化算第一章部分词具有哪些特点词的特点也就是对词的名词解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类词根据问题：Affixation 又被称为什么? 它分为哪两类？ 答案：Affixation is also known as derivation Affixation falls into two subclasses : prefixation and suffixation 要点: 有哪些前缀属于什么样的类别: a-, non, ir : negative prefixes de- , dis- ( 既属于 negative , 也属于 reversative prefixe

60、s ) mal-, pseudo-, mis- : pejorative prefixes super , sur-, extra ： prefixes of degree or size anti-, contra-, counter-, pro- : prefixes of orientation and attitude trans-, fore- tele- : locative prefixes fore-, post- : prefixes of time and order bi-, uni-, semi- : number prefixes pan-, vice - : mis

61、cellaneous prefixes suffixation : 1. Noun suffixes 1) Denominal nouns 2) Deverbal nouns 3) De-adjective nouns: ity, -ness, 4) Noun and adjective suffixes 注意 Compounding, acoronymy , blending , conversion , clipping 的名词解释. 要点: 复合词分为哪三类: 1)solid 2) hyphenated 3) open 简答题: what are the characteristics

62、of compounds ? 例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化的种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情感意义等语系与语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族如日尔曼语族斯堪的纳维亚语族等习语的特点分考试内容粘着词素比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别粘着词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法论词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式的词义的变化算第一章部分词具有哪些特点词的特点也就是对词的名词解释以上词的四个

63、特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类词根据What are the difference between compounds and free phrases ? 答案： 1) phonetic features 2) Semantic features 3) Grammatical features 最常见的三种词性 : 1) Noun compound 2) Adjective compounds 3) verb compounds 问题：在名词性复合词中有哪几种有多产性, 哪两种不具有多产性? 在形容性复合词当中, 哪三类有多产性? 动词性复合词是靠哪两种方法复合在一起的? *名词解释:Con

64、version ( 重点，还没考过) Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. Functional shift = conversion Zero-derivation ( 选择或填空要点) Adjective to noun : (1) full conversion (2) partial conversion 问题：形容词转为动词分为哪两类？ 答案：由 Adjective to verbs : (1) Transitive (2) Intrans

65、itive 简答题: 形容词变动词的三种类别( 没考过) 问题：请你举出由 conjunction 变为 noun 的一个例子? 答案： Ifs and buts blending are also called blends or portmanteau words ( 选择或填空要点) 问题： blending 分为哪四类合成词？ 1. head + tail 例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化的种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情感意义等语系与语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族如日尔曼语族斯堪的纳维亚语族等习语的特点分考试内容粘着词素比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区

66、别粘着词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法论词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式的词义的变化算第一章部分词具有哪些特点词的特点也就是对词的名词解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类词根据2. head + head 3. head + word 4. word + tail 问题: 绝大多数 blending 都是什么词性? 答案：nouns The overwhelming majority of blen

67、ds are nouns; very few are verbs and adjectives are even fewer. 问题：截短法 clipping 分为哪四类？ 答案：There are four common types of clipping : 1) Front clipping 2) Back clipping 3) Front and back clipping 4) Phrase clipping 要注意 clipping 的例子 有一个特殊变化：fridge ( refrigerator 截短之后在 i, g 中间加一个 d ) , 还有拼写发生变化，比如说：coke

68、 ( coca cola) 问题：什么是 acronymy ？ Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of neames of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms Acronymy 包含两类: 1) initialisms ( 不发音) e.g. BBC, VOA, TB 2) acronyms ( 形成新的发音) e.g. CORE, TEFL Words f

69、rom proper names 有四大类: 例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化的种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情感意义等语系与语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族如日尔曼语族斯堪的纳维亚语族等习语的特点分考试内容粘着词素比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别粘着词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法论词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式的词义的变化算第一章部分词具有哪些特点词的特点也就是对词的名词

70、解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类词根据 1. Names of people e.g. bobby : Names of people 2. Names of places e.g. champagne, rugby 3. Names of books e.g. utopia 4. Trade names e.g. cabal 问题：以下的词采用哪种构词法？ e.g. diagnosis -?diagnose : (先有诊断的名词,后有了诊断的动词,这种构词被称作) backformation bloomers ( 它的构词法满足哪一种词法): 属于 Words from pro

71、per names 中的 Names of people VJ-day :(这种构词法是由哪一种构成的)属于 Initialisms 中的 Acronyms Pop: (采用哪一种构词法构成的) : clipping Sitcom : blending FORTRAN : head + head Bath (名词) - bathe ( 动词) Bath 和 bathe 存在一种什么关系? ( Conversion ) 重点句：Conversion is also known as functional shift. 问题：Noun + v-ing, 这类词构成的词是什么词 ？ 答案：compo

72、unding 问题：Record-breaking , 它是属于复合法中的哪一种？ 例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化的种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情感意义等语系与语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族如日尔曼语族斯堪的纳维亚语族等习语的特点分考试内容粘着词素比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别粘着词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法论词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式的词义的变化算第一章部分

73、词具有哪些特点词的特点也就是对词的名词解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类词根据答案：Adjectives compounds 问题：请说出 Adjectives compounds 中多产性强的有几类？ 答案： 有三类 1) n + v-ing 2) n + a 3) n + v-ed 问题：up-bringing 是属于哪一类构词法构成的词？ 答案：noun compounds (adv + v-ing ) 问题：复合词与自由短语的最大的区别是什么? 答案：区别也就是复合词的特点: 1) Phonetic features 2) Semantic features 3) Gram

74、matical features 问题：red meat, green horn, 它们是复合词的哪一个特点构成的词? 答案 ：Semantic features ( 也就是从构词上推不出它的涵义） 问题：Compounding 又被称作什么法？ 答案：composition 问题：由 compounding 或 composition 构成的词被称作什么？ 答案：compounds 问题：复合词分为几类？分别举例加以说明？ 答案：分为三类：solid, hyphenated, open solid : blackmail , blackmarket hyphenated: brother-i

75、n-law, open : green horn , green hand 例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化的种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情感意义等语系与语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族如日尔曼语族斯堪的纳维亚语族等习语的特点分考试内容粘着词素比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别粘着词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法论词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式的词义的变化算第一章部分词具有哪

76、些特点词的特点也就是对词的名词解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类词根据 问题：当形容词转为动词时分为几类：Adjectives to verbs 答案：有三类： 1) Both transitive and intransitive 2) Only transitive 3) Only intransitive 问题：由人的行为所造成的结果进行转类之后，转成了什么词性? 答案：verb to noun e.g. catch 问题：形容词可不可以转类，转成名词分为几个类别? 答案：分为两类： 1) full conversion e.g. black , white 2) parti

77、al conversion e.g. the rich , the poor 问题：名词再变成名词分为几类？分别举例说明？ 答案：1) Concrete 2) abstract e.g. host : （可加-ess 变成具体名词） friend : (加-ship 可变成抽象名词） 问题：(只作了解) A word is unity of sound and meaning ( true or false ) 答案：true ( 可从 word 的四个特点看出） 问题：Most loaned words are borrowed from foreign languages without

78、any change in sound and spelling. （true or false). 答案： true 外来词分为四类： 例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化的种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情感意义等语系与语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族如日尔曼语族斯堪的纳维亚语族等习语的特点分考试内容粘着词素比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别粘着词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法论词义

79、的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式的词义的变化算第一章部分词具有哪些特点词的特点也就是对词的名词解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类词根据1) Denizens e.g. cup from cuppa , port form portus 2) Aliens e.g. garage , decor 3) Translation -loans e.g. long time no see 4) Semantic- loans. e.g. dream 判断对错题： 1Conversion means transfer of a word from one class to anther . (

80、true or false ) 答案：true 2 The relationship between a word symbol and its meaning is mostly arbitrary and conventional. (true or false ). 答案：true 3.a word used in different contexts may contrast with different antonyms .(true or false) 答案：true 4. an allomorph is any of the variant forms of morphemes.

