Suprasegmental features are those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments. 语音单位在语流中有前后的顺序, 它们的组合呈线形的, 称线性组合据线性组合的先后顺序切分出来的语音单位, 各占一定的时间段落, 所以也称音段 语流中最小的音段是音位, 因此音位也称音段音位( segmental phonemes ), 即元音(vowels)和辅音(consonants) 但是在实际语流中, 语音成素还有一种非线性的共时组合当音位前后连缀组合成较大的音段时, 往往具有原来所没有的某种语音成素作为它的特征及组成部分这种较大音段所具有的语音成素超越了原来的较小音段的线性组合, 因而具有超音段的性质因此我们在这里要研究超音段特征 For exampleinstinct [‵instiŋkt](本能) television [‘teli,viʒən] （电视） 2.5.1 The Syllable Structure monosyllable: with one syllable, like cat and dogPolysyllable: with more than one syllable, like transplant or festival A syllable must have a nucleus or peak Usually, a vowel plays the part of a nucleusSometimes, a consonant plays the part of a nucleusTable ['teibl] /tei/ /bl/[m,n] bottom ['bɔtm] cotton ['kɔtn] Syllable (cracked)O(nset)R(hyme)N(ucleus)Co(da)kræ ktSyllable structure A syllable that has no coda is called an open syllable A syllable with coda is a closed syllableOpen syllable and closed syllable In English, the onset position may be empty or filled by a cluster of as many as three consonants, while the coda position may be filled by as many as four consonants. aim [eim] spread [spred] sixths[siksθs] English (((C)C)C)V((((C)C)C)C)Chinese (C)v(C) Maximal onset principleWhen there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda.National ['næʃənəl] 2.5.2 stress•Stress refers to the degree of force used in producing a syllable.lIn transcription, a raised vertical line ( ' ) is often used before the syllable it relates to. Stress relative notionstressed syllables vs unstressed syllablesuAt the word leveluAt the sentence level ØAt the word level, it only applies to the words with at least two syllables. For long words, there are often two stressed syllables –primary stressed and secondary stressed syllables.eg. communication [kə,mju:ni'keiʃən] epiphenomenal [,epifə'nɔminəl] At the sentence level ØIn general situation, notional words are normally stressed while structural words are unstressed. eg. I was thinking of you all the time.ØIn principle, stress may fall on any word or any syllable to express emphasis, surprise ect. eg. John bought a red bicycle. John bought a red bicycle.John bought a red bicycle.John bought a red bicycle.John bought a red bicycle. 2.5.3 Intonation •* Intonation refers to the total pattern of pitch changes ,i.e., the rising and falling of the voice when a person is speaking, within an utterance.l Types of intonation patterns:rising, falling and falling-rising The rising tone at the end is often used for asking yes-no questions and showing politeness or surprise.e.g.u Are you sure?u Excuse me? The falling tone is often used for complete sentence.lI am very pleased with it.( 陈述句)lWhat are you reading?（特殊疑问句）lHands up, please.（祈使句）lDo you want a cup of coffee or tea?（选择疑问句） But the falling tone sometimes leads to rudeness and abruptness. The fall-rise tone in English typically involves the meaning of a contrast within a limited set of items stated explicitly or implicitly.e.g.•She is beautiful.•--isn’t her name Mary? --No, Jenny. 2.5.4 Tone•Chinese is a kind of tone language In Chinese tone changes are used in a different way, affecting the meanings of individual words. e.g. ying 同音异形字 Bye-bye~ 。