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1、Confucius and Confucianism孔子及其思想孔子及其思想孔子简介孔子简介 the brief of Confucius 孔子（公元前551年公元前479年）是中国最著名的人物。作为儒家创始人，他的思想一直在中国有着深远的影响。但孔子不是他的原名，而是一种尊称，是孔夫子的拉丁文。孔子姓孔名丘，字仲尼，出生在鲁国陬邑（今山东曲阜东南）。 uConfucius (551 B.C479 B.C.) is one of the most famous Chinese people. uAs the founder of Confucianism, his thought has ex
2、erted a deep influence on China and its people. uBut Confucius was not his real name. It was a courtesy title, a Latinized form of “Kong Fuzi”, meaning “Master Kong”. uHis family name was Kong and his given name, Qiu. And he styled himself Zhongni. He was born at Zouyi, the State of Lu. Legend says
3、that Confucius has three thousand disciples, of which 72 are sages. After Confucius died, his disciples and the disciples disciples recorded the saying and thought of Confucius and his disciples, sorting into the Confucian classic named the Analects of Confucius. 相传他有弟子三千，其中七十二贤人。孔子去世后，其弟子及其再传弟子把孔子及
4、其弟子的言行语录和思想记录下来，整理编成儒家经典论语。 The Confucian thought has far-reaching influence on China and the world, Confucius is listed as the worlds top ten cultural celebrities. 其儒家思想对中国和世界都有深远的影响，孔子被列为“世界十大文化名人”之首。 As one of the greatest thinker, educator, philosopher and the founder of the Confucian school and
5、 Confucianism in the history of China, Confucius legacy lies in the following three aspects: 作为中国历史上伟大的思想家、教育家、哲学家和儒家及儒学的创始人，孔子为后人留下了宝贵的遗产，主要体现在三个方面： Firstly, he compiled and preserved the literary works, The Six Classics, including Shi, Shu, Li, Yue, Yi and Chun Qiu, which are regarded as the class
6、ics of Confucianism. The accomplishment makes a large impact on the succession and development of the traditional Chinese culture. 首先，他整理了诗、书、礼、乐、易、春秋六部文献，被后代奉为儒家经典，合称“六经”，为传统文化的继承和发展做出了巨大的贡献。 Secondly, Confucius built up a system of philosophical thoughts with Ren as its basic virtue. This virtue i
7、s the central theme of his Analects. He considered Ren as the first and highest criterion of mans behavior and the core of morality. 第二，建立了一套以“仁”为核心的思想体系，这集中体现在论语一书中。 他认为“仁”是人的最高道德境界，是道德的核心内容，包括孝、弟（悌）、恕、礼、恭、信、知、勇等内容。 Ren meant to “love other men”.For the person who have Ren, if treat others with gen
8、erous,others will reward you Ren; if tforbear others, others will forbear you. “仁”就是“爱人”。“夫仁者，己欲立而立人，己欲达而达人”（此句意指：仁爱之人，自己决定对人建立仁爱之心，别人才会对你仁爱，自己决定对人宽容，别人才会对你宽容。 Thirdly, Confucius established private schools, creating a scientific educational system.Confucius also held the idea that everyone should b
9、e educated regardless of his social status. 第三，办私学，创立了科学的教育思想体系。孔子提出“有教无类”。 In educational practice, he created flexible teaching methods, promoting the combination of learning and thinking, learning and reviewing as well as teaching and learning. He emphasized on individualized and heuristic teachi
10、ng . These ideas are still of great significance in practice today. 在教育实践中创立了灵活多样的教学方法，提倡“学”与“思”结合，学习与复习结合以及教与学结合，讲求因材施教和启发式教学等。这些思想，直到今天还有其现实意义。u己所不欲，勿施于人。己所不欲，勿施于人。What you do not want done to yourself, do not do to others.u言必信，行必果。言必信，行必果。Keep what you say and carry out what you do.u四海之内皆兄弟也；四海之内
11、皆兄弟也； All Men Are Brothers.u有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎；有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎； Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters? u礼之用，和为贵。礼之用，和为贵。The most valuable use of the rites is to achieve harmony.Confuciuss sayings： u知者不惑，仁者不忧，勇者不惧。知者不惑，仁者不忧，勇者不惧。A wise man will not confused, a kindhearted man wont wo
12、rried, a brave man is not afraid.u子曰：子曰：“三人行，必有我师焉。择其善者而从之，其不善者而三人行，必有我师焉。择其善者而从之，其不善者而改之。改之。” Confucius said: When I walk along with two others, they may serve me as my teachers. I will select their good qualities and follow them, their bad qualities and avoid them。 u子曰：子曰：“学而时习之，不亦说（学而时习之，不亦说（yu）乎
13、？有）乎？有朋自远方来，不亦乐（朋自远方来，不亦乐（l）乎？人不知而不愠）乎？人不知而不愠（yn），不亦君子乎？），不亦君子乎？” Confucius said: ls it not delightful to learn and constantly review? Is it not very happy to have like-minded friends come from afar ? Others do not understand(know) me, but I will not grudge (angry), am I not a gentleman?u子曰：子曰：“学而不思
14、则罔，思而不学则殆。学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。”Confucius said: Learning without thought is labor lost; thought without learning is perilous.u子曰：子曰：“由！诲汝知之乎！知之为知之，由！诲汝知之乎！知之为知之，不知为不知，是知也。不知为不知，是知也。”Confucius said to a disciple, Shall I teach you what is understanding(know)? To know what it is that you know, and not to know what it is that you do not know -that is understanding.”u子曰：子曰：“温故而知新，可以为师矣。温故而知新，可以为师矣。”Confucius said If a man will constantly go over what he has acquired and keep continually adding to it new acquirements, he may become a teacher of men.