81、 (true or false ) 答题： false 重点句：A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym. E.g. fast （fast 在不同的语境中对应着不同的概念） 选择题： Chinese is our native language, but we can not say the Chinese is our ? . 例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化的种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情感意义等语系与语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族如日尔曼语族斯堪的纳维亚语

82、族等习语的特点分考试内容粘着词素比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别粘着词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法论词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式的词义的变化算第一章部分词具有哪些特点词的特点也就是对词的名词解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类词根据a)mother tongue b) first language c) mother language d) official language 答案：C）mot

83、her language ( 不存在的一种说法) 问题：以下的哪一个词 is not an expression used by American? A) tube B) bar C) Mailbox D) Congress 答案：tube ( 只有英国人把地铁叫 tube , 美国人把它叫作 subway, underground ) 问题： smog它是smoke , fog 合在一起形成的词，它是采用了下面哪一种构词法？ A) clipping B ) compounding C) blending D) backformation 答案： C ) blending 问题：以下的词哪些属

84、于：A)simple word B) compound word C) derived word D) shortened form. e.g. goldmine (compound word ) bike ( shortened form ) process (derived word : cess 是一个不可分割的 bound root，pro 它是一个前缀) supermarket ( derived word ) language ( simple word ) driver ( derived word ) dorm ( shortened form, clipping ) mode

85、rnize ( derivation ) blackboard ( compound ) bus ( shortened form ) (omnibus ) (可能会出现的题)What is the difference between content words and functional words, illustrate your point with examples ? 注意：答题时先答名词解释，再加以例子说明。 (复习要考虑的题) What is the difference between denotative meaning and connotative meaning?

86、例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化的种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情感意义等语系与语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族如日尔曼语族斯堪的纳维亚语族等习语的特点分考试内容粘着词素比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别粘着词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法论词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式的词义的变化算第一章部分词具有哪些特点词的特点也就是对词的名词解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类

87、词根据 (论述题) What are the fundamental features of the basic word stock of the English vocabulary? 答题时先答名词解释 basic word stock 再答五大特点并配以例子加以说明。 (关键答好第一个特点: All national character ， 它又分为五个特点) 前四章复习的内容： 问题：Which of the following words is not formed through clipping? A) dorm B) Motel C) gent D) zoo 答案：Motel

88、: (blending) 问题：Old English has vocabulary of about how many words ? 答案：50,000 to 60,000 问题：词素分为自由词素和粘着词素，自由词素又被称作自由词根，粘着词素分为哪两类？ 答案：粘着词素分为：Bound root 和 affixes 选择题或填空： Besides French words, English also absorb as many as 2,500 words in the Middle English Period. (Dutch ) A word is a symbol that B .

89、 A ) is used by same community B) represents something else in the world C) both simple and complex in nature D) Show different ideas in different sounds The opposite of semantic elevation in meaning change is called degradation or pejoration. Pronouns and numerals enjoy nationwide use and stability

90、, but has limited Productivity 问题：以下的这些词是粘着词素吗， 以下的这些词是什么样的构词法？ 1) heart and soul ( Adverbial in nature ) 2) father - male parent ( conceptual meaning ) 例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化的种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情感意义等语系与语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族如日尔曼语族斯堪的纳维亚语族等习语的特点分考试内容粘着词素比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别粘着词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词

91、解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法论词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式的词义的变化算第一章部分词具有哪些特点词的特点也就是对词的名词解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类词根据 3) City-bred ( noun + v-ed ) 4) Lip-reading - lip read (backformation ) 5) headache (compound n + v ) 6) antecedent ( 下划线的这一部分是什么： bound morphe

92、mes ) 7) preview ( prefix : 前缀) 8) receive ( bound root ) 9) called ( inflectional affixes ) 第五章：Word Meaning The meanings of Meaning 指的是哪三个层次的内容? 意义中的含义的三个层次的划分: What are the meanings of Meaning? 1) Reference ( 有 reference 的词必然具有 sense, 也必然具有 Concept ) 2) Concept( 能够形成 Concept 的词必然有 reference ) 3)

93、Sense (有 sense 的词未必具有 concept , 也未必具有 reference) (Conjunction , prepositions, adverbs, 它们都是具有 sense 的词,但是未必具有 reference , 也未必具有 concept, 例如：if, but, probably : 它们有 sense, 但没有 concept ) What is the relationship between the reference and the thing outside the language? （等同于： What is relationship betwe

94、en sound and form ） 答: Arbitrary and conventional 名词解释: reference 名词 Concept : 1. Meaning and concept are closely connected but not identical . They are both related directly to referents and are notions of the words but belong to different categories. 2. Concept, which is beyond language, is the re

95、sult of human cognition, reflecting the objective 例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化的种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情感意义等语系与语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族如日尔曼语族斯堪的纳维亚语族等习语的特点分考试内容粘着词素比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别粘着词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法论词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式的词义的

96、变化算第一章部分词具有哪些特点词的特点也就是对词的名词解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类词根据world in the human mind . 3. Concept is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, language and so on. 4. a concept can have as many referring expressions as there are languages in the world. 重点: sense 的名词解释： Sense : 1. sense denotes

97、the relationships inside the language. The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language. 2. Since the sense of an expression is not a thing, it is often difficult to say what sort of identity it is. It is also an abstraction. *3. Ev

98、ery word that has meaning has sense (not every word has reference) 重点：What are the type of motivation ？ 1) Onomatopoeic motivation 2) Morphological Motivation 3) Semantic Motivation 4) Etymological Motivation 填空: 1.some of the words when edited with prefixes and suffixes, it will become another new

99、word, either new in meaning or new in sense, this motivation is called ( morphological motivation ) 2. Compounds are totally different in the meaning before it was carried out with different elements, so the meaning of a compound can not be deduced from component constituted this compound ,this moti

100、vation is called ( morphological motivation ) 3. pen in old English , refers to the feather, but with the development of technology, fountain was invented , but the name of this material was kept up to this day, people still used the pen to refer to writting tool, this motivation is called (etymolog

101、ical motivation) 4. Conceptual meaning also know as (denotative meaning ) 4.laconic answer ( 简短回答), laconic 的形成是属于哪一种理据 (etymological motivation) 问题: pingpong ball , cuckoo 是靠哪一种理据形成的新词? 例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化的种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情感意义等语系与语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族如日尔曼语族斯堪的纳维亚语族等习语的特点分考试内容粘着词素比如说概念意义与联想意义

