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1、Appendix IKey to Exercises (Units 1-8)Unit 1Part IPre-reading TaskScript for the recording:Have you ever heard of the pop singer, John LennonHere he is singing a song he wrote for his son.Its calledBeautiful Boy.Close your eyesHave no rearThe monster s toneHes on the run and your daddys hereBeautifu
2、l, beautiful, beautiful Beautiful boyBeautiful, beautiful, beautiful Beautiful boyBefore you go to sleep Say a little prayerIJohn Lennon (1940-1980): First became famous as a singer and guitarist in the Beatles, a Britishrock group, writing many of their most successful hits. Later he left the group
3、, but continued to bepopular as a singer and songwriter.66 -AppendixlEvery day in every wayIt*s getting better and betterBeautiful, beautiful, beautifulBeautiful boyBeautiful, beautiful, beautifulBeautiful boyOut on the ocean sailing away I can hardly wait To see you come of ageBut I guess well both
4、 just have to be patient Cause its a long way to go A bard row to hoe Yes it*sa long way to goBut in the meantimeBefore you cross the streetTake my bandLife is what happens to youWhile youre busy making other plansBeautiful, beautiful, beautiful Beautiful boyBeautiful, beautiful, beautiful Beautiful
5、 boyBefore you go to sleep Say a little prayer Every day in every way Its getting better and betterlAhardrow tohoe:To hoe is to use a special farming tool, a hoe, to clear small weeds and break upthe surface of the soil. The row referred to is a row of plants.Appendixl- $9 -Beautiful, beautiful, bea
6、utiful Beautiful boy Darling, darling, darling Darling SeanYouve just heard John Lennon singing a lullaby to his son Sean. A lullaby is a song we sing tohelp babies to go to sleep. So he tells Sean Close your eyes, have no fear, your Daddy*s here.*Then he looks into the future. He sees his son setti
7、ng out on lifes adventure:Out on the ocean sailing awayAnd he can hardly wait to see his son grow up, to reach eighteen when he comes of age andcelebrates becoming an adult. But he knows theyll both have to be patientCause ifa long way to go A hard row to hoeGrowing up can be difficult. At times it
8、can, as we say, be a hard row to hoe. Its a phrase we useto describe any difficult task.But if growing up is sometimes hard, it is also full of surprises. Things happen when we leastexpect them:Lire is what happens to youWhile youre busy making other plansI think youll find the stories you are going
9、 to read in this unit show that John Lennon was right:growing up can be quite an adventure, full of the unexpected.As for John Lennon, sadly he never did live to see his son grow up and come of age, for John wasshot dead by a madman in New York while Sean was still only five years old.- 90 -Appendix
10、lPart II Text AText organization1.Paragraphs Headings 1 Bakers feelings about English courses 2 Bakers impression of his newEnglish teacher 3 A topic that attracts Bakefs attention 4 Vivid memories the title brought back 5Bakefs sudden desire to write about that topic 6 Anticipating punishment 7 Mr.
11、 Fleaglesannouncement 8 Classmates* response to the essay 9 What Baker discovered 2.Parts Paragraphs Main Ideas Part i Paras 1-2 Baker was bored by everything associated withEnglish courses, including essay writing. Partll Paras 3-5 Baker found himself attracted by oneparticular topic and wrote abou
12、t it for his own joy. Partill Paras 6-9 The experience of writing theessay helped him discover his talent for writing and realize what he wished to do in life.Appendixl- 91 -VocabularyI. 1.1) arguments2) put. down3) sequence4) rigid5) tedious6) hold back7) reputations) distribute9) off and on 10) vi
13、vid11) associate . with 12) congratulations13) finally 14) turn in/turn out15) tackle2.1) George hasbeen assigned to the newspapers Paris office.2)There is a possibility that his wish to become a writer will come true.3)She had a clear image of how she would look in twenty years* time.4)When the off
14、icer gave the command the soldiers opened fire.5)As long as people keep buying bikes well keep turning them out.3.1) Mr. Green is very dull as a lecturer. Hesrigidand old fashioned, and doesnt seem to havethe faintest idea of howto inspire. I always getbored with / byhis lectures.2)Alans essays are
15、longand tediousto read. Whafs more, hisargumentsare often based onout ofdate ideas.3)1 was pleasantly surprised at my ability tocomposean essay that the professor chose to read tothe class. It was without doubt one of the happiest moments inmy school career, but I did my besttoavoid showingpleasure.
16、 When the professor offered mehis congratu lations, however, Icouldhardly hold backa smile.ILSynonyms in Context1. composed2. severe3. agony4. extraordinary5. recal!6. command7. was violating8. anticipateIll.Collocation1. at2. for3. of4. with5. as6. about7. to8. in, in-92 -Appendixl9. from 10. on/up
17、onStructure1.1) Russell Baker is reported to live today with his wife in Virginia.2)They are said to be building another bridge across the river.3)Only a few students in Mr. Parkefs composition class are said to have really captured theessence of the essay.4)Those love poems were believed to have be
18、en composed by an English poet of the sixteenthcentury.2.1) as you suggested2)as I told you to3)exactly as I was4)as you have described them to meComprehensive ExercisesI. Cloze2.congratulations4. scanned6.vivid8.off and on10. career (A)1. hold back3. tedious5. recall7. arguments9. turn out/turn in(
19、B)2. after 4. kids/children 6. for/of 8. So 10. she 12. assignment/book 14. proved 16. myself 1. that3. black5. at7. different9. On11. answer13. wrong15. ThusILTranslationSusan lost her legs because of / in a car accident. For a time, she didnt know how tofaceAppendixl- 93 -up tothe fact that she wo
20、uld never ( be able to) walk again.One day, whilescanning(through ) books, a true story caught her eye/she was attracted by a truestory. It gave avividdescription of how a disabled girl became a writer. Greatlyinspired. Susanmade up her mind to read as much as she could, andwhats more, she wanted to
21、 write stories abouther own childhood. Susan began to feel that she, too, wouldfinallybe able to lead a useful life.Part III TextBComprehension Checkl.b2. a3. c4. c5.b6. cTranslation(参见 Appendix HI)2. in advance4. adjusting to6. think up8. clashes10. evil12. in the meantime 14. appeal Language Pract
22、ice1. on purpose3. comprises5. assumed7. generally9. represent11. voluntary13. motioned15. decentPart IV Theme-related Language Learning TasksModel paperA memorable ExperienceOn the morning of the college entrance test I rode a bike to the school where I would take the-94 -Appendixlexamination.Less
