药 学学 英英 语Pharmaceutical EnglishShaanxi University of Science &TechnologyCollege of Life Science and Technology 【 Curriculum introduction】 本课程是化学、化工、材料、制药等专业本课程是化学、化工、材料、制药等专业的必选课程的必选课程1999年颁布的年颁布的《《大学英语教学大大学英语教学大纲(修订本)纲(修订本)》》明确提出:明确提出:学生在完成基础阶学生在完成基础阶段的学习,达到英语四级或六级后,都必须修段的学习,达到英语四级或六级后,都必须修读应用提高阶段的专业英语(读应用提高阶段的专业英语(SBE)目的任务:目的任务:目的任务:目的任务: 掌握掌握一定的药学专业词汇和扩大认知量一定的药学专业词汇和扩大认知量 培养培养学生运用专业英语的能力学生运用专业英语的能力 专业信息交流的重要工具专业信息交流的重要工具 Well begun is half done! Well begun is half done! 好的开始是成功的一半好的开始是成功的一半! !OpeningImportance Importance The importance of this course!Why??Why? Useful?majorgraduatejobThe importance of this course在外企工作在外企工作医院、药房药剂师:英文药品医院、药房药剂师:英文药品 说明书说明书药检所、药厂质检:英美药典药检所、药厂质检:英美药典新药研发:国外专利、专业期刊新药研发:国外专利、专业期刊升职称:毕业论文、发表论文要写英文摘升职称:毕业论文、发表论文要写英文摘 对外交流、出国对外交流、出国 1.《《药学英语药学英语》》第二版第二版 作者作者: 胡廷熹胡廷熹 出版机构:出版机构:人民卫生出版社;人民卫生出版社;2. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry (Fourth Edition) Editors: David L. Nelson, Michael M. Cox. 3. Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry (Twenty-Sixth Edition) Editors: Robert K. Murray, Daryl K. Granner. ¡ ¡参考书目参考书目参考书目参考书目 (reference books)(reference books)科技英语的特点(Scientific English) VS (General English) "It appears that you've got the offer of a very good job.""A wonderful job.""Are you going to take it?""I don't think so.""Why not?”"I don't want to."这是小说中的一段对说,属于口语文体。
其特点是:用词自由,句法结构简单,短句与省略句多,自然朴素,生活气息浓厚 "听说有个很好的工作要你去干""挺好的工作""打算干吗?""不""为什么不干?""不想干"摘自《刀锋》(the Razor's Edge )《《Forrest Gump Forrest Gump 》》:: LifeLife is like a box of chocolate, youyou never know what you’re gonna get.《《TitanicTitanic》》:: Jack: Listen, Rose. You're going to get out of here. You're going to go on. You're going to make lots of babies, and you're going to watch them grow. You' re going to die and old, an old lady in her warm bed, not here, not this nightnight, not like this. Do you understand me? 《《Gone with windGone with wind》》 Home! I‘ll go home, and I‘ll think of some way to get him back. After all, tomorrow is another day. once I let a true love slip away before my eyes, only to find myself regretting when it was too late, nothing in the world can be as painful as this. If the God wound give a chance, I wound tell the girl I love the girl; if our love have to be settled a time limit, I wish it wound be ten hounds of years! In China he’s known as"the Flying Fish”; in America they call him ’the Baltimore(巴尔的摩)Bullet'. Whatever you call him, American swimmer Michael Phelps looks destined to become a household name across