102、有何区别粘着词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法论词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式的词义的变化算第一章部分词具有哪些特点词的特点也就是对词的名词解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类词根据答案: Onomatopoeic Motivation 问题:at the foot of mountain, the mouth of river, 此时采用了哪一种理据构成? 答案: Semantic movtiva

103、tion 论述题: 1. What are the types of motivation? 2. What are the types of meaning? 按大的分支来分分为: (1)grammatical meaning (2)Lexical meaning 分析题:*The dog is chasing a cat , analyze the sentence based on grammatical meaning. Lexical meaning itself has two components: conceptual meaning and associative meani

104、ng. (语法意义上分析没考过, 但从词汇意义上分析考过) 语法意义指一个词的词性, 句中充当的成份, 句子的时态,单复数形式等. 1)Dog, cat are nouns, and chase is transitive verb. 2) The sentence is used in present continuous tense. 3) The dog, a cat are singular form. 问题:The pen is mightier than sword? 请 从语法意义的角度上分析这句话? Both pen and sword are nouns. mightier

105、is an adjective, and than is preposition. The sentence is in simple present tense. 这是现在时中采用的哪一种语法结构? Mightier than is comparative degree. pen and sword are in singular form. The pen is subject, and sword functions as an object to preposition than. mightier is predictive. 重点名词解释: 例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化的

106、种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情感意义等语系与语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族如日尔曼语族斯堪的纳维亚语族等习语的特点分考试内容粘着词素比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别粘着词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法论词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式的词义的变化算第一章部分词具有哪些特点词的特点也就是对词的名词解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类词根据Conceptual meanin

107、g: 1) Conceptual meaning (also known as denotative meaning) is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning. 2) Being constant and relatively stable, conceptual meaning forms the basis for communiation as the same word has the same conceptual meaing to all the speakers of t

108、he same language. *Associative meaning :( 一定要把它的四种分支答上) 1) associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. 2)It differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and indeterminated. 3)It is liable to the influence of such factors as culture , experienc

109、e, religion, geographical region, class background,education, etc. 4)Associative meaning comprises four types : connotative, stylistic, affective, and collocative. 问题: Connotative meaning is not the same to everybody, every situation and every time, analyze the statement? 答案: e.g. A child is prejudi

110、ced against, often jeered at, beaten or scolded at home, then home to his is nothing but a hell, hence unfavourable connotatitions, 问题: 某些贬义词是不是任何时候都是贬义词？ 答案：e.g. A phrase like son of a bitch which normally has an associative meaning of crude vulgarity may convey the connotation of friendliness and

111、intimacy used between two close friends when they meet after some prolonged period of time. 问题:Stylistic meaning 根据字典上的划分有几种划分?根据 The Five Clocks 划分,有几种划分? 答案:In some dictionaries, stylistic features are clearly marked as formal, informal, literary, archaic, slang. Martin Joos in his book The Five C

112、locks suggests five degrees of formality: frozen, formal, consultative, casual and intimate. 问题:在日常生活中,人们把文体只简单地划分为哪三类? 答案:1)formal 2)neutral 3) informal 注意:要把书中 89 页中例子2223 分析要记好. 例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化的种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情感意义等语系与语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族如日尔曼语族斯堪的纳维亚语族等习语的特点分考试内容粘着词素比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别粘着

113、词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法论词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式的词义的变化算第一章部分词具有哪些特点词的特点也就是对词的名词解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类词根据 在情感意义 affective meaning, 考试往往要落脚在 affective meaning 的两个分类:(年年affective meaning 例子都考) (1) appreciative meaning (2) p

114、ejorative meaning Collocative meaning 中的例子要记好: pretty , handsome Green 搭配的例子记好: green on the job, green fruit , green with envy , green-eyed monster. 复习: 问题: Blackmail 从发音的角度被划分成什么词,从理据的角度被划分成什么词? 答案:Complex Morphological motivation 问题: 有 reference 的词必然具有 sense and concept ( 正确) 有 sense 的词一定具有 refer

115、ence.(错误) The word which have meaning does not have necessarily reference. 问题: Forget, forgot, forgetting , forgotten , forgets 这是从哪一个角度来界定这个词的分支? 答案: Grammatical meaning 问题: frozen, formal , consultative, casual and intimate 这五个词是总结了什么的划分， 是根据什么的划分? 答案: stylistic meaning , 是根据 The Five Clocks writt

116、en by Martin Joos. 问题:But in daily life , we always refer to (formal), (neutral) , (informal). 问题: Pretty boy, pretty woman , pretty garden, pretty garden , pretty car ，请解释这些词的意义一样不一样？如果不一样请加以理论分析？ 答案:Collocative meaning, when pretty is used to modify different nouns both animate and inanimate , the

117、ir collocative meaning are totally different. 例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化的种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情感意义等语系与语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族如日尔曼语族斯堪的纳维亚语族等习语的特点分考试内容粘着词素比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别粘着词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法论词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式的词义的变化算第

118、一章部分词具有哪些特点词的特点也就是对词的名词解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类词根据问题：Table tennis can be replaced by pingpong ball and the name of the bird is also called cuckoo , which can also be reused to refer to the sound of the bird , so their two words are (onomatopoeically) motivated. 问题： Unexpected, expectation, expecting

119、, these three words are (morphologically) motivated. 问题： Hopeless, jobless, dislike , 这三个词是靠什么 motivated. ( morphologically motivated) 问题： East or west , home is best and there is no place like home . 这两话是使用了什么样的意义构成的？ 答案: Connotative meaning 第六章: Sense Relations and Semantic Field polysemy, homonym

120、y, synonymy, antonymy and hyponymy.（五种关系的名词解释要记住） Two Approaches to Polysemy: 1) Diachronic approach 2) Sychronic approach Two Processes of Development 1) radiation (1) radiation is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the centre and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in e

121、very direction like rayes. (2) the meaning are independent of one another, but can all be traced back to the central meaning. e.g. face, neck 2) concatenation (1) meaning linking together, is the semantic process i n which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive

122、 shifts until, in may cases ,there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning . (2) In plain terms the meaning reached by the first shift may be shifted a second time, and so on until in the end the original meaning is totally

123、 lost. 例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化的种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情感意义等语系与语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族如日尔曼语族斯堪的纳维亚语族等习语的特点分考试内容粘着词素比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别粘着词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法论词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式的词义的变化算第一章部分词具有哪些特点词的特点也就是对词的名词解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名

124、词解释词的分类词根据e.g. treacle 注意： 这两种模式的名词解释照样要记（这两种模式只在填空，选择，出过题，还没有以名词解释形式考过） 问题：In the linguistic study, what are the sense relations and what are the types of sense relations ? 答案: A word which is related to the other words is related to them in sense, so it is called sense semantic relations. types of

125、 sense relations : polysemy, homonymy, synonymy, antonymy and hyponymy.（五种关系的名词解释要记住） 问题：Fruit 与 apples bananas, pineapples, lychees 是什么语义关系？ 答案：Hyponymy? 问题：Fruit 这一类里包含 apples, bananas, pineapples, grapes 它们形成了一种什么样的理论？ 答案： Semantic field 问题： 有的时候在英语中存在着一种语言不共容的现象， 那就是反义词的不共容的现象， 那么这种不能够相互溶合，这样的词在

