2022年吉林大学英语考试模拟卷六

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1、2022年吉林大学英语考试模拟卷六（ 本卷共分为1 大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总 分 100分，60分及格。）单 位 ：姓 名 ： 考 号 ：题号单选题多项选择判断题综合题总分分值得分一、 单项选择题（ 共5 0题， 每题2分。 每题的备选项中， 只有一个最符合题意）1.Questions 8 and 9 are based on the fol lowing news.Wi jngaarden wiI I further focus his research on whetherA. there is a definite relationship between high lev

2、els of lead and death.B. the patients with brain tumors have higher levels of lead in their bones.C. some workers have higher risks of developing brain cancers than others.D. higher levels of lead have a long-term effect on children over a lifetime.2. Bl TEXT D /B These are tough times for Wal-Mart,

3、 America s biggest retai I er. Longaccused of wrecking sma I I -town Amer ica and condemned for the stinginessof its payr the company has I ate I y come under f i re for its meanness overempIoyees heaIth-care benef its. The charge is arguabIy unfai r : the f inn,s health coverage, while admittedly l

4、ess extensive than the average forbig companies, i s on a par with other retailers . But bad pub Iicity,coup I ed with rising costs, has stirred the Bentonv i I I e giant to act i on.Wal-Mart is making changes that shouId shift the ground in America shealth-care debate.One strategy is to slash the p

5、rices of many generic, or out-of-patent,prescr i pt ion drugs. Wal-Mart recently announced that its Florida storeswould sei I a list of some 300 generic drugs at $ 4 for a month1 s supply;other states wi 11 foI Iow. That is above cost but far less than the pricescharged by many pharmacy chains, whic

6、h get profits from fat margins ongenerics.Wal-Mart1 s critics dismiss the move as a pub Iicity stunt. The I istof drugs includes only 143 different medicines and excludes many populargenerics. True, hut short-sighted. Wal-Mart has transformed retai Iingby using its siz e to squeez e suppl iers and p

7、assing the gains on toconsumers. It could do the same with drugs. Target, another big retai I er,has al ready announced that it wi I I match the new pricing. Ar,Wal -Marteffect1 in drugs wi I I not solve America5 s hea I th-costs prob I em: genericsaccount for only a smal I share of drug costs, whic

8、h in turn make up only10% of overalI heaI th spend i ng. But it would help.The firm s other initiative i s more controversial. Wal-Mart i s joiningthe smal I but fast-growing group of employers who are control I ing costsby sh i ft i ng to heaI th insurance with high deductibles.From January 1st new

9、 Wal-Mart employees will only be offered insurancewith very low premiums (as I ittIe as $ 11 a month for an individual) butrather high deductibIes (excesses): an individual must pay at least thefirst $ 1,000 of annual health-care expenses, and on a family plan, thefirst $ 3, 000. Unusuallyr Wal-Mart

10、1 s plan includes three doctor visitsand three prescription drugs before the big deductibIe kicks in. Sincemost empIoyees go to the doctor less often than that, the company argues,they wiI I be better off because of the lower premiums. That may be truefor the healthy, say critics; sicker workers wi

11、I I see their health costssoar.Th i s debate, writ I arge, i s the b i ggest controversy i n Amer i can hea I thcare today. The Bush administration has been pushing high-deductibIeplans as the best route to control Iing health costs and has encouragedthem, with tax-breaks for heaIth-saving accounts.

12、 The logic is appeal ing.Higher deductibles encourage consumers to become price-conscious forroutine care, while insurance kicks in for catastrophic expenses.Early evidence suggests these plans do help fi rms control the costof health insurance. But c ritic s say that the savings are misleading.They

13、 argue that the plans s h ift costs to sicker workers, discouragepreventative care and wiI I anyway do little to control overalI healthspend i ng, since most of the $2 tr illio n (a sixth of its ent i re GDP) thatAmerica spends on health care each year goes to peopIe with m ultiplechronic diseases.F

14、or the moment, re la tive ly few Americans are covered bv thesenconsumer-directednpIans. But they are becoming increasingly popular,especial ly among f i rms empIoying Iow-ski I Ied workers. And now Amer ica,s biggest employer has joined the high-deductibIe trend. That is boundto have an impact.Acco

15、rding to the passage, the health-care benefits of Wal-MartA. are to be increased greatly due to others accusation.B. started to incur much criticism a long time ago.C. are at the same level as those of other retailers.D. will be in line with the rising costs of the commodities.3. Bl TEXT B/BYou don

16、t have to wa i t for government to move. . the rea I I y fantast i cthing about Fairtrade is that you can go shopping ! So said arepresentative of the Fairtrade movement in a B ritish newspaper.Sim ilarly Marion Nestle, a n u tritio n is t at New York University, arguesthat when you choose organics,

17、 you are voting for a pIanet with fewerpesticides, richer soiI and cleaner water s u p p lie s .”The idea that shopping is the new poIitics is certainly seductive.Never mind the ba I lot box: vote with your supermarket trolley i nstead.Elections occur relatively rarely, but you probably go shopping

18、severaltimes a month, providing yourself with lots of opportunities to expressyour opinions. If you are worried about the envi ronment, you might buyorganic food ; if you want to help poor farmers, you can do your bit bybuy ing Fai rtrade products; or you can express a disI ike of eviImultinationaI

19、companies and rampant gIobaIisation by buying only localproduce. And the best bit is that shopping, uni ike voting, is fun; soyou can do good and enjoy yourself at the same time.Sadly, it s not that easy. There are good reasons to doubt the claimsmade about three of the most popular varieties of eth

20、ical” food: organicfood, Fai rtrade food and local food. PeopIe who want to make the worlda better place cannot do so by shifting their shopping habits:transforming the pIanet requi res du I I er disci plinesf I ike politics.Organic food, which is grown without man-made pesticides andfe rtiIise rs,

21、is generally assumed to be more environmentally friendlythan conventionaI intensive farmingr which is heavi ly rel iant on chemicaIi nputs. But it a I I depends on what you mean by Menv i ronmenta I ly fr i end I yFarming is inherently bad for the environment: since humans took it uparound 11,000 ye

22、ars ago, the result has been deforestation on a massivescale. But fol lowing the M. green revolutionnof the 1960s greater use ofchemical ferti Iiser has tripled grain yields with very I ittIe increasein the area of land under cultivation. Organic methods, which rely oncrop rotation, manure and compo

23、st in place of ferti I iser, are far lessintensive. So producing the world s current agricultural outputorganically would requi re several times as much land as i s currentlycultivated. There wouldn, t be much room left for the rainforest.Fai rtrade food is designed to raise poor fanners-incomes. It

24、 is soldat a higher price than ordinary food, with a subsidy passed back to thefarmer. But prices of agricultural commodities are low because ofoverproduct i on. By propp i ng up the pr i ce, the Fa i rtrade system encouragesfarmers to produce more of these commodities rather than diversifyinginto o

25、ther crops and so depresses prices-thus achieving, for mostfanners, exact I y the oppos i te of what the initiative is i ntended to do.And sinee only a sma11 fraction of the mark-up on Fairtrade foods actuaI Iygoes to the farmer- most goes to the retai I er- the system gives richconsumers an inf Iat

26、ed impression of thei r largesse and makes al leviatingpoverty seem too easy.Surely the ease for local food, produced as close as possible to theconsumer in order to minimise food mi lesr,and, by extension, carbonemissions, is clear Surpr isingly, it is not. A study of Br itain, s foodsystem found t

27、hat nearly half of f ood-veh i c I e miles (ie, mi les travel ledby vehicles carrying food) were dr i ven by cars going to and from the shops.Most peopIe I ive closer to a supermarket than a farmer1 s market, so moreI oca I food cou I d mean more f ood-veh icle mi les. Mov i ng food around in big,ca

28、refully packed lorr ies, as supermarkets dor may in fact be the mosteff i c i ent way to transport the stuff.What5 s more, once the energy used in production as we I I as transportis taken into account, local food may turn out to be even less green.Producing lamb i n New Zea I and and shipping it to

29、 Britain uses less energythan producing British lamb, because farming in New Zea I and is lessenergy-i ntens i ve. And the I oca I-food movement9 s aims, of course,contrad i ct those of the Fa i rtrade movement, by d i scouraging r i ch-countryconsumers from buying poor-country produce. But since th

30、e I oca I-foodmovement Iooks suspiciously I ike oldfashioned protectionismmasquerading as concern for the envi ronment, helping poor countries i spresumably not the point.The author s attitude towards ethical food is one ofA. impartial.B. optimistic.C. pessimistic.D. skeptical.4.In this sect i on th

31、ere are four reading passages fo11 owed by a total of20 mu 11 i p I e-cho i ce questions. Read the passages and then mark youranswers on your answer sheet. BJ1TEXT A /B Back in 2000, inspired by a desire to help those in need, Megan andDennis Doyle of Minneapolis decided they wanted to do more than

32、justvolunteer or write a check. Instead, they took $ 30, 000 of their own moneyand started a nonprofit cal led Hope for the City. The organiz ationco I I ects corporate overstock and d i str i butes i t to nonprof its in the Tw i nCities, nationwide, and internationally to 26 developing countries.To

33、day the nonprofit has a $ 900, 000 operating budget and a 25, 000 sq. ft.warehouse to store the donated items and has distributed nearly $ 380million of in-kind merchandise since its inception. This makes us feelI ike we re a part of something a lot bigger than just the two of us, 1 1says Dennis, 54

34、, who is CEO of a local commercial real estate fi rm.The Doyles are not alone in thei r desire to give back. There are morethan 1 million 501 (c) (3) char it ies I ike thei rs, up near ly 70% from the614, 000 that existed a decade ago, according to Tom Pollak, programdirector with the NationaI Cente

35、r for Charitable Statistics at the UrbanInstitute. Organiz ations ded i cated to education, disaster re I ief, jobdevelopment, the envi ronment and AIDS are among today1 s hot causes,1 1 says Phy 11 is McGrath, pres i dent of Ph i I anthropy Management, a Fai rf ield,Conn., consulting fi rm that wor

36、ks with nonprofits nationwide.Fueling th is growth are several factors: baby boomers with asoc i a I-entrepreneursh i p mind-set and added time in thei r Iives to giveback to th e ir communities, such tragic events as Sept. 11 and HurricaneKatrina, and greater numbers of weaI thy i nd i v i duaIs wi

37、th the funds toIaunch thei r own nonprofits. But starting a nonprofit i s a Herculeane ffo rt, requi ring pat i ence and determination.It may take at least six months to a year and as much as 30 to 40 hoursa week to get an organization o ff the ground, McGrath says. Hiring anattorney experienced wit

38、h nonprofits to hand Ie statewide and federalappI ications is key. The 501 (c) (3) designation comes from the IRS(Internal Revenue Service), and nonprofits are expected to provide thegovernment with such information as a mission statement, an idea of whowiI I be assisted and by what methods, anticip

39、ated budget and board ofd i rectors, says Andrew Grumet, a lawyer representing nonprofits with theManhattan firm Herrick, Feinstein, LLP. Accountants fam iIiar withnonprofits can advise on how much of an investment can be made withoutaffecting personal wealth. But even with the best of intentions,no

40、nprofits have a high fai lure rate : only one-thi rd survive beyond fiveyears, says Stan Madden, di rector of the Center for Nonprofit Stud i esat the Hankame r Schoo I of Business at Baylor University in Waeo, Texas.The best approach is to start with a business plan. Research otherorgan i zat i ons

41、 i n the fie ld to make sure there i s no other group address i ngthe same cause. Consult with other char it ies to determine that there areconstituents who can really use your services. As McGrath notes,Consider a re a lis tic and doabIe niche that your organization canuniquely f i l l . ”That is j

42、ust what Beth Shaw, 41, did. The owner of a $4 mi I I ion companythat trains yoga fitness instructors worldwide, Shaw used her knowledgeof the market to launch Visionary Women in Fitness, which providesscholarships to underpr ivi leged women so that they can train to becomeinstructors. With a budget

43、 of just $ 30,000, the nonprofit, based inHermosa Beach, Calif., i s ab I e to he I p 15 to 20 women a year learn a ski I Ithat can get them an entry-1 eve I job.n I have two homes and a successful business, so many young women outthere have noth i ng, “ says Shaw, who has donated $ 50, 000 of her o

44、wn moneysince she launched the charity in June 2004. This was the time in myIife to step up and start giving b a c k . Which of the fol lowing does NOT make for the growth of charitiesA. Baby boomers who re willing to give back to their communities.B. Hot causes dedicated to education, job developme

45、nt, the environment,etc.C. Tragic events like Sept. 11 and Hurricane Katrina.D. Wealthy people with the funds to launch their own nonprofits.5. B TEXT C /B In 1830, only a few mi les away from what is now the great city ofCincinnati, lay an immense and almost unbroken forest. The whole regionwas spa

46、rsely sett Ied by peopIe of the frontier-restless souls who nosooner had hewn fairly hab i tab I e homes out of the w i I derness and atta i nedto that degree of prosperity which today we should cal I indigence, then,i mpeI Ied by some mysterious impulse of thei r nature, they abandoned al Iand push

47、ed farther westward, to encounter new per iIs and privations inthe effort to regain the meagre comforts which they had vol untar i lyrenounced. Many of them had already forsaken that region for the remotersett Iements, but among those remaini ng was one who had been of those f i rstarr i ving. He I

48、ived alone in a house of logs surrounded on al I sides bythe great forest, of whose gloom and siIence he seemed a part, for noone had ever known him to smile nor speak a needless word. His simplewants were suppIied by the sale or barter of skins of wi Id animals inthe r i ver town, for not a thing d

49、id he grow upon the I and wh ich, if needfu I,he might have cI a i med by right of undisturbed possession. There wereevidences of improvement” 一 a few acres of ground i mmed i ate I y about thehouse had once been cleared of its trees, the decayed stumps of whichwere half concealed by the new growth

50、that had been suffered to repai rthe ravage wrought by the axe. Apparently the man, s z eal for agriculturehad burned with a failing flame, exp i r i ng in penitential ashes.The little log house, with its chimney of sticks, its roof of warpingclapboards weighted with traversing poles and its chinkin

51、g of clay,had a single door and, directly opposite, a window. The latter, however,was boarded up- nobody could remember a time when it was not. And noneknew why i t was so c I osed; certa inly not because of the occupantJ s d i s I i keof I ight and air, for on those rare occasions when a hunter had

52、 passedthat lonely spot the recluse had common Iy been seen sunning himself onhis doorstep if heaven had provided sunshine for his need. I fancy thereare few persons living today who ever knew the secret of that window,but I am one.The man s name was said to be Mur Ioek. He was apparent Iy seventy y

53、earsold, actuaI Iy about fifty. Something besides years had had a hand in hisageing. His hai r and long, ful I beard were white, his grey, lustrelesseyes sunken, his face singularly seamed with wr inkles which appeared tobelong to two intersecting systems. In figure he was tai I and spare, witha sto

54、op of the shoulders a burden bearer.One day Mur Ioek was found in his cabin, dead. It was not a time andplace for coroners and newspapers, and I suppose it was agreed that hehad died from natural causes or I shouId have been told, and shouldremember. I know only that with what was probably a sense o

55、f the fitnessof things the body was buried near the cabin, alongside the grave of hiswife, who had preceded him by so many years that local tradition hadretained hardly a hint of her existence. That closes the final chapterof this true story. But there i s an ear Iier chapter- that suppIied bymy gra

56、ndfather.When Mur loek built his cabin and began laying sturdi ly about with hisaxe to hew out a farm一 the rifle, meanwhiIe, his means of support-hewas young, strong and fulI of hope. In that eastern country whence hecame he had married, as was the fashion, a young woman in al I ways worthyof his ho

57、nest devotion, who shared the dangers and privations of his lotwith a willing spirit and Iight heart. There is no known record of hername; of her charms of m i nd and person tradition i s s i I ent and the doubteris at I iberty to entertain his doubt; but God forbid that I should shareit! Of thei r

58、affect ion and happiness there is abundant assurance in everyadded day of the man, s w i dowed life; for what but the magnet i sm of ablessed memory could have chained that venturesome spirit to a lot I ikethatOne day Mur lock returned from gunning in a distant part of the forestto find his wife lyi

