英语基础知识2

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1、基础语法( 与阅读和写作相关) ：基本句子结构英语句子分为简单句(simple sentence)和多重句(multiple sentence) 所谓的简单句就是一个句子中只包含一个主谓结构的句子。 多重句包含两种基本情况， 一种是两个或者两个以上的简单分句形成并列关系，这样的句子叫做并列句(compound sentence)；另一种是两个或两个以上的简单分句构成主从关系，这样的句子叫做复杂句(complex sentence)。下面我们分别对这三种情况加以分析。1、 简单句不管是我们阅读还是写作，构造和理解简单句都是最基本的技能。在这个技能中，记住一点是十分重要的。也就是说：在英语简单句中

2、，只能有而且( 一般情况下) 必须有一个谓语部分.英语的简单句只有五种基本句型， 所有的英语句子都不能离开这五种基本句型， 所以我们把它们谙熟于心是非常重要而且大有裨益的。 这五种句型是： SV , SVC, SVO, SVOC(A tellsB to do something.) , SVOiOd (A gives B something./He bought a coat for me.)。其中 S =Subject,也就是主语：V = Verbal phrase,也就是谓语部分；C = Complement , 表示跟在系动词之后的补语；0 = O bject,也就是句子的宾语，在最后种

3、句型中包括间接宾语和直接宾语。 这五种句型的形成依靠的是谓语部分的动词的用法， 动词的用法又是和它的意义不可分的。比如hit这个词必须有一个执行者，就是主语。同时它还少不了一个受事者，也就是宾语，不然就产生不了完整的意义。而 smile就不同了， 它可以只有一个主语，而没有宾语。从这些简单的例子中我们可以看出谓语部分在句子中的极端重要性。我们在阅读句子的时候，第一个任务就是要找到谓语在什么地方。在阅读实践中，由于英语的很多单词都可以有不止一种词性，所以往往给辨认谓语动词带来一定的困难。英语句子有五种基本结构。LS住)+ Vi ( 不及物动词) ( 谓 ) (Astay/stays/did.)T

4、ime flies.You should study hard.In 1847, Chinese student Rong Hong and others came to the United States as the first group ofChinese students to study here.( 1847年，中国最早的一批留美学生容阂等人赴美求学。)I) S + V + adverbial( 状语)Birds sing beautifully.2) S + Vi+ prep Phrase ( 介词短语)He went on holiday.3） S + Vi+ Infinit

5、ive （ 不定式）We stopped to have a rest.4） S + Vi+ Participle （ 分词）Ill go swimming.2. S（ 主）+Vt （ 及物动词）（ 谓）+O （ 宾）A does B.We like English.These traditions have exerted a profound impact on the values and way of life of the Chinesepeople, and on China road of development to d ay .（ 这些传统，对今天中国人的价值观念、生活方式和

6、中国的发展道路，具有深刻的影响。 ）l） S + VT + N/PronI like music.I like her.2） S + VT + infinitive（ 不定式）I want to help him.常用于这句型的动词有：attempt, dare, decide, desire, expect, hope, intend,learn, need, offer, pretend, promise, propose, purpose, refuse, want, wish 等。3） S + VT + Wh-Word + InfinitiveI dont know what to d

7、o.常用于这句型的动词 有 : ask, consider, decide, discover, explain, find out, forget, guess, inquire,know, learn, observe, remember, see, settle, tell, think, understand,wonder 等。4） S + VT + GerundI enjoy living here.常用于这句型的动词有：admit, advise, avoid, consider, defend, enjoy, excuse,finish, forbid, mind, miss,

8、practise, risk, suggest, give up, cant help 等。5） S + VT + That-clauseI dont think （ that） he is right.常用于这句型的动词有：Admit, believe, command, confess, declare, demand,deny, doubt, expect, explain, feel（ W ）, hear （ 听说）, hope, imagine, intend,know, mean, mind （ 当心）, notice, propose, request, report, say,

9、 see （ 看出） ，show, suggest,suppose, think, understand, wish, wonder（ 觉得奇怪） 。3.S （ 主）+ V （ 谓）（ lv） （系动词）+P （ 表）AisB.Harvard is among the first American universities to accept Chinese students.（ 哈佛是最早接受中国留学生的美国大学之一。）We are Chinese.除了 b e 系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词，1） 表感官的动词，feel,smell, taste, sound, look, app

10、ear, seem 等。2）表转变变化的动词，become, get, grow, turn, go,等。 3） 表延续的动词 remain, keep, seem, hold, stay, rest 等。4） 表瞬时的动词 come, fall, set,cut, occur 等 5） 其他动词 eat, lie, prove, ring, run, shine, sit,stand, continue, hang 等。l） S + Lv + N/Pron（ 名词 / 代词）He is a boy.This is mine.2） S + Lv + Adj （ 形容词）She is beaut

11、iful.3） S + Lv + Adv （ 副词）Class is over.4） S + Lv + Prep PhraseHe is in good health.5） S + Lv + Participle（ 分词）He is excited.The film is interesting.4 .S （ 主）+VT （ 谓）+ I n O （ 间接宾语） +DO （ 直接宾语）A gives B something.My visit to IBM, AT&T and the Bell laboratory yesterday gave me some first-hand knowled

12、ge ofthe latest successes in modern science and technology.（ 昨天，我参观了国际商用机器公司、美国电话电报公司和贝尔实验室，领略了当代科技发展的前沿成就。）I give you help.l） S + VT + N/Pron + NI sent him a book.I bought May a book.2） S + VT + N/Pron + To/for-phraseHe sent a book to me.He bought a coat for me.间接宾语前需要加t o 的常用动词有：allow, bring, deny

13、, do（ 带来） ， give, grant, hand, leave,lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, render, restore, sell, send, show, teach,tell wish, write 等。间接宾语前需要加 for 的常用动词有：bring, buy, cash, choose, fetch, get, leave, make, order,paint, play（ 演奏） , save, sing, spare 等。5 .S （ 主）+VT （ 谓）+O （ 宾） +O

14、 C （ 宾补）A tells B to do something.Today, the Chinese people who are struggling to achieve modernization have made the opening-upa basic state policy.（今天，正在为实现现代化而奋斗的中国人民，把对外开放作为一项基本国策。）I make you clear.1） S+ VT +N/Pron+ NWe named our baby Tom.常用于这句型的动词有: appoint, call, choose, elect, entitle, find,