23、than halfway between my house and the school, disaster struck. My bike hit a nail and thefront tyre went flat. I pushed the bike along the streets, looking for a repair shop. Minutes passedbutstill there was none to be found. When I looked at my watch, I went wild with worry: there wereonly fifteen
24、minutes left before the examination began, and the nearest bus stop was a long wayoff.Not knowing what to do, I stood still by the side of the road, tears welling up in my eyes. Then acarpulled in and I heard a voice asking what the matter was. When he heard my story, the driverofferedme a lift. Tha
25、nk to his kindness, I arrived just in time. And so here I am today. (157words)Unit 2Part IPre-reading TaskScript for the recording:Just what are friends for To have fun with, of course, to share in the good times. Yet most peoplewould say that a real friend is more than just a fair weather friend. A
26、 fair weather friend A fairweather friend is someone who*s happy to stay with you when things are going well but leaves assoon as trouble arrives, while a good friend, a true friend, is one wholl stand by you when youfind yourself in difficulties. Thats certainly what the American pop singer Dionne
27、Warwick thinks.As she tells her friend.you can always count on me, For sure, that*s what friends are for,For good times, an bad times, V11 be on your side forevermore.But she sings it better than I can say it. So lets listen to her as she sings her songThat*sWhatFriends Are For.Appendixl- 95 -Thats
28、What Friends Are ForDionne WarwickAnd I never thought Id reel this way And as far as Im concerned Im glad I got the chance to sayThat I do believe I love youAnd if I should ever go away,Well, then close your eyes and try,To feel the way we do today,/And then if you can remember,Keep smiling, keep sh
29、ining,Knowing you can always count on me,For sure, thats what friends are for,For good times and had times,Fil he on your side forevermore,That*s what friends are for.Well, you came and opened meAnd now there*s so much more I seeAnd so by the way, I thank youAnd then for the times were apart,Well, t
30、hen close your eyes and knowThese words are coming from my heartAnd then it you can remember.Keep smiling, keep shining,Knowing you can always count on me,For sure, that*s what friends are for,For good times, and had times,Fil he on your side forevermore,Thats what friends are for,Keep smiling, keep
31、 shining,Knowing you can always count on me,For sure thats what friends are for,For good times, and had times,Fil he on your side forevermore,- 9t -AppendixlThat*s what mends are tor, Keep smiling, keep shining. Knowing you can always count on me, Forsure, thats what friends are tor. For good times,
32、 and bad times, Ill be on your side forevermore,That1 s what friends are for.Part II Text APoints for Discussion1. a) He sounded as if he had a cold or something.b)Thanks,u I said, *but I dont want to read your mail. Thats pretty personal.c). the first sentence reminded me of myself/Tve been meaning
33、 to write for some time, butFvealways postponed it.”d)It then went on to say that he often thought about the good times they had had together whenthey both lived in the same neighborhood.e)He shook his head: Time.f)This is a good part here,1 I said. Where it says,your friendship over the years has m
34、eant anawful lot to me, more than I can say because Fm not good at saying things like that. foundmyself nodding in agreement. That must have made you feel good, didnt itng)I know Fd like to receive a letter like that from my oldest friend.ulext Organization1.1) The story begins with the cab driver r
35、eading a letter.2)The letter Tom wrote to his friend Ed.3)Their conversation was centered on the lifelong friendship between the driver and Old Ed.4)The author got to learn more about their friendship by reading the letter himself.2.PartsParagraphsMain IdeasPart OneParas l-20From a conversation with
36、 the cab driver the author learnedhow much he regretted failing to keep up correspondenceAppendixl- 97 -with his old friend Ed. Part Two Paras 21-35 Reading the letter by himself, the author learnedmore about the lifelong friendship between the driver and Old Ed. Part Three Para 36 The driversexperi
37、ence urged the author to reach for his pen.Vocabulary2) available4) are urging/urged6) know . by heart8) hangs out10) reunion12) practically 14) going ahead Ll.l) absolutely3) every now and then5) destination7) mostly9) right away11) or something13) went by15) keep in touch2.1) It seemed that his fa
38、ilure in the examination was still on his mind.2)He was completely choked up by the sight of his team losing in the final minutes of the game.3)She was so lost in study that she forgot to have dinner.4)Something has come up and I am afraid I wont be able to accomplish the project on time.5)The cost
39、of equipping the new hospital was estimated at $2 million.3.1) A couple of flights at Pudong Airportwere postponedthis morning because ofthe awfulweather. Itis estimatedthat over one thousand passengers were held up.2)My professor assigned me somereferencebooks on computers to read. Unfortunately th
40、ey arenotavailablein our school library. lam kind ofworried about it.3)Michael isnot much of a teacher. He oftenskipsfrom one subject to another so it is difficult forhis students to follow him. Besides he just lets themgo aheadwith exercises without making surethey have understood what they are exp
41、ected to do.II. Collocation1. to2. for3. at4. from5. in*6. to7. on8, with- 9$ -AppendixlIII.Usage1. more or less2. kind of/sort of3. Something4. kind oi7sort of5. more or less6. or somethingStructure1.1) may/might as well watch2)may/might as well pour out3)may/might as well walk4)may/might as well b
42、uy2.1) She looks as if she is worried about it.2)It smells as if it is fresh.3)It sounds as if it is Chinese.4)It feels as if it is made of silk.Comprehensive ExercisesI. Cloze2. awful4. neighborhood6. available8. reunion10. postponing2. himself4. So6. long8. from10. when 12. for14. go16. outCompreh
43、ensive ExercisesI. Cloze2. awful4. neighborhood6. available8. reunion10. postponing2. himself4. So6. long8. from10. when 12. for14. go16. out (A)1. choked up3. practically5. correspondence7. destination9. Mostly11. absolutely(B)1. how3. but5. to7. reply/answer9. asking11.touch13. pieces15. checkAppe
44、ndixl- 99 -II. TranslationIt is not easy tokeep in touch withfriends when they are far away. This is certainly true in my case.It has beena couple ofyears since I left my oldneighborhoodand all the friends I had there. Ivebeen meaning to write to them but something or othercomes upand I just dont se