59、ng on the floor with fever, and del i r ious. There wasno physician within miles, no neighbour; nor was she in a condition tobe left, to summon help. So he set about the task of nursing her backto health, but at the end of the third clay she fel I into unconsciousnessarid so passed away, apparently,

60、 with never a gleam of returning reason.Which of the fol lowing statements about the man is CORRECTA. He constantly opened up wasteland.B. His way of living was rather primitive.C. He was eager to grow trees and crops.D. He was not heard to utter a single word.6. B TEXT D /B These are tough times fo

61、r Wal-Mart, America s b i ggest retai I er. Longaccused of wrecking sma I I -town America and condemned for the stinginessof its payf the company has I ate I y come under f i re for its meanness overemp I oyees, hea Ith-care benef i ts. The charge i s arguab I y unfa i r : the f i nns health coverag

62、e, while admittedly less extensive than the average forbig companies, i s on a par with other retailers . But bad pub Iicity,coupled with rising costs, has stirred the Bentonvi I Ie giant to action.Wal-Mart is making changes that should shift the ground in America shealth-care debate.One strategy is

63、 to slash the prices of many generic, or out-of-patent,prescription drugs. Wal-Mart recently announced that its Florida storeswould sei I a list of some 300 generic drugs at $ 4 for a month5 s supply;other states wi 11 foI Iow. That is above cost but far less than the pr icescharged by many pharmacy

64、 chains, which get profits from fat margins ongenerics.Wal-Mart1 s critics dismiss the move as a pub Iicity stunt. The Iistof drugs incIudes only 143 different medicines and excludes many populargenerics. True, hut short-sighted. Wal-Mart has transformed retai Iingby using its siz e to squeez e supp

65、l iers and passing the gains on toconsumers. It could do the same with drugs. Target, another big retai I er,has al ready announced that it wiI I match the new pricing. AnWal-Marteffect“ in drugs wi I I not sol ve Amer ica s hea I th-costs prob I em: genericsaccount for only a smaI I share of drug c

66、osts, which in turn make up only10% of overalI heaI th spend i ng. But it would help.The firm5 s other initiative is more controversial. Wal-Mart is joiningthe smaI I but fast-growing group of employers who are control I ing costsby shifting to health insurance with high deductibles.From January 1st

67、 new Wal-Mart employees will only be offered insurancewith very low premiums (as I ittIe as $11 a month for an individual) butrather high deductibles (excesses): an individual must pay at least thef i rst $1,000 of annual health-care expenses, and on a fam ily plan, thefir s t $3, 000. Unusuallyf Wa

68、l-Mart1 s plan includes three doctor v is itsand three prescription drugs before the big deductibIe kicks in. Sincemost empIoyees go to the doctor less often than that, the company argues,they wiI I be better o ff because of the lower premiums. That may be truefor the healthy, say c ritic s ; sicker

69、 workers wi I I see th e ir health costssoar.Th i s debate, w rit I arge, i s the b i ggest controversy i n Amer i can hea I thcare today. The Bush administration has been pushing high-deductibleplans as the best route to control Iing heaI th costs and has encouragedthem, with tax-breaks for health-

70、saving accounts. The logic is appeal ing.Higher deductibles encourage consumers to become price-conscious forroutine care, while insurance kicks in for catastrophic expenses.Early evidence suggests these plans do help firm s control the costof health insurance. But c ritic s say that the savings are

71、 misleading.They argue that the plans s h ift costs to sicker workers, discouragepreventative care and wiI I anyway do IittIe to control overalI healthspending, since most of the $2 tr i I I ion (a sixth of its ent i re GDP) thatAmerica spends on health care each year goes to peopIe with m ultiplech

72、ronic diseases.For the moment, re la tive ly few Americans are covered bv theser,consumer-directedpIans. But they are becoming increasingly popular,especial ly among f i rms empIoying Iow-ski I led workers. And now Amer icaJs biggest employer has joined the high-deductibIe trend. That is boundto hav

73、e an impact.The author1 s a tt i tude towards the reduct i on of the pr i ces of many gener i cdrags is one ofA. favorable.B. critical.C. apathetic.D. skeptical.7. B TEXT B/B“You don t have to wa i t for government to move. the rea I I y fantast i cthing about Fairtrade is that you can go shopping !

74、 ”So said arepresentative of the Fai rtrade movement in a B ritish newspaper.Sim ilarly Marion Nestle, a n u tritio n is t at New York University, arguesthat ”when you choose organics, you are voting for a pIanet with fewerpesticidesf richer soi I and cleaner water s u p p lie s .”The idea that shop

75、ping is the new p o litic s is certainly seductive.Never mind the ba I lot box: vote with your supermarket tro lle y instead.Elections occur re la tively rarely, but you probably go shopping severaltimes a month, providing yourself with lots of opportunities to expressyour opinions. If you are worri

76、ed about the envi ronment, you might buyorganic food ; if you want to help poor farmers, you can do your b it bybuy ing Fai rtrade products; or you can express a disI ike of evi Imulti nat i onaI compan i es and rampant gIobaIi sat i on by buying only I oca Iproduce. And the best b it is that shoppi

77、ng, uni ike voting, is fun; soyou can do good and enjoy yourself at the same time.Sadly, it s not that easy. There are good reasons to doubt the claimsmade about three of the most popu I ar varieties of eth i ca lH food: organ i cfood, Fairtrade food and local food. PeopIe who want to make the world

78、a better place cannot do so by sh iftin g thei r shopping habits:transforming the pIanet requires duller disci plinesr I ike po litics.Organic food, which is grown without man-made pesticides andfe rtiIis e rs , is generally assumed to be more envi ronmentally friendlythan conventionaI intensive far

79、ming, which is heavi ly rel iant on chemicaIinputs. But it al I depends on what you mean by Menvi ronmental ly fr iendly11.Farming is inherently bad for the environment: since humans took it uparound 11,000 years ago, the result has been deforestation on a massivescale. But fol lowing the 11. green

80、revolutionnof the 1960s greater use ofchemical ferti Iiser has tripled grain yields with very little increasein the area of land under cultivation. Organic methods, which rely oncrop rotation, manure and compost in place of ferti I iser, are far lessintensive. So producing the worId J s current agr

81、icultural outputorganically would requi re several times as much land as is currentlycultivated. There wouldn9 t be much room left for the rainforest.Fairtrade food is designed to raise poor fanners-incomes. It is soldat a higher price than ordinary food, with a subsidy passed back to thefarmer. But

82、 prices of agricultural commodities are low because ofoverproduct i on. By propp i ng up the pr i ce, the Fa i rtrade system encouragesfarmers to produce more of these commodities rather than diversifyinginto other crops and so depresses prices-thus achieving, for mostfanners, exact I y the oppos i

83、te of what the initiative is i ntended to do.And sinee only a smaI I fraction of the mark-up on Fairtrade foods actuaI Iygoes to the farmer- most goes to the retai I er- the system gives richconsumers an inf Iated impression of thei r largesse and makes al leviatingpoverty seem too easy.Surely the e

84、ase for local food, produced as close as possible to theconsumer in order to minimise food miles andt by extension, carbonemissions, is clear Surpr isingly, it is not. A study of Br itain, s foodsystem found that near ly half of f ood-veh i c I e miles (ie, mi les travel ledby vehicles carrying food

85、) were driven by cars going to and from the shops.Most peopIe I ive closer to a supermarket than a farmer1 s market, so moreI oca I food cou I d mean more f ood-veh icle mi les. Mov i ng food around in big,carefully packed lorries, as supermarkets do, may in fact be the moste ff i c i ent way to tra

86、nsport the stuff.What s more, once the energy used in production as we I I as transportis taken into account, local food may turn out to be even less green.Producing lamb i n New Zea I and and shipping it to B ritain uses less energythan producing B ritish Iamb, because farming i n New Zea I and i s

87、 lessenergy-i ntens i ve. And the I oca I-food movement1 s aims, of course,contrad i ct those of the Fa i rtrade movement, by d i scouraging r i ch-countryconsumers from buying poor-country produce. But since the I oca I-foodmovement Iooks suspiciously I ike oldfashioned protectionismmasquerading as

88、 concern for the envi ronment, helping poor countries i spresumably not the point.One of the disadvantages of organic food is thatA. it might occupy woodland.B. it might use more fertilizers.C. it depends more on insects.D. it demands more efforts and water.8.In th is sect i on there are four readin

89、g passages fo11 owed by a total of20 mu 11 i p I e-cho i ce questions. Read the passages and then mark youranswers on your answer sheet. B TEXT A/BBack in 2000, inspi red by a desi re to help those in need, Megan andDennis Doyle of Minneapolis decided they wanted to do more than justvolunteer or w r

90、ite a check. Instead, they took $30, 000 of thei r own moneyand started a nonprofit cal led Hope for the City. The organizationco I I ects corporate overstock and di str i butes i t to nonprof its in the Tw i nCities, nationwide, and internationally to 26 developing countries.Today the nonprofit has

91、 a $ 900, 000 operating budget and a 25, 000 sq. ft.warehouse to store the donated items and has distributed nearly $ 380million of in-kind merchandise since its inception. This makes us feelI ike we re a part of something a lot bigger than just the two of us, Hsays Dennis, 54, who is CEO of a local

92、 commercial real estate firm.The Doyles are not alone in thei r desire to give back. There are morethan 1 million 501 (c) (3) charities I ike the i rs, up near I y 70% from the614,000 that existed a decade ago, according to Tom Pollak, programdi rector with the Nat i ona I Center for Charitable Stat

93、 i st i cs at the UrbanInstitute. Organiz ations ded i cated to education, disaster re I iefr jobdevelopment, the envi ronment and AIDS are among today1 s “ hot causes,says Phy 11 is McGrath, pres ident of Phi lanthropy Management, a Fai rf ield,Conn., consulting fi rm that works with nonprofits nat

94、ionwide.Fueling this growth are severaI factors: baby boomers with asoc i a I-entrepreneursh i p mind-set and added time in their Iives to giveback to thei r communities, such tragic events as Sept. 11 and HurricaneKatrina, and greater numbers of weaI thy individuals with the funds toIaunch thei r o

95、wn nonprofits. But starting a nonprofit i s a Herculeaneffort, requi ring pat i ence and determination.It may take at least six months to a year and as much as 30 to 40 hoursa week to get an organiz ation off the ground, McGrath says. Hiring anattorney experienced with nonprofits to hand Ie statewid

96、e and federalappI ications is key. The 501 (c) (3) designation comes from the IRS(Internal Revenue Service), and nonprofits are expected to provide thegovernment with such information as a mission statement, an idea of whowiI I be assisted and by what methods, anticipated budget and board ofdirector

97、s, says Andrew Grumet, a lawyer representing nonprofits with theManhattan f i rm Herrick, Feinstein, LLP. Accountants famiIiar withnonprofits can advise on how much of an investment can be made withoutaffecting personal wealth. But even with the best of intentions,nonprofits have a high fai lure rat

98、e : only one-thi rd survive beyond fiveyears, says Stan Madden, di rector of the Center for Nonprofit Stud i esat the Hankamer Schoo I of Business at Baylor University in Waeor Texas.The best approach is to start with a business plan. Research otherorgan i zat i ons i n the fie ld to make sure there

99、 i s no other group address i ngthe same cause. Consult with other char itie s to determine that there areconstituents who can really use your services. As McGrath notes,Consider a re a lis tic and doable niche that your organization canuniquely f i l l . ”That is just what Beth Shaw, 41, did. The o

100、wner of a $4 mi I I ion companythat trains yoga fitness instructors worldwide, Shaw used her know I edgeof the market to launch Visionary Women in Fitness, which providesscholarships to underpr ivi leged women so that they can tra in to becomeinstructors. With a budget of just $30,000, the nonprofit

101、, based inHermosa Beach, C a lif., is able to help 15 to 20 women a year learn a ski I Ithat can get them an entry-1 eve I job. I have two homes and a successful business, so many young women outthere have nothing, ” says Shaw, who has donated $50, 000 of her own moneysince she launched the charity

102、in June 2004. This was the time in myIife to step up and sta rt giving b a c k .nHerculean in the th i rd paragraph i s closest in meaning toA. of or relating to Hercules.B. characterized by requiring skill.C. characterized by requiring great strength.D. having a high degree of intelligence.9. B TEX

103、T C/BIn 1830, only a few mi les away from what is now the great c ity ofCincinnati, lay an immense and almost unbroken forest. The whole regionwas sparsely sett Ied by peopIe of the frontier restless souls who nosooner had hewn fairly hab i tab I e homes out of the w i I derness and atta i nedto tha

104、t degree of prosperity which today we shouId cal I indigence, then,i mpe 11 ed by some mysterious i mpu I se of thei r nature, they abandoned al Iand pushed farther westward, to encounter new per iIs and privations inthe effort to regain the meagre comforts which they had voluntari lyrenounced. Many

105、 of them had al ready forsaken that region for the remotersett I ements, but among those rema ini ng was one who had been of those f i rstarr i ving. He I ived alone in a house of logs surrounded on al I sides bythe great forest, of whose gloom and silence he seemed a part, for noone had ever known

106、him to smile nor speak a needless word. His simplewants were suppIied by the sale or barter of skins of wiId animals inthe r i ver town, for not a thing did he grow upon the I and wh ich, if needfu I ,he might have cI a i med by r ight of undisturbed possession. There wereevidences of ,improvement“

107、一 a few acres of ground i mmed i ate I y about thehouse had once been cleared of its trees, the decayed stumps of whichwere half concealed by the new growth that had been suffered to repairthe ravage wrought by the axe. Apparently the man s z eal for agriculturehad burned with a failing flame, exp i

108、 r i ng in penitential ashes.The little log house, with its chimney of sticks, its roof of warpingclapboards weighted with traversing poles and its1 1 chinking of clay,had a single door and, di rectly opposite, a window. The latter, however,was boarded up- nobody could remember a time when it was no

109、t. And noneknew why i t was so cIosed; certainly not because of the occupant, s di sI i keof I ight and ai rt for on those rare occasions when a hunter had passedthat lonely spot the recluse had common Iy been seen sunning himself onhis doorstep if heaven had provided sunshine for his need. I fancy

110、thereare few persons living today who ever knew the secret of that window,but I am one.The man5 s name was sa i d to be Mur I oek. He was apparent I y seventy yearsold, actual ly about f ifty. Something besides years had had a hand in hisageing. His hair and long, ful I beard were white, his grey, l

111、ustrelesseyes sunken, his face singularly seamed with wr inkles which appeared tobe I ong to two intersecting systems. In figure he was tai I and spare, witha stoop of the shoulders a burden bearer.One day Mur Ioek was found in his cabin, dead. It was not a time andplace for coroners and newspapers,

112、 and I suppose it was agreed that hehad died from natural causes or I should have been told, and shouldremember. I know only that with what was probably a sense of the fitnessof things the body was buried near the cabin, a I ongs i de the grave of hiswife, who had preceded him by so many years that

113、local tradition hadretained hardly a hint of her existence. That closes the final chapterof this true story. But there i s an ear Iier chapter- that suppIied bymy grandfather.When Mur Ioek bui It his cabin and began laying sturdi ly about with hisaxe to hew out a farm一 the rifle, meanwhiIe, his mean

114、s of support-hewas young, strong and fulI of hope. In that eastern country whence hecame he had married, as was the fashion, a young woman in al I ways worthyof his honest devotion, who shared the dangers and privations of his lotwith a willing spirit and Iight heart. There is no known record of her

115、name; of her charms of m i nd and person tradition i s s i I ent and the doubteris at I iberty to entertain his doubt; but God forbid that I shouId shareit! Of their affection and happiness there is abundant assurance in everyadded day of the man s w i dowed life; for what but the magnet i sm of abl

116、essed memory could have chained that venturesome spirit to a lot I ikethatOne day Mur lock returned from gunning in a distant part of the forestto find his wife lying on the floor with fever, and del i r ious. There wasno physician w ithin mi lesr no neighbour; nor was she in a condi tion tobe le ft