15、make, name, nominate（ 命名） 。2） S + VT + N/Pron + AdjHe painted the wall white.常用于这句型的动词有: beat, boil, cut, drive, find, get, hold, keep, leave, like, make, paint, see,set, turn, want, wash, wipe, wish 等。3） S + VT + N/Pron + Prep PhraseShe always keeps everything in good order.4） S + VT + N/Pron + Inf

16、initiveI wish you to stay.I made him work常用于这句型的动词有：a)不定式带to的词：advice, allow, ask, beg, cause, choose, command,decide, encourage, expect, force, get, hate, invite, know, leave, like, love, order, permit, persuade,prefer, remain, request, teach, tell, want, warn, wish 等。b)不定式不带 to 的词：feel, have, hear

17、,know, let, listen to, look at, make, notice, see, watch 等。5 ) S + VT + N/Pron + Participle ( 分词)I heard my name called.I feel something moving.常用于这句型的动词有：catch, feel, find, get, have, hear, imagine, keep, leave, listen to, look at,notice, observe, perceive, see, set, smell, start, watch 等。6) S + VT

18、 + N/Pron + Wh-word + InfinitiveHe show me how to do it.常用于这句型的动词有：advise, ask, inform, show, teach, tell 等。7) S + VT + N/Pron + That-clauseHe told me that the film was great.常用于这句型的动词有：assure, inform, promise, remind, teach, tell, warm 等。8)S + VT + N/Pron + Wh-ClauseHe asked me what he should do.常用

19、于这句型的动词有：advise, ask, inform, show, teach, tell句子是指定某事物并说明它。 句子可分为“ 主语部分+ 谓语部分” 。 指定某事物的部分是主语,说明主语的部分为谓语部分。下面我们着重谈一谈主语+ 谓语动词这种结构。谓语部分可以由“ 动词+ 宾语+ 方式状语+ 地点状语+ 时间状语” 构成。如： The birds chirp tF E :p . The birds chirp beautifully. The birds chirp beautifully in the woods. The birds chirp beautifully in th

20、e woods every morning. The little birds chiip beautifully in the woods every morning.句子一指的是鸟，说明的是鸟在歌唱。这是最简单的句子。句子二添加了副词beautifully,修饰谓语动词ch irp ,表示行为的方式，是方式状语。句子三添加了介词短语in the w oods,说明chirp发生的地点，是地点状语。句子四添加了名词短语every m orning,说明chirp发生的时间，是时间状语。句子五添加了形容词little,修饰主语b ird s,作定语2、并歹峋 (compound sentenc

21、e)英语的并列句一般情况下引不起巨大的阅读障碍，因为在分句之间往往有固定的连接词说明前后分句的关系。这样的连接词有以and为代表的表示意义延伸的并列连词、以 。 为代表的表示选择概念的并列连词、以 but为代表的表示转折的并列连词和表示原因的for四个类型。第种包括 and, not only but (also )， neither ( n o r)。第二种包括 or , either o r.；对此我们分别举一个例句说明问题：(l)As is reported, a trade agreement was signed and a cultural exchange was arrange

22、d.(2)Not only is he himself interested in the subject but all his students are beginning to show aninterest in it.(3)Dr. Fisher neither loves the environment, nor is he accustomed to the weather.(4)The children can go with us , or they can stay at home.(5)You can either go it by yourself, or you can

23、 ask someone else to do it.(6)The young man has often been praised , but he is never conceited.另外我们还应该把并列分句和并列结(coordinate construction)区分开来。并列结构是山并列连词或者其他并列手段例如标点符号连接起来的语法结构序列， 它包括并列分句， 也包括并列的词或者词组。3、 从属句构成从属关系的复杂句包括名词性分句(Nominal Clauses)( 可以作主语、宾语、同位语、主语补语) 、关系分句( Relative Clauses)、状语分句( Adverbial

24、 Clauses)。对于它们的连接词，在相应的语法书上都不难找到，这里就不再多讲了。需要提醒读者的是，在判定句子的类型之后，最主要的工作就是分析简单句的成分，找到主句的谓语，真正抓住句子的纲领。下面请作练习二，首先辨认多重分句的类型，然后找出主句和从属分句的谓语。Laboratory scientists accustomed to noticing subtle changes in the properties of substancesthey are investigating are doubtless better than you or I at certain sorts of

25、 observations.这里的主语是Laboratory scientists,但是后面跟了一个过去分词定语，其中分词中的介词又跟了一个-ing形式， -ing形式后又接了一个宾语和一个带有定语的状语。 本句的谓语是aredoubtless better than。小结: 简单句和复合句简单句(SIMPLESENTENCE)1 . 主语+ 连系动词+ 表语(S+V+P)2 . 主语+ 不及物动词(S+Vi)3 . 主语+ 及物动词+ 宾 语 (S+Vt+O)4 . 主语+ 及物动词+ 间接宾语+ 直接宾语(S+Vt+IO+DO)5 . 主语+ 及物动词+ 宾语+ 宾语补足语(S+Vt+0+

26、C)并歹峋(COMPOUND SENTENCE)通常由and ,b u t等词连接。I turned on the TV and we sat down and watched it.I bought my sister a present, but she did not like it.复合句1. 名词性从句( 1 ) 主语从句( 2 ) 宾语从句( 3 ) 表语从句( 4 ) 同位语从句2. 定语从句3 . 状语从句( 时间、地点、目的、原因、条件、结果、比较、方式等)二. 英语短文写作中使用率最高、覆盖面最广的基本句式每组句式的功能相同或相似，可根据自己的情况选择其中的1-2个，做到能

27、够熟练正确地仿写或套用。1. 表示原因l)There are three reasons for this.2)The reasons for this are as follows.3)The reason for this is obvious.4)The reason for this is not far to seek.5)The reason for this is that.6)We have good reason to believe that.例如：There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place i

28、n our life.Firstly, peoplesliving standard has been greatly improved.Secondly, most people are well paid, and they canafford what they need or like.Last but not least, more and more people prefer to enjoy modernlife.注：如考生写第一个句子没有把握，可将其改写成两个句子。如：Great changes havetaken place in our life. There are th

