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1、Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationwThosewhoknowdonottalk.Thosewhotalkdonotknow.Keepyourmouthclosed.Guardyoursenses.Temperyoursharpness.Simplifyyourproblems.Maskyourbrightness.BeatonewiththedustoftheEarth.Thisisprimalunion.HewhohasachievedthisstateIsunconcernedwithfriendsandenemies,Withgooda
2、ndharm,withhonoranddisgrace.Thisthereforeisthehigheststateofman.AnidiomwThereislanguageinhereyes,hercheeks,herlip,nay,herfootspeaks.ShakespeareLearning objectives:Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication1.to understand the significance of nonverbal intercultural communication 2.to perceive the de
3、finition of nonverbal intercultural communication3.to describe the functions of nonverbal intercultural communication4. to summarize the categories of nonverbal intercultural communicationChapterOutlineChapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationNonverbal Intercultural CommunicationSignificanceDefini
4、tion & FunctionsCategoriesOther Categories RepeatingRegulatingContradictingComplementingParalanguageSilenceProxemicsChronemicsOculesicsOlfacticsHapticsKinesicsChromaticsAttirelead-in case WhatIsWrongwiththeInteraction?Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationPleasereadCaseandthendiscussthequestion
5、sinpairs.Nonverbal behavior is a significant area ofcommunicationstudyforatleastthreereasons.wNonverbal behavior accounts for much of themeaningwegetfromconversations.wNonverbal behavior spontaneously reflects thesubconsciousness.wWe cannot avoid communicating throughnonverbalsignals.Chapter6Nonverb
6、alInterculturalCommunicationText A SignificanceofNonverbalCommunicationwBesides,nonverbalbehaviorissignificantbecausenonverbalcommunicationcanbeopentomanyinterpretations.ThisgesturemeansOKintheU.Sandmanycultures,whileitmeanszeroinFrance,andmeansmoneyinJapan.DefinitionofNonverbalCommunicationTheFunct
7、ionsofNonverbalCommunication Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationText B Definition and Functions of Nonverbal CommunicationDefinitionofNonverbalCommunication The messages sent without using words are called nonverbal communication.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationTheFunctionsofNonve
8、rbalCommunicationa.RepeatingPeople use nonverbal communication to repeat,clarify,andempasizetheirpointofview.Forexample,nodassayingyes.b.ComplementingNonverbal communication cues can add to orcomplementaverbalmessage.Forexample,scratchhead.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationChapter6Nonverbal
9、InterculturalCommunicationc.SubstitutingNonverbalmessagesmaysubstituteverbalonesincertainsettings.Therearesituationsinwhichwordscannotbeused.Inaverynoisystreet,forexample,policeofficermightusehandgesturestoreplacespokenmessages.d.RegulatingNonverbalbehaviorscanhelpcontrolverbalinteractions by regula
10、ting them, such as turn-takingsignals(handraised)inconversationse.ContradictingCertainnonverbalbehaviorscancontradictspokenwords.1.paralanguage(副语言)2.silence(沉默 )Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationText C ParalanguageandSilence1.Paralanguagea.voicesetthecontextinwhichthespeakerisspeaking:thes
11、ituationgendermoodagepersonscultureb.voicequalitiesvolumepitchtemporhythmarticulationresonancenasalityaccentc.vocalization:characterizersqualifierssegregatesChapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationChapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication2.SilenceSilenceisaformofnonverbalcommunicationthatmaybei
12、nterpretedinvariouswaysdependinguponthesituation,thedurationofthesilence,andtheculture.Theuseofsilenceincommunicationisalsoimportant.Silencecancommunicateagreement,apathy(冷漠),awe(敬畏),confusion,contemplation(沉思),disagreement,embarrassment,obligation,regret,repressedhostility,respect,sadness,thoughtfu
13、lness,oranynumberofmeanings.Case-analysis:AQuarrelWhatisthebasicbarrierinthecommunication between Smith and LiHua?1.chronemics(时间行为)2. proxemicspr:ksi:mi:ks(空间行为)Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationText D TimeandSpace1. Chronemics wThesenseoftimewMonochronicandpolychronicviewsoftimeChronemics
14、isthestudyofhowpeopleperceiveandusetime.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationa.Timeiscyclical(循环的)b.Timeislinear(线性的)Westernculturesthinktimeislinearaflowfromthepasttothepresenttothefuture.Lifeonearthevolvedinresponsetothecyclesofdayandnightandtheebbandflowofthetides.Chapter6NonverbalIntercult
