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1、Chapter 2 HistorySept. 15Sha DeyuI. The foundation of the nationSummary:1. The Roman invasion2. Germanic warriors invasions 3. The Vikings and Alfred the Great4. The Norman Conquest (1066) 5. The House of Anjou (Plantagenet)6. The Great Charter7. The origins of the English Parliament8. The Hundred Y
2、ears War9. The wars of the Roses1. British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. 1) the Roman invasionIn 55BC and 54BC, Julius Caesar, a Roman general, invaded Britain twice. In 43 AD, the Emperor Claudius invaded Britain successfully. Discussion: why did Rome leave Britain and give up it
3、s occupation of the Island?2) Romans influence on Britain Many native Celts were driven to Scotland and WalesThe Roman built many towns, cities, roads, temples and buildings. They also brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain.2. Germanic warriors invasions and their conversion to Christian
4、ity 1) Germanic warriors invasions In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to Britain. The Jutes came to Britain first, followed by the Saxons, and finally came the Angles.2) Germanic warriors conversion to Christianity In 597, Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine
5、to England to convert the English to Christianity. In 579 St. Augustine (note attached) became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. （Note: St. Augustine was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility, but the conversion of the common people was largely due to the missionary activit
6、ies of the monks in the north. ） By the late 7th century, Rome Christianity became the dominant religion in Britain.3. The Vikings and Alfred the Great1) The Viking invaders were the Norwegians and the Danes. They attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th century. （notes: They became
7、 a serious problem in the 9th century, especially between 835 and 878. They even managed to capture York, an important center of Christianity in 867. By the middle of 9th century, the Viking and the Danes were posing a threat to the Saxon kingdom of Wessex.） 2) Alfred the GreatAlfred the Great, a ki
8、ng of Wessex, defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them in 878. The Danes gained control of the north and east, while he ruled the rest. He also converted some leading Danes into Christians.(notes: He founded a strong fleet and is known as “the father of the British navy”. He reo
9、rganized the Saxon army, making it more efficient. He translated a Latin book into English. He also established schools and formulated a legal system. All this earns him the title “Alfred the Great.”)4. The Norman Conquest (1066) 1) Edward the Confessor2) Reasons for Williams invasion of England aft
10、er Edwards death. (Notes: It was said that King Edward had promised the English throne to William, but the Witan (贤人) chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England.) In October 1066, during the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. One Christmas Day,
11、 William was crowned king of England, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England.3) The Norman Conquest and its consequencesIt is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon
12、rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and the civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners and architecture were introduced. The Church was brought into closer c
13、onnection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts. 5. King Henry II and his reforms 1) The House of Anjou (Plantagenet) King Henry II, Williams great grandson, built up a large empire which included England and more than half of France.2) The ways Henry IIs reform of th
14、e courts and the lawImproved the courts of justice; introduced the jury system;institutionalized common law throughout the country.6. Contents and the significance of the Magna Carta (the Great Charter) 1) The Great Charter was signed by King John in 1215 under the pressure of the barons. 2) 63 clau
15、sesIts important provisions are as follows: (1) the King could not exact payment from the vassals without their consent; (2) no freemen should be arrested, imprisoned or deprived of their freedom unless they are convicted according to the law of the land; (3) Merchants should be allowed to move abou
16、t freely (4) London and other towns should retain their traditional rights and privileges, and (5) there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country. 3) The significance of the Magna CartaIt granted the townspeople freedom of trade and self-government; The merchants and craftsmen
17、appeared for the first time as a political force; As the foundation of the British constitutionalism, it provides the basic principles for the protection of individual rights in both Britain and the United States7. The origins of the English Parliament The Great Council (regular meetings of baronial
18、 councils) is known to be the prototype of the current British Parliament. In 1265, Simon de Montfort summoned the Great Council, together with two knights from each county and two citizens from each town. It later developed into the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Its main role was to offe