45、em to find thetime. Now I havekind oflost touch with them. They are alwayson my mind, however, and I think Iwill certainly make an effort tokeep up correspondencewith them in future.Part III Text BComprehension Checkl.d3. a 5. c 7. d2. b 4. d 6. dTranslation（ 参见 Appendix III）language Practice1. stuf
46、f3. dragging5. get rid of7. was peering/peered 9. swung11. extent13. draw on15. Worse still2. uneasy4. highlight6. despair8. soaked10. in good shape12. rescue14. let. down-100 -AppendixlPart IV Theme-related Language Learning TasksModel paperOld Friend,Fve been meaning to write for some time, but Iv
47、e always postponed it. You know what Im like,always putting things off till tomorrow. And writing was never my strong point. But looking outthe window just now at the kids playing outside reminded me of when we were their age. All sortsof memories, like the time Tim Shea broke the window, the Hallow
48、een that we tied Old Mr.Parkers gate, and when Mrs. Culver used to keep us after school, came flooding back. What agreat time we spent hanging out together. Come to think of it, time was just about all we did haveto spend in those days.But time flies. I began the letter with Old Friend because that*
49、s what weve become over theyears- old friends. And there arent many of us left. Which makes those who are all the moreprecious. You in particular. Your friendship over the years has meant an awful lot to me, more thanI can say because Im not good at saying things like that.Anyway, weve been out of t
50、ouch for far too long. So I thought youd like to know that I wasthinking of you. We really must try to get together soon. Why not come to visit You know yourealways welcome.- 100 -AppendixlPart IV Theme-related Language Learning TasksModel paperOld Friend,Fve been meaning to write for some time, but
51、 Ive always postponed it. You know what Im like,always putting things off till tomorrow. And writing was never my strong point. But looking outthe window just now at the kids playing outside reminded me of when we were their age. All sortsof memories, like the time Tim Shea broke the window, the Hal
52、loween that we tied Old Mr.Parkefs gate, and when Mrs. Culver used to keep us after school, came flooding back. What agreat time we spent hanging out together. Come to think of it, time was just about all we did haveto spend in those days.But time flies. I began the letter with Old Friend because th
53、at*s what weve become over theyearsold friends. And there arent many of us left. Which makes those who are all the moreprecious. You in particular. Your friendship over the years has meant an awful lot to me, more thanI can say because Fm not good at saying things like that.Anyway, weve been out of
54、touch for far too long. So I thought youd like to know that I wasthinking of you. We really must try to get together soon. Why not come to visit You know yourealways welcome.Your Old Friend,TomPS If you see Tim Shea remind him he never did replace that ball of mine he broke the windowwith !(245words
55、)Appendixl- 101 -Unit 3Part IPre-reading TaskScript for the recording:This unit begins with an article on science. Before you read it, let me tell you something about itsauthor, Stephen Hawking.Hawking is perhaps the most well-known scientist since Einstein. Like Einstein his work tacklesthe big que
56、stions, questions such asHow did the universe begin Why is the universe the way itisandHow will it endHe is now working on what is sometimes known as the theory of everything.1Among other things, this promises to explain what caused the Big Bang that started the universe.But it is not simply the pow
57、er of Hawkings mind that has led to his fame. For what many peoplefind most striking about him is the contrast between the strength of his mind and the weakness ofhis body. For for many years Hawking has suffered from an illness that has left him unable tomove and to speak normally.Born in England i
58、n 1942, Hawking had a normal childhood, and it was not until he was a studentat university that his illness started to affect him. Hospital tests showed he was suffering from adisease that weakens control over the muscles. The disease gets worse with time and there is noknown cure. But Hawking did n
59、ot lose heart. As he says, although there was a cloud hangingover my future, I found, to my suiprise, that I was enjoying life more than before. I began to makeprogress with my research, and I got engaged to a girl called Jane Wilde. That engagementchanged my life. It gave me something to live for.*
60、Hawking started research at Cambridge and went on to hold the same post that another greatscientist, Newton, once held. Over the years his condition has worsened, but even when he finallylost the ability to speak, he managed to get round the problem. He now uses a computer thatenables him to select
61、words which are then turned into speech. uThe only trouble,* the Englishscientist says, is that it gives me an American accent!- 102 -AppendixlPart II Text AText Organization1. Parts Paragraphs Main Ideas Part One Paras 1-3 To make informed decisions about change,the public needs a basic understandi
62、ng of science. Part Two Paras 4-6 What can be done to educatethe public about science. Part Three Para 7 With an informed public, human civilization willsurvive. 2.1) The importance of the teaching of science in schools.2) The role mass media can play, especially what television can do.Vocabulary2)
63、brief4)cut.off6) anyway8) moreover10) in the form of12) initiative14) fit into 1 1) 3) 5) 7) 9) 11) 13) 15)2 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)3. 1) inquiredin terms oftendprecisegraspedsufficientconveyin two mindsWinning the match today has ensured their team a place in the Cup Final. Susan was not informedof the reas
64、ons why she was dismissed. These computer games entertain as well as educate thelearner. No living thing can do without air and water. The election is likely to be held in June.The films appeallies innot only the entertainment it provides tothe audiencebut also the questionsit raises about the possi
65、blecontact betweenhuman beings and alien civilizations.2)The decision on the new project is made on thebasis ofscientific study. The project isAppendixl- 103 -likelyto succeed despite the fact that we do not havesufficientfundsat the moment.3)True it is hard to makeaccuratepredictions (预言)， butthe s
66、teadygrowth of the informa tionindustryensuresthat this line of productswill be highlyprofitable.II. Prefixation1. regained3. undersupplied5. precondition7. mispronounced2. undecided 4. disabled6. foresight8. enrichIII. AntonymsGoodbadmodemancientRichpoorforgetrememberDry wetgocomeAgreedifferyoungol
