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1、 Word-formation IIIConversion1 Important PointsnI. The Definition of ConversionnII. Types of ConversionnVerbNounnNounVerbnAdjectiveNounnAdjectiveVerbnNounAdjective2I.The definition of conversionnConversion is a word-formation whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another w
2、ithout the addition of an affix. It is also called zero derivation(零位派生零位派生).3 n1. Noun-verb conversionn2. Adjective-verb conversionn3. Verb-noun conversionn4. Adjective-noun conversionn5. Noun-adjective conversionn6. Minor category of conversionn7. Change of secondary word-class: noun, verb, adject
3、iveII. Major types of conversion41.Noun-verb conversion1. Noun-verb conversionnHe elbowed his way through the crowd.nProblems snowballed by the hour.nThe newspaper headlined his long record of accomplishments.nKissinger got the plans and helicoptered to Camp David. 5Changes of pronunciation and spel
4、lingnAbusenAdvicenHousenUsenBeliefnGriefnShelfnmouthnAbusenAdvisenHousenUsenBelievenGrievenShelvenMouth 6nThis noun to verb conversion may be subdivided into the following groups, based on A Grammar of Contemporary English by R. Qirk et al.7a)To put in/to N: Usually locative nous denoting a place, a
5、 container or a specified location.bottle (to put into a bottle), corner, catalogue, floor, garage, positionb)To give N, to provide with N:coat (to give a coat of paint), commission, grease, mask, muzzle, plaster c)To deprive of N: to remove the object denoted by the noun form somethingtore (to remo
6、ve the core from), gut, peel. skin, top and tail (BrE)8d) To. with N”: the meaning of the verb is “to use the referent of the noun as an instrument for whatever activity particularly associated with it”brake (to stop by means of a brake), elbows, fiddle, finger, glue, knife e)To be/act as N with res
7、pect to. i.Verbs from human nouns: mother, nurse, boss, chaperon, pilot, referee, usher eg. She mothered the orphan.9ii.Verbs from animal nous: parrot, ape, monkey, dog, wolfeg. Tom parroted what the boss had said. Our cat has kittened.iii.Verbs from inanimate nous: shadow, balloon, flood, ghost, mu
8、shroom, snowballeg. The police shadowed the suspect.10f) To make/change.into Ncash (to change into cash), cripple, groupeg. Please cash this cheque for me.( Please change the cheque into cash.g)To (a) send/(b) go by N(a) mail (to send by mail), ship, telegrapheg. Will you please mail the parcel?(b)
9、bicycle (to go by bicycle), boat, canoe, motor eg. We bicycled to the Summer Palace.11nh) “ To spend the period of time denoted by N”:nsummer, holiday, winter, weekend, honeymoon, and vacation.neg. We summered in Qingdao.nNote: Most of the verbs in this category are transitive, with the exception of
10、 type (g) (ii), and type (h).122. Adjective - verb conversiona. (transitive verb) to make adjective or to make more adjective: to cause someone or something to be, become, the quality denoted by the adjective Such as: calm (to make calm), dirty, humble, lower, soundproofb. (intransitive verbs) to be
11、come adjective: to be, become the quality denoted by the adjectiveSuch as: pale, slim, sour, mellow, dim, and idle13Sometimes the phrasal verb is derived fromadjective by the addition of particle: smoothout (“to make smooth”), sober up (to becomesober), calm down (to become calm) 14n3. Verb-noun con
12、versionnHe was admitted to the university after a three-year wait.nThis little restaurant is quite a find.nIt is a good buy.nHe took a close look at the machine.ndoubt, smell, desire, want, attempt, hit, reply, divide15Phrasal verb-noun conversionRight branchingLeft branchingBreak downBreakdownBreak
13、 outOutbreakPick upPick-upSpill overOverspillTake overTake-overStart upUpstartGet togetherGet-togetherPut inInputBreak throughBreakthrough Keep upupkeep16nThe following sub-division of verb to noun conversion is also based on A Grammar of Contemporary English by R.Qirk et al.17a) to denote state of
14、mind or state of sensation: desire, dismay, doubt, love, smell, taste;b) to denote an event or activity: attempt, fall, hit, laugh, release, search, shutdown, swim; to give a cry, shudder, start, howl, laugh to have a look, swim, ride, try, drink to make a dash, dive, guess to take a peep, turn 18c)
15、 Agent /Subject of V”: bore, cheat, spy, coach, help, rebel, showoff, standineg. He is a great bore.=He is a person bores everyone. d) as object of the verb: answer, bet, catch, find, handout, reject, import eg. This little restaurant is a quite find.= We found a nice little restaurant.19e) as instr