15、uralCommunicationwThesenseoftimea.Monochronictimeb.PolychronictimePolychronictimemeansbeinginvolvedwithmanythingsatonce.Monochronictimemeanspayingattentiontoanddoingonlyonethingatatime.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationwMonochronicandpolychronicviewsoftimeActivity:Recallyourownexperienceabo
16、utwaitingforsomeonewhoislateforanappointment,orwhen you are late for an appointment.Describeyourfeelingsundersuchcircumstances.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication2.proxemicsa.Fixedfeaturesofspaceb.Semifixedfeaturesofspacec.PersonalspaceProxemicsreferstothestudyofspatialrelations.Thestudyofpr
17、oxemicsincludesthreeaspectsofspace:(a)fixedfeaturesofspace.(b)semifixedfeaturesofspace,and(c)personalspaceChapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationa.FixedfeaturesofspaceArchitectureandspacingofbuildingsbelongtothisaspectofspace.Forexample,apersonintheUnitedStatescandriveonahighwayformilesandnevers
18、eeasignofpeopleordwellings.Therefore,hemaybeamazedattheclosenessofpeopleinChina.Interculturalcommunicatorsneedtorealizethatcultureshavealternativeapproachestospaceandwaysofusingit.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationb.SemifixedfeaturesofspaceSemifixedfeaturesofspacerefertospatialarrangementso
19、fmovableobjectswithinaroom,suchasfurniturearrangementandseating.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationChapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationFurniturearrangement French space is a reflection of French culture. Everything is centralized, and spatially the entire country is laid out around ce
20、nters.InGermany, where privacy is stressed, office furniture is spread throughout the office.InJapan, where group participation is encouraged, many desks are arranged hierarchically in the center of a large, common room absent of walls.Chinesegeomancy(泥土占卜), feng shui, is the art of arranging the ph
21、ysical environment to establish harmony with the natural environment to achieve happiness, prosperity, and health. Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationSeating In the United States, they tend to talk with those opposite them rather than those seated or stand beside them. The Chinese often expe
22、rience uneasiness when they face someone directly or sit on opposite side of a desk or table from someone. c.Personalspace1.IntheUnitedStatesHall reports that psychologists have identified four zones from which U.S. people interact: the intimate zone, the personal zone, the social zone, and the publ
23、ic zone.2.InIndia In India, there are elaborate rules about how closely members of each caste may approach other castes. 3.InArab Arabs of the same sex do stand much closer than North Americans. An Arab entering an elevator may stand right next to another person and be touching even though no one el
24、se is in the elevator. Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationCase-analysis:DontPutYourHandonMyArmWhat can be learned from thecaseabove?Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationDontPutYourHandonMyArmwIt was hard for Sam to concentrate on what Martin was saying. Martin was visiting from Chile a
25、nd English was not his native language, but that was not the problem. Sam was all to aware of Martins hand resting on his arm. He tried to ignore it, but he felt like people passing by were staring at them. He didnt want people getting the wrong impression. They wouldnt knowwMartinwasfromChileand,ev
26、eniftheydid,itwasonethingtogivesomeoneafriendlypatbutquiteanothertojuststandthereholdingtheotherguysarm,occasionallyrubbingit.Itjustwasntsonatural.HetriedtodisengagefromMartinthroughsomepurposefulgesturesandsteppingbackslightly,butMartinpersistedandSamalwaysendedupwithMartinshandonhimagain.wSamhadbe
27、enaskedbyhissuperiortohelpwithtransportationforMartinduringhisstayintheUnitedStates,andhedidntwanttooffendMartin.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication1.oculesics( (目光语目光语) ) 2. 2. olfactics( (嗅觉嗅觉) )3.3.haptics( (触觉行为触觉行为) )4. kinesics( (身势语行为身势语行为) )5. chromatics( (色彩学色彩学) ) 6. attire(服饰）服饰）T
28、ext E OtherCategoriesofNonverbalCommunication The study of communications sent by the eyes is termed oculesics. A prolonged gaze or stare in the United States is considered rude. In other cultures such as Japan, Korea, and Thailand, staring is alsoconsidered rude. In most cultures, men do not stare
29、at women. In France and Italy, however, men can stare at women in public. In the United States, staring at a person is considered a sign of interest and may even be interpreted as sexually suggestive. 1.oculesics Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication2.olfacticsThestudyofcommunicationviasmellis
