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1、Morphology形态学Q1. What is morphology?Q2. A distinction is made between open class and closed class concerning the categorization of words in a language. How does this distinction relate itself to morphology in your opinion?Q3. Morpheme: free morpheme vs. bound morpheme; derivational morpheme vs. infl
2、ectional morphemeQ4. Affix: prefix vs. suffixQ5. Compounding and compounds1.什么是形态学？研究范围？形态学是涉及语素系统的研究，它研究词的内部结构和构形态学是涉及语素系统的研究，它研究词的内部结构和构造规则造规则Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.Q1. What is morphology?Q2. A distinction is made b
3、etween open class and closed class concerning the categorization of words in a language. How does this distinction relate itself to morphology in your opinion?Open class words: content words of a language to which we can regularly add new words, such as nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs. E.g.hack
4、er, email, internet, surf, spam, blogsphere, songlifting (song+shoplifting), workaholic, surgiholic, tree-huggerTaikonaut, ginormous, fantabulous菜鸟、驴友、枪手、做秀、粉丝、帖子、拍砖、下课、前卫、PK、丁克、爽、酷、饭局、充电、月光族、黄牛、房奴Closed class words: grammatical or functional words, such as conjunction, articles, preposition and pro
5、nouns.“e” “偶”Q3.语素的定义语素是语言最小的意义单位。句子是由单词构成的，词可以被分成更小的成分。我们把这些处于单词最低一层的、有意义的成分称为”语素”。Q3: What is morpheme?Q3: What is morpheme?Morpheme: the minimal meaningful unitHow many morphemes does each of the following words contain?boy, desireboyish, desirableboyishness, desirabilitygentlemanliness, undesira
6、bilityantidisestablishmentarianism 根据结构 语素分为 自由语素 和 粘着语素 (morpheme) (free morpheme) (bound morpheme) 具有完整词汇意义 具有一定词汇意义 能够独立使用 不能单独使用根据语义 语素分为 词根 (root）和 词缀(affix） 自由，粘着 屈折，派生 free root, bound root inflectional affix, derivational affix 前缀，后缀 prefix， suffix词根、词缀、自由语素和粘着语素的关系词根、词缀、自由语素和粘着语素的关系 Free vs
7、. bound morphemeFree morpheme is one that may constitute a word by itself, such as bed, tree, sing, dance.Bound morpheme is one that may appear with at least one other morpheme. They can not stand by themselves, such as “-s” in “dogs”, “-al” in “national”, “dis-” in “disclose”, “-ed” in “recorded”.D
8、erivational vs. inflectional morphemeDerivational morphemes are morphemes which change the category or grammatical class of the words to which they are conjoined, or change their lexical or dictionary meaning.E.g. modern: modernize; length: lengthen; fool: foolish; do: undo; selfish: unselfish etc.I
9、nflectional morphemesWhen a word changes in form but not in lexical meaning, we say it has undergone an inflection.E.g?Inflectional morphemes are morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers, signifying such concepts as person, number, gender, case, tense, aspect and so on; they
10、never change the grammatical category of the base words or their lexical meaning.3.词根、词基和词干 去掉派生词缀得到的词是词基词基，去掉屈折词缀得到的词为词干词干。如果去掉词缀后的单词在不改变身份和词义的情况下不能再去任何词缀，则这个词是个词根词根。 4.构词法构词法构词方法构词方法 (word formation)复合法复合法 (compound) 混合法混合法 (blending) 派生法派生法 (derivation) 缩略法缩略法 (abbreviation) 逆构法逆构法 (backformation
11、) 借词法借词法 (borrowing)造词法造词法 (invention)Q4. Affix: prefix vs. suffix and some other terms: root, stem, baseA root is that part of the word left when all the affixes (inflectional as well as derivational) are removed. E.g. _ in “desirable”, _ in “unbelievable” A stem is part of a word-form which remain
12、s when all inflectional affixes have been removed. E.g. _ in “undesirables”, _ in “enriched” A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added. This means any stem and root can be termed as a base. E.g.“desire” in “desired” is a _?“enrich” in “enriches” is a _?Basic ways/rules of forming
13、words in English1. Free morpheme forming a word 自由语素成词2. Derivation 派生-a free morpheme plus at least a derivational morpheme (bound), a derivative3. Compounding 复合-two free morphemes merged, a compoundExamples of CompoundingNoun compounds daybreak (N+V) playboy (V+N) haircut (N+V) callgirl (V+N) win
14、dmill (N+N)Verb compounds brainwash (N+V) lipread (N+V) babysit(N+V)Adjective compounds maneating (N+Ving) heartfelt (N+Ved) dutyfree (N+adj.)Preposition compounds into (P+P) throughout (P+P)Some points about compoundsWhen the two words are in the same grammatical category, the compound will be in t
15、his category, e.g. postbox, landlady, icy-coldWhen the two words fall into different categories, the class of the second or final word will be the grammatical category of the compound, e.g. head-strong, pickpocketCompounds have different stress patterns from the non-compounded word sequence, e.g. re
16、d coat, green houseThe meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of its partsChinese morphologyDo there exist affixes, free vs bound morphemes, derivational vs inflectional morphemes, and compounds in Chinese?one-morpheme words that may comprise two or more Chinese characters 单纯词 ：
17、人，水，走，吃，红琵琶，枇杷，葡萄，菩提，仿佛，犹豫，巧克力，苏维埃Derivatives 派生词老-; 小-；阿-；第-；初-；见-子；-头；-儿；-者；-员；-士；-手；-化Compounds 复合词思想，动静，看见，纸张，车辆，注意，关心，笔试Chinese inflectional morphemes?Do the le element in the following two Chinese sentences express the same grammaticalized meaning?他吃坏肚子了。他吃坏了肚子。Le is undoubtedly a grammatical
18、marker. But is it an aspect marker or a tense indicator? A debatable matter. And it seems that the sentence final le differs from the le following the verb phrase in that they are associated with different meanings. Change of state or contrary to expectation?What do you think is the progressive aspe
19、ct marker? Zai or zhe?What does the guo morpheme indicate?1. Morphology is generally divided into two fields: the study of word-formation and _. A. affixation B. etymology C. inflection D. root2. The word boyish contains two . A. phonemes B. Morphs C. morphemes D. Allomorphs3. The adjective word “uniform” has _ morphemes. A. one B. three C. two D. zero 4. Prefixes do not generally change the _of the stem but only modify its meaning. A. word-class B. meaning C. form D. structureC C C A