67、dAttackdefendsimpledifficultColoredcolorlesslike v., n.dislikeLongshortlikelyunlikelyEarlylatetrustdistrust 2.1)majority3)increased5)local7)wrong2) accepted4) weaknesses6) late8) falseStructurel)My income is now twice as much as I used to earn two years ago.2)1 am wearing only half as much as I usua
68、lly do because of the warm weather.3)If you had spent half as much time on your studies as your elder sister did, you could have madethe honor roll.4)1 could eat/could have eaten as much again if the doctor had not told me to go on a diet.l)As is shown by the growth rate of GDP in the last two decad
69、es, Chinas reform and open policyis a great success.2)As is predicted by some newspapers, there will be a substantial cut in tax on imported cars in- 104 -Appendix1the coming year.3)As is proved by the records, Chinas human rights situation has been steadily improving over theyears.4)The failure of
70、the joint venture was not, as was assumed by outsiders, because of lack of capital,but because of poor management.Comprehensive ExercisesI. Cloze(A) 1. attitude 2. highly 3. informed 4. bring. about 5. rate 6. sufficient 7. put across 8.proportion 9. Hence 10. ensure 11. audience (B) 1. which 2. how
71、 3. Besides 4. that/which 5.discoveries 6. Another 7. through 8. other 9. an 10. affect 11. imagine/tell 12. may 13. supply 14.around 15. make 16. live II. TranslationItis hard to imagine how our forefathers coulddo withoutso many conveniences that modemtechnology hasbrought about. Back then only a
72、smallproportionof the population en joyed somecomforts. The majority didnt even havesufficientfbod, not to speak ofVlet alone the privilege ofbeingeducated. However, many people blame modern technology for the problems it has created.They want toslow downtherateof progress. But no one canput the clo
73、ck back. The best we can dois to makeinformeddecisions as to the direction in which technology is to develop.Appendixl105Part III TextBComprehension Checkl.d3. a 5. c 7. b2.b4. c6. aTranslation（ 参见 AppendixIII）Language Practice1. outcome3. yield5. worn down7. amount9. proposed11. Somehow13. process1
74、5. challenges2. frustrating4. Failure6. conclusions8. professional 10. evaluating 12. bulk14. step by stepPart IVTheme-related Language Learning TasksModel paperHow Science Changes Our LivesScience has certainly changed our lives, bringing benefits to some and hardships to others.Computers, for exam
75、ple, have provided some with the comfort of working from home while at thesame time throwing others out of work as their jobs are automated. In the future changes are likelyto be even much greater as science reaches out to shape life itself. New organisms （ 有机体） arealready being engineered. New gene
76、tically modified crops promise benefits from higher yieldsand less use of harmful chemicals.But once again we cannot be sure that science will only change our lives for the better. Thepossibility remains that some modern Frankenstein may carelessly or deliberately let loose a newand- 106-AppendixIda
77、ngerous form of life. However, we should have sufficient faith in the good sense of the public tobelieve that we could prevent this from happening.(146 words)Unit4Part IPre-reading TaskScript for the recording:What you are about to hear is an interview with Dr Lee Hertz, the director of a scientific
78、laboratory in Stanford University, California.Interviewer: Dr. Hertz:Interviewer: Dr. Hertz:Interviewer: Dr. Hertz:Interviewer: Dr. Hertz: Interviewer: Dr. Hertz:Interviewer:What does the expression the American Dream mean to youI guess in one way its the dream of my grandparents. They turned their
79、backson poverty in Poland and set out with high hopes for a new life in America.So the American Dream means getting out of povertyThen it did. However, when they got to America, they realized that the dreamwasnt going to happen, that the streets were not paved with gold and they hadto struggle to ma
80、ke a living. So the dream became the chance for their childrento succeed.ThroughThrough hard work and giving their kids an education. They thought that througheducation their children would have the choice of doing what they wanted. Thatbasically life could be what you made it.And do you believe tha
81、tWell, America does givesomepeople the opportunity to be what they want to be.Why just some people Isnt the American Dream an idea everyone can believe inYes, but only because our government wants us to believe it. You could say thatthe American Dream has been used to support the capitalist system.
82、It keepsmost of the population working and spending their money.HowAppendixl107-Dr. Hertz:Interviewer: Dr. Hertz:Well, all the time TV shows that the dream of a good life can be reached through money.Advertising tells you to buy and buy so that finally you will get there and the dream will cometrue.
83、So youre saying its the dream that makes the system work Yes, because people become grippedby the need to move up in the world, they have to reach the top. They are never satisfied with whatthey have. The Ameri can Dream is at the end of the rainbow, It*s not simply about having enoughmoney to buy t
84、he things you need. Its about reaching the level of all the other people who havethe money to buy more than you can afford. The American Dream may be in your head, but to findit you have to reach into your pocket.Part II Text AText OrganizationParts Paragraphs Main Ideas Part One Paras 1-29 With det
85、ermination, and with help from Mr.Crawford, Tony achieved his dream of owning his own farm. Part Two Paras 30-33 Tony*s careerset the author thinking about why and to what extent he had been successful. Main Events1 )Tony worked as a help at Mr. Crawfords house.2)Tony got a job clearing snow at Mr.
86、Crawfords factory.3)lbny learned to become a skilled worker.4)Tony bought a house with Mr. Crawfords help.5)Tony bought a farm and sent for his family in Italy.VocabularyI. 1.1) wreck3) approaching2) balance 4) handle- 106 -Appendix 15) discard6) have worked out7) Above all8) passed away9) diet 10)
87、do with11) confidence 12) cleaned up13) property 14) weekly15) amuse2. 1) Efforts to look for survivors were abandoned after it had been/was determined that all peoplein the sunken ship had died.2)1 was amazed that Bob left a well-paid job to travel around the world.3)Her request for a loan has been
88、 turned down by many a bank as her business is small and shecould provide no guarantee.4)The home network system on display was found to be very helpful in freeing people from trivialhousework.5)Nothing will weaken our determination to modernize our country in the shortest possible time.3.1) You can