19、r advice. There were no elections or parties. And the most important part of Parliament was the House of Lords.8. Several important historical eventsIn the 14th and 15th centuries took place several important historical events. Among them were the Hundred Years War and the Wars of the Roses.The Hund
20、red Years WarIt was a series wars fought between England and France over trade, territory, security and the throne that lasted intermittently from 1337 to 1453. 9. The wars of the RosesA series of civil wars between 2 great noble families: the House of York (a white rose on the badge) and the House
21、of the Lancaster (a red rose on the badge)The House of the Lancaster won and then the House of Tudor came into being。Under the Tudor, England started changing from a medieval to a modern county.II. Transition to the modern ageSummery:1. Religious Reformation1.1 Three Main Causes for Henry VIIIs Reli
22、gious Reform of the Church1.2 Elizabeth I (1558-1603) 2. The Civil War3. Restoration and the Glorious Revolution4. The Industrial RevolutionNote: 资产阶级代议制http:/ Religious Reformation1.1 Three main causes for Henry VIIIs Religious Reform of the Church Omitted here (cf. reference para.1 at p18)The refo
23、rm began as a struggle for a divorce and ended in freedom from the Papacy. Henry VIII wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon (note of Catherine of Aragon http:/ but the Pope refused. Purposes:Henrys reform was to get rid of the English Churchs connection with the Pope, and to make an independent Chur
24、ch of England. Steps:He made this break with Rome gradually between 1529 and 1534. He dissolved all of Englands monasteries and nunneries because they were more loyal to the Pope than to their English kings. The laws such as the Act of succession of 1534 and the Act of Supremacy (http:/ of 1535 made
25、 his reform possible. He established the church of England as the national church of the country, andhe made himself the supreme head of the church of England (note:英国国教 http:/ more information about the religious reform: http:/ VIIIs reform stressed the power of the monarch and certainly strengthen
26、ed Henrys position; Parliament had never done such a long and important piece of work before, its importance grew as a result. His attack on the Popes power encouraged many critics of abuses of the Catholic Church. England was moving away form Catholicism towards protestantism (基督新教或新教 http:/ Elizab
27、eth I (1558-1603)Elizabeths religious reform was a compromise of views. She broke Marys (血腥玛丽http:/ ties with Rome and restored her fathers independent Church of England, i.e. keeping to Catholic doctrines and practices but to be free of the Papals control. The religious settlement (教会和解) was unacce
28、ptable to both the extreme Protestants known as Puritans and to ardent Catholics.2. The Civil WarThe war began on August 22, 1642 and ended in 1651. Charles I was condemned to death. Because of the absolute rule of Charles, the confrontation between Charles I and the parliament developed into the ci
29、vil war.The king granted monopolies on certain commodities to his favorites, and thereafter no citizen could trade in these commodities without first purchasing the permission of the monopoly holders.Two camps:The Royalists (the Cavaliers) VS parliamentarians (the Roundheads); Oliver Cromwell (the N
30、ew Model Army and the Commonwealth) (see p19)The English Civil War not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe. It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history. 3. Restoration and the Glorious Revolution3.1 RestorationWhen
31、Oliver Cromwell died in 1658 and was succeeded by his son, Richard, the regime began to collapse. One of Cromwells generals, George Monck, occupied London and arranged for new parliamentary elections. The Parliament elected in 1660 resolved the crisis by asking the late Kings son to return from his
32、exile in France as king Charles II. It was called the Restoration.3.2 The Glorious Revolution of 1688In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II, a Catholic James II hoped to reestablish Catholicism in England. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40
33、 years ago. So the English politicians rejected him, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Re
34、volution. Parliament passed the Bill of Rights (signed by William and Mary), which limited the power of the monarch and guaranteed the authority of Parliament.The Glorious Revolution was complete, in which Parliament succeeded in removing a ruling monarch they did not like and establishing a system
35、known as constitutional monarchy4. The Industrial Revolution4.1 The industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It began in the textile industry and was marked by a
36、series of inventions4.2 Britain was the first country to industrialize because of the following factors: (for ss to discuss)First, Britain had a huge market.Second, from the colonies in America and India, England acquired enormous wealth with which to develop its industries. (the East India Company-