30、calledOlfactics. Apersonssmellcanhavea positive or negative effect on the oralmessage.Activity:DiscussionHave you had the experience of being puzzled andannoyed by a direct eye contact from people of othercultures?Ifyes,trytothinkaboutthereasonwhy.Discussitwithyourgroupmembers.Chapter6NonverbalInter
31、culturalCommunication3.hapticsHapticsortouchreferstocommunicatingthroughtheuseofbodilycontact.InThailandandLaos,itisrudeforastrangeroracquaintance(熟人)totouchachildonthetopoftheheadbecausetheheadisregardedasthehomeofthespiritorsoul.Itisbelievedthatachildsspiritorsoulisnotstrongenoughtobetouchedandhas
32、tendencytobecomeillifpatted.EvenplacingahandonthebackofanAsianworkerschairisconsideredinappropriate.WhiteMuslimshuganotherpersonaroundtheshoulders,Koreayoungpeopledonottouchtheshouldersoftheirelders.Discussion:p186Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication4.kinesicsKinesicsisthetermusedforcommunica
33、tingthroughvarioustypesofbodymovementsincludingfacialexpressions,gestures,postureandstance,andothermannerismsthatmayaccompanyorreplaceoralmessages.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationa.Gesturesa movement of part of your body, especially yourhandsorhead,toshowwhatyoumeanorhowyoufeel.b.Posture
34、Posture, the way someone stands, sits, or walks, can send positive or negative nonverbal messages. Posture can signal agreement or disagreement. Appropriate posture is related to a persons status in society. For example, the manager may stand erect when talking to subordinates, but the subordinates
35、may drop their shoulders when talking to the manager. c.FacialexpressionsChapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication Gestures can be emblems or or regulators (ones face turns red with embarrassment). Gestures are used to add emphasisor clarity to an oral message. symbols (the “ok” gesture),illustrat
36、ors (police officers hand held up to stop traffic),Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication5.chromatics Chromaticsreferstothestudyofcoloruseinaffectingpeoplesmood,emotions,andimpressionofothers.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationBlackisthecolorofmourningtomanyEuropeansandU.S.Americans,but
37、whiteisworntofuneralsinJapanandmanyothernations.IntheUnitedStates,whiteistypicallywornbybrideswhileinIndia,redoryellowisworn.Purpleissometimesassociatedwithroyalty,butitisthecolorofdeathinmanyLatinAmericancountries.Red(especiallyredroses)isassociatedwithromanceinsomeculturesincludingtheUnitedStates.
38、RedisnotanappropriatecolorforwrappinggiftsinJapan.DarkredisthecolorofmourningalongtheIvoryCoast.Culturaldifferencesassociatedwithcolorsinclude:Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationGreenisnotusedforwrappingpackagesinEgyptsincegreenisthenationalistcolor(asred,whiteandbluearethenationalistcolorsi
39、ntheUnitedStates).MenshouldavoidwearingagreenhatinChinaasthissignifiesthattheirwifeorsisterisaprostitute.Inmanycountriesoftheworld,blueisconsideredamasculinecolor,buttopeopleofFranceandtheUnitedKingdom,redismoremasculine.Blue,inIran,isanundesirablecolor.WhilepeopleoftheUnitedStatesconsiderpinktobeth
40、emostfemininecolor,personsinmostothercountriesthinkofyellowasthemostfemininecolor.Culturaldifferencesassociatedwithcolorsinclude:Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationUnitedAirlinesunknowinglygotoff on the wrong foot during itsinitialflightsfromHongKong.Tocommemorate the occasion, theyhandedout
41、whitecarnations(康乃馨) tothepassengers.WhentheylearnedthattomanyAsianswhiteflowersrepresentbadluckandevendeath,theychangedtoredcarnations.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication6.AttireAlthoughWesternbusinessdresshasbeenwidelyadoptedamongothercultures,youmaywishtolearnculturaldistinctionsinappropr
42、iatebusinessattire(服装).WhenvisitingSaudiArabia,forexample,theSaudimightwearthetraditionalArabicwhiteflowingrobeandheadcloth.Theuseofclothingandphysicalappearancetocommunicateismoreobvious.Clothingcanreflectculturalheritage.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationCase-analysis:FormalityofDress1.Wh
43、atcanwelearnfromthecase?2.NikeisverypopularintheUnitedStates while the consumption ofNike remains moderate in theEuropeancountries.Why?Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationAssignmentGiveinterpretationstothefollowingnonverbalbehaviors. lAnadultpatsachildshead lAcustomerinarestaurantwaveshishandoverhishead lTwowomenwalkhandinhandonthestreetInwhatsituationsmightyouneedtointerpretthenonverbalbehaviorofsomeonefromanotherculture? What problems could arise from notunderstandingdifferencesinnonverbalbehaviors?Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationThank you for your Attention