89、 spend hours wandering around the department stores, leisurely inspecting theitemsfor sale, orhunting forsome antiques along the sidewalks, where youll most likely beamazedbythe variety of things on display.2)The local government encourages laid-off workers to learn another trade andbecomeskilledwor
90、kers. Besides, it has done a lot to help solve their financial troublesbycreatingreemployment opportunities and by providing business startuploans.3)For years, the farmer had built up a reputation for kindness bycalling onhis needy neighbors andtiyingto be helpful. He was very much respected in the
91、neighborhood and hundreds attended hisfuneral when hepassed away.ILConfusable Words1.1) personal?) personnel2.1) sometime3) some time2) Sometimes4) sometimeIII.EuphemismLd2.e3.h4.c5.g6.a7 上 8.fAppendix 1- 109Structure1.1) Every day, the kids came home from school dusty and hungry.2) The newly-appoin
92、ted director walked to his office cheerful and confident.3) Ben hurried home, anxious to watch the football league game on TV.4) Jenny opened the door quietly, afraid of waking the baby up. 2, 1) ”. snow pretty soon,1Correction: . its going to snow pretty soon,2)When winter come, you give me job cle
93、aring snow at the factory.Correction: When winter comes, please give me the job of clearing snow at the factory.3)I like a buy a house. Correction: Td like to buy a house.04) Mr. Craw, I sell my house!Correction: Mr. Crawford, Fve sold my house!5)*Mr. Craw, I buy a farm.Correction: nMr. Crawford, Iv
94、e bought a farm.*Comprehensive ExercisesI. Cloze(A)1. create 2. sponsored 3. amazed 4. determination 5. away 6. capacity 7. loan 8. character 9.hunting 10. send for (B) 1. with 2. until 3. in 4. or 5. kids/children 6. up 7. dream 8. more 9. for10. open 11. house 12. don,t 13. and 14. you-110-Appendi
95、xIII. TranslationAftergraduatingfrom college, Tony decided to start his own business. At the beginning, many abankturned downhis request for aloan. But he was not a bit discouraged, and continued tocallonone banker after another seeking help. Impressed by hisdeterminationand optimism, one bankerfina
96、lly agreed to loan him the money. Now he has become a wealthy businessman. Talking abouthisamazingachievement, Tony puts great emphasis on the importance ofcreating.rather thanwaiting for opportunities.Part III Text BComprehension Checkl.a3.c5. a2. c 4. d 6. dTranslation(参见 AppendixIII)Language Prac
97、tice1. appointed3. hardship5. fulfill7. take advantage of9. was motivated11. afterward13. surroundings15. obtain2. divorced4. have come up with6. opportunity8. be threatening 10. Assure12. sacrifice14. soaredAppendix!-Ill-Part IV Theme-related Language Learning TasksModel paperMy Sister LizSome peop
98、le are born lucky, some are not. And I believe my sister Liz falls into the first category.She has a beautiful smile which makes her popular among friends. When she does somethingbad, she smiles her smile and my parents are no longer angry. She eats a lot and never seems to getany fatter. Her favori
99、te food is hamburger, French fries, and ice cream. She does not study hardbutalways gets good grades. After school she does her homework in five minutes while watchingtelevision at the same time. Once she went to a party until very late, completely forgetting aboutanimportant exam the next day. For
100、the first time she became quite worried. Early the next morning,however, an unexpected snowstorm forced the school to cancel class that day, and of course theexam was cancelled along with classes. Liz is just that sort of lucky person.(152 words)Unit 5Part I Pre-reading TaskScriptfor therecording:Ev
101、erywhere the whole world over people have always felt that music and romance go together. AsShakespeare said, music is the food of love. And so, as we have two love stories for you to read,what better way to start than with a love song Here, then, is Martina McBride singing to herValentine.Valentine
102、Martina McBrideli there were no wordsNo way to speakI would, still near you-112-AppendixIli there were no tears No way to reel inside Id still reel for youAnd even ii the sun refused to shineEven if romance ran out or rhymeYou would still have my heart until the end or timeYoure all I need, my love,
103、 myfclentineAll of my lifeI nave teen waiting for youAll you give to meYouve opened my eyesAnd shown me how to love unselfishlyFve dreamed of this a thousand times beforeBut in my dreams I couldnt love you moreI will give you my heartUntil the end of timeYoure all I need, my love, my ValentineAnd ev
104、en if the sun refused to shine Even if romance ran out of rhyme You would still have myheart until the end of time Cause all I need is you, my Valentine Youre all I need, my love, myValentinePARTIITextAText Organization1.1) Para 2His interest in her had begun twelve months before in a Florida librar
105、y.2)Para 7F11 let Mr. Blanchard tell you what happened.3)Para 16 Its not difficult to understand and admire Miss Maynelfs wisdom.Appendixl-l 18-Parts Paragraphs Main Ideas Part Two Paras 2-6 How John Blanchard had fallen in love with MissMaynelL Part Three Paras 7-15 Miss Maynell put Blanchard to a
106、test. Part Four Paras 16-17 It waswise of Miss Maynell to give such a test. Vocabulary2) reflected4) identify6) scheduled, scheduled8) split10) glow12) delicate14) thrust i. 1.13579111315fertilestraightensoverseasslimsustainedgratefulmore than a littlekeenThe extent of the human bodys response to a
107、drug depends on the amount taken.Mary stopped corresponding with Henry after the death of her mother.A radio transmitter is best located at an isolated place far from cities.I was so absorbed in the game on TV that I didnt hear Martin come in.The rough surface of the basketball helps players grip th
108、e ball.During the 1880s, several black colleges were founded in the U.S.to broadeneducationalopportunities for black students and help themmake their wayin the world.Joy WaiTen wasgrateful tothe five rescuers for saving her three children from the sinkingcarin response toher cry for help.The food at
109、 this hoteldisgustsme. Why not dine at the restaurant across the street1 1“Well, we havent reserved a table, but weHtake a chance onits not being full.II. Usage1. 1) frightened2) afraid / frightened2. 1) alike / similar 2) similar3. 1) alive4. 1) sleeping-114-AppendixI2) living2) asleepIII. Word Fam
110、ily1.1 )disappointed2. 1) attractive2)disappointment2) attract3)disappointing3) attraction4)disappoint4) attractively5)disappointingly5) unattractively6)disappointing6) unattractiveStructure1.1) Europa is one of Jupiters four bright satellites, all named after characters in Greek mythology.2)The wom