126、反义词当中被称作什么词。 比如说：dead , alive , 它们之间的反义关系是什么样的一种关系？ 答案：Contradictory terms 它们之间形成的语义关系被称作 antonymy 问题：Contradictory terms 有一个最大的特点是什么？ 答案：Mutually exclusive and are non-gradable, They cannot be used in comparative degrees and do not allow adverbs of intensity like very to qualify them. 问题：反义词存在不存在一种

127、包容现象？ 答案：表明 two poles, two extremes ，的反义词，它们之间存在一种包容现象，这种包容现象被称作（Middle ground ） e.g. huge / tiny （ 它们之间存在着 big , small , quite big, quite small ） e.g. young / old 例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化的种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情感意义等语系与语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族如日尔曼语族斯堪的纳维亚语族等习语的特点分考试内容粘着词素比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别粘着词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两

128、种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法论词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式的词义的变化算第一章部分词具有哪些特点词的特点也就是对词的名词解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类词根据 这类反义词被称为(Contrary terms) 问题：fast 这个词, 它表示紧的概念时, 它 和 loose 是一组反义词，表示快的概念 时，它和 slow 是一组反义词， 这样的 一种语义关系算什么样的语义关系？ 答案： polysemy 问题：分析 de

129、er , dear 这两个词是什么样的词？ 答案：Homophone 重点: homonyms 有哪三个类别的划分？ 1) perfect homonyms e.g. bank , bear 2) homographs e.g. bow, sow 3) homophones e.g dear, deer right, write, rite 重点：Origins of Homonyms 1) Change in sound and spelling 2) Borrowing 3) Shortening 问题：shortening 可以表现在哪些分支结构构成上? 1) Acronymy 2) H

130、omonymy 3) Narrowing 4) Idioms 重点问题：Homonymy 和 Polysemy 的区别？ 6.2.4 Rhetoric Features of Homonyms 例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化的种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情感意义等语系与语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族如日尔曼语族斯堪的纳维亚语族等习语的特点分考试内容粘着词素比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别粘着词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究

131、的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法论词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式的词义的变化算第一章部分词具有哪些特点词的特点也就是对词的名词解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类词根据e.g. Long time no sea. ( puns ) humor, sarcasm or ridicule 重点：名词解释 Synonyms Types of Synonyms : 1) Absolute synonyms 2) Relative synonyms 重要简答题：Sources of Synonyms ( 四大来源， 配以例子说明就可以了) 1) Borrowing 2)D

132、ialects and regional English 3) Figurative and euphemistic use of words 4) Coincidence with idiomatic expressions 重点：如何区分同义词？(Discrimination of Synonyms ) 1) Difference in denotation 2) Difference in connotation 3) Difference in application antonymy : 反义关系 要点:反义词的三种类别的划分: What are the different type

133、s of antonyms? 三种类别的名词解释都要记: 1) Contradictory terms exclusive 特例: they cannot be used in comparative degrees and do not allow adverbs of intensity like very to qualifythem. e.g. single/ married ( 有可能放在分析里去论述) 2) contrary terms 例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化的种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情感意义等语系与语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族如

134、日尔曼语族斯堪的纳维亚语族等习语的特点分考试内容粘着词素比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别粘着词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法论词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式的词义的变化算第一章部分词具有哪些特点词的特点也就是对词的名词解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类词根据 关键词: two poles or extremesmiddle ground e.g. rich / poor ( 中间还可出现 wel

135、l-to-do) 3) Relative terms e.g. parent / child , predecessor/ successor 问题: What are the characteristics of antonyms? 1) Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition 特例:Many words, though having synonyms, do not find their semantic opposites, e.g. read, hit, house, book, power, magazi

136、ne. Therefore, in a language, there are a great many more synonyms than antonyms. 2) A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym. (这个特点只适用于 polysemous ) e.g. fast , dull 3) Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion. (这里讲的包容性是指一个反义词必然包 含着另外一个反义词的绝对的概念) e.g.man/ woman (man 除了指男性,

137、还可以指整个人类, woman 算作人类的一 部分, 所以woman 也算在 man 的范畴内,因此,woman 被 man 所包容) dog / bitch ( dog 除了指狗类通称,还可以指公狗, bitch是母狗, dog 指狗类通称的时,bitch是狗的一种,因此我们说 bitch 必然被 dog 所包容,所以,它们之间存在着 Semantic inclusion) (语义上的包容性) e.g. tall/short, old /young 4) Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intenist

138、y, so each has its own corresponding opposite. (特例)Some words can have two different types of antonyms at the same time, one being the negative and the other opposite,( 重要的选择或填空内容) e.g. happy / unhappy/ sad ( happy/ unhappy 之间的反义关系是negative, happy/sad 之间的关系例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化的种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情感意义等语系

139、与语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族如日尔曼语族斯堪的纳维亚语族等习语的特点分考试内容粘着词素比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别粘着词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法论词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式的词义的变化算第一章部分词具有哪些特点词的特点也就是对词的名词解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类词根据是 opposite ) The use of Antonyms ( 通常用在习

140、语当中) e.g. rain or sine high and low easy come, easy go 名词解释:Hyponymy ( 未考过,很重要的概念) Hyponymy : 1) hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. 2)That is to say, the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. 3) These specific words are known as hy

141、ponyms. The general words are the superordinate terms and the more specific ones are subordinate terms. 注意:hyponyms 和 subordinate 都是指下义词. 比如说:考试给你 hammer, saw, spanner 这些词, 然后再给你 tool 这个词, 然后让你用语义关系的理论加以分析这组词? 分析: hammer, saw , spanner 都是specific word, 它们和tool 存在的关系是semantic inclusion , 所以 tool 是一个

142、superordinate , hammer, saw, spanner 属于 subordinate 或者是 hyponyms. (用上下义语义关系进行理论分析的题,也是一个考试的要点) hyponymy ( 它与语义场 semantic field 具有一定的联系) 注意: 上义词与下义词不是一成不变的, 也不是绝对的, 是一个相对的概念,不同的语义场就存在不同的上下义关系. 重点:Semantic Field ( 名词解释) Semantic Field: 1)The massive word store a language like English can be conceived

143、of as composed around a number of meaning areas, some large, and others smaller. Viewing the total meaning in this way is the basis of field theory. 2) The German linguist Trier saw vocabulary as an integrated system of lexemes interrelated in sense. Therefore, the words of languages can be classifi

144、ed into semantically related sets or fields. 3) According to Triers vision of fields, the whole vo cabulary can be divided up into fields. 例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化的种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情感意义等语系与语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族如日尔曼语族斯堪的纳维亚语族等习语的特点分考试内容粘着词素比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别粘着词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的

145、简答题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法论词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式的词义的变化算第一章部分词具有哪些特点词的特点也就是对词的名词解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类词根据 4)Words in each field are semantically related and define one another. 注意:答语义场的简答题与它的名词解释相同. 复习第六章: 问题:在反义关系中, 同一个词具有不同的涵义, 因此也就具有了多个不同的反义词 ( true or false )