117、, to summon help. So he set about the task of nursing her backto health, but at the end of the th ird clay she fel I into unconsciousnessarid so passed away, apparently, with never a gleam of returning reason.The man s appearance i nd i cates thatA. lost time is never found again.B. his years sat sl

118、ightly on him.C. something aged him rapidly.D. he deliberately wore a white beard.10. BTEXT D/BThese are tough times for Wal-Mart, America s biggest retai I er. Longaccused of wrecking sma I I -town America and condemned for the stinginessof its pay, the company has I ate I y come under f i re for i

119、ts meanness overemp I oyees, hea I th-care benef i ts. The charge i s arguab I y unfa i r : the f i nns health coverage, while admittedly less extensive than the average forbig companies, i s on a par with other re ta ile rs . But bad pub Iic ity ,coup I ed with rising costs, has st i rred the Bento

120、nv i I I e giant to act i on.Wal-Mart is making changes that should s h ift the ground in America shealth-care debate.One strategy is to slash the prices of many generic, or out-of-patent,prescr i pt ion drugs. Wal-Mart recently announced that its Florida storeswould sei I a lis t of some 300 generi

121、c drugs at $4 for a month5 s supply;other states wi 1 1 foI Iow. That is above cost but far less than the pricescharged by many pharmacy chains, which get p ro fits from fa t margins ongenerics.Wal-Mart5 s c ritic s dismiss the move as a pub I ic ity stunt. The I is tof drugs includes only 143 diffe

122、rent medicines and excludes many populargenerics. True, hut short-sighted. Wal-Mart has transformed retai Iingby using its siz e to squeez e suppl iers and passing the gains on toconsumers. It could do the same with drugs. Target, another big retai I er,has al ready announced that it wiI I match the

123、 new pricing. AMWal-Marteffect in drugs wi I I not solve Amer icaJ s hea I th-costs prob I em: genericsaccount for only a smal I share of drug costs, which in turn make up only10% of overalI health spending. But it would help.The firm s other initiative i s more controversial. Wal-Mart i s joiningth

124、e smal I but fast-growing group of employers who are control I ing costsby shifting to health insurance with high deductibles.From January 1st new Wal-Mart employees will only be offered insurancewith very low premiums (as little as $ 11 a month for an individual) butrather high deductibIes (excesse

125、s): an individual must pay at least thefirst $ 1,000 of annual health-care expenses, and on a fam iIy plan, thefi rst $ 3V 000. Unusuallyr Wal-Mart s plan includes three doctor visitsand three prescription drugs before the big deductibIe kicks in. Sincemost empIoyees go to the doctor less often than

126、 that, the company argues,they wiI I be better off because of the lower premiums. That may be truefor the healthy, say critics; sicker workers wi I I see thei r health costssoar.This debate, writ large, is the biggest controversy in American healthcare today. The Bush administration has been pushing

127、 high-deductibleplans as the best route to control Iing health costs and has encouragedthem, with tax-breaks for heaIth-saving accounts. The logic is appeaI ing.Higher deductibles encourage consumers to become price-conscious forroutine care, while insurance kicks in for catastrophic expenses.Early

128、evidence suggests these plans do help fi rms control the costof health insurance. But critics say that the savings are misleading.They argue that the plans shift costs to sicker workers, discouragepreventative care and wiI I anyway do little to control overalI healthspending, since most of the $2 tr

129、 i I I ion (a sixth of its ent i re GDP) thatAmerica spends on health care each year goes to peopIe with m ultiplechronic diseases.For the moment, re la tive ly few Americans are covered bv theseconsumer-directednpIans. But they are becoming increasingly popular,especial ly among f i rms emp I oy i

130、ng I ow-sk i I I ed workers. And now Americas biggest employer has joined the high-deductibIe trend. That is boundto have an impact.As to the health-care issue, Wal-Mart is trying toA. reduce its operating costs.B. look for other way out.C. seek help from the government.D. divert peopleJ s attention

131、.11.In th is sect i on there are four reading passages fo11 owed by a total of20 mu 11 i p I e-cho i ce questions. Read the passages and then mark youranswers on your answer sheet.B11TEXT A/BBack in 2000, inspi red by a desi re to help those in need, Megan andDennis Doyle of Minneapolis decided they

132、 wanted to do more than justvolunteer or w rite a check. Instead, they took $30, 000 of thei r own moneyand started a nonprofit cal led Hope for the City. The organizationco I I ects corporate overstock and d i str i butes i t to nonprof its in the Tw i nCities, nationwide, and international ly to 2

133、6 developing countries.Today the nonprofit has a $900, 000 operating budget and a 25, 000 sq. ft.warehouse to store the donated items and has distributed nearly $380m illion of in-kind merchandise since its inception. This makes us feelI ike we re a part of something a lot bigger than just the two o

134、f us,“says Dennis, 54, who is CEO of a local commercial real estate fi rm.The Doyles are not alone in their desi re to give back. There are morethan 1 million 501 (c) (3) char it ies I ike the i rs, up nearly 70% from the614, 000 that existed a decade ago, according to Tom Pollak, programdirector wi

135、th the NationaI Center for Charitable Statistics at the UrbanInstitute. Organiz ations dedicated to education, disaster re I ief, jobdevelopment, the environment and AIDS are among today1 s hot causes,“says Phy 11 is McGrath, pres i dent of Phi I anthropy Management, a Fai rf ield,Conn., consulting

136、firm that works with nonprofits nationwide.Fueling this growth are severaI factors: baby boomers with asoc i a I-entrepreneursh i p mind-set and added time in their Iives to giveback to thei r communities, such tragic events as Sept. 11 and HurricaneKatrina, and greater numbers of weaI thy i nd i v

137、i duaIs with the funds toIaunch thei r own nonprofits. But starting a nonprofit i s a Herculeaneffort, requi ring pat i ence and determination.It may take at least six months to a year and as much as 30 to 40 hoursa week to get an organiz ation off the ground, McGrath says. Hiring anattorney experie

138、nced with nonprofits to hand Ie statewide and federalapplicat ions i s key. The 501 (c) (3) designation comes from the IRS(Internal Revenue Service), and nonprofits are expected to provide thegovernment with such information as a mission statement, an idea of whowiI I be assisted and by what methods

139、, anticipated budget and board ofdi rectors, says Andrew Grumet, a lawyer representing nonprofits with theManhattan f i rm Herrick, Feinstein, LLP. Accountants famiIiar withnonprofits can advise on how much of an investment can be made withoutaffecting personal wealth. But even with the best of inte

140、ntions,nonprofits have a high fai lure rate : only one-thi rd survive beyond fiveyears, says Stan Madden, director of the Center for Nonprofit Studiesat the Hankame r Schoo I of Business at Baylor University in Waeo, Texas.The best approach is to start with a business plan. Research otherorgan i zat

141、 i ons i n the fie ld to make sure there i s no other group address i ngthe same cause. Consult with other charities to determine that there areconstituents who can really use your services. As McGrath notes,Consider a re a lis tic and doable niche that your organization canuniquely f i l l . ”That

142、is just what Beth Shawf 41, did. The owner of a $4 mi I I ion companythat trains yoga fitness instructors worldwide, Shaw used her know I edgeof the market to launch Visionary W omen in Fitness, which providesscholarships to underpr ivileged women so that they can tra in to becomeinstructors. With a

143、 budget of just $30,000, the nonprofit, based inHermosa Beach, C a lif., i s ab Ie to he Ip 15 to 20 women a year learn a ski I Ithat can get them an entry-1 eve I job. I have two homes and a successfuI business, so many young women outthere have noth i ng, says Shaw, who has donated $50, 000 of her

144、 own moneysince she launched the charity in June 2004. This was the time in myIife to step up and sta rt giving b a c k .”It can be cone Iuded from the passage thatA. hard work and good intentions dont guarantee the success of nonprofits.B. an experienced lawyer is the determining factor of the succ

145、ess ofnonprofits.C. accountants will be helpful in deciding whether to invest in nonprofits.D. investing in nonprofits means a high risk of losing one s wealth.12. BHTEXTYou don t have to wa i t for government to move. the rea I I y fantast i cthing about Fai rtrade is that you can go shopping ! MSo

146、 said arepresentative of the Fairtrade movement in a B ritish newspaper.Sim ilarly Marion Nestle, a nutritionist at New York University, arguesthat when you choose organics, you are voting for a pIanet with fewerpesticides, r icher soiI and cleaner water su p p lie s.”The idea that shopping is the n

147、ew po litics is certainly seductive.Never mind the ba I lot box: vote with your supermarket trolley instead.Elections occur relatively rarely, but you probably go shopping severaltimes a month, providing yourself with lots of opportunities to expressyour opinions. If you are worried about the enviro

148、nment, you might buyorganic food ; if you want to help poor farmers, you can do your bit bybuying Fairtrade products; or you can express a dislike of eviImultinationaI companies and rampant gIobaIisation by buying only localproduce. And the best bit is that shopping, unlike voting, is fun; soyou can

149、 do good and enjoy yourself at the same time.Sadly, it s not that easy. There are good reasons to doubt the claimsmade about three of the most popu I ar varieties of eth i ca I food: organ i cfood, Fairtrade food and local food. PeopIe who want to make the worlda better place cannot do so by shiftin

150、g thei r shopping habits:transforming the pIanet requi res du I I er disciplines, I ike politics.Organic food, which is grown without man-made pesticides andfe rtiIise rs, is generally assumed to be more envi ronmentally friendlythan conventionaI intensive farming, which is heavi ly rel iant on chem

151、icaIinputs. But it a I I depends on what you mean by nenvi ronmental ly fr iendly.Farming i s inherently bad for the envi ronment: since humans took it uparound 11,000 years ago, the result has been deforestation on a massivescale. But fol lowing the H. green revolutionof the 1960s greater use ofche

152、mical ferti Iiser has tripled grain yields with very little increasein the area of land under cultivation. Organic methods, which rely oncrop rotation, manure and compost in place of ferti I iser, are far lessintensive. So producing the worId 9 s current agricultural outputorganically would requi re

153、 several times as much land as is currentlycultivated. There wouldn9 t be much room left for the rainforest.Fai rtrade food is designed to raise poor fanners-incomes. It is soldat a higher price than ordinary food, with a subsidy passed back to thefarmer. But prices of agricultural commodities are l

154、ow because ofoverproduct i on. By propp i ng up the pr i ce, the Fa i rtrade system encouragesfarmers to produce more of these commodities rather than diversifyinginto other crops and so depresses prices-thus achieving, for mostfanners, exact I y the oppos i te of what the initiative is i ntended to

155、 do.And sinee only a smaI I fraction of the mark-up on Fairtrade foods actuaI Iygoes to the farmer- most goes to the retai I er- the system gives richconsumers an inf Iated impression of their largesse and makes al leviatingpoverty seem too easy.Surely the ease for local food, produced as close as p

156、ossible to theconsumer in order to minimise food mi lesr,andr by extension, carbonemissions, is clear Surpr isingly, it i s not. A study of Britain5 s foodsystem found that near ly half of f ood-veh i c I e mi les (ie, miles travel ledby vehicles carrying food) were driven by cars going to and from

157、the shops.Most peopIe I ive closer to a supermarket than a farmer s market, so moreI oca I food cou I d mean more f ood-veh icle mi les. Mov i ng food around in big,carefully packed lorries, as supermarkets dot may in fact be the mosteff i c i ent way to transport the stuff.What s more, once the ene

158、rgy used in production as we I I as transportis taken into account, local food may turn out to be even less green.Producing lamb i n New Zea I and and shipping it to Britain uses less energythan producing British lamb, because farming in New Zealand is lessenergy-i ntens i ve. And the I oca I-food m

159、ovement1 s aims, of course,contrad i ct those of the Fa i rtrade movement, by d i scourag ing r i ch-countryconsumers from buying poor-country produce. But since the I oca I-foodmovement Iooks suspiciously I ike oldfashioned protectionismmasquerading as concern for the envi ronment, helping poor cou

160、ntries ispresumably not the point.Which of the fol lowing i s one of the blame I oca I-food movement incursA. It intentionally increases carbon emissions.B. It is not beneficial to poor countries indeed.C. It reduces the use of carefully packed lorries.D. It discourages customers to buy good produce

161、.13. (Bl TEXT 0 /B In 1830, only a few mi les away from what is now the great city ofCincinnati, lay an immense and almost unbroken forest. The whole regionwas sparsely sett Ied by peopIe of the frontier-restless souls who nosooner had hewn fairly hab i tab I e homes out of the w i Iderness and atta

162、 i nedto that degree of prosperity which today we should cal I indigence, then,impeI Ied by some mysterious impulse of their nature, they abandoned al Iand pushed farther westward, to encounter new per iIs and privations inthe effort to regain the meagre comforts which they had vol untar i lyrenounc

163、ed. Many of them had al ready forsaken that region for the remotersett I ements, but among those rema ini ng was one who had been of those firstarriving. He I ived alone in a house of logs surrounded on al I sides bythe great forest, of whose gloom and siIence he seemed a part, for noone had ever kn

164、own him to smile nor speak a needless word. His simplewants were suppIied by the sale or barter of skins of wi Id animals inthe r i ver town, for not a thing did he grow upon the I and wh ich, if needfu I,he might have cI a i med by r ight of undisturbed possession. There wereevidences of improvemen

165、t 一 a few acres of ground i mmed i ate I y about thehouse had once been cleared of its trees, the decayed stumps of whichwere half concealed by the new growth that had been suffered to repairthe ravage wrought by the axe. Apparently the man s z eal for agriculturehad burned with a failing flame, exp

166、 i r i ng in penitential ashes.The I ittIe log house, with its chimney of sticks, its roof of warpingclapboards weighted with traversing poles and its chinking1 of clay,had a single door and, di rect ly opposite, a window. The latter, however,was boarded up- nobody could remember a time when it was

167、not. And noneknew why i t was so cIosed; certainly not because of the occupantJ s di s I i keof I ight and air, for on those rare occasions when a hunter had passedthat lonely spot the recluse had common Iy been seen sunning himself onhis doorstep if heaven had provided sunshine for his need. I fanc

168、y thereare few persons living today who ever knew the secret of that window,but I am one.The man5 s name was sa i d to be Mur I oek. He was apparent I y seventy yearsold, actual ly about f ifty. Something besides years had had a hand in hisageing. His hai r and long, ful I beard were white, his grey

169、, lustrelesseyes sunken, his face singularly seamed with wrinkles which appeared tobelong to two intersecting systems. In figure he was tai I and spare, witha stoop of the shoulders- a burden bearer.One day Mur Ioek was found in his cabin, dead. It was not a time andplace for coroners and newspapers

170、, and I suppose it was agreed that hehad died from natural causes or I shouId have been told, and shouldremember. I know only that with what was probably a sense of the fitnessof things the body was buried near the cabin, alongside the grave of hiswife, who had preceded him by so many years that loc

171、al tradition hadretained hardly a hint of her existence. That closes the final chapterof this true story. But there i s an ear Iier chapter- that suppIied bymy grandfather.When Mur I oek built his cabin and began laying sturdi ly about with hisaxe to hew out a farm the rifle, meanwhiIev his means of

172、 support hewas young, strong and fu lI of hope. In that eastern country whence hecame he had marr iedr as was the fashion, a young woman in al I ways worthyof his honest devotion, who shared the dangers and privations of his lotwith a w illing sp irit and I ight heart. There i s no known record of h

173、ername; of her charms of m i nd and person tradition i s s i I ent and the doubteris at I iberty to entertain his doubt; but God forbid that I should shareit! Of thei r affection and happiness there is abundant assurance in everyadded day of the man* s w i dowed life ; for what but the magnet i sm o

174、f ablessed memory could have chained that venturesome sp irit to a lot I ikethatOne day Mur lock returned from gunning in a distant part of the forestto find his wife lying on the floor with fever, and del irious. There wasno physician within mi les, no neighbour; nor was she in a condition tobe lef

175、t, to summon help. So he set about the task of nursing her backto health, but at the end of the third clay she fel I into unconsciousnessarid so passed away, apparently, with never a gleam of returning reason.What do we know about Murlock, s wifeA. She was a character with great charm and beauty.B.