37、a trading monopoly; the Royal African Company-the slave trade with Africa (see p21)Third, the enclosure movement deprived many small landowners of their property.Other possible reasons: (for reference only) Britain was well placed geographically to participate in European and world trade.Britain had
38、 a peaceful society, which, after the 17th century, was increasingly interested in overseas trade and colonies. International trade brought wealth to merchants and city bankers. They and those who had done well out of new farming methods provided capital in large quantities for industrialization. Th
39、e limited monarchy which resulted from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 ensured that the powerful economic interests in the community could exert their influence over Government policy.It was a country in which the main towns were never too far from seaports, or from rivers, which could distribute th
40、eir products.Britain had many rivers, which were useful for transport but also for water and steam power. Britain also had useful mineral resources.British engineers had sound training as craftsmen. The inventors were respected. They solved practical problems. 4.3 Typical examples of the inventions
41、during the Industrial Revolution (1) John Kays flying shuttle in 1733;1733年，约翰凯的飞梭；(2) James Hargreaves Spinning Jenny in 1766;1766年詹姆士哈格里夫斯詹妮纺纱机；(3) Richard Arkwrights water frame in 1769;1769年理查德阿克赖特的水力纺织机；(4) Samuel Cromptons spinning mule in 17791779年塞缪尔克朗普顿的走锭纺纱机；(5) Edmund Cartwrights power lo
42、om in 1784;1784年爱德蒙卡特莱特发明的动力织布机；(6) James Watts steam engine in 1765.1765年詹姆斯瓦特的高效蒸汽机。4.4 Consequences of the industrial RevolutionIts industrial productivity increased dramatically. Britain became the most advanced industrial country (by 1830 the “workshop of the world”) and also the financial cent
43、er in the world.The country also underwent a process of mass urbanization. Many new cities sprang up and towns grew rapidly and became the source of the nations wealth. (for example? Ss discuss and answer. Cf. p21). Mechanization destroyed the livelihood of those who could not invest in it . The wor
44、king men worked and lived in a appalling conditions. The Industrial Revolution also created changes in the class structure. The capitalist class replaced the old nobility and a large proletariat class came into being,and it later led to trade unionism. III. The Rise and Fall of the BE1. The Formatio
45、n of the Empire 1.1 the first British Empire the first colony overseas: Newfoundland including colonies in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India and many small states in the West Indies.1.2 the second British Empire Queen Victoria and the Victorian Age1.2.1 tremendous achievements: further industria
46、lization, the building of railways and the growth of trade and commerceAn empire of occupying 25% of the global population and the worlds landmass.Pictures of Elizabeth IIhttp:/ an aggressive foreign policy adopted (New Imperialism-Colonial Expansion) The British fleet was sent to dominate the local
47、 people to plunder available resources.A quarter of the global population and nearly a quarter of the worlds landmass An empire on which the sun never set1.2.3 New Imperialism in detailsEnglish colonial expansion began with the colonization of Newfoundland in 1583. Encouraged by Britains control of
48、the seas, especially by the rising tide of emigration, British colonialists stepped up their expansion to Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, in the late 18th and the early 19th centuries. By 1900, Britain had built up a big empire, “on which the sun never set”. It consisted of a vast number of prot
49、ectorates(保护国), Crown colonies(英国直辖殖民地), spheres of influence, and self-governing dominions. It included 25% of the worlds population and area. i) In Oceania and in North America, Colonies (Australia, New Zealand and Canada ) were brought under the direct control of the government (dominions of the
50、English Crown and the 4th one the Union of South Africa ) successively.Notes: (for reference only)1) English began to transport convicts(囚犯 ) to Australia in 1788. Free settlement began in 1816, and no convicts were sent to Australia after 1840. The gold rushes (1851-1892) brought more people to Aus
51、tralia.2) New Zealand became a separate colony of Britain in 1841, achieved self-government in 1857, became a dominion under the British crown in 1907 and was made completely independent in 1931.3) Canada was ceded to Britain by the 1763 Treaty of Paris.ii) In Asia1) The conquest of India The Britis
52、h East India Company (http:/ established in 1600. By 1819 the British conquest of most India was almost complete. 东印度公司的纹章英国东印度公司旧址After the muting of Bengal army (http:/ in 1857, the control of India passed to the British Crown and Queen Victoria became Empress of India in 1877.1857年印度土兵起义后的废墟德里保卫战