146、 问题: true e.g. fast, dull 问题: 反义词分为哪三类: 1) Contradictory terms 2) Contrary terms 3) Relative terms 问题:可以用形容词比较级, 可以用程度副词 加以修饰的反义词是属于哪一类? 答案: Contradictory terms 问题: 可以接纳一个 Middle ground, 这样的词是属于哪一类反义词? 答案:contrary terms 问题: Husband and wife , man and woman 这都是表示性别的反义词,但是他们属于同一类反义词的划分, 对还是错? 答: 错 hus

147、band and wife : relative terms man and woman : contradictory terms 问题: empty 与 vacant 这两个词都表示空荡荡的感觉, empty 表示的是修饰容积,容量, 没有填充物的空荡荡, 而 vacant 表示的是一个 not occupied, not taken 所以一般我们说没有放家具的房间叫做vacant apartment, 而人去楼空的房间叫empty room, 请从同义词的角度对这种用法加以分析? (书 111 页) 例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化的种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情感意义等语系与

148、语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族如日尔曼语族斯堪的纳维亚语族等习语的特点分考试内容粘着词素比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别粘着词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法论词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式的词义的变化算第一章部分词具有哪些特点词的特点也就是对词的名词解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类词根据答案: Differnece in application : Empty, va

149、cant are synonyms, but their collocations are not the same. Empty implies that there is no one or nothing inside while vacant suggests that something or some place is not occupied. 问题: 反义词之间存在不存在包容性概念 semantic inclusion, 请举例说明? 答案: e.g. man / woman , dog/ bitch tall/ short, old /young 问题:Face 具有不同的它

150、有一个 primary meaning 也有很多的 derived meanings ,那么,这种基本语义和派生语义体现在 face 的身上, 是用哪一种方法论研究得出来的结果? 答案: diachronic approach 像车轮式一样进行发展的语义属于哪一种模式? 举例说明? 答案: radiation e.g. face, neck 问题:harvest 它的意思是 time of cutting, time of harvest, 现在是指 yield of grain or food 是哪一种方法论得出的. 答案: diachronic approach 问题:huge/tiny,

151、 这是一组反义词, 请从反义关系的角度来分析这是哪一种类型的反义词,并加以理论的解释? 答案:contrary terms Antonyms of this kind form part of a scale of values between two poles and can accommodate a middle ground belong neither to one pole nor to the other as shown below: huge/very big/big/quite big / medium-sized/ quite small/small/ tiny ( 这

152、种分析题目易考) 看例子: desk, table, chair, cupboard , 这些词都算在什么范畴之内, 加以理论分析? 例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化的种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情感意义等语系与语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族如日尔曼语族斯堪的纳维亚语族等习语的特点分考试内容粘着词素比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别粘着词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法论词义的变

153、化算是词义变化的哪一种模式的词义的变化算第一章部分词具有哪些特点词的特点也就是对词的名词解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类词根据答案: 这些词都属于 furnature, furnature 是 superordinate, desk , table . 是 furniture 的 subordinate words 或者称作 hyponyms , 它们之间形成的 relationship is called hyponymy. 第七章: Changes in Word Meaning 两个大的部分: 1. Types of Semantic changes ( 五种) (1)ex

154、tension extension 又被称作 generalization e.g manuscript original meaning handwritting- now any authors writing whether written by hand or typed with a type-writer barn original meaning a place for stroing only barely - now storeroom (2)narrowing narrowing 又被称作 specialization e.g. deer animal- now just

155、deer corn grain- now maizeonly garage any safe place - a place for storing cars (3) degradation degradation 又被称作 pejoration e.g. boor peasant-now a rude, ill-mannered person churlpeasant or free man-uncultivated or mean person hussy housewife-a woman of low moral villain a person who worked in a vil

156、la-evil person or scoundrel (4) elevation 例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化的种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情感意义等语系与语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族如日尔曼语族斯堪的纳维亚语族等习语的特点分考试内容粘着词素比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别粘着词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法论词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式的词义的变化算第一章部分

157、词具有哪些特点词的特点也就是对词的名词解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类词根据elevation 又被称作 ameliration e.g. nice ignorance-foolish-now elevated to delight, pleasant marshal keeper of horses- now means high - ranking army officer constable keeper of horses- now means policeman (5) transfer e.g. paper ( p140) the lip of a wound ( a

158、ssociated transfer) purse for money (associated transfer ) clear-sounding ( transfer of sensations ) 2.Causes of Changes : 1)extra linguistic factors (1) historical reason a word is retained for a name thogh the meaning has changed because the referent has changed. e.g. pen feather in the past -pen,

159、 ball-pens, fountains pens increased scientific knowledge and discovery are also important factors. (2) class reason elevation and degradation (3) Psychological reason The associated transfer of meaning and euphemistic use of words Religious influence is another kind of psychological need. e.g. copp

160、erhead on p.143 2)linguistic factors 例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化的种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情感意义等语系与语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族如日尔曼语族斯堪的纳维亚语族等习语的特点分考试内容粘着词素比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别粘着词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法论词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式的词义的变化算第一章部分词具有哪些

161、特点词的特点也就是对词的名词解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类词根据The change of meaning may be caused by internal factors within the language system. Especially when a phrase is shortened to one word which retains the meaning of the whole. The influx of borrowings has caused some words to change in meaning. The competition o

162、f native words eventually resulted in the semantic division. 语义扩大的三个特例:1)polysemic words of modern English 2)technical terms 3)from proper nouns to common words 问题:由普通变成专有名词算哪一类词类变化模式? 答案: Narrowing 问题: 词义缩小有几个特例? 答案:有三个特例 1) From common words to proper nouns e.g. city - the City pennisular -the Pen

163、nisular profit -the Profit 2) shortening 3) material nouns 问题: 以下的词的词义的变化由什么模式造成的: 1)lust 最早是指人的一种 pleasure 快乐,现在是指 sexual pleasure, 这种词义变化属于哪一种模式? 答案: degradation. 2)Editorial article 缩写为 editorial 这是属于哪一种词义变化的模式? 答案: Narrowing 例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化的种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情感意义等语系与语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语

164、族如日尔曼语族斯堪的纳维亚语族等习语的特点分考试内容粘着词素比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别粘着词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法论词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式的词义的变化算第一章部分词具有哪些特点词的特点也就是对词的名词解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类词根据 3) the Pennisular : 专指利比利亚半岛,那么这个词的形成是属于哪一种模式? 答案:Narrowing , 因为它是由

165、 common words 变成了 proper nouns , 4) Sandwitch , 最早是指三明治这个家族, 但是现在是指一切快餐类食品,这种词义的变化属于哪一种 答案：Extension 5)问题:多义词具有了不同的语义, 这种词义变化模式属于哪一类? 答案：Extension 6) 问题:liquor 最早是指所有液体的通称, 现在专门指 alcoholic drinking , 这种词义的变化算哪一种模式? 答案：Narrowing or specialization 7) car 最早是指马拉的战车, 但是现在就是指小轿车,那么这种词义的变化算是哪一个原因造成的? 答案：E