176、More imaginary space about her life was left.C. She used to entertain other people in her house.D. She was young, delicate and devoted.14. B TEXT D/BThese are tough times for Wal-Mart, America s b i ggest retai I er. Longaccused of wrecking sma I I -town America and condemned for the stinginessof it

177、s pay, the company has I ate I y come under f i re for its meanness overemp Ioyees hea Ith-care benef i ts. The charge i s arguab Iy unfa i r : the f i nns health coverage, while admittedly less extensive than the average forbig companies, is on a par with other retailers, . But bad pub Iicity,coup

178、I ed with rising costs, has st i rred the Bentonv i I I e giant to act i on.Wal-Mart is making changes that should shift the ground in America shealth-care debate.One strategy is to slash the prices of many generic, or out-of-patent,prescr i pt ion drugs. Wal-Mart recently announced that its Florida

179、 storeswould seI I a list of some 300 generic drugs at $ 4 for a monthJ s supply;other states wi 11 foI Iow. That is above cost but far less than the pricescharged by many pharmacy chains, which get profits from fat margins ongenerics.Wal-Mart1 s critics dismiss the move as a pub I icity stunt. The

180、I istof drugs includes only 143 different medicines and excludes many populargenerics. True, hut short-sighted. Wal-Mart has transformed retai Iingby using its siz e to squeez e suppl iers and passing the gains on toconsumers. It could do the same with drugs. Target, another big retai I er,has al re

181、ady announced that it wiI I match the new pricing. A Wal-Marteffect in drugs wi I I not solve America5 s hea I th-costs prob I em: genericsaccount for only a smal I share of drug costs, which in turn make up only10% of overalI heaI th spend i ng. But it would help.The firm s other initiative is more

182、 controversial. Wal-Mart i s joiningthe smal I but fast-growing group of employers who are control I ing costsby shifting to health insurance with high deductibles.From January 1st new Wal-Mart employees will only be offered insurancewith very low premiums (as I ittIe as $ 11 a month for an individu

183、al) butrather high deductibIes (excesses): an individual must pay at least thefi rst $ 1,000 of annual health-care expenses, and on a famiIy plan, thefi rst $ 3, 000. Unusuallyr Wal-Mart s plan includes three doctor visitsand three prescription drugs before the big deductibIe kicks in. Sincemost emp

184、loyees go to the doctor less often than that, the company argues,they wiI I be better off because of the lower premiums. That may be truefor the healthy, say c ritic s ; sicker workers wi I I see thei r health costssoar.This debate, w rit large, is the biggest controversy in American healthcare toda

185、y. The Bush administration has been pushing high-deductibleplans as the best route to control Iing health costs and has encouragedthem, with tax-breaks for heaIth-saving accounts. The logic is appeal ing.Higher deductibles encourage consumers to become price-conscious forroutine care, while insuranc

186、e kicks in for catastrophic expenses.Early ev i dence suggests these plans do help f i rms control the costof health insurance. But c ritic s say that the savings are misleading.They argue that the plans s h ift costs to sicker workers, discouragepreventative care and wiI I anyway do little to contr

187、ol overalI healthspending, since most of the $2 tr i 1 1 ion (a sixth of its enti re GDP) thatAmerica spends on health care each year goes to peopIe with m ultiplechronic diseases.For the moment, re la tive ly few Americans are covered bv thesenconsumer-directednpIans. But they are becoming increasi

188、ngly popular,especial ly among f i rms empIoying Iow-ski I Ied workers. And now Amer ica,s biggest employer has joined the high-deductibIe trend. That is boundto have an impact.The phrase kicks in (Last Iine, Paragraph 6) probably meansA. starts to lower health costs.B. starts to have an effect.C. s

189、tarts to push up health cost.D. starts to offset deductibles.15.In th is sect i on there are four reading passages fo11 owed by a total of20 mu 11 i p I e-cho i ce questions. Read the passages and then mark youranswers on your answer sheet. B TEXT A /B Back in 2000, inspi red by a desi re to help th

190、ose in need, Megan andDennis Doyle of Minneapolis decided they wanted to do more than justvolunteer or wr ite a check. Instead, they took $ 30, 000 of thei r own moneyand started a nonprofit cal led Hope for the City. The organiz ationco I I ects corporate overstock and di str i butes i t to nonprof

191、 its in the Tw i nCities, nationwide, and international ly to 26 developing countries.Today the nonprofit has a $ 900, 000 operating budget and a 25, 000 sq. ft.warehouse to store the donated items and has distributed nearly $ 380million of in-kind merchandise since its inception. This makes us feel

192、I ike we5 re a part of something a lot bigger than just the two of us, Msays Dennis, 54, who is CEO of a local commercial real estate firm.The Doyles are not alone in thei r desire to give back. There are morethan 1 million 501 (c) (3) char it ies I ike the i rs, up near I y 70% from the614, 000 tha

193、t existed a decade ago, according to Tom Pollak, programdi rector with the Nat i ona I Center for Charitable Stat i st i cs at the UrbanInstitute. Organiz ations ded i cated to education, disaster re I ief, jobdevelopment, the envi ronment and AIDS are among today s hot causes,says Phy 11 is McGrath

194、, pres ident of Ph i I anthropy Management, a Fai rf ield,Conn., consulting fi rm that works with nonprofits nationwide.Fueling this growth are severaI factors: baby boomers with asoc i a I-entrepreneursh i p mind-set and added time in thei r Iives to giveback to thei r communities, such tragic even

195、ts as Sept. 11 and HurricaneKatrina, and greater numbers of weaI thy i nd i v i duaIs with the funds toIaunch thei r own nonprofits. But starting a nonprofit i s a Herculeaneffort, requiring patience and determination.It may take at least six months to a year and as much as 30 to 40 hoursa week to g

196、et an organiz ation off the ground, McGrath says. Hiring anattorney experienced with nonprofits to hand Ie statewide and federalappl icat ions i s key. The 501 (c) (3) des ignat i on comes from the IRS(Internal Revenue Service), and nonprofits are expected to provide thegovernment with such informat

197、ion as a mission statement, an idea of whowiI I be assisted and by what methods, anticipated budget and board ofdi rectors, says Andrew Grumet, a lawyer representing nonprofits with theManhattan firm Herrick, Feinstein, LLP. Accountants fam iIiar withnonprofits can advise on how much of an investmen

198、t can be made withoutaffecting personal wealth. But even with the best of intentions,nonprofits have a high fai lure rate : only one-third survive beyond fiveyears, says Stan Madden, di rector of the Center for Nonprofit Stud i esat the Hankamer Schoo I of Business at Baylor University in Waeo, Texa

199、s.The best approach is to start with a business plan. Research otherorgan i zat i ons i n the fie ld to make sure there i s no other group address i ngthe same cause. Consult with other char itie s to determine that there areconstituents who can really use your services. As McGrath notes,Consider a

200、re a lis tic and doabIe niche that your organization canuniquely f i l l . ”That is just what Beth Shaw, 41, did. The owner of a $4 mi I I ion companythat trains yoga fitness instructors worldwide, Shaw used her knowledgeof the market to launch Visionary Women in Fitness, which providesscholarships

201、to underpr ivileged women so that they can tra in to becomeinstructors. With a budget of just $30,000, the nonprofit, based inHermosa Beach, C a lif., i s abIe to he Ip 15 to 20 women a year learn a ski I Ithat can get them an entry-1 eve I job. I have two homes and a successful business, so many yo

202、ung women outthere have noth i ng, “ says Shaw, who has donated $50, 000 of her own moneysince she launched the char ity in June 2004. “This was the time in myIife to step up and sta rt giving back. ”Which category of writing does the passage be Iong toA. Narration.B. Description.C. Persuasion.D. Ex

203、position.16. B TEXT B/BYou don t have to wa i t for government to move. the rea I I y fantast i cthing about Fairtrade is that you can go shopping ! ”So said arepresentative of the Fairtrade movement in a British newspaper.Simi larly Marion Nestle, a nutritionist at New York University, arguesthat w

204、hen you choose organics, you are voting for a pIanet with fewerpesticides, richer soi I and cleaner water su p p lie s.The idea that shopping is the new po litics is certainly seductive.Never mind the ba I lot box: vote with your supermarket trolley instead.Elections occur relatively rarely, but you

205、 probably go shopping severaltimes a month, providing yourself with lots of opportunities to expressyour opinions. If you are worried about the envi ronment, you might buyorganic food ; if you want to help poor farmers, you can do your bit bybuying Fai rtrade products; or you can express a dislike o

206、f evi ImultinationaI companies and rampant gIobaIisation by buying only localproduce. And the best bit is that shopping, uni ike voting, is fun; soyou can do good and enjoy yourself at the same time.Sadly, it s not that easy. There are good reasons to doubt the claimsmade about three of the most pop

207、u I ar varieties of eth i ca I food: organ i cfood, Fai rtrade food and local food. PeopIe who want to make the worlda better place cannot do so by shifting their shopping habits:transforming the pIanet requi res du I I er disci plinest I ike politics.Organic food, which is grown without man-made pe

208、sticides andfertiIisers, i s generally assumed to be more envi ronmentally friendlythan conventionaI intensive farming, which is heavi ly rel iant on chemicaIinputs. But it a I I depends on what you mean by nenv i ronmenta I I y f r i end I yFarming i s inherently bad for the envi ronment: since hum

209、ans took it uparound 11,000 years ago, the result has been deforestation on a massivescale. But fol lowing the M. green revolutionnof the 1960s greater use ofchemical ferti Iiser has tripled grain yields with very IittIe increasein the area of land under cultivation. Organic methods, which rely oncr

210、op rotation, manure and compost in place of ferti I iser, are far lessintensive. So producing the worId 1 s current agricultural outputorganically would requi re several times as much land as is currentlycultivated. There wouldn1 t be much room left for the rainforest.Fairtrade food is designed to r

211、aise poor fanners-incomes. It is soldat a higher price than ordinary food, with a subsidy passed back to thefarmer. But prices of agricultural commodities are low because ofoverproduct i on. By propp i ng up the pr i ce, the Fa i rtrade system encouragesfarmers to produce more of these commodities r

212、ather than diversifyinginto other crops and so depresses prices-thus achieving, for mostfanners, exact I y the oppos i te of what the initiative is i ntended to do.And sinee only a sma11 fraction of the mark-up on Fairtrade foods actuaI Iygoes to the farmer- most goes to the retai I er- the system g

213、ives richconsumers an inf Iated impression of thei r largesse and makes al leviatingpoverty seem too easy.Surely the ease for local food, produced as close as possible to theconsumer in order to minimise food mi les and, by extension, carbonemissions, is clear Surpr isingly, it is not. A study of Br

214、 itainJ s foodsystem found that near ly half of f ood-veh i c I e miles (ie, mi les travel ledby vehicles carrying food) were driven by cars going to and from the shops.Most peopIe I ive closer to a supermarket than a farmer1 s market, so moreI oca I food cou I d mean more food-veh icle mi les. Mov

215、i ng food around in big,carefully packed lorr iesr as supermarkets do, may in fact be the mosteff i c i ent way to transport the stuff.What s more, once the energy used in production as we I I as transportis taken into account, local food may turn out to be even less green.Producing lamb i n New Zea

216、 I and and shipping it to Britain uses less energythan producing British lamb, because farming in New Zea I and is lessenergy-i ntens i ve. And the I oca I-food movement9 s aimsf of course,contrad i ct those of the Fa i rtrade movement, by d i scourag ing r i ch-countryconsumers from buying poor-cou

217、ntry produce. But since the I oca I-foodmovement Iooks suspiciously I ike oldfashioned protectionismmasquerading as concern for the envi ronment, helping poor countries i spresumably not the point.The best title for the passage might beA. Is There Clever ShoppingB. The Fairtrade Movement.C. ” Ethica

218、l Food一Good FoodD. The New Politics.17. B TEXT C /B 1In 1830, only a few mi les away from what is now the great city ofCincinnati, lay an immense and almost unbroken forest. The whole regionwas sparsely sett Ied by peopIe of the frontier restless souls who nosooner had hewn fairly hab i tab I e home

219、s out of the w i Iderness and atta i nedto that degree of prosperity which today we should cal I indigencev then,i mpeI Ied by some mysterious impulse of thei r nature, they abandoned al Iand pushed farther westward, to encounter new periIs and privations inthe effort to regain the meagre comforts w

220、hich they had voluntari lyrenounced. Many of them had al ready forsaken that region for the remotersett I ements, but among those rema ini ng was one who had been of those f i rstarr i ving. He I ived alone in a house of logs surrounded on al I sides bythe great forest, of whose gloom and silence he

221、 seemed a part, for noone had ever known him to smile nor speak a needless word. His simplewants were suppIied by the sale or barter of skins of wiId animals inthe r i ver town, for not a thing did he grow upon the I and wh ich, if needfu I,he might have cI a i med by right of undisturbed possession

222、. There wereevidences of M improvementM- a few acres of ground i mmed i ate I y about thehouse had once been cleared of its trees, the decayed stumps of whichwere half concealed by the new growth that had been suffered to repairthe ravage wrought by the axe. Apparently the man s z eal for agricultur

223、ehad burned with a failing flame, expiring in penitential ashes.The little log house, with its chimney of sticks, its roof of warpingclapboards weighted with traversing poles and its chinking of clay,had a single door and, di rect ly opposite, a window. The latter, however,was boarded up- nobody cou

224、ld remember a time when it was not. And noneknew why i t was so c Iosed; certainly not because of the occupant, s d i s I i keof I ight and ai r, for on those rare occasions when a hunter had passedthat lonely spot the recluse had common Iy been seen sunning himself onhis doorstep if heaven had prov

225、ided sunshine for his need. I fancy thereare few persons living today who ever knew the secret of that window,but I am one.The man s name was sa i d to be Mur I oek. He was apparent I y seventy yearsold, actual ly about f ifty. Something besides years had had a hand in hisageing. His hai r and long,

226、 ful I beard were white, his grey, lustrelesseyes sunken, his face singularly seamed with wr inkles which appeared tobelong to two intersecting systems. In figure he was tai I and spare, witha stoop of the shoulders a burden bearer.One day Mur Ioek was found in his cabin, dead. It was not a time and

227、place for coroners and newspapers, and I suppose it was agreed that hehad died from natural causes or I should have been fold, and shouldremember. I know only that with what was probably a sense of the fitnessof things the body was buried near the cabin, alongside the grave of hiswife, who had prece

228、ded him by so many years that local tradition hadretained hardly a hint of her existence. That closes the final chapterof this true story. But there i s an ear Iier chapter- that suppIied bymy grandfather.When Mur loek bui It his cabin and began laying sturdi ly about with hisaxe to hew out a farm_t

229、he rifle, meanwhiIe, his means of support-hewas young, strong and fulI of hope. In that eastern country whence hecame he had married, as was the fashion, a young woman in al I ways worthyof his honest devotion, who shared the dangers and privations of his lotwith a willing spirit and Iight heart. Th

230、ere is no known record of hername; of her charms of m i nd and person tradition i s s i I ent and the doubteris at I iberty to entertain his doubt; but God forbid that I should shareit! Of their affection and happiness there is abundant assurance in everyadded day of the man s w i dowed life; for wh

231、at but the magnet i sm of ablessed memory could have chained that venturesome spirit to a lot I ikethatOne day Mur lock returned from gunning in a distant part of the forestto find his wife lying on the floor with fever, and del i r ious. There wasno physician within mi lesf no neighbour; nor was sh

232、e in a condition tobe left, to summon help. So he set about the task of nursing her backto health, but at the end of the third clay she fel I into unconsciousnessarid so passed away, apparently, with never a gleam of returning reason.The word delirious“ in the last paragraph probably meansA. halluci

233、nating.B. exhilarating.C. unconscious.D. judicious.18. BHTEXT D /B These are tough times for WaHMart, Amer ica, s biggest retai I er. Longaccused of wrecking sma I I -town Amer ica and condemned for the stinginessof its pay, the company has I ate I y come under f i re for its meanness overemp Ioyees