29、ree reasons for this.这样写可以避免套用中的表达失误。新四六级2 , 表示好处l)It has the following advantages.2)It does us a lot of good.3)It benefits us quite a lot.4)It is beneficial to us.5)It is of great benefit to us.例如：Books are like friends.They ca n help us know the world better, and they can open our mindsand widen o

30、ur horizons.Therefore, reading extensively is of great benefit to us.3 . 表示坏处l)It has more disadvantages than advantages.2)It does us much harm.3)It is harmful Ito us.例如：However, everything dividesinto two.Television can also be harmful to us.lt can do harm toour health and make us lazy if we spend

31、too much time watching televi- sion.4 . 表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能l)It is important(necessary, difficult, convenient, possible)for sb.to do sth.2)We think it necessary to do sth.3)It plays an important role in our life.例如:Computers are now being used everywhere, whether in the government, in schools or inbusi

32、ness.Soon, computers will be found in every home, too.We have good reason to say thatcomputers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into theComputer Age.5 . 表示措施l)We should take some effective measures.2)We should try our best to overcome(conquer)the difficultie

33、s.3)We should do our utmost in doing sth.4)We should solve the problems that we are confronted(faced)with.例如:The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and moreserious.Therefore, we must take some effective measures to solve it.6 . 表示变化l)Some changes have taken place in the pas

34、t five years.2)A great change will certainly be produced in the worlds communications.3)The computer has brought about many changes in education.例如：Some changes have taken place in peoples diet in the past five years .The major reasons forthese changes are not far to seek.Nowadays, more and more peo

35、ple are switching from grain tomeat for protein, and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins.7. 表示事实、现状l)We cannot ignore the fact that.2)No one can deny the fact that.3)There is no denying the fact that.4)This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in.5)However, that*s not the case.例

36、如：We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution.Tosolve these problems, we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollution.Thegovernment on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment.8 . 表示比较l)Compared with

37、A, B.2)1 prefer to read rather than watch TV.3)There is a striking contrast between them.例如：Compared with cars, bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable. Firstly, theydo not consume natural resources of petroleum. Secondly, they do not cause the pollution problem.Last but not least,

38、 they contribute to peoples health by giving them due physical exercise.新四六9 . 表示数量l)It has increased(decreased)from.to.2)The population in this city has now increased (decreased)to 800, 000.3)The output of July in this factory increased by 15% compared with that of January.例如：With the improvement o

39、f the living standard, the proportion of peoples income spent on foodhas dec reased while that spent on education has increased.再如：From the graph listed above, itcan be seen that student use of computers has increased froman average of less than two hours per week in 1990 to 20 hours in 2000.注：“From

40、 the graph listed above, it can be seen that”见句式 12。考生将句式 9 和句式 12结合在一起，便可较好地写出2002年 6 月 CET 4、6 短文写作的第一段。10 . 表示看法l)People have(take, adopt, assume)different attitudes towards sth.2)People have different opinions on this problem.3)People take different views of(on)the question.4)Some people believe

41、 that.Others argue that.例如：People have different attitudes towards failure.Some believe that failure leads to success.Every failure they experience translates into a greater chance of success at their renewedendeavor. H owe ver, others are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the c

42、ategoryof losers.再如：Dot4lucky numbers really bring good luck? Different people have different views on it.注：一个段落有时很适宜以问句开始，考生应掌握这一写作方法。11 .表示结论l)In short, it can be said that.2)It may be briefly summed up as follows.3)From what has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that.例如：From wha

43、t has been mentioned above, we can come to the conclusion that examination isnecessary, however, its method should be improved.注：例 句 1可用于任何一个段落的结论句；例句3 则多用文章结论段的第一句。12 . 套语well known to us that.2)As is known to us, .3)This is a topic that is being widely talked about.4)From the graph(table, chart)li

44、sted above, it can be seen that.5)As aproverb says, “Where there is a will, there is a way.例如：As is well known to us, it is important for the students to know the world outside campus.The reason for this is obvious.Nowadays, the society is changing and developing rapidly, andthe campus is no longer

45、anivory tower .As college students, we must get in touch with theworld outside the campus.Only in this way can we adapt ourselves to the society quickly after wegraduate.再如： Does it pay to be honest? This is a topic that is being widely talked about anddifferent people have different opinions on it.

46、三. 英语考试中3 5个高频动词的使用l.askA.问 1) vt.May I ask you a question?I have something to ask you.Jack asked me how to start the machine.She asked what time it was.2) vi.I asked only out of curiosity.Tom went to ask about the train.If you don t understand, ask.B.要求；请求；征 求 vt.r m going to the workers to ask the

47、ir advice.He asked Joe to get in touch with them.He was asked to see them off.C.邀 请 vt.They asked us over their dinne匚They often ask him out to sea.D.习语ask about询问、打听ask after问候ask for请求、找某人、要求ask sth. of s b .向某人问2.breakvt. A .打破、打碎、打断Who broke the window into pieces?He fell and broke his leg.Try n

48、ot to break the silence.B.违反He often breaks his promise/his word/ the law/ the rule.C.习语break away突然离开break away from sb.脱离、离开、背弃break dow n中断、粉碎、发生故障、（ 身体）跨了、（ 机器）坏了break forth迸发、爆发、发泄break in 闯进、打断break in on sb.打断某人的谈话break into闯入、侵占break， into pieces 打碎break off折断、突然中断break ,open 撬开break out 爆发b

49、reak through突破breakup开垦、破碎、解散、分解break with sb.与某人断交break sb s heart使某人心碎3.bringA. v t.带来、拿 来 （ 由远而近）Bring me the paper, please.He forgot to bring his umbrella.May I bring her to see you?Shall I bring the books upstairs?After we were seated, she brought out dishes.B.习语bringjabout造成、导致bring- down打 落 （

50、 飞机、禽鸟等） 、降 低 （ 物价、温度等）bring forward 提出bringin 引进、介绍、收获bringinto being实现、使产生bring, into effect/practice 实行、贯彻bringout出版、发表bring, to an end/ a stop/ a close 使终止、结束bring to mind使想起、回忆起bringtogether集合；召集bring叩 养育、呕吐bring,-,to victory 使走向胜利bringto safety带到安全地带4.catchA. v t.抓住、逮住、挂住He caught my hand and