the world after breaking the Olympic record for most gold medals in a single Games. Michael Phelps dominated the field in seven of his races and set an amazing seven world records in the process. Michael Phelps 菲尔普斯 The widespread use of halogenoalkanes leads to pollution problems: Aromatic halogen compounds and alkanes in which three or four halogen atoms are joined to the same carbon atom are not hydrolysed—they are not biodegradable—but are soluble in body fats. This means that they get concentrated in organisms, which are then eaten by predators. This results in an ever increasing concentration of these compounds in the body tissues of animals further up the food chain. Pollution problems Several therapeutically significant natural products whichwhich were originally obtained from natural sources are today more effectively –i.e. more economicallyi.e. more economically –prepared by total synthesis. . Such examples includeSuch examples include L-amino acids, L-amino acids, ChloramphenicolChloramphenicol, caffeine, Dopamine, , caffeine, Dopamine, EpinephrineEpinephrine, , LevodopaLevodopa, peptide hormones, , peptide hormones, ProstaglandinsProstaglandins, D-, D-PenicillaminePenicillamine, , VincamineVincamine, and practically all vitamins. , and practically all vitamins. They can serve as valuable lead structureslead structures, and they are frequently needed as starting materialsstarting materials or as intermediatesintermediates for important synthetic products.Chloramphenicol: [klɔ:ræm’fenikɔl]n.氯霉素氯霉素Epinephrine: [epi’nefrin]n.肾上腺素肾上腺素Prostaglandin: [prɔstə’ɡlændin]前列腺素前列腺素Vincamine:[viŋkəmi:n]n.长春胺长春胺专业英语的特点专业英语的特点 一、文体特点一、文体特点二、词汇特点二、词汇特点三、句法特点三、句法特点(1)•The factory turns out 100,000 drugs every year. (2)•The annual output of the factory is 100,000 drugs.•科技文体科技文体就是自然科学和技术人员从事专业活动时所使用的一就是自然科学和技术人员从事专业活动时所使用的一种文体。
种文体科技英语(科技英语(English for Science and TechnologyEnglish for Science and Technology)泛指一切)泛指一切论及或谈及科学或技术的英文书面语和口头语,具体包括:论及或谈及科学或技术的英文书面语和口头语,具体包括:((1 1)科技著述、科技论文、科技报告、实验报告等;)科技著述、科技论文、科技报告、实验报告等;((2 2)各类科技情报及其它文字资料;)各类科技情报及其它文字资料;((3 3)科技使用手册(仪器、仪表、机械和工具等的结构描述和)科技使用手册(仪器、仪表、机械和工具等的结构描述和 操作规程;操作规程;((4 4)科技会议、会谈及交谈用语;)科技会议、会谈及交谈用语;((5 5)科技影片或录象等有声资料的解说词等科技影片或录象等有声资料的解说词等 (一)科技英语的文体特点(一)科技英语的文体特点特点:特点: 严谨周密,概念准确,逻辑性强,行文简练,严谨周密,概念准确,逻辑性强,行文简练,重点突出,句式严整,常用前置性陈述句重点突出,句式严整,常用前置性陈述句 清晰、准确、精练、严密。
