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1、商务合同的翻译商务合同的翻译1一一 商务合同语篇特色商务合同语篇特色语体正式、严肃、稳重;措辞严密准确;固定行文程式,以符合合同行业规范;使用长句、被动语态、名词化结构语言特点:主题突出、指称直接、逻辑性强、限定详尽、指向明确。2商务合同种类商品交易(货物买卖、设备进出口、包销、代理、寄售、易货、补偿贸易等)劳务服务(工程承包、工程合作、劳务合作、来料加工、承揽、加工装配)科研(技术开发、技术合作、技术引进与输出、技术转让、专利许可实施)投资(合资经营企业、合作经营企业、合作生产、商标使用许可)资金融通(商业信用贷款、银行信用贷款、补偿贸易贷款、技术引进贷款、设备进口贷款、工程项目贷款、开发基
2、金贷款、协议基金贷款、专项贷款)其他:保证、保险、委托、租赁、职工劳动、培训、广告、仲裁、经营管理。3二、商务合同的构成部分二、商务合同的构成部分一.约首(the head)1.合同名称 Title2. 前文(前言) Preamble 1) Date of signing 2) Signing parties 3) Each partys authority 当事人的合法依据 4)Place of signing 5) Recitals or WHEREAS clause 定约缘由4二. 本文(Body)定义条款 (Definition clause)基本条款(Basic conditions
3、)一般条款(General terms and conditions)a.合同有效期限 (Duration)b.终止 (Termination)c.不可抗力 (Force Majeure)d.合同的让与 (Assignment)e.仲裁 (Arbitration)f.适用法律 (governing law) g.诉讼管辖 (Jurisdiction)h.通知手续 (Notice)i.合同的修改 (Amendment)j.其他 (Others)5三.约尾(the tail)结尾语包括合同的份数、使用的文字和效力等 (Concluding sentence)签名 (Signature)盖印 (Se
4、al) 6三三 合同的翻译技巧合同的翻译技巧7I、同义词、近义词等连用、同义词、近义词等连用在商务合同中,经常用同义词,间用在商务合同中,经常用同义词,间用and 或或or 连接。连接。此种用词意在强调说明合同内容、严格区分条款项目,此种用词意在强调说明合同内容、严格区分条款项目,在避免因歧义而发生纠纷。在避免因歧义而发生纠纷。8910any and all 全部全部charges, fees, costs and expenses 各种费用各种费用covenants and agreements 合同,协议合同,协议customs and usages 惯例惯例import duty and
5、 tax 进口税捐进口税捐keep secret and confidential保密保密licenses and permits 许可许可packing and wrapping expenses 包装费包装费rights and interests 权益权益settle claims and debts 清理债务清理债务ships and vessels 船只船只sign and issue 签发签发 support and maintenance 维护维护 use and wont 习惯,惯例习惯,惯例111)This Agreement made and entered into by
6、 and between ABC Co. and XYZ Co. ABC 公司和XYZ公司双方签订本协议。2)All documents, letters, telegrams and telexes interchanged between both parties before the signing of the Contract shall become null and void automatically from the date on which the Contract comes into force. 双方在签约前交换的所有文件、书信、电报和电传,应从本合同生效之日开始自
7、动失效。12II、复合词多使用带有、复合词多使用带有“here”,“there”,“where”等前缀等前缀在合同中使用这类复合词可避免重复,在合同中使用这类复合词可避免重复,做到简洁、严密,同时反映出合同应有做到简洁、严密,同时反映出合同应有的正式规范性。举例说明如下的正式规范性。举例说明如下:这类复合词中的这类复合词中的“here”应理解为应理解为“this”,“ there”应理解为应理解为“that”,“ where”应理解为应理解为“which”。13 hereof = of thishereof = of this在本文中在本文中,herewith = herewith = wit
8、hthiswiththis 关于此点;于此点; hereafter = after this time; hereafter = after this time; in the future in the future 自此以后,自此以后,将来;hereby = by means of this hereby = by means of this 以此方式;以此方式;herein = in this placeherein = in this place于此于此处;hereinafter = below or in this document hereinafter = below or in
9、 this document 在下文;在下文;hereto = to this hereto = to this 由是,由此;由是,由此;hereby(特此,兹特此,兹),hereinafter(在下文中在下文中),thereto(另外,另外,随附随附),thereof(其中,它的其中,它的),whereas(鉴于鉴于),whereby(凭借凭借),whereupon(因此,于是因此,于是)。14III.Whereas的用法的用法1、惯用、惯用Whereas 表示表示“鉴于鉴于”“就就而言而言”,多用它在句首中引出签约背景和目的,起连词作多用它在句首中引出签约背景和目的,起连词作用。用。(1)
10、WHEREAS the Employer is desirous that manpower can be rendered available for the construction of High-Rise Residential Complex in Baghdad, Iraq;鉴于雇主欲请劳动力建造伊拉克巴格达的高层住宅综合大楼;(2)WHEREAS the Contractor is desirous to provide the manpower for the Works; 鉴于承包人想为此工程提供劳动力;15Whereas Party A and Party B, adher