16、ument of the verb: cover, wrap. wrench; eg. The cloth is a good cover for the table. g) place of the verb: divide, retreat, rise, turn.eg. This is the divide between the two rivers.=This is the place where the two rivers divide. f) as manner of the verb (+ing): walk, throw, lie;20n4. Adjective-noun
17、ConversionnPartial ConversionnComplete Conversion21nPartial conversion: some adjectives are used as nouns when preceded by the definite article; yet these converted nouns take on only some of the features of the noun; they do not take plural and genitive inflections, nor can they be preceded by dete
18、rminers like a, this, my, etc. Such as the poor, the wounded.nMeanwhile they also remain some features of adjectives, which can be modified by adverb and assume the comparative degree. 22nComplete conversion: the conversion of adjective to noun is complete when the converted form takes on all the fe
19、atures of a noun. Such as native, married, regular, progressive234.1 The Types of Partial conversion a. Denoting a quality or a state common to a group of person: the deaf, the blind, the poor, the wounded eg. The poor were oppressed by the rich during preliberation days. Note: one cannot say: I saw
20、 a poor./These poors are good people./Those poors houses need repairing. b. Denoting peoples of a nation (ending in sh, -se, -ch): the English, the Chinese, the Danish, the Scotch eg. In former days the English and the Scotch were often at war.24nc. Denoting a quality in the abstract: neg. a strong
21、dislike for the sentimental, to distinguish the false and the true, from the sublime to the ridiculousnd. Denoting a single person (converted from participles): the accused, the deceased, the deserted, the condemned nAdverbial superlatives are sometimes preceded by a definite article.neg. I will giv
22、e you a definite answer on Tuesday at the latest.nHe is at his best in his description of college life.254.2 Complete conversionnA native, two natives, a returned nativenHe is a natural for the job.nTom is one of our regulars, he comes in for a drink about this time every night.nTo them she is not a
23、 brusque crazy, but appropriately passionate.nThey are the creatives in the advertising department.265.noun adjective conversion Only the noun form which occurs in predicative as well as in attributive positions can be included in this category: a brick garage The garage is brick. reproduction furni
24、ture this furniture Is reproduction. Worcester porcelain This porcelain is Worcester a very Oxbridge accent His accent is very Oxbridge (BrE)Note:This excludes those nouns used in the function of attributive adjectives only: He said it in a business tone. In this sentence business cannot be regarded
25、 as genuine conversion, because we cannot say: His tone is business. 27 6. Minor categories of conversiona)Conversion from closedsystem words to nouns: This book is a must for the student of aerodynamics.b)Conversion from phrases to nouns: Whenever I gamble, my horse is one of the also rans (i.e. on
26、e of the horses which also ran but was not among the winners)c)Conversion from phrases to adjectives: an undertheweather feeling, I feel very under theweather. (i.e. indisposed)d)Conversion from affixes to nouns: Patriotism, and any other isms youd like to name.287. Change of secondary word-class: n
27、ouns, verbs, adjectives7.1 Change of secondary word-class: nounsa)noncount count(i) a unit of n: two coffees (cups of coffee)(ii) a kind of n: Some paints are more lasting than others(iii)an instance of n (with abstract nouns.): a difficulty b)count noncountn viewed in terms of a measurable extent (
28、normally only after expressions of amount): a few square feet of floor29c)Proper common (initial capital usually retained)(i) A member of the class typified by N: a Jeremiah (a gloomy prophet)(ii) A person, place, etc. called N: There are several Cambridge (places called Cambridge in the world)(iii)
29、A product of N or a sample or collection of Ns work: a Rolls Royce (a car manufactured by Rolls Royce), a Rencir, a (complete) Shakespeare d) Stative dynamicHes being a fool (Hes behaving like a fool)307.2 Change of secondary wordclass: verbsa) Intransitivetransitiveb) Transitiveintransitive(i) Can
30、be Ved Your book reads well.(ii) To V oneself: Have you washed yet? (iii) To V someone/something/etc.: We have eaten .(iv) To be Ved: The door opened.c) Intransitiveintensive(i) Current meaning: He lay flat (ii) Resulting meaning: He fell flat31d) Intensiveintransitive: The milk turned (i.e. turned sour)e) Monotransitivecomplex transitive(i) Current meaning: We catch them young (ii) Resulting meaning: I wiped it clean.7.3 Change of secondary wordclass: adjectivesa)Nongradable gradable I have a veiy Legal tum of mindb)StativedynamicHes just being friendly (“acting in a friendly manner”) 32