234、1 hea Ith-care benef i ts. The charge i s arguab I y unfa i r : the f i nn,s health coverage, while admittedly less extensive than the average forbig companies, i s on a par with other retailers . But bad pub Iicity,coup I ed with rising costs, has st i rred the Bentonv i I I e giant to action.Wal-M

235、art is making changes that shouId shift the ground in America shealth-care debate.One strategy is to slash the prices of many generic, or out-of-patent,prescr i pt ion drugs. Wal-Mart recently announced that its Florida storeswould sei I a list of some 300 generic drugs at $ 4 for a month1 s supply;

236、other states wi 11 fo11ow. That is above cost but far less than the pricescharged by many pharmacy chains, which get profits from fat margins ongener ics.Wal-Mart5 s critics dismiss the move as a pub Iicity stunt. The Ii stof drugs includes only 143 different medicines and excludes many populargener

237、ics. True, hut short-sighted. Wal-Mart has transformed retai Iingby using its siz e to squeez e suppl iers and passing the gains on toconsumers. It could do the same with drugs. Target, another big retai I er,has al ready announced that it wi I I match the new pricing. Ar,Wal -Marteffect in drugs wi

238、 I I not solve Amer ica, s hea I th-costs prob I em: genericsaccount for only a smaI I share of drug costs, which in turn make up only10% of overalI health spending. But it would help.The firm5 s other initiative i s more controversial. Wal-Mart is joiningthe smal I but fast-grow ing group o f emplo

239、yers who are control I ing costsby sh i f t i ng to heaI th i nsurance w ith high deductibles.From January 1st new Wal-Mart employees w ill only be offered insurancew ith very low premiums (as I it t Ie as $11 a month fo r an in d ivid u a l) butrather high deductibles (excesses): an individual must

240、 pay at least thef ir s t $1,000 o f annual health-care expenses, and on a fam iIy plan, thef i rs t $3, 000. Unusuallyr W al-Mart1 s plan includes three doctor v is itsand three p re scrip tio n drugs before the big deductibIe kicks in. Sincemost empIoyees go to the doctor less often than tha t, th

241、e company argues,they w iI I be be tte r o ff because o f the lower premiums. That may be tru efo r the healthy, say c r itic s ; sicker workers wi I I see thei r health costssoar.This debate, w rit large, is the biggest controversy in American healthcare today. The Bush adm inistration has been pus

242、hing high-deductibIeplans as the best route to control Iin g health costs and has encouragedthem, w ith tax-breaks fo r health-saving accounts. The lo gic is appeaI ing.Higher deductibles encourage consumers to become price-conscious fo rroutine care, w hile insurance kicks in fo r catastrophic expe

243、nses.E arly evidence suggests these plans do help f i rms control the costo f health insurance. But c r itic s say th a t the savings are m isleading.They argue th a t the plans s h ift costs to sicker workers, discouragepreventative care and w iI I anyway do li t t le to control overalI healthspend

244、ing, since most o f the $2 t r i I I ion (a s ix th o f its e n tire GDP) th a tAmerica spends on health care each year goes to peopIe w ith m u ltip lechronic diseases.For the moment, re la tiv e ly few Americans are covered bv theseconsum er-directednpIans. But they are becoming increasingly popul

245、ar,especial ly among f i rms emp I oy i ng I ow-sk i I I ed workers. And now Americas biggest employer has joined the high-deductibIe trend. That is boundto have an impact.The author is most IikeIy to agree that high-deductibIe plansA. will not affect sicker workers negatively.B. are the best way to

246、 reduce health costs.C. will increase the health costs of sicker workers.D. should work out to be feasible plans.19. Although she wrote a lot of short stories and poems when she was veryyoung, she was twenty five.A. her first real success did not come untilB. her real first success came until notC.

247、since her first real success did not come untilD . not until her first real success20. Green Wave Washed Over Mainstream Shopping Research in Br ita in hasshown that green consumers continue to flourish as a significant groupamongst shoppers. This suggests that po liticia ns who claim environmenta I

248、 ism is yesterday s i ssue may be seriously mis judging the pub I icmood. A report from Mintel, the market research organization, saysthat despite recession and financial pressures, more peopIe than everwant to buy envi ronmenta I ly fr iend I y products and a green wave has sweptthrough consumer i

249、sm, taking in peopIe previously untouched byenvi ronmenta I concerns. The recently pub I i shed report also predicts thatthe process wi I I repeat its e lf with ethical concerns, involving issuessuch as fa i r trade w i th the Th i rd Wor I d and the soc i a I record of bus i nesses.Companies wi I I

250、 have to be more honest and open in response to th is mood.Mintel 1 J s survey, based on nearly 1,000 consumers, found that theproportion who look for green products and are prepared to pay more forthem has cl imbed from 53 per cent in 1990 to around 60 per cent in 1994.On average, they wi I I pay 1

251、3 per cent more for such products, a I thoughthis percentage is higher among women, manager ial and professional groupsand those aged 35 to 44. Between 1990 and 1994 the proportion ofconsumers claiming to be unaware of or unconcerned about green issuesfel I from 18 to 10 percent but the number of gr

252、een spenders among olderpeopIe and manuaI workers has risen substantially. Regions such asScot I and have also caught up with the south of England in thei renvironmental concerns. According to Mintel, and image of greenconsumerism as associated in the past with the more eccentric membersof society h

253、as vi rtual ly disappeared. The consumer research manager forMintelv Ange I a Hughes, said it had become firmly estab Ii shed as amainstream market. She exp I a i ned that as far as the average person isconcerned env i ronmenta I i sm has not gone off the boil . In fact, ithas spread across a much w

254、ider range of consumer groups, ages andoccupat i ons. Mi nte I s 1994 survey found that 13 per cent of consumersare nvery dark green , nearly always buying envi ronmentally friendlyproducts, 28 per cent are dark green11, trying as far as possible tobuy such products, and 21 per cent are pale green1-

255、 tending to buy greenproducts if they see them. Another 26 per cent are armchair greens” ;they said they care about envi ronmental i ssues but thei r concern doesnot affect their spending habits. Only 10 per cent say they do not careabout green issues. Four in ten people are ethical spenders1, buyin

256、ggoods wh i ch do Not, for examp I e, i nvo I ve dea I i ngs w i th oppress i ve reg i mes.This figure i s the same as i n 1990, although the number of armchai rethicals, 1 has risen from 28 to 35 per cent and only 22 per cent saythey are unconcerned nowr against 30 per cent in 1990. Hughes claimsth

257、at in the twenty-first century, consumers wi I I be encouraged to thinkmore about the enti re history of the products and services they buy,including the pol icies of the companies that provide them and that thiswiI I requi re a greater degree of honesty with consumers. Among greenconsumers, animal

258、testing is the top issue_ 48 per cent said they wouldbe deterred from buying a product if it had been tested on animals-fol lowed by concerns regarding i rresponsible selling, the oz one layer,river and sea pollution, forest destruction, recycIing and factoryfarming. However, concern for specific is

259、sues is lower than in 1990,suggesting that many consumers feel that Government and business havetaken on the environmental agenda.The research findings report commercial rather than political trends.A. YB. NC. NG21. Green Wave Washed Over Mainstream Shopping Research in Br itain hasshown that “ gree

260、n consumers continue to flourish as a significant groupamongst shoppers. This suggests that politicians who claim environmentaI ism is yesterday s issue may be seriously misjudging the publ icmood. A report from Mintel, the market research organiz ation, saysthat despite recession and financial pres

261、sures, more peopIe than everwant to buy envi ronmental ly friendly products and a green wave has sweptthrough consumer i smy taking in peopIe previously untouched byenv i ronmenta I concerns. The recent I y pub I i shed report a I so pred i cts thatthe process wi I I repeat itself with ethical” conc

262、erns, involving issuessuch as fa i r trade w i th the Th i rd Wor I d and the soc i a I record of bus i nesses.Companies will have to be more honest and open in response to this mood.Mintel, 5 s survey, based on nearly 1,000 consumers, found that theproportion who look for green products and are pre

263、pared to pay more forthem has cl imbed from 53 per cent in 1990 to around 60 per cent in 1994.On average, they wi I I pay 13 per cent more for such products, althoughthis percentage i s h i gher among women, managerial and professional groupsand those aged 35 to 44. Between 1990 and 1994 the proport

264、ion ofconsumers claiming to be unaware of or unconcerned about green issuesfel I from 18 to 10 percent but the number of green spenders among olderpeopIe and manuaI workers has risen substantially. Regions such asScot I and have also caught up with the south of England in thei renvi ronmental concer

265、ns. According to Mintel, and image of greenconsumerism as associated in the past with the more eccentric membersof society has vi rtual ly disappeared. The consumer research manager forMintel, Ange I a Hughes, said it had become firmly estab Ii shed as amainstream market. She exp I a i ned that as f

266、ar as the average person i sconcerned env i ronmenta I ism has not gone off the boil . In fact, ithas spread across a much wider range of consumer groups, ages andoccupat i ons. Mi nte I s 1994 survey found that 13 per cent of consumersare “ very dark g r e e n n e a r l y always buying envi ronment

267、ally friendlyproducts, 28 per cent are dark green,r, trying Has far as possible tobuy such products, and 21 per cent are pale green - tending to buy greenproducts if they see them. Another 26 per cent are armchair greens ;they said they care about envi ronmental i ssues but thei r concern doesnot af

268、fect thei r spending habits. Only 10 per cent say they do not careabout green issues. Four in ten people are ethical spenders1, buyinggoods wh i ch do Not, for examp I e, i nvo I ve dea I i ngs w i th oppress i ve regi mes.This figure i s the same as in 1990r although the number of armchai rethicals

269、, has risen from 28 to 35 per cent and only 22 per cent saythey are unconcerned now, against 30 per cent in 1990. Hughes claimsthat in the twenty-first century, consumers wi I I be encouraged to thinkmore about the entire history of the products and services they buy,including the pol icies of the c

270、ompanies that provide them and that thiswiI I requi re a greater degree of honesty with consumers. Among greenconsumers, animal testing is the top issue- 48 per cent said they wouldbe deterred from buying a product if it had been tested on animalsfol lowed by concerns regarding i rresponsible sellin

271、g, the oz one layer,river and sea pollution, forest destruction, recycling and factoryfarming. However, concern for specific issues is lower than in 1990,suggesting that many consumers feel that Government and business havetaken on the env i ronmentaI agenda.Be i ng f i nanc ial ly better off has ma

272、de shoppers more sens it ive to buy ing green .A. YB. NC. NG22. On 10 September 2001, Charles Ingram, an officer in the British army,became a mi I I ionai re but only for a few hours. That night, he appearedon the UK5 s Who wants to be a Mi I I ionai re quiz show. Contestants onth i s show must answ

273、er 15 quest i ons cor rect I y, gett i ng I arger sums of moneyeach time. If they answer a I I the quest i ons, they wa I k away with 1 mi I I ion.Charles Ingram won his mi Ilion. But then the program makers decided hehad cheated. Contestants have to choose one correct answer from four givento every

274、 question. Playing back the tape of the show, they heard loudcoughs coming from the audience whenever the correct answer was mentioned.Charles Ingram would then choose that answer. The coughs came fromanother contestant, Tecwen Wh i ttock, who was a fr i end of Char I es I ngram,s wife, Diana. The t

275、hree were soon arrested and on ApriI 7 this year,they were a I I found gui Ity in court by try i ng to cheat the programme makersof the i r money. However, Charles Ingram still protests that he is i nnocent.To the pub I ic in the UK, “ The mi I I ionai re trial M, as it was called, wasa major source

276、 of pub Iic entertainment It was more than just a trial.It was a modern moral ity tale, a story of media, money and greed. TVquiz shows have a I ways been accused of caus i ng corruption. I n the ear lydays, producers would give the right answers to contestants who seemedto be popular with the audie

277、nce to increase viewing figures. For manyyears, priz es on game shows were Iimited to discouraging cheating.Viewers are supposed to watch just for the pleasure of seeing peopIe getquestions right. But program makers eventual ly argued successful ly thatcompeting for large amounts of money made the s

278、hows more exciting. Fromthen on, it was only a matter of time before someone came up with an ideaI ike who wants to be a mi I I ionaire n It proved a success. Though onlythree peopIe have won the top priz e, many more have waIked away withsmalI er but still large amounts money. Despite this, the sho

279、w makesa big profit. It is supported by advertisers and sponsors. The formathas been sold on to 106 countries. Also, peopIe who want to go on theshow- just to test thei r know I edge of course - have to apply using aspecia I premium rate telephone I ine. Each phone cal I costs them more manone pound

280、 - and many make over 1000 calls before getting the chance togo on the show. It seems that many contestants treat the show as aser ious business. Read a few encyclopedias, invest some money in phonecalls and the returns could be great. Diana Ingram, Charles wife, hadalready appeared on the show a fe

281、w months before her husband. So had hertwo brothers. Critics of the show argue that it undermines moralvalues. Charles I ngram may have t r i ed to cheat, but the show and its makershave a wider responsibiIity for greed by promoting a something fornothing culture, n they say. Perhaps because of this

282、 argument, CharlesIngram, his wife, and Tecwen Whittock were not sent to prison, despitethe seriousness of their crime.Charles Ingram5 9 s experience of being a mi I Iionai re lasts only for afew hours becauseA. he didn, t appeared on the UK s ,Who wants to be a Millionaire1 1 quizshowB. he was not

283、able to answer 15 questions correctlyC. the program makers decided he had cheatedD. he admitted that he cheated in the contest23. On 10 September 2001, Charles Ingram, an officer in the British army,became a mi I I ionai re - but only for a few hours. That night, he appearedon the UK s Who wants to

284、be a Mi 11 ionai ren quiz show. Contestants onth i s show must answer 15 quest i ons correct I yr gett i ng I arger sums of moneyeach time. If they answer a I I the quest i ons, they wa I k away with 1 mi I I ion.Charles Ingram won his mi Ilion. But then the program makers decided hehad cheated. Con

285、testants have to choose one correct answer from four givento every question. Playing back the tape of the show, they heard loudcoughs coming from the audience whenever the correct answer was mentioned.Charles Ingram would then choose that answer. The coughs came fromanother contestant, Tecwen Wh i t

286、tock, who was a fr i end of Char I es I ngram,s wife, Diana. The three were soon arrested and on Apr iI 7 this year,they were a I I found gui Ity in court by try i ng to cheat the programme makersof thei r money. However, Charles Ingram still protests that he i s i nnocent.To the pub I ic in the UK,

287、 The mi I I ionai re trial n, as it was called, wasa major source of pub Iic entertainment It was more than just a trial.It was a modern moraIity tale, a story of media, money and greed. TVquiz shows have a I ways been accused of causing corruption. In the earlydays, producers would give the right a

288、nswers to contestants who seemedto be popular with the audience to increase viewing figures. For manyyears, priz es on game shows were Iimi ted to discouraging cheating.Viewers are supposed to watch just for the pleasure of seeing peopIe getquestions right. But program makers eventual ly argued succ

289、essful ly thatcompeting for large amounts of money made the shows more exciting. Fromthen on, it was only a matter of time before someone came up with an ideaI ike “ who wants to be a mi I I ionaire “ It proved a success. Though onlythree peopIe have won the top priz e, many more have waIked away wi

290、thsmalI er but still large amounts money. Despite this, the show makesa big profit. It is supported by advertisers and sponsors. The formathas been sold on to 106 countries. Also, peopIe who want to go on theshow-just to test their know I edge of course - have to apply using aspecial premium rate te

291、lephone I ine. Each phone cal I costs them more manone pound - and many make over 1000 calls before getting the chance togo on the show. It seems that many contestants treat the show as aserious business. Read a few encyclopedias, invest some money in phonecalls and the returns could be great. Diana

292、 Ingram, Charles wife, hadal ready appeared on the show a few months before her husband. So had hertwo brothers. Critics of the show argue that it undermines moralvalues. Charles I ngram may have tr i ed to cheat, but the show and its makershave a wider responsibiIity for greed by promoting a someth

293、ing fornoth i ng cu I turer they say. Perhaps because of th i s argument, Char I esIngram, his wife, and Tecwen Whittock were not sent to prison, despitethe seriousness of thei r crime.Charles Ingram was accused of cheating by.A. stealing the questions from the programmerB. bribing the programmerC.