166、xtra linguistic factor 中的 historical reason 8) computer 最早是指人的手工劳动的计算,后来是指占地面积非常大的计算机,现在的计算机就是指 micro computer , 那么 computer 词义的变化算哪一个原因造成的? 答案： Extra linguistic fator 中的 historical reason , 9) 这时的 computer 指代的是哪一种模式?或者是说哪一种理据的构成? 答案：Etymological motivation 10)在南北战争时期, 南方的人一见到北方的人就胆战心惊,所以把北方的人比作ratt

167、le snake ,那么南方人的 这种用词,它是哪一种原因造成的? 答案：Extralinguistic factor 中的 psychological reason. 11) 问题:最早的纸是来自非洲的一种做纸的植物叫 papyrus, 后来就用 paper 这个词指代所有的纸张,尽管造纸 的技术和原料变了, 但是 paper 这个名词却被保留了下来, 这算词义变化的哪一种模式? 例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化的种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情感意义等语系与语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族如日尔曼语族斯堪的纳维亚语族等习语的特点分考试内容粘着词素比如说概念意

168、义与联想意义有何区别粘着词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法论词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式的词义的变化算第一章部分词具有哪些特点词的特点也就是对词的名词解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类词根据答案:transfer (书 140 页) 12) 问题: Extention 又被称作什么,哪一种词类的变化最能说明这个原因? 答案: generalization, from proper nouns t

169、o common nouns. 13) 问题:Narrowing 最能表现词义缩小的是哪一类? 答案: From common nouns to proper nouns 习题练习: 1)A concept is universal to all men regardless of_ A) culture B) race C) language D) all of the above 答案:D 2)问题: Mouth 在 the mouth of river 这个习语 , 它采用了哪一种 motivated ? 答案: semantically motivated 3)问题: Radiatio

170、n and concatenation are different stages of development leading to polysemy , generally , radiation 和 concatenation 哪一个出现的早? 答案: radiation proceeds concatenation 4)问题:Of the most words meaning changes , which are most productive , which are most common? 答案:Extension and narrowing 5) 问题: wife 由最早是指所有

171、的 woman 变为了 married woman , 这是属于哪一种? 答案：Narrowing 6) 问题: Angel 由最早的 messenger 变成了 messenger by god , 是哪一个词义变化模式? 答案: Elvervation 例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化的种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情感意义等语系与语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族如日尔曼语族斯堪的纳维亚语族等习语的特点分考试内容粘着词素比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别粘着词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答题如名词解释起来

172、长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法论词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式的词义的变化算第一章部分词具有哪些特点词的特点也就是对词的名词解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类词根据7) 问题: silly 它现在的词义是 foolish, 它是哪一种语义的变化模式? 答案: Degradation 8)问题: cukoo, 它既指布谷鸟的声音,也可以指布谷鸟, 它是哪种理据构成的词? 答案: Onomatopoeic Motivation 9)问题: Italian , 它是哪一个语系分支当中的哪一个语族? 答

173、案: Indo-European language family Western set Italic 10)问题: Greek 属于哪一个语系当中的哪一个小的语系当中的哪一个语族? 答案: Indo-European language family Western set Hellenic 11)问题: fair and square, 这属于 Idioms 中的哪一个类别? 答案： Phonetic manipulation 中的 Rhyme 问题：What are the characteristics of antonyms? 答案：有四个： 1) Semantic oppositio

174、n 2) A word which ahs more than one meaning can have more than one antonym. 3) Semantic inclusion 4) Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intensity, so each has its own corresponding opposite. 例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化的种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情感意义等语系与语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族如日尔曼语族斯堪的纳维

175、亚语族等习语的特点分考试内容粘着词素比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别粘着词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法论词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式的词义的变化算第一章部分词具有哪些特点词的特点也就是对词的名词解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类词根据问题： The chicken is ready to eat, 请你从语境的角度来分析？ 答案：This is wrong sentence, because

176、 it has two problems : 1)Ambiguity 2)Indication of reference According to two functions of Context 1) Elimination of ambiguity 2) Indication of Reference This sentence can be corrected as follows : 1)what a nice smell, the chicken is ready to eat. 2) The chicken is hungery, so the chicken needs food

177、s. 选择题： A concept has referring expressions _. A) one B) many C)a few D) none of the above. 答案：B The grammatical meanings of a word refer to the part of the meaning of a word which indicate grammatical concept or relationship, such as _ . A) part of speech of a word B)Singular and plural forms C) te

178、nse meaning of verbs and their inflectional forms D) All of the above. 答案： D) 问题：pick and choose , 它算习语中的哪一个类别？ 答案：reiteration （同义词叠用） 问题：rain or shine ， 它算习语中的哪一类 答案：Juxtaposition ( 反义词叠用) kith and kin 例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化的种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情感意义等语系与语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族如日尔曼语族斯堪的纳维亚语族等习语的特点分考试内容

179、粘着词素比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别粘着词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法论词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式的词义的变化算第一章部分词具有哪些特点词的特点也就是对词的名词解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类词根据 alliteration might and main alliteration cooked 这是哪一种, 请从词缀的角度来加以区别 cooked inflectional affix

180、ation employer derivational affixes 名词解释：connotative meaning : is also known as connnotation What are the differences between hymonyms and polysemyms ? face 是多义词 , ball 不是 论述题： I met a write rwho is the relation of a politician. I met a newspaper reporter who is the brother of Senator Buckley. 以上这两句

181、话哪一话好，好在哪里？(p119) 注意：答这个论述题时先说哪句好，然后加以分析，最后要答上下义关系 hyponymy 的名词解释。 Chapter 8 meaning and Context 要记两个重要部分: 1 Context 如何进行分类 两种: 1) Linguistic context In a narrow sense, it refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears. This is known as linguistic context which may cover a paragraph

182、, a whole chapter and even the entire book. 2) Extra-linguistic context 例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化的种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情感意义等语系与语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族如日尔曼语族斯堪的纳维亚语族等习语的特点分考试内容粘着词素比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别粘着词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法

183、论词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式的词义的变化算第一章部分词具有哪些特点词的特点也就是对词的名词解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类词根据or non-linguistic context IN a broad sense, it includes the physical situation as well. This is called extra-linguistic or non-linguistic context, which embraces the people, time, place, and even the whole cultural background

184、. Context 这两个分类也就是它的名词解释 1)Linguistic context Linguistic context can be subdivided into lexical context and grammatical context Lexical context refers to the words that occur together with the word in question. The meaning of the word is offten affected and defined by the neighbouring words. Grammat

185、ical context In some cases, the meanings of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs. This is what we call grammatical context. 重点:简答题: What is linguistic context?( 这道简答题没考过, 但是整个 context 考过) 重点:The role of Context 语境的作用? 三个作用: 1) Elimination of Ambiguity Ambiguity often arises d

186、ue to polysemy and homonymy 2) Indication of Referents Without clear context, the reference can be very confusing. 3) Provision of Clues for Inferring Wordmeaning 在 3) 中又包括八种线索: (1) Definition (2) Explanation (3) Example (4) Synonymy (5) Antonymy 例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化的种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情感意义等语系与语族语系如印欧语系