51、held it tightly.We caught ten monkeys in all.The nail caught my coat.但是 vi. 挂住 His coat caught on a nail. The kite caught in a tree.B.赶上、搭上We，1 1 hurry and catch the 10:30 bus.C.听懂Pease repeat it. I didn, t quite catch you.Do you catch my meaning?D.染上He caught a bad flu.E .（ 出其不意地）撞上、碰 LShe caught h

52、im smoking.Some boys were caught stealing flowers from the garden.F .给撞上、碰上The ship was caught in a huiTicane.One night we were caught in a thunderstorm.Hurry up and don t get caught in a storm.G 习语catch at sth .想抓住、设法抓住catch sb. by surprise出其不意抓住catch/get/seize/take hold of （ 突然）抓住、抓牢catch sb s att

53、ention/eye 吸弓| 某人注意catch sight of看到、发现catch the point of抓住的要点catch up 赶上catch up with赶上 补上COME5. doA. aux. v.(1 )帮助构成一般过去时或一般现在时的疑问或否定式They do not believe it.When id they arrive there?(2 )用在肯定句和祈使句中加强语气I do miss you, Mum.She does sing well.Do be on time.So she did come after all.(3 )用来表示前边提到的动作( 以免重

54、复)- May I come round in the evening? -Yes, please do.I knew he would help us, and he did.(4 )用于某些倒装句中Only then did I realize he had been wrong.Never did he know anything about it.B .做 vt.Can I do anything for you?We often do our homework together.The glass is broken, who did it?We did some reading l

55、ast night.She did most of the talking.C. vi.(1 )表示生活、学习等情况How do you do?They did very well in English but badly in maths.How did you do in the exam?How are you doing?(2 )行了、够了、可以Talking with your mouth full won t do.On e piece of bread will do.(3 )做、办Do as you are told to.When in Rome, do as the Rom

56、ans do.Let her do as she likes.D.习语dowidr, 处理 What have you done with my bike?can do with将就用 I can do with the old bed.do something about对， , , 采取措施do sb. a favor=do a favor for sb.帮某人个忙do away with废除、破除、去掉do sb. good/harm/wrong= do good/harm/wrong to s b .对某人有益/ 有害/ 冤枉某人do one, s best/ bit/part=do

57、everything/all/what one can 尽力do up包扎、扣( 纽扣)do without没有也行、不需要have something to do with与， 有关do right/wrong做得对/ 做错了6 comeA. vi.来She is coming in no time. Here comes the soup.He came running all the way.逐渐He has come to love the stories by William Shakespeare.He has come to realize the importance of g

58、ood English.B. link v.His dream finally came true.C.习语come about 发生come across偶遇；偶尔发现come along 一道来；一起去；进步；赶快come al袭击come b y - 获得How did you come by these pictures?come away脱离；折断come back回来；复员；恢复come down倒下；跌落；传下来come down with, 患（ 病 ）come （ in） first/second 得第 / 二come forth出来；涌现come forward前进；自告奋

59、勇；涌现come from-* Hl身于； 来自come in/ into sight 出现；被看见come into being/ existence 发生；产生；出现come into effect/ force开始生效；开始实施come into power/ office 上台；掌握政权come into u s e 开始使用come off脱落；发生come on （ 风雨等）到来；演出；赶快come out长出来；出版come out against*, , 起来反对come out with 讲出；泄 露 （ 秘密等）come to= come to oneslef 苏醒过来co

60、me t o 总计；谈到His earnings comes to $ 182,000 a year.When it comes to football, everyone likes David Be a conclusion得出结论；告一段落come to a sto/ an end 停止come to nothing毫无结果；失败come to the point说到要点；抓住关键come up走近；长出；流行come upon碰见6.expectl.v t.期待、预料、 等待Is this the letter you have been expecting?It s what we

61、ve expected.We expect to finish the work by Friday.I expect that they will drop in.I expect you to make more progress.一Will he be back tonight? I expect so.You arrived earlier than we had expected.2. 习语as (is/ was/ has been) expected 不出所料They came late again, as was expected.expect too much of sb.对某

62、人期待过高7.feel感觉、觉得A. (1) vtDo you feel any pain when I press here?Facing this situation, they felt both joy and fear.(2) link v.I don t feel very well today.The busier he is, the happier he feels.The desk feels smooth.(3) v t.接复合宾语I felt someone go upstairs.I felt a great weight taken off my mind afte

63、r the exam.She felt their eyes watching her when she came to the stage.She felt herself (to be) right.I felt it my duty to help you.He felt it necessary to talk about his own shortcomings.(4) v t . 宾语从句He felt strongly that we should take some action about the bad practice.B. v t.摸He felt the pot an

64、d it felt very hot.C.习语feel like doing sth.想要feel one * sw ay摸索前进feel sb * s pulse 切脉feel as if/ as though 感觉似乎 She felt as if she were a member of the family.feel quite oneself觉得身体很好8.findA. vt. (1 )发现I found a wallet on the street comer yesterday.He found her in danger.=He found that she was in da

65、nger.I found him (to be) a tough guy.=I found that he was a tough guy.This method was found to be practical.=It was found that the method was practical.I find it interesting to read these stories.= I find that it is interesting to =read these stories.I found a dog killed in the park.= I found that a

66、 dog had been killed in the park.I found a man breaking into a warehouse I found that a man was breaking into a warehouse. 找到Have you found the book you have been looking for?B.习语findout查清楚；弄明白; 了解；打听find one, s way to sp.设法赶到; 进入They found their way to the front of the crowd.The news found its way

67、to a lot of people.find fault with s b .对某人吹毛求疵；挑剔find oneself发现自己、不自觉地They found themselves in a difficult situation.Then I found myself surrounded by some boys.He found himself walking in the direction to the park.他发现自己不知不觉地在往公园的方向走。9.getA.vt.得到、弄来Where did you get these good ideas?Let me go get t

68、he doctor.Will you get me a ticket?=Will you get a ticket for me?He got a poor wage.Let s get something to eat.B. 习语getabout （ 消息）传开A rumor（ 谣传） got around that Fu Biao was ill in hospital.get-across讲清楚; 渡过I wonder how to get my new ideas across.get ahead of领先get along进展、过活、相处get away 逃掉get away fro