294、not answering the questions with his own witsD. coughing for help from the audience24. Green Wave Washed Over Mainstream Shopping Research in Br itain hasshown that green consumers, r continue to flourish as a significant groupamongst shoppers. This suggests that politicians who claim environmenta I

295、 i sm i s yesterday s issue may be seriously mis judging the pub I icmood. A report from MinteIv the market research organization, saysthat despite recession and financial pressures, more peopIe than everwant to buy envi ronmenta I ly fr iend I y products and a green wave has sweptthrough consumer i

296、 sm, taking in peopIe previously untouched byenvironmental concerns. The recently pub I i shed report also predicts thatthe process wi I I repeat its e lf with ethical concerns, involving issuessuch as fa i r trade w i th the Th i rd Wor I d and the soc i a I record of bus i nesses.Companies wi I I

297、have to be more honest and open in response to th is mood.MinteI 9 1 s survey, based on nearly 1r 000 consumers, found that theproportion who look for green products and are prepared to pay more forthem has cl imbed from 53 per cent in 1990 to around 60 per cent in 1994.On average, they wi I I pay 1

298、3 per cent more for such products, althoughth is percentage i s h i gher among women, managerial and professional groupsand those aged 35 to 44. Between 1990 and 1994 the proportion ofconsumers claiming to be unaware of or unconcerned about green issuesfel I from 18 to 10 percent but the number of g

299、reen spenders among olderpeopIe and manuaI workers has risen substantially. Regions such asScot I and have also caught up with the south of England in thei renvi ronmentaI concerns. According to MinteI, and image of greenconsumerism as associated in the past with the more eccentric membersof society

300、 has vi rtual ly disappeared. The consumer research manager forMinteI, Ange I a Hughes, said it had become firm ly estab Iished as amainstream market. She exp I a i ned that as far as the average person isconcerned env i ronmenta I i sm has not gone o ff the b o il . In fact, ithas spread across a m

301、uch wider range of consumer groups, ages andoccupat i ons. Mi nte I s 1994 survey found that 13 per cent of consumersare “very dark green, nearly always buying envi ronmentaIly fr iendlyproducts, 28 per cent are dark green1, trying as far as possible tobuy such products, and 21 per cent are pale gre

302、en - tending to buy greenproducts if they see them. Another 26 per cent are armchair greens” ;they said they care about envi ronmentaI i ssues but thei r concern doesnot affect their spending habits. Only 10 per cent say they do not careabout green issues. Four in ten people are nethical spenders ,

303、buyinggoods wh i ch do Not, for examp I e, i nvo I ve dea I i ngs w i th oppress i ve reg i mes.This figure i s the same as in 1990, although the number of armchai rethicals, 9 has risen from 28 to 35 per cent and only 22 per cent saythey are unconcerned nowr against 30 per cent in 1990. Hughes clai

304、msthat in the twenty-first century, consumers wi I I be encouraged to thinkmore about the enti re history of the products and services they buy,including the pol icies of the companies that provide them and that thiswiI I requi re a greater degree of honesty with consumers. Among greenconsumers, ani

305、mal testing is the top issue- 48 per cent said they wouldbe deterred from buying a product if it had been tested on animals-foI I owed by concerns regarding i rresponsible selling, the oz one layer,river and sea pollution, forest destruction, recycIing and factoryfarming. However, concern for specif

306、ic issues is lower than in 1990,suggesting that many consumers feel that Government and business havetaken on the envi ronmentaI agenda.The majority of shoppers are prepared to pay more for the benefit of theenv i ronment according to the research findings.A. YB. NC. NG25, On 10 September 2001, Char

307、les Ingram, an officer in the British army,became a mi I I ionai re - but only for a few hours. That night, he appearedon the UK s Who wants to be a Mi I I ionai re quiz show. Contestants onth i s show must answer 15 quest i ons correct I y, gett i ng I arger sums of moneyeach time. If they answer a

308、 11 the quest i ons, they wa I k away with 1 million.Charles Ingram won his mi Ilion. But then the program makers decided hehad cheated. Contestants have to choose one correct answer from four givento every question. Playing back the tape of the show, they heard loudcoughs coming from the audience w

309、henever the correct answer was mentioned.Charles Ingram would then choose that answer. The coughs came fromanother contestant, Tecwen Wh i ttock, who was a fr i end of Char I es I ngram,s wife, Diana. The three were soon arrested and on Apri I 7 this year,they were a I I found gu i I ty i n court by

310、 try i ng to cheat the programme makersof the i r money. However, Charles Ingram still protests that he i s i nnocent.To the pub I ic in the UK, r,The mi I I ionai re trialr, as it was cal led, wasa major source of pub Iic entertainment It was more than just a trial.It was a modern moral ity tale, a

311、 story of media, money and greed. TVquiz shows have a I ways been accused of causing corruption. In the earlydays, producers would give the right answers to contestants who seemedto be popular with the audience to increase viewing figures. For manyyears, priz es on game shows were Iimi ted to discou

312、raging cheating.Viewers are supposed to watch just for the pleasure of seeing peopIe getquestions right. But program makers eventual ly argued successful ly thatcompeting for large amounts of money made the shows more exciting. Fromthen on, it was only a matter of time before someone came up with an

313、 ideaI ike ” who wants to be a mi I I ionaire “ It proved a success. Though onlythree peopIe have won the top priz e, many more have waIked away withsmalI er but still large amounts money. Despite this, the show makesa big profit. It is supported by advertisers and sponsors. The formathas been sold

314、on to 106 countries. Also, peopIe who want to go on theshow-just to test thei r know I edge of course - have to apply using aspecial premium rate telephone I ine. Each phone cal I costs them more manone pound - and many make over 1000 calls before getting the chance togo on the show. It seems that m

315、any contestants treat the show as aser ious business. Read a few encyclopedias, invest some money in phonecalls and the returns could be great. Diana Ingram, Charles5 J wife, hadal ready appeared on the show a few months before her husband. So had hertwo brothers. Critics of the show argue that it u

316、ndermines moralvalues. Charles I ngram may have tr i ed to cheat, but the show and its makershave a wider responsibiIity for greed by promoting a something fornothing culture, ” they say. Perhaps because of this argument, CharlesIngram, his wife, and Tecwen Whittock were not sent to prison, despitet

317、he seriousness of thei r crime.Charles IngramA. admitted that he cheated in the contestB. was not much influenced by the caseC. regretted much for attending； the contestD. still claimed that he was innocent26. Green Wave Washed Over Mainstream Shopping Research in Br itain hasshown that “ green cons

318、umers, f continue to flourish as a significant groupamongst shoppers. This suggests that politicians who claim envi ronmenta I i sm i s yesterday*1 s issue may be seriously misjudging the pub I icmood. A report from Mintel, the market research organiz ation, saysthat despite recession and financial

319、pressures, more peopIe than everwant to buy envi ronmenta I ly fr iend I y products and a green wave has sweptthrough consumer i sm, taking in peopIe previously untouched byenvi ronmenta I concerns. The recently pub I i shed report also predicts thatthe process wi I I repeat itself with ethicalH con

320、cerns, invoIving issuessuch as fa i r trade w i th the Th i rd Wor I d and the soc i a I record of bus i nesses.Companies wi I I have to be more honest and open in response to this mood.Mintel s survey, based on nearly 1,000 consumers, found that theproportion who look for green products and are pre

321、pared to pay more forthem has cl imbed from 53 per cent in 1990 to around 60 per cent in 1994.On average, they wi I I pay 13 per cent more for such products, althoughthis percentage i s h i gher among women, managerial and professional groupsand those aged 35 to 44. Between 1990 and 1994 the proport

322、ion ofconsumers claiming to be unaware of or unconcerned about green issuesfel I from 18 to 10 percent but the number of green spenders among olderpeopIe and manuaI workers has risen substantially. Regions such asScot I and have also caught up with the south of England in theirenvi ronmental concern

323、s. According to Mintel, and image of greenconsumerism as associated in the past with the more eccentric membersof society has virtual ly disappeared. The consumer research manager forMintel, Ange I a Hughes, said it had become firmly estab Ii shed as amainstream market. She exp I a i ned that as far

324、 as the average person isconcerned env i ronmenta I ism has not gone off the boil . In fact, ithas spread across a much wider range of consumer groups, ages andoccupat i ons. Mi nte I s 1994 survey found that 13 per cent of consumersare “ very dark green” , nearly always buying envi ronmentally frie

325、ndlyproducts, 28 per cent are dark green1, trying Mas far as possible tobuy such products, and 21 per cent are pale green - tending to buy greenproducts if they see them. Another 26 per cent are armchai r greens11;they said they care about envi ronmental i ssues but thei r concern doesnot affect the

326、i r spending habits. Only 10 per cent say they do not careabout green issues. Four in ten peopIe are ethical spenders , buyinggoods wh i ch do Not, for examp I e, i nvo I ve dea I i ngs w i th oppress i ve reg i mes.This figure i s the same as in 1990, a I though the number of armchai rethicals,J ha

327、s risen from 28 to 35 per cent and only 22 per cent saythey are unconcerned now, against 30 per cent in 1990. Hughes claimsthat in the twenty-first century, consumers wi I I be encouraged to thinkmore about the enti re history of the products and services they buy,including the pol icies of the comp

328、anies that provide them and that thiswiI I require a greater degree of honesty with consumers. Among greenconsumers, animal testing is the top issue- 48 per cent said they wouldbe deterred from buying a product if it had been tested on animalsfol lowed by concerns regarding i rresponsible selling, t

329、he oz one layer,river and sea pollution, forest destruction, recycIing and factoryfarming. However, concern for specific issues is lower than in 1990,suggesting that many consumers feel that Government and business havetaken on the env i ronmentaI agenda.Consumers green shopping habits are inf Iuenc

330、ed by MinteI s f indings.A. YB. NC. NG27. Is the goal to make al I of our paper from waste It s a (47)question. If we co I Iect enough waste, could companies stop using woodaltogether The answer is no- but, (48) to popular be I ief, thisis not a bad thing. Although (49) rates are higher than everbef

331、ore, there isn t enough to meet the growing demand- not even close.In addition to the fact that peopIe still throw away a lot of (50)good paper, there1 1 s also some that s (51) and can t berecycled (think piz z a boxes) , and lots that s never thrown away atal I (such as books, magaz i nes and file

332、d documents). Another i ssue i squa I i ty. Wood (52) can be recycled between five and seven timesbefore they become too weak and fa I I apartso compan i es have to keep(53) new fiber into the system. If you talk to designers andpr i nters, they II a I so te I I you that certa i n des i gn app I i c

333、at i ons can t be met using paper with high recyc I ed (54). Recent I yr someenvi ronmentalists have also expressed thei r be Ii ef that using wood isthe best way to (55) widespread forest abundance, because itsends a signaI to the marketplace to plant more trees. Thanks to marketdemand, landowners

334、have a clear incentive to keep lands (56)i nstead of convert i ng them for other uses such as agr i cu I ture. A) contraryI) professions) soiled J) forestedC) perfectlyK) ensureD) apply L) continuaI IyE) commonM) ana Iyz i ngF) pI ant i ng N) introducingG) recovery0) fibersH) content28. The view ove

335、r a val ley or a t iny vi I I age with thatched (草盖的)roofcottages around a church; a drive through a narrow v iI I age street Iinedwith thatched cottages pa i nted pink or white; the sight over the rollinghills of a pretty co I Iect i on of thatched farm buiIdings these arestill common sights in par

336、ts of England. Most peopIe wi I I agree that thethatched roof is an essential part of the attraction of the Engl ishcountryside. Thatching is in fact the oldest of al I the buiIdingcrafts practised in the British Isles (英伦诸岛).AI though thatch hasalways been used for cottage and farm buildings, it wa

337、s once used forcastles and churches, too. Thatching is a sol itary (独自的)craft,which often runs in fami I ies. The craft of thatching as it is practisedtoday has changed very I ittIe since the Middle Ages. Over 800 fuI I-timethatchers are empIoyed in England and Wales today, maintaining andrenewing t

338、he old roofs as we I I as thatching newer houses. Many propertyowners choose thatch not only for its beauty but because they know itwi I I keep them cool in summer and warm in winter. In fact, if we lookat developing countries, over half the world I ives under thatch, but theyal I do it in different

339、 ways. PeopIe in developing countries are oftenreluctant to go back to traditional mater ials and would prefer modernbui Idings. However, they may lack the money to allow them to import thenecessary mater ials. Thei r temporary mud huts with thatched roofs of wi Idgrasses often only last six months.

340、 Thatch which has been done the Britishway lasts from twenty to sixty years, and is an effective defence againstthe heat.Wh i ch of the fol lowing rema ins a uni que feature of the Eng I i sh countrys i deA. Cottages with thatched roofs.B. Churches with cottages around them.C. Rolling hills with pre

341、tty farm buildings.D. Narrow streets lined with pink or white houses.29. Is the goal to make al I of our paper from waste It s a (47)question. If we co I Iect enough waste, could compan i es stop using woodaltogether The answer is no- but, (48) to popular be I ief, thisis not a bad thing. Although (

342、49) rates are higher than everbefore, there isn t enough to meet the growing demand- not even close.In addition to the fact that peopIe still throw away a lot of (50)good paper, there s also some that s (51) and can t berecycled (think piz z a boxes) , and lots that s never thrown away atal I (such

343、as books, magaz i nes and filed documents). Another issue i squa I i ty. Wood (52) can be recycled between five and seven timesbefore they become too weak and fa I I apart- so compan i es have to keep(53) new fiber into the system. If you talk to designers andpr i nters, they II a I so te I I you th

344、at certa i n des i gn app I i cat i ons can t be met using paper with high recyc I ed (54). Recent I yr someenvi ronmentalists have also expressed thei r be Ii ef that using wood isthe best way to (55) widespread forest abundance, because itsends a signaI to the marketplace to plant more trees. Than

345、ks to marketdemand, landowners have a clear incentive to keep lands (56)i nstead of convert i ng them for other uses such as agr i cu I ture. A) contraryI) professions) soiled J) forestedC) perfectlyK) ensureD) apply L) continuaI IyE) commonM) ana Iyz i ngF) pI ant i ng N) introducingG) recovery0) f

346、ibersH) content30. On 10 September 2001, Charles Ingram, an officer in the British army,became a mi I I ionai re but only for a few hours. That night, he appearedon the UK5 s Who wants to be a Mi I I ionai re quiz show. Contestants onth i s show must answer 15 quest i ons cor rect I y, gett i ng I a

347、rger sums of moneyeach time. If they answer a I I the quest i ons, they wa I k away with 1 million.Charles Ingram won his mi Ilion. But then the program makers dec i ded hehad cheated. Contestants have to choose one correct answer from four givento every question. Playing back the tape of the show,

348、they heard loudcoughs coming from the audience whenever the correct answer was mentioned.Charles Ingram would then choose that answer. The coughs came fromanother contestant, Tecwen Wh i ttock, who was a fr i end of Char I es I ngram,s wife, Diana. The three were soon arrested and on ApriI 7 this ye

349、ar,they were a I I found gui Ity in court by try i ng to cheat the programme makersof thei r money. However, Charles Ingram still protests that he i s i nnocent.To the pub I ic in the UK, “ The mi I I ionai re tr ial , as it was cal led, wasa major source of pub Iic entertainment It was more than ju

350、st a trial.It was a modern moral ity tale, a story of media, money and greed. TVquiz shows have a I ways been accused of causing corruption. In the earlydays, producers would give the r ight answers to contestants who seemedto be popular with the audience to increase viewing figures. For manyyears,

351、priz es on game shows were I imited to discouraging cheating.Viewers are supposed to watch just for the pleasure of seeing peopIe getquestions right. But program makers eventual ly argued successful ly thatcompeting for large amounts of money made the shows more exciting. Fromthen on, it was only a

352、matter of time before someone came up with an ideaI ike who wants to be a mi I I ionai re It proved a success. Though onlythree peopIe have won the top priz e, many more have waIked away withsmalI er but still large amounts money. Despite this, the show makesa big profit. It is supported by advertis