清晰、准确、精练、严密( (二二) )专业英语的词汇特点专业英语的词汇特点1 1、大量使用专业术语科技文章要求概念准确清楚、、大量使用专业术语科技文章要求概念准确清楚、避免含糊不清和使用较多的科技词汇避免含糊不清和使用较多的科技词汇1 1)来自于现代英语,但被赋予了新的词义,即常用)来自于现代英语,但被赋予了新的词义,即常用词Bug Bug 臭虫臭虫- -窃听器窃听器Drone Drone 雄峰雄峰- -无人驾驶飞机无人驾驶飞机•2)医)医药科技英科技英语词汇主要来自于希腊主要来自于希腊语、、拉丁拉丁语等等•Stratus 层云云 (拉丁(拉丁语))•Therm 热 (希腊(希腊语))•Thesis 论文文 (希腊(希腊语))•Radius 半径半径 (拉丁(拉丁语))据据统计,一万个最普通的英,一万个最普通的英语词汇中,中,约有有46%直接源于拉丁直接源于拉丁语,,7.2%源自于希腊源自于希腊语其中,技其中,技术词和半技和半技术词的百分比更高的百分比更高•3 3)新造词)新造词•每当出现新的科学技术现象时,就需要构建新的词汇•1)转换 conversion•2)合成 compounding•3)派生 derivation转化化 Conversion•DefinitionDefinition::通过词类转化构成新词。
通过词类转化构成新词单词转换后的意义往往与未转换前的意义有密切的关系•英语中名词、形容词、副词、介词都可以转化为动词,动词、形容词、副词、介词也可以转化为名词tasten. 味道味道v.尝起来尝起来It has a good taste.It taste very good.bookn.书籍书籍v.记载记载record n.记录记录v. 记录记录This book is very good.He is booking the history.He broke the record.He lies to record something while reading a book.1)名词(名词(n n))→→动词动词 ((v v))hand n. 手 --- vt. 上交seat n. 座位 --- vt. 坐nurse n. 护士 --- vt. 护理oil n. 油 --- vt. 上油time n. 时间 --- vt. 定时,测时shoulder n. 肩膀 --- vt. 肩负mine n. 矿山 --- vt. 开矿barbecue n. 烧烤---vt. 在烤架上烤ship n. 船 --- vt. 用船装运 finance n. 金融--- vt. 为……提供资金stain n. 污点,污迹 --- vt. 玷污,污染draft n. 草稿 --- vt. 起草head n. 头 --- v. 前进transport n. 运输 --- vt. 运输slowslowadj.adj.慢的 v.放慢Your watch is five minutes slow.Slow your step.betterbetteradj.adj.较好的 v.变好,改善record n.记录记录v. 记录记录You are a better man than I am.He want to better his workHe broke the record.He lies to record something while reading a book.cleanadj. 干净干净v.清扫清扫Please keep tidy and clean.You have to clean the blackboard after class.2 2)) 形容形容词((a a))→动词动词 ((v v))3 3)动词()动词(v v))→ → 名词名词 ((n n))•CoordinateCoordinate vtvt. .协调协调 n.n.坐标坐标•stop stop vtvt. . 停止停止 --- --- n.n.车站车站•love love vtvt. . 爱爱 --- --- n.n. 爱爱•Watch Watch vtvt. . 观看观看 --- --- n.n. 手表手表•record record vtvt. . 录音录音 --- --- n.n. 纪录纪录•comb comb vtvt. . 梳理梳理( (头发头发) --- ) --- n.n. 梳子梳子•abuse abuse vtvt. . 辱骂辱骂 --- --- n.n. 辱骂辱骂 合成compounding有两个或更多的词合成一个词。
合成次的构成大致有以下几种情况1.合成名词:someone reading-roomspaceshipworking-peoplemadmanblackboard2.合成动词:safe-guardhalf-understandwhite-wash捍卫捍卫一知半解一知半解粉刷粉刷3.合成形容词合成形容词long-hairfirst-classsnow-whitehand-madefive-year-oldlife-longdark-bluegood-looking长发的长发的一流的一流的雪白的雪白的手工的手工的五岁的五岁的终身的终身的深蓝的深蓝的好看的好看的4.合成副词sometimesalongsidebeforehandnearby有时地并排地事先地附近地通过在词根上加通过在词根上加前缀前缀或者或者后缀后缀构成一个新词构成一个新词派生法(Derivation)---词缀法happy --- happy --- ununhappyhappydevelop --- develodevelop --- developmentpment1.加前缀的构词法:前缀一般只引起前缀一般只引起意思意思上的变化而不造成上的变化而不造成词类词类的变化,的变化,只有少数能引起词类的变化。