69、m避免、摆脱、离开get back 回来getback收回、找回get behind 落后g e tdown记下来get down to （ business/ work/ studies） 认真做get to know/ realize/love/like 逐渐地了 解/ 爱 I ：get in 进来g e t-in 收进来、请来get off起飞、下车、出发getoff脱下get on上车/ 船/ 飞机等；继续进行；相处getout拔出、洗掉、出版get out传出News got out that you were leaving.get over克服、摆脱get rid of消灭、摆脱

70、、除掉get round绕过、回避get somewhere有结果/ 成就get through做完、结束；看完、用完get together聚会、联欢get up起床、举办The students are going to get up a concert on May Day.have got=have 有have got to=have to 不得不lO.give v t.给Who is going to give the talk?He was given a good beating last night.习语give-aw ay泄露、送掉、分配give ,back归还、报复give

71、.forth 发出； 发表give in 屈服、让步givein 交上give in to sb./ sth.屈服于；对让步giveoff放出、发 出 （ 光、热、气味等）give oneself up to doing sth .献身于、专心于give up放弃、投降giveup停止、戒掉give way to sb.让步； 让位于As winter gave way to spring, days were getting longer.given that假定；已知give sb. a hand帮某人忙give rise to 导致H.goA. v i.走He has gone back

72、 home a newspaper.Pride goes before a fall.B. link v.He went hungry for a week.His face went pale when he heard the news.This guy went wild/ crazy/ mad after the loss of his wife.Don t ever eat the bread. It has gone bad.C.习语go after设法得到；追求go along 向前发展 We 1 1 learn as we go along.go back on one, s

73、word/ promise 失信go back to追溯至Ij This custom goes back to Roman times.go beyond超过go down下落；减弱 go up增长；提高go into研究；从事go off爆炸；（ 电、水等）停掉go ahead继续进行；去做吧go all out全力以赴go and do sth.= go to do sth.go down on one s knees 跪下go in for喜爱；从事go on 发生；持续go on to do sth.接 着 做 （ 另一件事情）go on doing sth.继 续 做 （ 同一件事

74、情）go on with sth. 继 续 做 （ 同一件事情，可以有间隔）go out熄灭；过时go over sth.浏览；复习；审阅go through*, 经历; 检查；go shopping/ fishing/ skiing/ skating/ begging/ boating/ swimming/ fox hunting/ sightseeing/mountain climbinggo from bad to worse 每况愈下go from door to doorbe gone丢了；走了； 一去不复返Gone are the days when we studied toge

75、ther happily.have a go 试一下go out of one s way to do sth .不辞辛劳去做. . .go to hell见鬼去吧go to sleep 睡着go through with. 把. . . 进行到底go well with与. . .相配/ 协调go withoul不吃/ 用. . .过日子Sometimes they went for days without washing their faces.12.have句型 1 have sb./ sth. do sth. Let, s have them stand facing the wal

76、l.句型 2 have sb./ sth. doing We had the fire burning all night.I won t have you talking to your dad like that!句型 3 have sb./ sth. done I will have my radio fixed.He had his wallet stolen.句型 4 have sth. to do I have a letter to write.句型 5 have to do sth. I have to get up early every day.习语与动词同行的名词连用，表

77、示动作：have a talk with-have a look/ glance/ glimpse at have a meeting/ discussion/ operation/ haircuthave an English lesson have a swim/ wash/ rest/ try/ smoke/ taste/ dream/ walkhave a cold/ cough/ headache/ painhave lunch/ some beerhave a good/pleasant/ tough/ bad/ hard/ difficult terrible timeThey

78、had a hard time solving the problem.have funhave a word/a few words with sb. have words with sb.have something/ nothing/ a lot to do with have sth. onhad better (not) do sth.have something with sb.随身携带have a babyhave a test/ talk/ speech/ lecture/ chathave had enough of 厌倦have sth. back 要回have one s

79、own way按照自己的意思办；我行我素have sth. to oneself完全由自己使用You can have the house entirely to yourself.13.helpA. v t.帮助They did everything they could to help us with our lessons.This medicine will help you (to) get better.She helped (to) sweep the floor.B. v i.有帮助；有用；好用This medicine won t help. Thinking will he

80、lp.C.习语help sb. with sth .帮助做help sb. out of trouble帮助某人脱离困境can I help doing sth.禁不住. . .cannot help/ choose but do sth.只好. . .help sb. out帮助结局难题； 帮助摆脱困境；救出turn to sb. for help 求助于. . .be of help有帮助；有用14.holdA. vt.拿着; 握着Holding my hand, he tried to calmed me down.Hold the line, please.容纳How much wat

81、er can the tank hold?拥有；占有He held the position for years.举行Chinese film weeks will be held in other places.B.习语holdback阻碍；忍住；保留hold-dow n控制； 镇压hold,forth 提出；hold, in memory 记住hold o n 坚持下去；（ 电话）别挂hold on to抓住不放hold out坚持到底；维持；伸出We must hold out, and the enemy will give up.They were ready to hold out

82、 a friendly hand.hold to Sth.紧紧抓住；坚 持 （ 路线、道路、看法等）holdtogether合 在 （ 一起） ；团 结 （ 在一起）holdup举起；耽搁; 耽误The storm held us up, so we were late for the meeting.Their wages were help up or reduced for no reason.15.keepA. vt.（ 1） 保留 I 1 1 keep a seat for you.（ 2） 养活；饲养 He has a large family to keep. He keeps

83、some chicken.(3)使处在状态Sorry to have kept you waiting.Let, s keep the door open but keep the windows closed.You must keep us well informed.Mr. Xue always keeps us busy. Close the door to keep the cold out.Let s keep the room in order.B. link v .保持We must keep fit.=We must keep in good health. Keep cal

84、m in time of danger.C.习语keep a record of 登记; 记录keep a secret 保密keep watch注意；提防keep one s promise/word 履行诺言keep the law/rule遵守法律/ 法规keep,apart 使分离keep away不接近；避开keepback扣下；阻止；留下；忍住( 眼泪等)keep birthday/ Christmas 庆祝生日/ 圣诞等ke印 body and soul together 维持生活keep-down控制；缩减keep sb. doing sth .使. . . 坚持做keep s