353、ers and sponsors. The formathas been sold on to 106 countries. Also, peopIe who want to go on theshow- just to test thei r know I edge of course - have to apply using aspecial premium rate telephone I ine. Each phone cal I costs them more manone pound - and many make over 1000 calls before getting t

354、he chance togo on the show. It seems that many contestants treat the show as aser ious business. Read a few encyclopedias, invest some money in phonecalls and the returns could be great. Diana Ingram, Charles5 J wife, hadal ready appeared on the show a few months before her husband. So had hertwo br

355、others. Critics of the show argue that it undermines moralvalues. Charles I ngram may have tr i ed to cheat, but the show and its makershave a wider responsibiIity for greed by promoting a something fornothing culture, M they say. Perhaps because of this argument, CharlesIngram, his wife, and Tecwen

356、 Whittock were not sent to prison, despitethe seriousness of thei r crime.The IngramJ s and thei r friend were not sent to prison partlybecause.A. they haven t done anything against moral valuesB. the court found they were not guilty of cheatingC. the press argued that Ingram may have tried to commi

357、t fraud, but theproducer of the show should be more responsible for the misdeedsD. they haven t profited from the whole business31. Green Wave Washed Over Mainstream Shopping Research in Br ita in hasshown that Mgreen consumers1 1 continue to flourish as a significant groupamongst shoppers. This sug

358、gests that po liticia ns who claim envi ronmenta I i sm i s yesterday s issue may be seriously misjudging the pub I icmood. A report from MinteIr the market research organization, saysthat despite recession and financial pressures, more peopIe than everwant to buy env i ronmenta I ly fr iend Iy prod

359、ucts and a green wave has sweptthrough consumerism, taking in peopIe previously untouched byenvi ronmenta I concerns. The recently pub I i shed report also predicts thatthe process wi I I repeat its e lf with ne th ica l concerns, involving issuessuch as fa i r trade w i th the Th i rd Wor I d and t

360、he soc i a I record of bus i nesses.Companies wi I I have to be more honest and open in response to th is mood.MinteI 1 5 s survey, based on nearly 1r 000 consumers, found that theproportion who look for green products and are prepared to pay more forthem has cl imbed from 53 per cent in 1990 to aro

361、und 60 per cent in 1994.On average, they wi I I pay 13 per cent more for such products, althoughth is percentage is higher among women, manager ial and professional groupsand those aged 35 to 44. Between 1990 and 1994 the proportion ofconsumers claiming to be unaware of or unconcerned about green is

362、suesfe lI from 18 to 10 percent but the number of green spenders among olderpeopIe and manuaI workers has risen substantially. Regions such asScot I and have also caught up with the south of England in thei renvi ronmentaI concerns. According to MinteI, and image of greenconsumer ism as associated i

363、n the past with the more eccentric membersof society has vi rtual ly disappeared. The consumer research manager forM intel, Ange I a Hughes, said it had become firm ly estab Iished as amainstream market. She exp I a i ned that as far as the average person isconcerned env i ronmenta I i sm has not go

364、ne off the boil . In fact, ithas spread across a much wider range of consumer groups, ages andoccupat i ons. Mi nte 151 s 1994 survey found that 13 per cent of consumersare very dark green1, nearly always buying environmental ly friendlyproducts, 28 per cent are dark green” , trying as far as possib

365、le tobuy such products, and 21 per cent are pale green11- tending to buy greenproducts if they see them. Another 26 per cent are armchair greens ;they said they care about environmental issues but their concern doesnot affect thei r spending habits. Only 10 per cent say they do not careabout green i

366、ssues. Four in ten peopIe are ethical spenders , buyinggoods wh i ch do Not, for examp I e, i nvo I ve dea I i ngs w i th oppress i ve reg i mes.This figure is the same as in 1990, although the number of armchairethical s has risen from 28 to 35 per cent and only 22 per cent saythey are unconcerned

367、nowr against 30 per cent in 1990. Hughes claimsthat in the twenty-fi rst century, consumers wi I I be encouraged to thinkmore about the entire history of the products and services they buy,including the pol icies of the companies that provide them and that thiswill requi re a greater degree of hones

368、ty with consumers. Among greenconsumers, animal testing is the top issue 48 per cent said they wouldbe deterred from buying a product if it had been tested on animals-fol lowed by concerns regarding i rresponsible selling, the oz one layer,river and sea pollution, forest destruction, recycIing and f

369、actoryfarming. However, concern for specific issues is lower than in 1990,suggesting that many consumers feel that Government and business havetaken on the envi ronmentaI agenda.MinteI have Iimited their investigation to professional and manager ialgroups.A. YB. NC. NG32. The view over a va I ley or

370、 a tiny vi I I age with thatched （ 草盖的）roofcottages around a church; a drive through a narrow v i 11 age street Iinedwith thatched cottages painted pink or white; the sight over the rollinghills of a pretty co I Iect i on of thatched farm buiIdings these arestill common sights in parts of England. M

371、ost peopIe wi 11 agree that thethatched roof is an essential part of the attraction of the Engl ishcountryside. Thatching is in fact the oldest of al I the buiIdingcrafts practised in the British Isles （ 英伦诸岛） .AI though thatch hasalways been used for cottage and farm bui Idings, it was once used fo

372、rcastles and churches, too. Thatching is a sol itary （ 独自的）craft,which often runs in fami I ies. The craft of thatching as it is practisedtoday has changed very little since the Middle Ages. Over 800 full-timethatchers are empIoyed in England and Wales today, maintaining andrenewing the old roofs as

373、 we I I as thatch i ng newer houses. Many propertyowners choose thatch not only for its beauty but because they know itwill keep them cool in summer and warm in winter. In fact, if we lookat deve loping countr i es, over half the world I i ves under thatch, but theyal I do it in different ways. Peop

374、Ie in developing countries are oftenreluctant to go back to traditional materials and would prefer modernbui Idings. However, they may lack the money to allow them to import thenecessary mater ials. Thei r temporary mud huts with thatched roofs of wi Idgrasses often only Iast six months. Thatch whic

375、h has been done the Br it ishway lasts from twenty to sixty years, and is an effective defence againstthe heat.What do we know about thatch i ng as a craftA. It is quite different from what it used to be.B. It is in most cases handed down among family members.C. If is practised on farms all over Eng

376、land.D. It is a collective activity.33. Is the goal to make al I of our paper from waste It s a (47)question. If we co 11ect enough waste, could companies stop using woodaltogether The answer is no- but, (48) to popular be I ief, thisis not a bad thing. Although (49) rates are higher than everbefore

377、, there isn t enough to meet the growing demand- not even close.In addition to the fact that peopIe still throw away a lot of (50)good paper, there s also some that s (51) and can t berecycled (think piz z a boxes) , and lots that s never thrown away atal I (such as books, magaz i nes and filed docu

378、ments). Another issue isqua I i ty. Wood (52) can be recycled between five and seven timesbefore they become too weak and fa I I apart- so compan i es have to keep(53) new fiber into the system. If you talk to designers andpr inters, they II also tel I you that certain design appI ications can5t be

379、met using paper with high recyc I ed (5 4 ) . Recent I y, someenvi ronmentalists have also expressed thei r be Ii ef that using wood isthe best way to (55) widespread forest abundance, because itsends a signaI to the marketplace to plant more trees. Thanks to marketdemand, landowners have a clear in

380、centive to keep lands (56)i nstead of convert i ng them for other uses such as agr i cu I ture. A) contraryI) professions) soiled J) forestedC) perfectlyK) ensureD) apply L) continuaI IyE) commonM) analyz ingF) pI ant i ng N) introducingG) recovery0) fibersH) content34. On 10 September 2001, Charles

381、 Ingram, an officer in the British army,became a mi I I ionai re - but only for a few hours. That night, he appearedon the UK s Who wants to be a Mi I I ionai re quiz show. Contestants onth i s show must answer 15 quest i ons correct I y, gett i ng I arger sums of moneyeach time. If they answer a 11

382、 the quest i ons, they wa I k away with 1 mi I I ion.Charles Ingram won his million. But then the program makers decided hehad cheated. Contestants have to choose one correct answer from four givento every question. Playing back the tape of the show, they heard loudcoughs coming from the audience wh

383、enever the correct answer was mentioned.Charles Ingram would then choose that answer. The coughs came fromanother contestant, Tecwen Wh i ttock, who was a fr i end of Char I es I ngram1s wife, Diana. The three were soon arrested and on Apr iI 7 this year,they were al I found gui Ity in court by tryi

384、ng to cheat the programme makersof thei r money. However, Charles Ingram still protests that he i s i nnocent.To the pub I ic in the UK, nThe mill ionai re trial n, as it was cal led, wasa major source of pub Iic entertainment It was more than just a trial.It was a modern moral ity tale, a story of

385、mediat money and greed. TVquiz shows have always been accused of causing corruption. In the earlydays, producers would give the right answers to contestants who seemedto be popular with the audience to increase viewing figures. For manyyears, priz es on game shows were Iimi ted to discouraging cheat

386、ing.Viewers are supposed to watch just for the pleasure of seeing peopIe getquestions right. But program makers eventual ly argued successful ly thatcompeting for large amounts of money made the shows more exciting. Fromthen on, it was only a matter of time before someone came up with an ideaI ike w

387、ho wants to be a mi I I ionaire “ It proved a success. Though onlythree peopIe have won the top pr iz e, many more have waIked away withsmaI I er but still large amounts money. Desp i te this, the show makesa big profit. It is supported by advertisers and sponsors. The formathas been sold on to 106

388、countries. Also, peopIe who want to go on theshow-just to test thei r know I edge of course - have to apply using aspecial premium rate telephone I ine. Each phone cal I costs them more manone pound - and many make over 1000 calls before getting the chance togo on the show. It seems that many contes

389、tants treat the show as aser ious business. Read a few encyclopedias, invest some money in phonecalls and the returns could be great. Diana Ingram, Charles5 * B . 9 wife, hadal ready appeared on the show a few months before her husband. So had hertwo brothers. Critics of the show argue that it under

390、mines moralvalues. Char les I ngram may have tr i ed to cheat, but the show and its makershave a wider responsibiIity for greed by promoting a something fornoth ing cul ture, n they say. Perhaps because of th i s argument, Char I esIngram, his wife, and Tecwen Whittock were not sent to prison, despi

391、tethe seriousness of thei r crime.A. accusativeB. sympatheticC. indifferentD. ironic35. The view over a val ley or a tiny v i I I age with thatched （ 草盖的）roofcottages around a church; a drive through a narrow v i I I age street Iinedwith thatched cottages painted pink or white; the sight over the ro

392、llinghills of a pretty co I Iect i on of thatched farm buiIdings these arestill common sights in parts of England. Most peopIe wi 11 agree that thethatched roof is an essential part of the attraction of the Engl ishcountryside. Thatch i ng i s in fact the oldest of al I the buiIdi ngcrafts practised

393、 in the British Isles （ 英伦诸岛） .AI though thatch hasalways been used for cottage and farm buiIdings, it was once used forThe author1 s attitude towards such TV show as The mi I I ionaire trialcastles and churches, too. Thatching is a sol itary （ 独自的）craft,which often runs in famiIies. The craft of th

394、atching as it is practisedtoday has changed very I ittIe since the Middle Ages. Over 800 fuI I-timethatchers are empIoyed in England and Wales today, maintaining andrenewing the old roofs as we I I as thatching newer houses. Many propertyowners choose thatch not only for its beauty but because they

395、know itwill keep them cool in summer and warm in winter. In fact, if we lookat developing countries, over half the world I ives under thatch, but theyal I do it in different ways. PeopIe in developing countries are oftenreluctant to go back to traditional materials and would prefer modernbui Idings.

396、 However, they may lack the money to allow them to import thenecessary materials. The i r temporary mud huts w i th thatched roofs of w i Idgrasses often only Iast six months. Thatch which has been done the Britishway lasts from twenty to sixty years, and is an effective defence againstthe heat.That

397、ched houses are still preferred because of.A. their durabilityB. their easy maintenanceC. their cheap and ready-made materialsD. their style and comfort36. Green Wave Washed Over Mainstream Shopping Research in Br itain hasshown that “ green consumers, r continue to flourish as a significant groupam

398、ongst shoppers. This suggests that politicians who claim environmentaI ism is yesterday s issue may be seriously misjudging the publ icmood. A report from MinteI, the market research organiz ation, saysthat despite recession and financial pressures, more peopIe than everwant to buy envi ronmenta I l

399、y fr iend I y products and a green wave has sweptthrough consumerism, taking in peopIe previously untouched byenvi ronmental concerns. The recently pub I i shed report also predicts thatthe process wi I I repeat itself with ethical1 1 concerns, involving issuessuch as fa i r trade w i th the Th i rd

400、 Wor I d and the soc i a I record of bus i nesses.Companies wi I I have to be more honest and open in response to this mood.MinteIJ 5 s survey, based on nearly 1r 000 consumers, found that theproportion who look for green products and are prepared to pay more forthem has cI imbed from 53 per cent in

401、 1990 to around 60 per cent in 1994.On average, they wi I I pay 13 per cent more for such products, a I thoughthis percentage i s h i gher among women, managerial and professional groupsand those aged 35 to 44. Between 1990 and 1994 the proportion ofconsumers claiming to be unaware of or unconcerned

402、 about green issuesfel I from 18 to 10 percent but the number of green spenders among olderpeopIe and manuaI workers has risen substantially. Regions such asScot I and have also caught up with the south of England in theirenvi ronmental concerns. According to MinteIr and image of greenconsumerism as

403、 associated in the past with the more eccentric membersof society has vi rtual ly disappeared. The consumer research manager forMintelr Ange I a Hughes, said it had become firmly estab Iished as amainstream market. She exp I a i ned that as far as the average person isconcerned env i ronmenta I i sm

404、 has not gone off the boil . In fact, ithas spread across a much wider range of consumer groups, ages andoccupat i ons. Mi nte I s 1994 survey found that 13 per cent of consumersare “ very dark green” , nearly always buying env i ronmentaI Iy friendlyproducts, 28 per cent are dark green11, trying as

405、 far as possible tobuy such products, and 21 per cent are pale green1- tend i ng to buy greenproducts if they see them. Another 26 per cent are armchai r greens ;they said they care about envi ronmental i ssues but thei r concern doesnot affect thei r spending habits. Only 10 per cent say they do no

406、t careabout green issues. Four in ten people are ethical spenders , buyinggoods wh i ch do Not, for examp I e, i nvo I ve dea I i ngs w i th oppress i ve regi mes.This figure i s the same as in 1990r although the number of armchai rethicals, 1 has risen from 28 to 35 per cent and only 22 per cent sa

407、ythey are unconcerned now, against 30 per cent in 1990. Hughes claimsthat in the twenty-f irst century, consumers wi I I be encouraged to thinkmore about the entire history of the products and services they buy,including the pol icies of the companies that provide them and that thiswiI I require a g

408、reater degree of honesty with consumers. Among greenconsumers, animal testing is the top issue- 48 per cent said they wouldbe deterred from buying a product if it had been tested on animals-fol lowed by concerns regarding i rresponsible selling, the oz one layer,river and sea pollutiont forest destr

409、uction, recycIing and factoryfarming. However, concern for specific issues is lower than in 1990,suggesting that many consumers feel that Government and business havetaken on the environmental agenda.Mintel undertakes market surveys on an annual basis.A. YB. NC. NG37. Is the goal to make al I of our

410、 paper from waste It s a (47)question. If we co I Iect enough waste, could companies stop using woodaltogether The answer is no- but, (48) to popular be I ief, thisis not a bad thing. Although (49) rates are higher than everbefore, there isn t enough to meet the growing demand- not even close.In add

411、ition to the fact that peopIe still throw away a lot of (50)good paper, there s also some that s (51) and can t berecycled (think piz z a boxes) , and lots that s never thrown away atal I (such as books, magaz i nes and filed documents). Another i ssue i squa I i ty. Wood (52) can be recycled betwee

412、n five and seven timesbefore they become too weak and fa I I apart so compan i es have to keep(53) new fiber into the system. If you talk to designers andpr i nters, they II a I so te I I you that certa i n des i gn app I i cat i ons can t be met using paper with high recyc I ed (54). Recent I y, so