111、an stood over there, her graying hair pinned up under a worn hat.3)The tourist bus rolled south, the fields it passed green with newly planted rice.4)The principal stormed into the noisy classroom, his face black with anger.2.1) Please sit down for a moment, andFlltell the manager youre here.2)Drop
112、a stone into a smooth lake, and the surface will be covered with circular waves movingoutward from the center.3)Bring the flowers into a warm room, and theyll soon open.4)Arrive late once more, and youre fired.Comprehensive ExercisesI. Cloze(A)1 identifying3) margins5) corresponding7) more than a li
113、ttle9) grateful11) response(B) 1) before3) believed/thought5) Nor/Neither2) gripped 4) scheduled 6) overseas 8) hesitated 10) made my way 12 going my way 2) thought 4)ring 6) SheTranslation(参见 Appendix III)Language Practice1. identity3. came across5. goodness7. hope for9. erect11. for sure2. are for
114、bidden4. make out6. relief8. other than10. clue(s)12. is coming to an end-116- Appendix I13. knots14.exchange15. match up toPart IV Theme-related Language Learning TasksModel paperA Memorable MeetingIt all took place in Lancaster one evening long ago. I had been looking for somewhere to learnAikido,
115、 a Japanese form of self-defence. So one night I found myself entering a church hall whereI had heard lessons took place. It was empty apart from a small frail-looking old man. He wore aworkmans overall and I guessed he was the caretaker of the hall. We got chatting and I asked ifthis was where the
116、Aikido club met. Oh, yes J he replied, smiling. Theyll be along later.0And, sure enough, the members soon started to arrive. As they got changed, none, I noticed, worethe traditional black belt of the teacher. Who was it to be Then he appeared. It was the same man Ihad earlier mistaken for the caret
117、aker. Before long he was throwing around opponents twice hissize with ease despite his age and slight build.Over the years he taught me many lessons, but I shall never forget that first one appearancesaredeceptive!(171 words)Unit 6Part I Pre-reading TaskScript for the recording:You might have heard
118、of the American pop singer Michael Jackson. Youre about to listen to himsinging a song. Its title is Ben. Whos Ben Listen to the song and see if you can guess.Appendix I -117-Ben, the two or us need look no moreWe both round what we were looking forWith a friend to call my ownFil never be aloneAnd y
119、ou, my friend, will seeYouve got a friend in me(you 4ve got a friend in me)Ben, youre always running here and thereYou reel youre not wanted anywhereIf you ever look behindAnd dont like what you findThere*s one thing you should knowYouve got a place to go(youve got a place to go)I used to say I1 and
120、 me Now it s us , now it s we Iused to say nI and me Now it s us, now its weBen, most people would turn you away I dont listen to a word they say They don t see you as I doI wish they would try to Em sure theyd think again If they had a friend like Ben (a friend)LikeBen (like Ben)Like BenSo, who is
121、Ben Did you guess Its an easy question if you*ve ever had a dog. For then youll knowhow they always seem to be able to understand just how we feel, whether its happy or sad. And ifthey don*t really understand every word we say, it often seems as if they do. Its no surprise, then,that we talk about t
122、he dog as mans best friend. Michael Jackson clearly felt that way about Ben.But do animals really think and feel the way we do What do you think- 11 & - Appendix IPart II Text AText Organization1. Eugene Linden wants to tell the reader that animals do have, at least, some limited intelligence,and th
123、e personal experiences of those who are in close contact with animals are more convincingevidence than that any experiments can provide.2.SubheadingsMain IdeasLets Make a DealSome animals are intelligent enough to know how to bargain with people.Tale of a WhaleAnimals like whales can assess a situat
124、ion and act accordingly.Primate Shell GameAnimals sometimes can be tricky.Vocabulary2) intelligent4) has expanded6) In the interest(s) of8) surrounding10) figure out12) has cooperated14) (had) switchedI. 1.1) maintaining3) go (very) far5) make a deal7) wiped out9) convince11) encountered13) assessed
125、15)envy2. 1) There used to be a long / long-running controversy over whether the book should be published or not.2) Kate fell relieved after her first meeting with Tom had gone smoothly.3) Something suddenly went wrong with my computer when I was in the middle of writingthe essay.4) Its a miracle th
126、at she survived the air crash when it brought about 109 deaths.Appendix I - 119 -5) She is determined not to give in until they give her a pay rise. 3. 1) It is obvious that Shermannever thought Melati was so intelligent that she would deceive her.2) Scientists have undertaken various kinds of origi
127、nal research projects to exploreanimal intel ligence, but they still cant reach an agreement on whether it exists or not.3) Lots of evidence convinced us/them/me/him/her that the lost ancient tunnel must have runright underneath the city, extending to the seashore.IL Confusable Words1. firstly3. At
128、first5. first7. at first2. first, first4. First/Firstly 6. First8. firstIII. UsagePhrases1. animal intelligence2. zoo keeper3. eye contact4. money supply5. killer whale6. baby whale7. family member8. sea turtleIn the phrase, the attributive noun indicates: whosewherethrough whatof whatwhat kindhow o
129、ldof whatwhat kind/ whereStructure1. 1) Scott arrived at the South Pole on January 18th, only to find that someone had got therebeforehim.2) They spent a lot of time negotiating for a pay increase, only to get fired.3) I got to the theater only to find that I had left the ticket at home.4) I went to
130、 this St. Valentines party to have some fun only to discover that everyone therewas my mothers age.2. 1) Why pay so much for such a coat You could have it at half of the price in thesupermarketnear our house.2) The central heating system seems to have gone wrong. Why not call the repairman to check
131、it-1 20 - Appendix I3) Why argue with him any more Hes made up his mind not to undertake this task.4) I called and left a message for him several times but he never called back. Why not tryhis mobile phone, then Comprehensive ExercisesI. Cloze(A)1. emergency 2. evidence 3. original 4. sizing up 5. n
132、egotiates 6. reveal 7. intelligent 8. make adeal 9. dominant 10. in their interest(s) 11. deceiving 12, controversy 13. judgment 14. explore (B)1. or 2. How 3. from 4. However 5. behavior 6. when 7. doesnt 8. example 9. But 10. attention 11.Another 12. that 13. a 14. every 15. associate 16. when 17.