11、ing to the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through friendly consultation, agree to jointly invest to establish a new joint venture company in China, the Contract hereunder is made and concluded as follows.鉴于甲方与乙方按照平等互利的原则,经过友好协商,决定共同投资在中国建立合资经营公司,为此订立如下合同。16IV 来自拉丁语的商务英语addiem(在指定日期) st
12、atus quo(现状) null and void (无效)vice versa (反之亦然)adhoc (特别,临时)as per(按照)de facto(事实上的)17不可抗力不可抗力:由于在制造、装载和运输过程中发生的不可抗力而导致卖方延期交货或不能交货,卖方可免除责任。但卖方须立即告知买方并在14天内以空邮方式向买方提供事故发生的证明文件。在上述情况下,卖方仍须采取措施尽快发货。18VI 法律用词及语体风格法律用词及语体风格商务合同文本的语体风格主要由语域标记、商务合同文本的语体风格主要由语域标记、句法标记、词语标记等来实现。句法标记、词语标记等来实现。Presents: the p
13、resent writings/effect(v)19例如:(例如:(1)At the request of Party B, Party A agrees to send technicians to assist Party B to install the equipment.“应乙方要求,甲方同意派遣技术人员帮助乙应乙方要求,甲方同意派遣技术人员帮助乙方安装设备。方安装设备。”assist 较较 help 正式;正式;(2)The Employer shall render correct technical guidance to the personnel.“雇主应该对有关人员给予
14、正确技术指导。雇主应该对有关人员给予正确技术指导。”render 较较 give 正式;正式;20商务英语中常用的正式用词:商务英语中常用的正式用词:amend(change, correct)修改)修改 assist (help)帮助帮助advise(tell)通知)通知 commence (begin或或start)开始)开始employ(use)“使用使用” convene (hold, call ) 召召开开construe(explain, interpret)解释)解释deem (think, believe,consider )认为认为render (give)给予,提供给予,提
15、供rescind (cancel)撤消)撤消 terminate(end)终止)终止partake in(join) 参与参与 require(ask)要求)要求surrender(give)递交)递交 consent (agreement)同意)同意 indemnities (compensation )赔偿赔偿prior to(before)在)在之前之前 provided that(but)但是)但是in accordance with(according to)按照)按照by virtue of (due to, because of )因为因为 relating to (about
16、)关于关于 in effect (in fact) 事实上事实上21The bank finally granted a 500 loan to me.译文译文:银行终于同意给我贷款500英镑。解释解释:“grant” 作为正式用语时,意为to agree to give sb what they ask for, especially formal or legal permission to do sth. 而“agree”作为日常用语,用于正式文体中则不太适合。22China could, of course, repatriate all the dollars its exporte
17、rs earn by selling stuff to the U.S.译文:译文:当然,中国可以将出口商们通过将商品挣来的美元都遣返回美国。解释:解释:repatriate在商务上意为to send money or profit back to your own country.(寄钱回国,将利润调回本国),是商务上常用的正式用语,更为正式、严谨以及庄重。而 send back 则相对口语化和非正式。23The payment of the aforesaid shall be effected against presentation of the original vouchers a
18、fter being checked.上述各种有关的费用均凭正本凭单核实进行支付。The contract shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of China.本合同应受中国法律管辖,并按中国法律予以解释。24VII 惯用表达法惯用表达法 P1762526whereas 鉴于鉴于in witness whereof 兹证明兹证明 for and on behalf of 代表代表by virtue of 因为因为prior to 在在之前之前as regards/concerning/relating t
19、o 关于关于cease to do 停止做停止做in effect 事实上事实上miscellaneous 其他事项其他事项27VIII 情态动词用法情态动词用法注意may、shall、should、will、may not、shall not等词语的法律内涵May、shall、should、will、may not、shall not等词的确很常见,但是在合同中这些词具有特殊的意义,所以翻译起来要极其谨慎,避免引起纠纷。28a. May:在表示合同上的权利(Right)、权限(Power)或特权(Privilege)的场合中使用。若表示某种权利在法律上具有强制性的时候,更多的是“be ent
20、itled”(叫做,被称为是)。b. Shall:在合同中并不是单纯的将来时,一般用它来表示法律上可以强制执行的义务(Obligation)。如未履行,即视为违约,并构成某种赔偿责任。所以,shall在译文里,通常表示“应该”或“必须”,当然,也有不翻译的时候。例如: 29The quality and prices of the commodities to be exchanged between the ex-importers in the two countries shall be acceptable to both sides. 货物的质量和价格必须使进出口双方都能接受。The