413、meenvi ronmentalists have also expressed thei r be Iief that using wood isthe best way to (55) widespread forest abundance, because itsends a signaI to the marketplace to plant more trees. Thanks to marketdemand, landowners have a clear incentive to keep lands (56)instead of convert ing them for oth

414、er uses such as agr icuIture. A) contraryI) professions) soiled J) forestedC) perfectlyK) ensureD) apply L) continuallyE) commonM) analyz ingF) pI ant i ng N) introducingG) recovery0) fibersH) content38. The view over a val ley or a tiny v i I I age with thatched (草盖的)roofcottages around a church; a

415、 drive through a narrow v i I I age street Iinedwith thatched cottages painted pink or white; the sight over the rollinghills of a pretty co I Iect i on of thatched farm buiIdings - these arestill common sights in parts of England. Most peopIe wi I I agree that thethatched roof is an essential part

416、of the attraction of the Engl ishcountryside. Thatching is in fact the oldest of al I the buiIdingcrafts pract i sed in the British Isles (英伦诸岛).AI though thatch hasalways been used for cottage and farm buiIdings, it was once used forcastles and churches, too. Thatching is a sol itary (独自的)craft,whi

417、ch often runs in famiIies. The craft of thatching as it is practisedtoday has changed very I ittIe since the Middle Ages. Over 800 fuI I-timethatchers are empIoyed in England and Wales today, maintaining andrenewing the old roofs as we I I as thatch i ng newer houses. Many propertyowners choose that

418、ch not only for its beauty but because they know itw ill keep them cool in summer and warm in winter. In fact, if we lookat developing countries, over half the world I ives under thatch, but theyal I do it in different ways. PeopIe in developing countries are oftenreluctant to go back to traditional

419、 mater ials and would prefer modernbui Idings. However, they may lack the money to allow them to import thenecessary mater ials. Thei r temporary mud huts with thatched roofs of wi Idgrasses often only Iast six months. Thatch which has been done the Britishway lasts from twenty to sixty years, and i

420、s an effective defence againstthe heat.PeopIe in developing countries also Iive under thatch b e c a u s e .A. they like thatched houses better than other buildingsB. thatch is an effective defence against the heatC. thatched roof houses are the cheapestD. thatched cottages are a big tourist attract

421、ion39. Green Wave Washed Over Mainstream Shopping Research in Br itain hasshown that “green consumers,f continue to flourish as a significant groupamongst shoppers. This suggests that politicians who claim environmenta I i sm i s yesterday*1 s issue may be seriously misjudging the pub I icmood. A re

422、port from Mintel, the market research organization, saysthat despite recession and financial pressures, more peopIe than everwant to buy envi ronmenta I ly fr iend I y products and a green wave has sweptthrough consumer i sm, taking in peopIe previously untouched byenvi ronmenta I concerns. The rece

423、ntly pub I i shed report also predicts thatthe process wi I I repeat itse lf with ethical n concerns, involving issuessuch as fa i r trade w i th the Th i rd Wor I d and the soc i a I record of bus i nesses.Companies wi I I have to be more honest and open in response to this mood.Mintel s survey, ba

424、sed on nearly 1,000 consumers, found that theproportion who look for green products and are prepared to pay more forthem has cl imbed from 53 per cent in 1990 to around 60 per cent in 1994.On average, they wi I I pay 13 per cent more for such products, althoughthis percentage i s h i gher among wome

425、n, managerial and professional groupsand those aged 35 to 44. Between 1990 and 1994 the proportion ofconsumers claiming to be unaware of or unconcerned about green issuesfelI from 18 to 10 percent but the number of green spenders among olderpeopIe and manuaI workers has risen substantially. Regions

426、such asScot I and have also caught up with the south of England in theirenvi ronmental concerns. According to Mintel, and image of greenconsumerism as associated in the past with the more eccentric membersof society has virtual ly disappeared. The consumer research manager forMintel, Ange I a Hughes

427、, said it had become firmly estab Iished as amainstream market. She exp I a i ned that as far as the average person isconcerned env i ronmenta I ism has not gone off the boil . In fact, ithas spread across a much wider range of consumer groups, ages andoccupat i ons. Mi nte I s 1994 survey found tha

428、t 13 per cent of consumersare “ very dark green” , nearly always buying envi ronmentally friendlyproducts, 28 per cent are dark green11, trying as far as possible tobuy such products, and 21 per cent are pale green - tending to buy greenproducts if they see them. Another 26 per cent are armchai r gr

429、eens11;they said they care about envi ronmental i ssues but thei r concern doesnot affect thei r spending habits. Only 10 per cent say they do not careabout green issues. Four in ten people are ethical spenders11, buyinggoods wh i ch do Not, for examp I e, i nvo I ve dea I i ngs w i th oppress i ve

430、reg i mes.This figure i s the same as in 1990, although the number of 5 , armchai rethicals,J has risen from 28 to 35 per cent and only 22 per cent saythey are unconcerned now, against 30 per cent in 1990. Hughes claimsthat in the twenty-first century, consumers wi I I be encouraged to thinkmore abo

431、ut the enti re history of the products and services they buy,including the pol icies of the companies that provide them and that thiswiI I require a greater degree of honesty with consumers. Among greenconsumers, animal testing is the top issue- 48 per cent said they wouldbe deterred from buying a p

432、roduct if it had been tested on animalsfol lowed by concerns regarding irresponsible sei Iingr the oz one layer,river and sea pollution, forest destruction, recycIing and factoryfarming. However, concern for specific issues is lower than in 1990,suggesting that many consumers feel that Government an

433、d business havetaken on the env i ronmentaI agenda.peopIe wi11 buy any products under the name of green.A. YB. NC. NG40. Is the goal to make al I of our paper from waste It s a (47)question. If we co I Iect enough waste, could companies stop using woodaltogether The answer i s no- but, (48) to popul

434、ar be I ief, thisis not a bad thing. Although (49) rates are higher than everbefore, there isn t enough to meet the growing demand- not even close.In addition to the fact that peopIe still throw away a lot of (50)good paper, there1 1 s also some that s (51) and can t berecycled (think piz z a boxes)

435、 , and lots that s never thrown away atal I (such as books, magaz i nes and filed documents). Another i ssue i squa I i ty. Wood (52) can be recycled between five and seven timesbefore they become too weak and fa I I apartso compan i es have to keep(53) new fiber into the system. If you talk to desi

436、gners andpr i nters, they II a I so te I I you that certa i n des i gn app I i cat i ons can t be met using paper with high recycled (5 4 ) . Recent I yr someenv i ronmentaIi sts have also expressed thei r be Ii ef that using wood i sthe best way to (55) widespread forest abundance, because itsends

437、a signaI to the marketplace to plant more trees. Thanks to marketdemand, landowners have a clear incentive to keep lands (56)instead of convert ing them for other uses such as agr icuIture. A) contraryI) professions) soiled J) forestedC) perfectlyK) ensureD) apply L) continuaI IyE) commonM) ana Iyz

438、i ngF) pI ant i ng N) introducingG) recovery0) fibersH) content41. The view over a val ley or a t iny vi I I age with thatched (草盖的)roofcottages around a church; a drive through a narrow v i11 age street Iinedwith thatched cottages painted pink or white; the sight over the rollinghills of a pretty c

439、o I Iect i on of thatched farm buiIdings these arestill common sights in parts of England. Most peopIe wi I I agree that thethatched roof is an essential part of the attraction of the Engl ishcountryside. Thatching is in fact the oldest of al I the buiIdingcrafts practised in the British Isles (英伦诸岛

440、).AI though thatch hasalways been used for cottage and farm buiIdings, it was once used forcastles and churches, too. Thatching is a sol itary (独自的)craft,which often runs in fami I ies. The craft of thatching as it is practisedtoday has changed very I ittIe since the Middle Ages. Over 800 fuI I-time

441、thatchers are empIoyed in England and Wales today, maintaining andrenewing the old roofs as we I I as thatching newer houses. Many propertyowners choose thatch not only for its beauty but because they know itwi I I keep them cool in summer and warm in winter. In fact, if we lookat developing countri

442、es, over half the world I ives under thatch, but theyal I do it in different ways. PeopIe in developing countr ies are oftenreluctant to go back to traditional mater ials and would prefer modernbui Idings. However, they may lack the money to a I Iow them to import thenecessary mater ials. Thei r tem

443、porary mud huts with thatched roofs of wi Idgrasses often only last six months. Thatch which has been done the Britishway lasts from twenty to sixty years, and is an effective defence againstthe heat.We can learn from the passage that.A. the English people have a special liking for thatched housesB.

444、 most thatched cottages in England are located on hillsidesC. thatching is a building craft first created by the English peopleD. thatched cottages in England have been passed down from ancient times42. Is the goal to make al I of our paper from waste It s a (47)question. If we co I Iect enough wast

445、e, could companies stop using woodaltogether The answer is no- but, (48) to popular be I ief, thisis not a bad thing. Although (49) rates are higher than everbefore, there isn t enough to meet the growing demand- not even close.In addition to the fact that peopIe still throw away a lot of (50)good p

446、aper, there s also some that s (51) and can t berecycled (think piz z a boxes) , and lots that s never thrown away atal I (such as books, magaz i nes and filed documents). Another i ssue i squa I i ty. Wood (52) can be recycled between five and seven timesbefore they become too weak and fa I I apart

447、- so compan i es have to keep(53) new fiber into the system. If you talk to designers andpr i nters, they II a I so te I I you that certa i n des i gn app I i cat i ons can t be met using paper with high recyc I ed (5 4 ) . Recent I y, someenvi ronmentalists have also expressed thei r be Ii ef that

448、using wood isthe best way to (55) widespread forest abundance, because itsends a signaI to the marketplace to plant more trees. Thanks to marketdemand, landowners have a clear incentive to keep lands (56)i nstead of convert i ng them for other uses such as agr i cu I ture. A) contraryI) professions)

449、 soiled J) forestedC) perfectlyK) ensureD) apply L) continuallyE) commonM) ana Iyz i ngF) pI ant i ng N) introducingG) recovery0) fibersH) content43. Is the goal to make al I of our paper from waste It s a (47)question. If we co I Iect enough waste, could compan i es stop using woodaltogether The an

450、swer is no- but, (48) to popular be I ief, thisis not a bad thing. Although (49) rates are higher than everbefore, there isn t enough to meet the growing demand- not even close.In addition to the fact that peopIe still throw away a lot of (50)good paper, there s also some that s (51) and can t berec

451、ycled (think piz z a boxes) , and lots that s never thrown away atal I (such as books, magaz i nes and filed documents). Another issue i squa I i ty. Wood (52) can be recycled between five and seven timesbefore they become too weak and fa 11 apart- so compan i es have to keep(53) new fiber into the

452、system. If you talk to designers andpr i nters, they II a I so te I I you that certa i n des i gn app I i cat i ons can t be met using paper with high recyc I ed (54). Recent I yr someenvi ronmentalists have also expressed thei r be Ii ef that using wood isthe best way to (55) widespread forest abun

453、dance, because itsends a signaI to the marketplace to plant more trees. Thanks to marketdemand, landowners have a clear incentive to keep lands (56)i nstead of convert i ng them for other uses such as agr i cu I ture. A) contraryI) professions) soiled J) forestedC) perfectlyK) ensureD) applyM) ana I

454、yz ingF) pI anting0) fibersH) contentL) continuaI IyE) commonN) introducingG) recovery44. Is the goal to make al I of our paper from waste It s a (47)question. If we co 11ect enough waste, could companies stop using woodaltogether The answer is no- but, (48) to popular be I ief, thisis not a bad thi

455、ng. Although (49) rates are higher than everbefore, there isn t enough to meet the growing demand- not even close.In addition to the fact that peopIe still throw away a lot of (50)good paper, there s also some that s (51) and can t berecycled (think piz z a boxes) , and lots that s never thrown away

456、 atal I (such as books, magaz i nes and filed documents). Another issue isqua I i ty. Wood (52) can be recycled between five and seven timesbefore they become too weak and fa 11 apart- so compan i es have to keep(53) new fiber into the system. If you talk to designers andpr i nters, they II a I so t

457、e I I you that certa i n des i gn app I i cat i ons can t be met using paper with high recyc I ed (54). Recent I yr someenvi ronmentalists have also expressed thei r be Ii ef that using wood isthe best way to (55) widespread forest abundance, because itsends a signaI to the marketplace to plant more

458、 trees. Thanks to marketdemand, landowners have a clear incentive to keep lands (56)i nstead of convert i ng them for other uses such as agr i cu Iture. A) contraryI) professions) soiled J) forestedC) perfectlyK) ensureD) apply L) continuaI IyE) commonM) analyz ingF) pI ant i ng N) introducingG) rec

459、overy0) fibersH) content45. Is the goal to make al I of our paper from waste It s a (47)question. If we co 11ect enough waste, could companies stop using woodaltogether The answer is no- but, (48) to popular be I ief, thisis not a bad thing. Although (49) rates are higher than everbefore, there isn

460、t enough to meet the growing demand- not even close.In addition to the fact that peopIe still throw away a lot of (50)good paper, there s also some that s (51) and can t berecycled (think piz z a boxes) , and lots that s never thrown away atal I (such as books, magaz i nes and filed documents). Anot

461、her i ssue i squa I i ty. Wood (52) can be recycled between five and seven timesbefore they become too weak and fa 11 apart- so compan i es have to keep(53) new fiber into the system. If you talk to designers andpr i nters, they II a I so te I I you that certa i n des i gn app I i cat i ons can1t be

462、 met using paper with high recyc I ed (5 4 ) . Recent I yr someenvironmentalists have also expressed their belief that using wood isthe best way to (55) widespread forest abundance, because itsends a signaI to the marketplace to plant more trees. Thanks to marketdemand, landowners have a clear incen

463、tive to keep lands (56)i nstead of convert i ng them for other uses such as agr i cu I ture. A) contraryI) professions) soiled J) forestedC) perfectlyK) ensureD) apply L) continuaI IyE) commonM) analyz ingF) planting N) introducingG) recovery0) fibersH) content46. Is the goal to make al I of our pap

464、er from waste It s a (47)question. If we co 11ect enough waste, could companies stop using woodaltogether The answer is no- but, (48) to popular be I ief, thisis not a bad thing. Although (49) rates are higher than everbefore, there isnJ t enough to meet the growing demand- not even close.In additio

465、n to the fact that peopIe still throw away a lot of (50)good paper, there s also some that s (51) and can t berecycled (think piz z a boxes) , and lots that s never thrown away atal I (such as books, magaz i nes and filed documents). Another i ssue i squa I i ty. Wood (52) can be recycled between fi

466、ve and seven timesbefore they become too weak and fa I I apart- so compan i es have to keep(53) new fiber into the system. If you talk to designers andpr i nters, they II a I so te I I you that certa i n des i gn app I i cat i ons can5t be met using paper with high recycled (54). Recently, someenvir

467、onmentalists have also expressed their belief that using wood isthe best way to (55) widespread forest abundance, because itsends a signaI to the marketplace to plant more trees. Thanks to marketdemand, landowners have a clear incentive to keep lands (56)i nstead of convert i ng them for other uses

468、such as agr i cu Iture. A) contraryI) professions) soiled J) forestedC) perfectlyK) ensureD) apply L) continuaI IyE) commonM) ana Iyz i ngF) pI ant i ng N) introducingG) recovery0) fibersH) content47. Normally how many classes a student would at least attend each week48. (B) Passage OneQuest i ons 1

469、1 to 13 are based on the passage you havejust heard. /B A. The wild yak is strong.B. The wild yak s color is black, white or dark brown.C. Its hooves are big and strong.D It s hair is as short as that of ox.49. B Passage OneQuest i ons 11 to 13 are based on the passage you havejust heard. /BA. Asia.B. Africa.C. America.D. Europe.50. B Passage OneQuest i ons 11 to 13 are based on the passage you havejust heard. /BA. It can carry things in any place.B. It lives in hard surroundings and carries things.C. It can plough in any kind of field.D. It usually swims in lakes.