187、语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族如日尔曼语族斯堪的纳维亚语族等习语的特点分考试内容粘着词素比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别粘着词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法论词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式的词义的变化算第一章部分词具有哪些特点词的特点也就是对词的名词解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类词根据 (6) Hyponymy (7) Relevant details (8) Word struct

188、ure 第九章: English Idioms 这一章关键是要记习语，这些习语都要记。 名词解释: Idioms ( 重点) (1)Idioms consist of set phrases and short sentences which are peculiar to the language in question and loaded with the native cultures and ideas. (2)Strickly speaking, idioms are expressions that are not readily understandable from thei

189、r literal meaning of indiviudal elements. (3)In forms idioms may include colloquialisms, catchphrases, slang expressions. 9.1 Character5istics of Idioms 9.1.1 semantic unity ( 重点) 1) idioms each consist of more than one word. 2) in the idiom words have lost their individual identity. 3) quite often

190、the idiom functions as one word. e.g. till the cows come home , means forever as an adverb. 9.1.2 Structural stability ( 重点) 1) the structure of an idiom is to a large exten unchangeable. first , the constituents of idioms cannot be replaced. e.g. in a brown study ( deep in thought ) lip service ( s

191、upport only in words, not in fact ) kick the bucket ( die) 例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化的种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情感意义等语系与语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族如日尔曼语族斯堪的纳维亚语族等习语的特点分考试内容粘着词素比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别粘着词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法论词义的变化算是词义变化的

192、哪一种模式的词义的变化算第一章部分词具有哪些特点词的特点也就是对词的名词解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类词根据 bury the hatcher ( come to friendly or peaceful terms) 2) Secondly, the word order cannot be inverted or changed. e.g. twos and threes; tit for tat; the lions share 3) Thirdly, the constituents of an idioms cannot be deleted or added to

193、, not even an article. e.g. out of the question means impossible in question ( being considered) 4) Finally , many idioms are grammatical unanalysable, e.g. diamond cut diamond ( two parties are equally matched ) like cures like (as) sure as eggs ( quite certainly ) stepped up ( improve or enhance)

194、in the raw ( naked ) turnn over a new leaf ( begin a new life ) draw the curtain ( end or concel ) 9.2 Classification of Idioms The difficulty in using idioms lies first in the difficulty of grasping the elusive and figurative meaning, of determining the syntactic functions of idioms e.g. heart and

195、soul ( adverbial ) Idioms may be classified into five groups: 1) Idioms Nominal in Nature 2) Idioms Adjectival in Nature 3) Idioms Verbal in Nature （五类中最重要的） 注意：考试的一个要点在这， 动词性习语有哪两类划分？ 例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化的种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情感意义等语系与语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族如日尔曼语族斯堪的纳维亚语族等习语的特点分考试内容粘着词素比如说概念意义与联想意义有何

196、区别粘着词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法论词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式的词义的变化算第一章部分词具有哪些特点词的特点也就是对词的名词解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类词根据 (1) phrasal verbs : 短语动词 (2) verbal phrases : 动词短语 4) Idioms Adverbial in Nature e.g. in clover or in the clove

197、r ( in rich comfort or having a pleasant or easy life 0 5) Sentence Idioms 9.3 Use of Idioms The rhetoric characteristics of idioms such as : stylistic features, rhetoric features and their occasional variations. 9.3.1 Stylistic Feature; Such expressions were all colloquial and informal and once con

198、fined to a limited group of people engaged in the same trade or activity. But they proved terse, vivid, forcible and stimulating so that later they broke out of their bounds and gradualy gained wide acceptance.As a result, their early stylistic features faded in part and many became part of the comm

199、on core of the language and are now used in different situations. 9.3.2 Rhetorical Features ( examples are very important ) 1) phonetic manipulation (1) Alliteration (2) Rhyme 2) Lexical manipuation (1) Reiteration ( duplication of synonyms ) e.g. hustle and bustle cut and carve odds and ends 例不是考简单

200、的而是考分考试内容词意变化的种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情感意义等语系与语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族如日尔曼语族斯堪的纳维亚语族等习语的特点分考试内容粘着词素比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别粘着词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法论词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式的词义的变化算第一章部分词具有哪些特点词的特点也就是对词的名词解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类词根据(2)

201、 Repetition e.g. word for word year in year out (3) Juxtaposition ( of antonyms ) e.g. up and down hit or miss rain and shine 3. Figures of speech (1) Simile e.g. as dead as a doornail sleep like a log (2) Metaphor Animals are used to refer to people, e.g. grey mare snake in the grass Inanimate thin

202、gs to refer to people e.g. a new broom flat tire the salt of the earth Things to refer to something else, e.g. bed of dust a wet blanket 例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化的种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情感意义等语系与语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族如日尔曼语族斯堪的纳维亚语族等习语的特点分考试内容粘着词素比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别粘着词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答

203、题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法论词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式的词义的变化算第一章部分词具有哪些特点词的特点也就是对词的名词解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类词根据black bottle Actions, state to refer to abstract ideas or other actions, state, etc. e.g. sit on the fence cut the ground from under sb. fall from grace (3) Met

204、onymy : idioms in which the name of one thing is used for that of another associated with it. (4) Synecdoche: substituting part for the whole e.g. fall into good hands earn ones bread (5) Personification e.g. The pot calls the cattle back (6) Euphemism 9.3.3 Variations of Idioms 1) Replacement 2) Ad

205、dition or deletion 3) Position-shifting 4) Shortening 5) Dismembering 问题：classification of idioms 可分为哪几类？ 答案：Idioms may be classified into five groups : 1) Idioms Nominal in Natural 例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化的种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情感意义等语系与语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族如日尔曼语族斯堪的纳维亚语族等习语的特点分考试内容粘着词素比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别粘

206、着词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法论词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式的词义的变化算第一章部分词具有哪些特点词的特点也就是对词的名词解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类词根据 2) Idioms Adjectival in Nature 3) Idioms Verbal in Nature 4) Idioms Adverbial in Nature 5) Sentence Idioms 问题：Sent

207、ence idioms 如何分类: ( 选择或填空还未考过) 答案： They embrace declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamative sentences. In terms of complexity Sentence Idioms can be further divided into simple, compound and complex sentences. 注意：习语中的特例有可能是填空内容: (Exception1) This class contains numerous prepositional phra

208、ses, which in nature are either adjectival or adverbial and in many cases have both functions at the same time. (Exception2 )Sentence Idioms are mainly proverbs and sayings, including colloquialisms and catchphrases, including colloquialisms and catchphrases. (Exception3)In terms of complexity Sente

209、nce Idioms can be further divided into simple, compound and complex sentences. (Exception4） forms and functions of idioms are not necessarily identical. 问题：What are the rhetorical features of idioms? 答案：1)Phonetic manipulation (1) Alliteration (2) Rhyme 2) Lexical manipulation (1) Reiteration (2) Re

210、petition (3) Juxtaposition 例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化的种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情感意义等语系与语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族如日尔曼语族斯堪的纳维亚语族等习语的特点分考试内容粘着词素比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别粘着词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法论词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式的词义的变化算第一章部分词具有哪些特点词的特点也就是对