85、ilence保持安静；保持沉默keep sth. to oneself 把. . . 据为己有keep sb. from doing sth .阻止；使免于；抑制keep hold of抓住不放keep in mind 记住keep doing sth .继续做；不断地做keep on doing sth .不停地做; 反复地做keep ,out不许. . . . 入内keep out of不参与keep sb. company与某人做伴； 陪伴某人keep to sth.坚持；固 守 （ 习惯等）keepunder control使得以控制keep in touch with与保持联系kee

86、p up坚持；继续keep up with跟上keep watch守望; 站岗16.knowA. vt.（ 1） 知道I have known him since childhood.懂得Do you know Japanese?B.习语be known as通称为；以著称；被认为是be known for因而出名be known to sb.为某人所了解become well known 出名for all/anything/ everything I know 据我所知It is well known that众所周知know about/ of 了解；知道know ,for certai

87、n 确实知道know sb. by name仅知道某人的名字（ 不认识）know sb. by sight与某人面熟（ 不熟悉）know/learn ,by heart 背诵make*known/public 公告； 发表； 表示know/ tell right from wrong 辨别是非know no limits是无限的A man s life is limited, but service to the people knows no limits.17.1eaveA.vi.离开; 离去He left in a hurry without telling anyone.When ar

88、e you leaving?B. vt.(l)留下She asked us to leave our address.(2)使处在某种状态Sorry to have left some questions unanswered.He left the window open. She left the baby crying bitterly.The illness left him rather weak.(3)剩下We have only three months left.C.习语leavee,about 乱放leave,ealone 放任不管leave,behind 留下；遗下leav

89、e A for B 离开 A 2 Bleave hold of放弃；松手leave nothing to be desired 尽善尽美leaveoff停止leaveoul省去；遗漏leave, , over 留下；剩下leave room for 留下. . .余地18.1etA. vt.让She doesn t let her child play with fire.B.用于祈使句Let s go to the Summer Palace, shall we?Let Peter do the job, will you?C.习语letalone不干涉；听之任之；更不必说the baby

90、can t even walk, let alone run.letbe不干涉；听之任之letdown使. . .失望; 放下I won t let myself down!letgo释放；松手Let go of me!letin放进来letoff放 （ 炮、烟花、枪等）letout泄漏；放 掉 （ 水、气等） ；释放letpass放过; 不追究；宽恕19.1ookA. v i.看He looked happily at his great grandchildren playing about him.B. link v.看起来He looks cheerful and carefree.C

91、.习语have/take a look a看一看have a look of好像；仿佛look about四下环顾look about for四下寻找look after照看；目送look ahead考虑未来；预做准备look as if似乎; 好象look at看look away from转移目光look back回头看look back on/ upon 回忆；回顾look down on/ upon 俯视；蔑视look for寻找look forward to doing sth .期待; 展望look in （ 随便）看望He looked in on Mr. Smith on hi

92、s way to work.He went to look in at the fish farm.look into窥视；调查look like看起来像look on旁观look on A as B 认为 A 是 Blook out向外看； 注意；警戒look out for提防look over审阅； 翻阅look through透过. . .看去；彻底调查；从头看到底look up to s b .尊敬/ 仰望某人look up仰视；胸怀大志look sth. up 查阅look sb. in the eye/ face 直视某人2O.makeA. vt.做；制造Cell phones

93、are made in this factory.和表示动作的名词连用，表示动作或活动make a study of= studymake use of= usemake an examination of= examine make an explanation of= explainmake a fool of=foolmake fun ofmake repairsmake a suggestion= suggestmake an attempt= attemptmake an answer= answermake a decision=decidemake preparations fo

94、r=prepare for make a guess at=guessmake a speechmake arrangements（ 3） 使 （ 做） ；使 （ 成为）He made us work day and night. We were made to work day and night.Praise make good men better and bad men worse.We made you our monitor. What made you so frightened?This machine makes it possible for us to finish th

95、e work in a short time.He made it a rule to get up at six every morning.(规定)(4)有条件成为She will make a good housewife. Cold tea makes an excellent drink in summer.B.习语be made from 由. . .原料制成 be made o f由. . . . 材料制成be made out of 由. . .制成 be made up of 山. . . . 所组成be made into 被制成. . . be made to do st

96、h .被迫去做make for=head for =make towards 走向； 冲向make oneself understood/heard 使 自己被理解/ 听到makeout理解；看清楚；辨认makeup弥补；补偿；起草；捏造；化装；构成，占；言归于好，和解make a living 谋生make bed 铺床make,clear 表明；说明make ends meet应付开支；维持生活；使收支相抵make friends with 与. . .交朋友make one s way to sp.向. . . 走去make room/ way for 为. . .让路make sure

97、/certain一定要；保证做到；核实Make sure that you get there in time.We must make certain they will come in time,make the best/most o f尽量利用；充分利用make up one s mind 决心； 决定to make a long story shorl 长话短说make sb. s hair stand on end 使. . . 毛骨悚然make a fire 生火21.preferA .更喜欢；宁 愿 vt.He preferred apples to bananas. I pr

98、efer to go by air.Which do you prefer, rice or bread?I would prefer she do it in another way.（ 虚拟语气）B.习语prefer doing A to （ doing） B 宁愿做 A , 不愿做 BI prefer watching a football game to playing football.=1 would rather watch a football game than play football.prefer to do A rather than （ do） B 宁愿做 A, 不

99、愿做 BLiu Hulan preferred to die rather than give in to the enemies.22.putA. v t.放He put the book where he found it.B.习语putacross清楚地表达put an end/a stop lo slh.结束； 消灭putaside把放在一边；抛弃；积蓄putaway把收起来；储存备用；putback把放回原处；拨 回 （ 钟表的指针等）putdown放下；镇压；记下；削减putforth发表；提出putforward提出；建 议 ; 拨 快 （ 钟表的指针等）putin插话；伸进pu

100、toff推迟；延期；脱 （ 衣服等）puton穿上；增 加 （ 体重等） ；上演putout放出; 熄灭；出版；生产putright改 正 （ 错误） ；整理；治愈put sb. at ease使某人放心、安心、宽心put through完成；put A through to B 把 A 接通 B （ 电话）puttogether合计；装 配 （ 机器等） ；把. . .放在一起putup举起；挂起；搭起；上演；陈列；张贴put up with忍受put-into practice把应用到实践中去put sb. to bed打发睡觉put sth. to/into use 使得以应用put,