只有少数能引起词类的变化mis- 错误的错误的 + understand v. 理解理解 --- misunderstand v. 误解误解en + large adj. 大的大的 --- enlarge v. 扩大扩大(A)表示表示否定否定的前缀:的前缀: un-unfair,unhappy,untie, unlimited non-nonsmoker (常用在常用在n. adj. adv. 前前) in-inactive, inhuman, indirect (常用在常用在adj.前前) dis-disagree,disappear,dicover im-impolite,impossible (用在用在b,p,m 开头的词前开头的词前) il-illegal ir-irreal, irregular常见的常见的前缀前缀(B).(B).表示表示错误或或失失当当的前的前缀: : mismis-misjudge, misdirect(-misjudge, misdirect(误导) )(C).(C).表示表示向背向背的前的前缀: : propro-(-(亲,支持亲,支持) ) pro-Chinese, pro-American pro-Chinese, pro-American antianti- -((阻止,抗)阻止,抗) antiwar, anti-Japanese warantiwar, anti-Japanese war(D).表示程度、大小的前缀表示程度、大小的前缀super- superstar,supermarket, superman, superpowerover- overhead, overeat, overusemini- minibus, miniskirt, mini-carunder- underground, under-developsemi-(半,部分半,部分) semicircle, semiskilled, semi-steel(E).表示表示时间时间的前缀的前缀 pre- prewar ,,Pre-reading, Preflight, Pre-liberation post- postwar fore-(前,预先前,预先) foretell, forecast, foresee, weather forecast(F).表示表示方位方位的前缀:的前缀: sub- subway, submarine inter- international, intercity, interclass trans-(横过,通过,超越,进入横过,通过,超越,进入) translate, transatlantic 后缀一般只引起词性上的变化而不造成意思的变化。
care v. 照料照料 --- careful adj. 细心的细心的work v. 工作工作 --- worker n. 工人工人2.后缀:1.动词变名词:动词变名词:-ation satisfaction, education, realization-ment development, movement, disappointment equipment entertainment, amusement常见的常见的后缀后缀-al arrival, refusal-ee trainee, employee-er teacher, worker-or visitor, sailor2.形容词变名词形容词变名词-ness happiness, meanness, carelessness-ity ability, possibility -ism Marxism, criticism3.名词变形容词:名词变形容词:-y windy, rainy, sandy-ish foolish, feverish-some handsome, troublesome-ous dangerous, humorous-ful helpful, careful, peaceful4. 名词、形容词变动词:名词、形容词变动词:-ify beautify, simplify-ize realize-en quicken, widen, sharpen副词性的词缀副词性的词缀::-ly,,-wardsquickly, softly, yearly, backwards, forwards但也有一些带后缀的派生词仅仅但也有一些带后缀的派生词仅仅改变词义改变词义:: Kingdom: “职位、状态职位、状态” freedomBoyhood: “身份,资格身份,资格” childhoodFriendship:情态情态\状态状态\性质性质\身份身份\职业职业\技巧技巧\技技 能能” leadership, hardshipSpoonful::构成名词构成名词mouthful(满口满口,一口一口), handful(一把一把) 4. 4. 截短截短 : : 是指用截头取尾的方法构成新词。
是指用截头取尾的方法构成新词 telephone --- phone influenza --- flu. 流行性感冒流行性感冒 5. 5. 缩合缩合 : : 是指把两个或两个以上的词各取是指把两个或两个以上的词各取一部分合在一起构成一个新单词一部分合在一起构成一个新单词 smoke and fog ---- smog 烟雾烟雾Test of English as a foreign language – TOEFL 托福托福International English language test system - IELTS 雅思雅思 表示数量的词素表示数量的词素1. haplo, mono, uni :单,一,独 haploid 单倍体 monoxide一氧化碳一氧化碳 monoatomic单原子的2. bi, di,dipl,twi,du: 二,双,两,偶 bicolor 双色双色, dichromatic 双色的, diplobacillus 双杆菌双杆菌 dikaryon 双核体 twin :孪生 dual 双重的生物学常用词素生物学常用词素3. tri :3. tri :三三, ,丙丙 triangle三角 triacylglycerol三酰甘油 tricarboxylic acid cycle 