211、词的名词解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类词根据 问题：Figures of speech ( 大的修饰格 6 个, 小的修饰格 4 个) 答案： 1) Simile 2) Metaphor 3) Metonymy 4) Synecdoche 5) Personification 6) Euphemism (1) humourous (2) ironic and sardonic in tones (3) derogatory (4) hyperbole 重点简答题: Metonymy 和 Synecdoche , 这两种修饰有何区别? 答案：Both metonymy and s

212、ynecdoche involve substitution of names, yet they differ in that the former is a case of using the name of one thing for another closely associated with it and the latter is that of substituting part for the whole and vice versa. 习语的分析：(挑出习语加以分析，它是哪一个类型, 然后加以解释) e.g. He goes to the service , rain or

213、 shine. 答：In this sentence, rain or shine, is an idiom. rain or shine is composed in Juxtaposition. It is Idiom adverbial in nature 改写后：He goes to the service, no matter what the weather looks like , no matter what and no matter what kind of difficulties. 第十章 English Dictionaries 例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化

214、的种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情感意义等语系与语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族如日尔曼语族斯堪的纳维亚语族等习语的特点分考试内容粘着词素比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别粘着词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法论词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式的词义的变化算第一章部分词具有哪些特点词的特点也就是对词的名词解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类词根据 词典这一部分在填空或选择时出现

215、的可能是最大的 1) 词典的种类 2)每一种词典的特殊性也是考试的要点： 比如：CCELD 它的最大特殊性是它的 extra column 3) 每一种词典的 vocabulary stock 也是考试的要点： 英语词汇学模拟测试： 一. Multiple choice (30%) 1. From the 1500s through the 1700s, over_ new words entered the English language. A. 6000 B. 7000 C. 9000 D. 10.000 2. Nature in the word denaturalization is

216、 not _ . A. free root B. stems C. affixes D. compounds 3. A concept is universal to all men regardless of_ A) culture B) race C) language D) all of the above 4. A word is a symbol that _. A) is used by same community B) represents something else in the world C) is both simple and complex in nature D

217、) Shows different ideas in different sounds 5. In the idiom, fall from grace , _ is used. A. Metaphor B. Metonymy C. Synecdoche D. Euphemism 6. Every word that has meaning has _, but not every word has _ . A. reference, sense B. sense, reference C. both of them D neither of them 例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化的

218、种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情感意义等语系与语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族如日尔曼语族斯堪的纳维亚语族等习语的特点分考试内容粘着词素比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别粘着词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法论词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式的词义的变化算第一章部分词具有哪些特点词的特点也就是对词的名词解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类词根据 7. The word gree

219、nhorn is _. A. onomatopoeically motivated B. morphologically motivated C. semantically motivated D. etymologically motivated 8. The reader cannt find _, _, _in an encyclopedia. A. pronunciation, meaning, usage B. pronunciation, meaning, information C. pronunciation, usage, information D. meaning, us

220、age, information 10. Breaking up the idioms into pieces can be called _. A. shortening B. deletion C. dismembering D. position-shifting 11. Homophones are often employed to create puns for desired effects A. humor B. sarcasm C. ridicule D. all the above 12. Linguistic factors of word meaning change

221、exclude_. A. internal facotors within the language system B. the influx of borrowing C. analogy D. grammar 13. The meaning of many words often relate directly to their _ , which is known as eymological motivation . A. structures B. sounds C. origins D features 例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化的种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情感意

222、义等语系与语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族如日尔曼语族斯堪的纳维亚语族等习语的特点分考试内容粘着词素比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别粘着词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法论词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式的词义的变化算第一章部分词具有哪些特点词的特点也就是对词的名词解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类词根据14. _ often lead to ambiguity. A. Po

223、lysemy B. homonymy C. Grammatical structure D. all the above 15. _ are bound morphemes because they cannot be used as separate words. A. roots B. stems C. affixes D. compounds 二. Complete the following statements with proper words according to the course book (10%) 16. With _ , many Scandinavian wor

224、ds came into the English language. 17.It can be concluded that English has evolved from _ to the present analytic language. 18. Idioms may be classified into five groups by the criterion of _ . 19. When proper nouns are commonized, many of them have lost their _. 20. Concatenation describes a proces

225、s where each of the later meaning is related only to _ like chains. 三. Match the words or expressions in column A with those in column B ( 10% ) 21. sunbathe ( ) A. word form proper noun 22. changeable ( ) B. prefixation 23. donate ( ) C. back-formation 24. pocket ( ) D. conversion 25. postwar ( ) E

226、. clipping 26. perm ( ) F. blending 27. treated ( ) G. compounding 28. telequiz ( ) H. inflection 29. V-Day ( ) I. acronymy 30. Watergate ( ) J. suffixation 四. study the following words and expressions and identify ( 10%) 例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化的种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情感意义等语系与语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族如日尔曼语族

227、斯堪的纳维亚语族等习语的特点分考试内容粘着词素比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别粘着词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法论词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式的词义的变化算第一章部分词具有哪些特点词的特点也就是对词的名词解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类词根据 1) types of context clues ; 2) types of word formation 3) types of word-me

228、aning changes 4) rhetorical features of idioms. 31. slurb ( ) 32. the usual amenities such as a pub, a post office and a school ( ) 33. making a restatement of a new word or concept in familiar words ( ) 34. live by ones pen ( ) 35. kith and kin ( ) 36. fax ( ) 37. disobey, impolite ( ) 38. hussy: p

229、erson who worked in a villa - evil or wicked person or scoundrel 39. accident : event - unfortunate event 40. nice : ignorant - foolish 五. define the following terms ( 10% ) 41. conversion 42. sense 43. motivation 44. hyponymy 45. English idioms 六. Answer the following questions. Your answers should

230、 be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below. (12%) 46. What is the difference between root and stem? 例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化的种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情感意义等语系与语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族如日尔曼语族斯堪的纳维亚语族等习语的特点分考试内容粘着词素比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别粘着词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题

231、里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法论词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式的词义的变化算第一章部分词具有哪些特点词的特点也就是对词的名词解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类词根据47. What is the difference between content words and functional words, illustrate your point with examples ? 48. Why do we say context take an important position in understand

232、ing? 七. Analyze the following. Write your answers in the space given below. (18%) 49. a. It is said that a magnificent building was destroyed yesterday. b. The news says that the Royal Hotel was burnt down last night. coment on the above sentences in terms of superordinates and subordinates. 50. (1)

233、 Women are flowers. (2) Women are tigers. Study the above sentences. Analyze womens grammatical meaning, conceptual meaning and connotative meaning in each sentence. 例不是考简单的而是考分考试内容词意变化的种类词义的种类如概念意义联想意义情感意义等语系与语族语系如印欧语系语族如一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族如日尔曼语族斯堪的纳维亚语族等习语的特点分考试内容粘着词素比如说概念意义与联想意义有何区别粘着词素与派生词根有何区别两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等名词解释扩展题难的名词解释派生的简答题如名词解释起来长了放在简答题里就成为可考可不考的题往往是给出名词让你举例子分究的两大方法历时语言学共时语言学纵观历时语言学的方法论词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式的词义的变化算第一章部分词具有哪些特点词的特点也就是对词的名词解释以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类词根据