21、 formation of this contract, its validity, interpretation, execution and settlement of the disputes shall be governed by related laws of the Peoples Republic of China.本合同的订立、效力、解释、履行和争议的解决均受中华人民共和国法律的管辖。 shall没有译出。30c. Should:在在合合同同中中通通常常只只用用来来表表示示语语气气较较弱弱的的假假设设,多多翻翻译译成成“万万一一”或或“如如果果”,极极少少译译成成“应该应该”
22、。The board meeting shall be convened and presided over by the Chairman. Should the chairman be absent, the vice-Chairman shall, in principle, convene and preside over the board meeting.董事会会议应由董事长召集、主持;若董事长缺席,原则上应由副董事长召集、主持。31d. Will:一一般般使使用用在在没没有有法法律律强强制制的的情情况况下下,也也用用做做表表示示承承担担义义务务的的声声明明,但但语气和强制力比语气
23、和强制力比Shall弱。弱。e. May not(或或shall not):用用于于禁禁止止性性义务,即义务,即“不得做什么不得做什么”。 32有时候也用条件句有时候也用条件句 合同为表达可能发生的各种情况、设想,以及相关的处理合同为表达可能发生的各种情况、设想,以及相关的处理方法,条款中条件句较多,尤其是在有关付款、违约责任、方法,条款中条件句较多,尤其是在有关付款、违约责任、不可抗力、财产处理和仲裁等几部分中。这种结构虽然拖不可抗力、财产处理和仲裁等几部分中。这种结构虽然拖沓冗长,但表意精确,避免了产生歧义的情形。常见表达沓冗长,但表意精确,避免了产生歧义的情形。常见表达有:有: in t
24、he event that, in case表达表达“如果、假若如果、假若”,例如:,例如:(1)In case the Import License is required, the buyer should settle the problem before placing the order.“若需要进口许可证,买方应在订若需要进口许可证,买方应在订 货前办妥。货前办妥。”33should 表达希望某事不太可能发生等。表达希望某事不太可能发生等。(2)Should the buyer fail to perform any provision of the contract signed
25、 with the seller, the seller is entitled to terminate the wholeor any part of the contract, or postpone the delivery or hold back the goods in transit.“假如买方未能履行与卖方所订立合同的任何条款,卖方有权终止全部或部分合同,或延期交货,或截留运输中货物。”34译文鉴赏35During the period from the date of effectiveness to the termination of the Contract, the
26、 two Parties shall hold a meeting very year to discuss problems arising form the execution of the Contract. 原译:在合同生效之日起到合同终止之日的期间内,双方每年举行一次会议,讨论合同发行中出现的问题。原文在理解上没有什么特别困难的地方,译文意思也算正确,但只对原文逐字逐句翻译,显得呆板,改译为:本合同有效期间,双方应每年正式会晤一次,以讨论本合同履行期间存在的问题。36The date of Bill of Lading shall be taken as the conclusive
27、 proof of the date of shipment, six (6) days grace shall be allowed for shipment earlier or later than the time agreed upon by the Parties. In the event of the goods for one order being shipped in more than one lot, each lot shall be deemed to be a separate sale on Contract.原译:提单的日期应为交货日期的最后证明。双方允许交
28、货比约定的时间早交或迟交六天。一次订货多于一批装运,那么,每批货应被当作是合同的单独买卖。原译文表达累赘,结构松散,不合乎汉语契约文体的简约风格。改译为:交货日期以提单所载日期为准,双方同意在合同约定的交货期的基础上,允许有前后六天的装运宽限期。若一次订货分批装运,则每一批货为合同项下的单独买卖。37One-third of the total amount shall be paid with the order when the Contract is signed, one third by documentary bill when shipment is effected, and
29、the balance by clean bills when the goods have arrived. 合同签订时先预付货款总额的三分之一,装船后凭跟单汇票再付三分之一,剩余的三分之一在货物抵达时凭光票一次性付清。译文充分利用添加的横线部分充分表明了原条款的三个付款阶段:交货前、交货时、交货后,使得层次清楚,表达通顺。38 练习练习39Whereas Party A and Party B, adhering to the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through friendly consultation, agree
30、to jointly invest to establish a new joint venture company in China, the Contract hereunder is made and concluded as follows.鉴于甲方与乙方按照平等互利的原则,经过友好协商,决定共同投资在中国建立合资经营公司,为此订立如下合同。40Each party shall maintain in confidence and safeguard all business and technical information which is disclosed by one party to the other in connection with this agreement and which is designated confidential at the time of disclosure.任何一方均应就其中一方向另一方所透露的与本合同相关以及在透露时标明为“机密”的一切商业信息和技术信息保守秘密,严禁泄露给他人。41