三羧酸循环4.quadri,quadru,quart,tetr,tetra:4.quadri,quadru,quart,tetr,tetra:四四 quadrilateral四边的 quadrivalentquadrivalent四价的四价的 quadruped 四足动物 tetrode 四极管 tetracycline 四环素5. pent,penta,quique五五 pentose戊糖戊糖 pentagon五角形 pentane戊烷戊烷 quintuple 五倍的 pentomer五邻粒6. hex,hexa,sex 六六 hexose已糖已糖 hexapod六足动物 hexapoda昆虫纲 hexamer六聚体六聚体7. hepta,sept(i) 七七 heptane 庚烷庚烷 heptose 庚糖庚糖 heptoglobin七珠蛋白8. oct八八 octopus 章鱼 octagon八角形 octane 辛烷 octase 辛糖9. ennea,nona九九 nonapeptide 九肽 enneahedron 九面体10.deca,deka 十十 : decapod 十足目动物 decahedron 十面体 decagram 十克11.hecto, 百百 hectometer百米 hectoliter百升 hectowatt 百瓦12. kilo,千千 kilodalton (KD) 千道尔顿 kilobase 千碱基 kiloelectron volt 千电子伏特13. deci,十分之一十分之一,分分 decimeter 分米decigram 十分之一克14. centi,百分之一百分之一centimeter厘米15. milli,千分之一千分之一,毫毫millimole 毫摩(尔)milliliter 毫升16. micro,百万分之一百万分之一,微微,微小微小,微量微量microgram微克 microorganism微生物微生物microecology微生态学micropipet微量移液器微量移液器17. nano十亿分之一十亿分之一,毫微毫微,纳纳 nanosecond十亿分之一秒 nanometer纳米18. demi,hemi,semi半半 demibariel 半桶 hemicerebrum 大脑半球大脑半球 semiopaque半透明 semi-allel半等位基因半等位基因 semi-conductor半导体19. holo 全全,整体整体,完全完全 holoenzyme 全酶 holoprotein全蛋白 holocrine全(质分)泌20. Mega 巨大巨大,兆兆,百万百万 megaspore大孢子,megabase兆碱基megakaryocyte巨核细胞megavolt兆伏 21. macro 大大, 巨大巨大, 多多 macrophage巨噬细胞 macrogamete大配子 macroelement常量元素 macromolecular大分子22. poly,multi,mult 多多,复合复合 polyacrylate聚丙烯酸酯 polymerase 聚合酶 multichain多链的 multinucleate 多核的 multicistronic mRNA mRNA多顺反子 multicopy多拷贝一些常用的词素 •1 .chrom 颜色色 •chromophore生色团 chromosome染色体 •chromatography色谱法•2. endo,ento,内,在内内,在内 •endocrine内分泌 endocytosis胞吞作用 •endolysin内溶素•3. intra,intro,inter 在内,向内在内,向内•intracellular(细)胞内的•4. centri,centro,medi,mid 中心,中央,中中心,中央,中间•centrifuge离心 centrosome 中心体•5. sub,suc,suf,sug 下,低,小下,低,小•suborder 亚目 subclone亚克隆 subcellular亚细胞 subsection小节,分部•6. super,supra 上,高,超上,高,超•superconductor超导体 superoxide 超氧化物 supramolecular超分子的•7. hyper 超超过,,过多多 •hypersensitive 过敏的 hypertension 高血压• • 8. iso 等,相同,同等,相同,同•iso-osmotic等渗的 isotope同位素• 9. oligo,,olig少,低,寡,狭少,低,寡,狭•oligogene寡基因 oligomer寡聚体 •10. ultra 超超 •ultra-structure 超微结构 ultraviolet 紫外线•11.card,cord 心心•cardiotoxin 心脏毒素 cardiovascular center 心血管中枢 electrocardiogram心电图 concord一致,和谐(1) (1) 广泛使用表示广泛使用表示动作或状作或状态的抽象名的抽象名词,以及有,以及有 名名词功用的功用的动名名词(2) (2) 广泛采用名广泛采用名词连用形式用形式(3) (3) 复合复合词(4) (4) 缩略略词专业英语词汇具体特点:专业英语词汇具体特点:the standardization of the productabsorption rate constantlimit date of using a drug after its productiontherapeutic drug monitoringrandom screening in drug discovery(in-plane) bending vibration(1) (1) 广泛使用表示动作或广泛使用表示动作或状态的抽象名词,动名词状态的抽象名词,动名词stretching