101、into English把翻译成英语put in a word for sb.为某人进言put sb. in charge使某人负责put sth. in order使井井有条put on airs摆架子put sb. to death/test 处死/ 考验23.runA. vi.跑They came running to meet us.行驶The train was running at 80 miles an hour.流All the rivers will run into the sea.We mustn t let the water run to waste.His nose

102、 is running all day because he has a bad cold.B. v t.管理；经营They have run six factories.He runs the school well.C. link v .变得The river began to run dry. Our food supply is running low.His blood ran cold at the news. Their money is running short.The garden was running wild.D.习语run a fever发高烧run after s

103、b./ sth.追求run away 逃跑run for竞选runinlo邂逅；偶遇run on滔滔不绝往下说runout （ 某物）用完run out of用 完 （ 某物）run short （ 某物）短缺run short of短 缺 （ 某物）run up to合计为；高达run a risk 冒险run across邂逅；偶遇run ahead of领先于run away with带. . .而逃走run against邂逅；偶遇；违反run at袭击; 冲向run over溢出； run over.过目；浏览run smooth进展顺利run Ihrough花光；用尽；略谈run

104、up迅速成长；（ 物价）上涨run upon邂逅；偶遇24.seeA. vt. （ 1） 看到；看见I saw the accident with my own eyes.r ve never seen you look so well.Just now I saw someone going upstairs.When we got there, we saw a house being built.Last night I saw a dog killed by a car.r m glad to see all of you happy.I could see that they nee

105、d my help.*The year 1949 saw the founding of the People s Republic of China. 看望；接见I went to see a friend of mine last Sunday afternoon.r 1 1 be seeing you this evening.（ 3） 了解；明白He asked to look and see if he missed anything.Now you see what I mean?B .习语see sb. home送某人回家see about sth.负责处理. . .r 1 1

106、see about the tickets for the concert.see,-,for oneself自 己看； 体验一下see into了解；调查see much/a lot/nothing/little of常/ 很少/ 从不见到see sb. off 送行see through看穿；识破see sb. through支持某人到底see to sth.处理；料理There was much to see to. He has to see to the luggage.see to it that注意做到；务必要See to it that you do not fall when

107、 skating.as far as I can see 踞我所知see sb. out送某人出门seethat因为，从. . .一点来看25.sendA. vt. 寄 （ 信） ，发 （ 电报）They sent me some pictures. I have a telegram to send to Bob. （ 派人）送Let s send the radio there to be repaired.He sent his regards to you.派遣He asked to be sent to work in Tibet.(4)使. 变得The bad news sent

108、him mad/ out of mind.The sight of the Red Army sent the enemy running in all directions.B.习语send for 去请send A for B 派 A 去请 Bsend ,forth 发出The sun sends forth light and heat.send,-off 送行sendout发 出 ( 光 、热、气味、烟雾等)sendup发射send sb. away解雇；逐出send*-over播出；播送26.setA. v i.下落It will be cooler when the sun has

109、 set.B. vt. 放置；摆设She set the dish on the table. Let s set the clock by the radio signal.规定；确定He set a strict rule for himself.Have they set the time for the meeting? 使某人做事或处在某种状态With only a few words he set us laughing.What he said set me thinking.He set all the prisoners free.That set all our doubt

110、s at rest.这消除了我们所有的怀疑。C 习语set about doing sth.= set out to do sth.开始做set an example做出榜样setapart拨出：留出A room has been set apart for the purpose.setaside拨出; 积蓄；不理会setback往回拨; 使倒退setdown放下; 写下；制定set fire to sth.= set sth. on fire 放火烧set foot in进入；踏上setforth列 举 ; 提 出 ; 动 身 ；起程set-in order 整顿set,loose释放；解

111、开set off动身setoff燃放( 鞭炮、烟花等) ；引起set one s mind/ heart on 卜定决心set out动身；出发setout列举He set out his reasons for what he had done.set sail 启航set to work使开始工作He set to work at once writing the book.He set everyone to work together.setup立起来；成立；修建setupside down颠倒过来27.showA. vt. (1)拿给人看Show me your ticket, pl

112、ease! Can you show me a bigger one?(2)说明; 表明Her eyes showed that she was lying. Show us how to use this machine.That shows how ignorant we are.(3)表现; 显露He showed courage in face of danger.(4)放映；展出A new film is being shown at this cinema.(5)带领Show them in, please. V II show you into my room.B.习语show

113、off炫耀；表现自己This guy likes showing off.show ,off 炫耀I don t like the way he shows off his knowledge.show one * s face 露面show oneself ill 席；显露出来His anger showed itself in his voice.show u p 出现；出席show -up暴露，揭露This only served to show up their weakness.28.speakA.vi.说；发言He spoke with me about his childhood

114、. He was too hurt to speak to us.I* ve never spoken of these things to anyone before.He spoke at the meeting yesterday.Action speaks louder than words.She spoke in broken English.B. vt.说She speaks good French. Trust me that I am speaking the truth.C.习语speak for代表. . .说话；为. . . . 辩护I can only speak f

115、or myself.speak out大胆讲出来speak out against发言反对He spoke out against what he thought was unjust.speak up坦率说出自己的看法；说话大声些speak highly/well/highly/ill/badly of称赞/ 非议generally/strictly/broadly/roughly/frankly speaking=to speak generally, etc.一般来说，严格地讲,广义地讲，严格地讲，老实地说be spoken of as被说成为nothing to speak of不值一

116、说；没有说的价值29.standA. vi. (1)站 Come and sit by my side if you love me.(2)立于 The house stands between the two large trees.There stood a strange man right behind me.B. v t 放Stand the ladder against the wall.(2)忍受If you can t stand the heat, get out of the kitchen.C.习语stand against反对They all stood against

117、 the war.stand at attention/ease 立正/ 稍息stand behind s b .支持stand by支持：袖手旁观；准备行动We II stand by you through thick and thin.You mustn t stand by and do nothing about it.stand for代表，表示; 主张X often stands for an unknown number.We stand for self-reliance ( 自力更生) .stand on one s own feet 依靠自 己stand out突出；显著