133、 food 18. Learning IL TranslationWhen I was young I developed a keen interest in animals. So I often visited the zoo in my hometown. There what attracted me most was a couple of tigers, especially the male. They were kept ina huge iron cageat first, but later wasreleasedfrom it and put in a place ca
134、lled Tiger Hill. The hillwas separated from the visitors by a very wide and deep ditch. Whats more, it wasalsosurroundedby a high iron fence along the ditch.Twenty years later, I revisited the zoo and wasrelievedto find the Tiger Hill was still there butgreatly extended. Moving around now were six t
135、igers, old and young, instead of two!AppendixI-121-Part III Text BComprehension Check2 . d 4. b 6. a Lb3 .d5. cTranslation（ 参见 Appendix III）2. took to4. rejected6. magnificent8. Nevertheless10. exhibited/displayed 12. indicate14. observing Language Practice1. purchase3. display5. shed light on7. typ
136、ical9. alarmed11. pulled himself together13. cautious15. accompanyPart IV Theme-related Language Learning TasksModel paperAnimal Intelligence as I See ItAre animals intelligent Its a difficult question to decide.Take the case of my dog, Sam. Whenever he does something wrong, eats the chocolates we l
137、eft onthe table, for example, Sam will hide. He clearly knows he has done wrong and is likely to getshouted at for it. Usually we find him hiding under one of the beds. Unfortunately, being a ratherlarge dog, he can never fit all of him under, and so you can see the back half of him sticking out.Now
138、, is he stupid enough to think ”I can*t see you, so you cant see meu Or is he smart enough tobe thinking, I know you know I know you can see me. Isnt that funny- 122 - Appendix IThat his tail is always wagging at such moments leads me to suspect the latter explanation isnearer the truth.(149 words)U
139、nit 7Part I Pre-reading TaskScript for the recording:What does courage mean Its difficult to explain but easy to recognize. One sure test is how onebehaves in an emergency. I have a poem Id like to read to you about this . It starts with a boyasking his father what courage means. It ends with his fa
140、ther being able to give him a clear answerafter he has seen courage in action. The poem is called, quite simply,CourageAuthor unknownOne day my son asked me, Dad What does courage mean: At first I simply answered, No fear orcertain things.Then in that same instant, I looked across the street, I saw
141、my neighbors running, And jumped upfrom my seat.As I ran out the front door,I saw what had torn their lives,The house that they had built and loved,9i-em9r!T VIAppendix I - 128Was turning before my eyes.We quickly called the firemen, And the minutes seemed like years, Then they came fromeverywhere,
142、To battle our biggest fears.They swiftly set up their weapons, And clad their armor in a flash, Then they faced the dragon, Amonster of fire and ash.They boldly rushed into the flames, To face the devil and pick a fight, Risking the very life theyheld, For another on that night.No one was trapped in
143、side that home, But a life may still be at stake, For they have seen manyhomes lost, And many hearts break.So once again they tight their enemy, A war they can never win, for if they win the battle, Thedevil runs to burn again.But while the devil was in that house, They walked into his lair, Facing
144、his evil Talons, With waterand a stare.They saved my neighbors home, And the houses all around, They then cleaned their weapons,-124 - Appendix ILetting their armor fall to the ground.It wasnt until the morning,That I realized what all had taken place,When I went into the house,I saw the scar or the
145、 devils race.That is when I turned to my son, And answered his question again, Now a wiser man I said, Whenyou think or courage, son, Think always or the firemen.Part II Text AText Organizationi.PartsParagraphsMain IdeasPart OneParas 1-13While Kate was putting the groceries away and her two sons wer
146、e heading for the railroad, a trainwas approaching.Part TwoParas 14-33Anthony prevented a horrible railroad accident and saved the lives of the Pritchard children at therisk of his own.Part ThreeParas 34-35Anthony and the Pritchards became great friends.2.Scenes Paragraphs Main EventsScene 1 Paras 1
147、4-27 Anthony jumped from the train, covered Todd, reached outwith one arm to grab Scott and pull him clear of the track. Then he pushed downward on the twochildren with all his strength.Appendix I - 125 -Scene 2 Paras 28-33 Anthony got Kate to call the police and ambulance. In themeantime, he was ho
148、lding Scott for fear that any movement could worsen the internal injuries hemight have.VocabularyI. 1.1) nearby 2) signaled3) resumed 4) spotted5) instant 6) exploded7) swaying 8) messing around9) leaped 10) grabbed11) loose 12) horror13) punched 14) calculate15) clear of2. 1) The comet is visible t
149、o the naked eye as a fuzzy ball in the western sky.2) Application papers may be sent via e-mail.3) The city government feeds and shelters the homeless children.4) He was warned by his brothers to keep clear of the street gang.5) Id like to draw your attention to the fact that the students enthusiasm
150、 about theproject has cooled down.3. 1) He struggled with the big rock lying in the middle of the road, lifted it with all his strength,and got it out of the way just before the train flashed by with a full load of freight.2) Sam fell off the horse, injuring his back, twisting his left arm and scrap
151、ing his knee.For tunately, the back injury was not serious, and he recovered in two weeks. After the inci dent.Sam never dared to mess around with the horses on the farm again.3) The driver pulled on the brake the instant he saw two kids jumping up and down onthe road. But he knew that the car would
152、 not stop in time. In an effort to keep the car from injuringthe kids, he swung left, and the car crashed into a big tree before coming to a stop.II. Usage1. The sound of the engine became thunderous.2. He exploded: Why didnt you tell me earlier!13. The fireman sprang through the window into the roo
153、m.4. He froze when he faced the audience.5. He stared at me in shock.-126 - Appendix I6. Every morning, the policeman on duty will see thousands of cars flash by.7. The plane crashed into the mountainside, killing all aboard.III. Word Formation1. possibility3. amazement 5. widened7. fulfillment2. hi
154、ghly4. violation6. neighborhood8. determination2) to kill4) to think6) being spoken 8) practicingStructure1. 1) making3)to ask5) spending7) to pay2. 1) With Christmas only a week away2) With his physical condition improving day by day3) With our GDP growing steadily4) With all the shops closedCompre
155、hensive ExercisesI. Cloze(A)1. incident3. instant5. horror7. grab9. loose11. all my strength13. punched(B)1. had3. with5. for7. with9. house2. leaping4. spotted6. calculating8. clear of10. reach out12. scraped14. internal2. when4. before6. herself8. on10. other/olderAppendix I - 127 -11. too13.speak
156、15. come17. When19. of12. and14. to16. out18. what20. likeII. TranslationThe instant the professor entered the classroom, the words on the blackboard Welcome BackProfessor drew his attention. He had been injured in a car accident, and had had severaloperations in a nearby hospital. The doctor calcul
157、ated his chances of survival to be no more than10%. Now, not only had he recovered from his injury, but he was also able to resume teaching.Every student felt excited at the sight of him, and minutes passed before the class cooled down.PartTextBComprehension Check1. a3. c 5. a 7. b2. b 4. d 6. dTran