vibrationrecycling elutionmethod of groupingsampling surveysampling error systematic sampling(1) (1) 广泛使用表示动作或状态的抽广泛使用表示动作或状态的抽象名词,动名词象名词,动名词safety range target cell surface tension surface activitytitration curve side effect tricarboxylic acid cyclereceptor stimulant receptor antagonist drug excretion drug absorptiondrug interaction drug tolerance (2) (2) 广泛采用名词连用形式广泛采用名词连用形式英语中有很多专业术语由两个或更多的词组成,叫做复合词复合词。
它们的构成成分虽然看起来是独立的,但是实际上合起来构成一个完整的概念,因此,把它们看成是一个术语3) (3) 复合词复合词一、复合形容词1.名名词为主主词的复合形容的复合形容词All- purpose 多用途 Flat-screen 平面屏幕 Touch-screen 触摸式屏幕2.动词(分(分词、不定式)、不定式)为主主词的复合形容的复合形容词和和“名名词+动词分分词”形式的复合形容形式的复合形容词Easier-to-use 更容易使用的 Man-made 人造的3.从其他从其他词类或或结构构转化而来的复合形容化而来的复合形容词All-round 全方位的 Step-by-step 逐步的Teacher-student relationship 师生关系4.句子短句子短语形式的复合形容形式的复合形容词One-size-fits-all 一物多能 Direct-to-home 直通家庭二、复合名词•由名词、动词、副词、形容词与介词组合由名词、动词、副词、形容词与介词组合而成的名词词组而成的名词词组•Make-up 组成•Data-bank 数据库•Get-together 聚会•Air- conditioning 空调三、含数字的复合词组•常常见的形式:的形式:基数基数词(序数(序数词))+名名词+(形容(形容词))•A 20-inch (screen)•A two-minute (break)•A three-mile-long (rope)•A four-second-long (period)bond-covalent bond-ionicalkali-poisoning double-blindhabit-forming joint-venturemother-to-be ion-selective electrode ion-exchange blood-brain barrierTDM (therapeutic drug monitoring)::治疗药物监测治疗药物监测GMP (good manufacturing practice): 药品生产管理规范药品生产管理规范GSP(Good Supply Practice)::良好药品经营管理规范良好药品经营管理规范GCP(Good Clinical Practice)::良好药品临床试验规范良好药品临床试验规范GLP(Good Laboratory Practice)::良好药品实验研究规范良好药品实验研究规范OTC(over the counter)::非处方药非处方药 FDA::Food and drug Administration::食品和药物管理局食品和药物管理局QSAR (quantitative structure-activity relationship)(4) (4) 缩略词缩略词APC (Aspirin compound )DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide)DMF (dimethyl formamide)AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography)DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)一、大量使用名词化结构(一、大量使用名词化结构(Nominalization))二、广泛使用被动语句二、广泛使用被动语句 三、非限定动词三、非限定动词四、后置定语四、后置定语五、长句五、长句六、常用句型六、常用句型 专业英英语的句法特点的句法特点一、名词化• 名词化是英语科技文体中一个非常常见的现象。
所谓名词化就是把动词变成有动作含义的所谓名词化就是把动词变成有动作含义的名词如果是动词短语或者是句子,则把这个动词短语或句子变成名词短语• 名词化把大量原来用动词短语的句子变成名词短语,原来的动作被转化成了事物这样做可以使句子变得比较简练但是,变成名词短语以后,一个句子可以容纳较多的名词短语,表达更为复杂的思想,因此又有可能选出结构更复杂的句子所以说,名词化既是句子的简化手段.又是句子的复杂化手段二、被动语态•凡是在不必、不愿说出或不知道主动者的情况下均可使用被动语态,因此,被动语态的广泛使用是一大特点•1)专业文章描述的着重点在于行文章描述的着重点在于行为或状或状态本身,而本身,而实施施这种行种行为或造成或造成这种状种状态的行的行为主主题常常不言自明,常常不言自明,不必提起,或者行不必提起,或者行为主体是一系列食物,无法提起,主体是一系列食物,无法提起,所以常采用被所以常采用被动语态,并且省略介,并且省略介词byby以及其后的以及其后的实施主体•For example, cellulose suspended in water will eventually be converted to carbon dioxide and water.•例如,悬浮于水中的纤维素最终会被转化为二氧化碳和水。