53、2) Aggression against China In East Asia, In 1840, the Opium War (http:/ broke out between Britain and China. 道光皇帝林则徐关天培与英军在穿鼻洋进行海战虎门广场上鸦片战争纪念墙与折烟枪标志Since then, Britain gradually invaded many coastal areas and imposed a series of unequal treaties upon China. the Treaty of Nanking and HK ceded and fi
54、ve ports （What are they?）opened; special privileges were granted to colonists in China南京条约香港iii) In AfricaThe scramble for Africa At the beginning of the 19th century British possessions were confined to forts and slave trading posts on the west coast. Over the 19th century the interior of Africa wa
55、s gradually discovered and colonized by Europeans. Britain led the way in the race. Apart from the colonies in the South and West, Britain was also involved in the North East in Egypt and the Sudan.Notes: the Suez Canal (http:/ controlled, Egypt conquered, the Gold Coast (p23) etc. occupied, and Sou
56、th Africa (gold and diamonds-rich) occupied; the Union of South Africa (the 4th dominions)苏伊士运河2. Britain in the World Wars2.1 Britain and the First World War Background information of the War (ss discuss and report in class. Cf. p2324 in ss book)The World War I was fought from 1914 to 1918 primaril
57、y between two European Power blocs: “the Central power”. Germany and Austria-Hungary, and the “Allies”, Britain, France and Russia. Consequences (ss discussion)During the war, the Britain lost much. Apart from the loss of manpower, there had been considerable disruption of the economy and society. T
58、he effects of the New York Stock Market Crash of 1929 soon spread throughout Europe and by 1931 Britain was entering the Great depression. 2.2 Britain and the Second World War Background information of the War (ss discuss and report in class. Cf. p25 in ss book)As Adolf Hitler and Nazism showed off
59、their aggressive momentum(势头) in Europe, Chamberlain, the Prime Minister, found his policy of appeasement (a question: what is it?) of German aggression was no longer tenable, and was forced to declare war on Germany on September 3,1939.Adolph Hitler 阿道夫希特勒上色肖像孩童时期 童年时期Ss discussion:How did the form
60、er Soviet Union and the United States get involved in the War?斯大林16岁经典照片：斯大林工作经典照片：斯大林工作斯大林斯大林Winston Churchill 丘吉尔Ss can have a further research of Winston Churchill after school.童年时代青年时代战时首相1941年8月，丘吉尔与罗斯福的历史性会见 雅尔塔会议 丘吉尔、罗斯福及斯大林 3. The Fall of the EmpireMost of Britains colonies demanded and foug
61、ht for independence. (ss read and find details at p25 in the book )A question for the ss to answer: what is the British Commonwealth of Nations?（cf. p25）1. The Big Three: the United States; the former Soviet Union and the United Kingdom2. The foreign policy - “Three Majestic Circles” (三环外交)IV. Brita
62、in since world II1) The Commonwealth circleMuch of Africa and Asia as well as the dominions of Canada, New Zealand and Australia2) its special relationship with the US 3) its close relationship with Western Europe.Ss discussion 1) Why did Britain gradually reduce its involvement in the Commonwealth
63、circle?Conflicts between members with different interests within the Commonwealth created a situation which no longer served the benefit of Britain.Cf. p252) Why did Britain cooperate closely with the US after World War II? They were allied during the war and shared the same concerns regarding the S
64、oviet Union.Joined NATO (1949); the Korean War (1951); the Suiz Crisis (1956) (details of these seen at p2526)3) Why did Britains attitude towards the EEC change from the refusal at the beginning to cooperation gradually?An isolationist policy adopted and few advantages gained from the Commonwealth3
65、. Thatchers reestablishment of the “special relationship” with the US (ss read para.2 at page 26)President Reagan: The invasion of the Caribbean island of Grenada (a member state of commonwealth)Attacks on Libya (by offering the USits airbase)Helped the US drive the Iraqis out in “Operation Desert S
66、torm” (the invasion of Kuwait by Saddam Hussein)Resisted European integration首相岁月 邓小平会见撒切尔夫人 晚年风采 Thatcherism referred to the policies put forward by Margaret Thatcher, the first woman prime minister in England in 1979. The main contents of her policies included the return to private ownership of st
67、ate-owned industries, the use of monetarist policies to control inflation, the weakening of trade unions the, strengthening of the role of market forces in the economy, and an emphasis on law and order. To some extent her program was successful and she led one of the most remarkable periods in the B
68、ritish economy.4. John MajorThatchers successor helped to mend a good relationship with the Europeans.约翰梅杰5. Tony BlairPursued a positive policy toward EuropeParticipated actively in European affairs.Refused to join the European currencyStrengthened the close relationship with the US (how? Ss read)托
69、尼布莱尔及其全家6. Postwar Britain 1) One of the most far-reaching consequences of the War was that it hastened the end of Britains empire.2) In 1952 Princess Elizabeth was crowned Queen Elizabeth II. Many people through television saw the ceremony.3) In January 1973, Britain became a full member of the European Economic Community which was still called the Common Market in 1973. Britain witnessed the first oil shock in 1973.