158、slation(#JSL Appendix III)Language Practice1. plunged3 .squeeze5. hang on7. presence9. pressure 11 .snapped13. pray15. up to2. wrapped 4. shivering 6. collapsed 8. conceal 10. crushed 12, trapped 14. nowhere- 128 - Appendix IPart IV Theme-related Language Learning TasksModel paperA Near ThingOne aft
159、ernoon when I was nine, I arrived home from school and found my younger brother lyingin bed. How come you are home so early I asked, knowing that he usually would mess around abit after school. I feel sick. I have a headache,* he said.I could leave him in bed and wait until mom and dad came home fro
160、m work. But I rememberedhearing people say that there was an epidemic in the city. The disease developed rapidly and couldcause damage to one*s brain if not treated timely. MWhat if my brother has caught the disease Iasked myself. I decided not to leave it to chance. So I called a taxi to take us to
161、 a nearby hospital.An hour later, my brother was sleeping in the isolation ward. The doctors there told my parentsthat if my brother had arrived at the hospital two hours later, the disease might have seriously damaged his brain.(162 words)Unit8Part I Pre-reading TaskScript for the recording :Like t
162、o hear a funny story Eve got a good one about a teacher, a riddle, and a little boy.Its time to see how clearly you can think, the teacher said to his class.nNow, listen carefully, andthink about what Im saying. Im thinking of a person who has the same mother and father as Ihave. But this person is
163、not my brother and not my sister. Who is itThe kids in the class knitted their brows, scratched their heads, and otherwise showed how hardthey were thinking. But no one came up with the right answer.When everyone in the class had given up, the teacher announced, The person is me.Little Geoffrey beam
164、ed at learning the answer. Thats a good one,1 he said to himself. IllAppendix I - 129 -have to try that on Mom and Dad.At dinner that night, little Geoffrey repeated the riddle to his parents. Im thinking of a personwho has the same mother and father as I have, he said. But this person isnt my broth
165、er and isntmy sister. Who is it ”His parents knitted their brows, scratched their heads, and otherwise pretended that they werethinking hard. Then they both said,I give up. Who is itIts my teacher/1 Geoffrey said.PART II Text AText OrganizationPartsParagraphsMain IdeasPart OneParas 1-10Teenagers* id
166、leness and ignorance will produce serious effects on all concerned and society as awhole.Part TwoParas 11-24Kevin 1990 comes to realize in his dream how greatly lack of education costs his forebears,himself, his children and the society they live in, and how important it is to study hard.2.Part OneC
167、auseEffectsTeenagers intellectual laziness and ignoranceAll people will be seriously affected. A modem industrial state will stop functioning.Part TwoCauseLack of educationEffects. Kevin 1990, his forebears (with the exception of his intellectual father), and his children lead-1 30 - Appendix Ia poo
168、r, miserable life.America is on 由e decline.There is no law and order in the country.American children have no chance to receive agood education.Businesses in America are owned by wealthyEuropeans and Asians.Vocabulary2) idle4) searched . for6) handful8) ability 10) slice12) has broken down 14) facul
169、ties1.1) drive home3) is functioning5) scared7) luxury9) woke up11) miracle13) was jammed15) humble2. 1) The cost of electricity is likely to be seriously affected by the rise in gas prices.2) There has been a decline in the number of people borrowing from public libraries, butbook sales are rising.
170、3) They made a suggestion at the meeting that an assistant be appointed to help Mr.Green.4) The local history group was astonished when they heard of7to hear of a plan to build anoffice building right next to the castle.5) They had run out of water by the time they got to the camp.3. 1) Highly compl
171、ex in design, the engines cost too much to produce. We simply cant com petewith other companies unless we improve our engine design and reduce the cost of production.2) Philip was very upset to find it so hard to make a living by writing in the new country.He swore that he would give up his writing
172、career and try some other job. To his delight, hewas/became much better off when he switched to teaching, and even had adequate money /meansfor a new car.3) The other day my friend John and I paid a visit to the museum of fine arts in our city.The museum had recently acquired several original painti
173、ngs by an American woman artist.Ignorant of art, I turned to John and asked how her works struck him. John replied that fbr him,her paintings/ works summed up the restless spirit of America.Appendix-131II. 1. The young man made $ 5 an hour in his summer job.2. What made you change your mind3. Em sur
174、e Jason will make a good lawyer.4. The vet put something down the dogs throat to make it vomit.5. The story makes interesting reading.6. Five and five make ten.7. On foot they can only make about 20 miles a day.8. I dont think shell ever really make it to the top.III. 1. 1) developing3) development5
175、) developing, developed2. 1) amazed3) amazingly5) amazement2) develop4) develop2) amazes4) amazingStructure1. 1) With the help of a bank loan2) Without first-hand knowledge of the Middle East3) With support from the trade union4) Without trying hard to build up a large vocabulary2. 1) While I admit
176、that there are problems2) while reading the newspaper3) while Jane is ready in ten minutes4) While she is a likeable girlComprehensive ExercisesI. Cloze(A)1. decline3. idle5. accumulated7. function9. ignorance2. complex 4. make a living by 6. affect 8. faculties 10. compete-1 82 - Appendix I11. wake
177、 up(B)l.half2.ever3. during4.when5. from6.enough7. Since8.and9. marrying10.about11. none12.fire13. whom14.writing15. if16.soundII. TranslationThis morning I heard an interesting piece of news over my portable radio: A man of 36 and his sonof 10 attend the same class competing with each other for hig
178、h marks. The story goes/Its like this:The man, Li Wei by name, was too idle to learn anything when young. With little educa tion, withno useful skills, he could hardly earn an adequate living wage. His life experiences drove home tohim the point that he had to acquire knowledge before he was able to
179、 accumu late wealth. So LiWei swore that he would go to school with his son, determined to learn.Part III Text BComprehension Checkl.d3.b5.bTranslation（ 参见 Appendix III）Language Practice2. benefits 4. confuse1. solve3. proceedAppendix I - 1 S35. What if7. claims9. in the first place11. essential13.
180、concentrate on15. contributePart IV Theme-related Language Learning TasksModel paperThe Use of Computers in Schools2,b4. c6. a6. focus8. at hand10. competent12. ultimate14. EffectiveThere are numerous benefits that flow from the use of computers in schools. Interest in a subjectcan be stimulated by
181、sound and visual illustrations superior to nchalk-and-talkn alone and studentsare given easy access to a wealth of reference material. Internet access offers the chance tocommunicate with other students around the world. Programmed learning tailored to the speed ofindividual students can be adopted.
182、 Computer skills such as programming can be developed.There is, however, a negative side. There is the danger that computers encourage cut-and-pastecopying without a real understanding of what is being said. Also, for many purposes tradi tionalteacher-centred classrooms remain more effective than time spent working alone. And, of course,computers always offer the temptation to play games rather than getting down to difficult learningtasks.On balance, however, the advantages clearly outweigh the disadvantages.(146 words)