118、Her talent stood out in comparison with the others.stand aside站开；不参与；靠边站stand back向后退stand still站住；停顿stand up站起；起立3O.takeA. vt. (1)拿 Taking a sheet of paper, she began to write. 带 ( 往某处) After that she took us to Rome.(3)吃、喝、吸 Take a little more bread. He took some medicine.(4)乘坐 They took a taxi ho

119、me.(5)采取, 接受, 选择 He took a doctor s degree.After lots of thinking, she took the job.(6)测量；照 ( 像 ) ；记录 Let me take your blood pressure.We took a few pictures of the hill.(7)对待；接受 You cannot take this too seriously.(8)需要 How long does it take to finish washing these dishes?(9)攻下 They took the town by

120、surprise.B.习语take a chance碰碰运气take one s seat 坐下； 就座take a turn for the better 好转take a vote 表决lake advantage of 利用；占便宜take aim at瞄准take* apart 拆开；拆卸take part in参加take A as B 当成take,-,back 收回takeaway 拿开take-by surprise 突然袭击take c are当心 take care of照顾；负责take charge of负责take delight/ pleasure/ interes

121、t /pride in喜欢、以. . .自豪lakedown记下来；记录take effect 生效take A for B=take A to be B 认为 A 是 Btake- for granted视为当然，想必是Some students take it for granted that English is easy to learn.take hold of抓住; 握住takein 订阅；欺骗；领会；接 （ 活干）takeinto consideration把. . .纳入考虑范围内take it easy别紧张；放开些；放松些take note/notice of注意；留心ta

122、ke notes 记录takeoff脱掉；起飞；打折扣lake office上任；就职take on雇佣；呈现take one s time从容从事；慢慢来takeoul取出；洗掉take pains/trouble to do sth.不辞辛劳地做take place发生；举行take root 生根take shape 成型take the chair主持会议take the place of代替take turns to do sth.= take turns in doing sth.轮流做takeup拿起；从事；接受；占 （ 时间、空间、注意力等）take warning from引

123、以为戒; 吸取教训be taken ill/sick 生病take a short cut 走捷径31.talkA. v i.谈话；讲话He is talking loudly in the front of the classroom.B.习语talk away不停地讲；通过谈话消除talk back (to sb.)还嘴；顶嘴talk big 吹牛talk sb. into doing sth.劝说干 talk sb. out of doing sth .劝说不干talk out 说完talk ,over 讨论talk to sb. 与谈话; 责备talk of谈到talk about谈论

124、；讲talk together 商量；谈判32.tellA. vt. ( 1) 告诉; 讲Tell me your name. He told us what had happened to him.r 1 1 tell you what to do next. Don t tell me. Let me guess.Do as you are told to.判断I really can t tell the differences between them.I can hardly tell Kate from her twain sister.=1 can hardly tell Kat

125、e and her twain sister apart.B.习语tell A and apart= tell A from B 区分开 A 与 Bto tell the truth 说老实话tell sb. about/ of sth.向某人讲起. . .tell the world公开讲; 宣扬tell a lie说谎 tell a white lie说善意的谎言tell it like it is 实话实说there is no telling难以预料There is no telling when he will return.r 1 1 tell you what.让我告诉你真相/

126、怎么去做。Never tell me!别瞎扯了 !You are telling me!还要你告诉我( 我早知道了) ！33.thinkA.vi.想，思考Give me some time to think. He told us to try to think in English.B. vt.认为；想I never thought you could complete the work so soon.I don t think I can get away now.Where do you think we can get this book?She isn t as slow as y

127、ou think she is.I think the book worth reading again.This kind of computer is thought (to be) too hard to operate.We all think her a good learner.I thought it our duty to offer them some medical care.I think it a great honor to speak here.C.习语think about考虑think of想到；想起；为着想; 打算This picture made us th

128、ink of the days in the army.He couldn t think of anything to say.She is always thinking of others.She is thinking of going downtown this afternoon.What do you think of this movie?think highly/well/a lot/ a great deal/much/poorly/ill/badly/little/nothing of 对评价高/ 低think of A as B 认为 A 是 Bthink*,out/u

129、p 想出thinkover仔细考虑think twice before要三思后再. . .just think想 想 看 （ 表示惊讶）Just think of the price!wouldnJ t/couldn t think of绝不能考虑/ 想象（ 做这样的事）I couldn t think of disturbing them at this our of night.think hard 沉思34.turnA. v i.转弯，转身， 转动The planet turns round the sun. I turned and saw a boy running away.B.

130、vt. 转向, 转动Please turn your eyes this way. Nothing can turn us from our purpose.（ 2） 翻转; 翻身The doctor turned him over and looked at his back.C. link v.变得Her face turned pale at the news. His hair is turning grey.The weather suddenly turned cold.Later he turned doctor.D.习语turn a deaf ear to sth .不听；不理

131、睬 turn a blind eye to sth .不看；不理睬They turned a deaf ear to the people, s sufferings.They turned a blind eye to our demands.turn- aside避开；转变方向lurnaway转变方向；（ 转脸）不睬；打发走turn back转过身来；赶回去 tunrdown拒绝；驳回；旋小turnin 归还；缴还 turn A into B 把 A 变成Bturnoff解雇；关上 turnon开；攻击lurn out关上；解雇；证明是，结果是，实际情况是The day turned ou

132、t fine. He turned out to be a traitor.It turned out that he had never been there.turn one s back on对不理睬turn one s head 使头晕/ 昏turn one s stomach 使作呕turnover移交；打翻; 翻阅I turned over the keys to Mr. Smith.He turned over all the tables in anger.He turned over one page or two and gave up.turn to sb. for he

133、lp/advice 求助于turn to翻到turn up露面。出席turnup旋大；查 （ 字典等）He turned up the dictionary and found the explanation.turnupside down/ inside out 颠倒, 翻过来35.workA. vi. （ 1）工作He was forced to work from morning till night.（ 2）（ 机器等）开动Soon the machine worked a gain smoothly.（ 3） （ 办法、计划等） 行得通，进 行 （ 情况）His method worked. It s a good idea, but it wonJ t work.The treatment works like magic.B.习语work at干 （ 某活动） ，研究等She is busy working a new invention.work aw ay不停地干work on从事We re working on some wood-cuts.workout制订；想出；计算workup准备，酝酿work on对起作用；激发