•2 2)被)被动语态的使用,便于向后的使用,便于向后扩展句子,特展句子,特别是当后是当后面从句所修面从句所修饰的是句子中的是句子中byby所引所引导的行的行为主体主体时• the heating phenomenon is caused by microwaves, which are the electromagnetic waves arising as radiation from electrical disturbances at high frequencies.•这种加热现象由微波引起,所谓微波是电磁波,它产生于高频电干扰辐射•(这句话主句的行为主体是microwaves,which连接的定语从句做它的定语,如果将主句改为主动语态,which紧随其后引导从句,那么整个句子就会前重后轻,不平衡•1、翻译成汉语的主动句式•1.1 英语原文中的主语在译文中仍做主语,往往通过在译文中使用“加以”“经过”“用来”等词来体现原文中的被动含义•The plan is going to examine first by the research group.•计划将先由研究小组加以研究。
•被动语态的翻译•2)当英语被动句的主语是无生命的名词时,常常直接译成汉语主动句形式,即省略了“被”字的汉语的被动语态•After being boiled, water readily fives off water vapor.•水在沸腾后即生成水蒸气•3 3)一些固定结构的翻译,要加泛指性的词语(人)一些固定结构的翻译,要加泛指性的词语(人们,大家)们,大家)•It is asserted that 有人主张•It is believed that 有人认为• it is generally considered that 大家(一般人)认为• it is well known that 大家知道(众所周知)• it will be said 有人会说•It was told that 有人曾经说•It is reported 据报道•It is generally recognized that 一般认为•It has been calculated that 据计算•It may be said without fear of exaggeration that 可以毫不夸张地说•It must be admitted that 必须承认•It must be pointed out that 必须指出•It will be seen from this that 由此可见It is well known that life is made up of cells.众所周知,生命是由细胞构成的。
It has been proved that DNA is the carrier of genetic information.已经证明,DNA是遗传信息的载体It is believed that we shall make full use of the sun’s energy someday.人们认为总有一天我们将会充分利用太阳能•4 4)英)英语原文中的原文中的byby,,inin,,forfor等做状等做状语的介的介词短短语翻翻译成成译文的主文的主语,在此情况下,英,在此情况下,英语原文中的主原文中的主语一般一般译成成宾语•A new kind of drugs is being developed in that lab.•那个实验室正在研制一种新的药物•The DNA model was first introduced by Waston and Crick.•华生和克里克首先提出了DNA模型•5)用“使”“把”“将”等词翻译为汉语的无主句•Attention has been paid to the new measures to prevent pollution.•人们已经注意采用防止污染的新措施。
•The pain caused by cancer can be alleviated by taking this kind of drugs twice time every day.•每天两次服用这种药物可以缓解癌症引起的疼痛•6)翻译成带表语的主动句,即“是的”•In addition, not all technology is based on science.•另外,并不是所有的技术都是以科学为基础的•Produced by electrons are the X-rays,which allow the doctor to look insight a patient’s body•电子产生的是X射线,它使医生能透视病人的身体•2.2.译成成汉语的被的被动语态•为了强调被动动作或突出施动者时,可以将英语被动句译为汉语被动句常用“被”“给”“遭”“挨”“为所”“由受到”等表示• We remember how air can be made into a liquid,.If the liquid is warmed again, “boils”and turns back into a gas.•我们记得如何把空气制成液体,如果给这种液体加热,它“沸腾气化”,又还原成气体。
三、动词非限定形式• 动词非限定形式包括动词不定式、分词和动名词科技英语为了叙事简洁明了,大量使用非谓语动词使用动词非限定形式后,句子在结构上往往变得比较复杂•一、动词不定式一、动词不定式•动词不定式在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语它们多以短语的形式出现,即以动词不定式为中心,再加上它的状语宾语,有时还有它的行为主体• 动词不定式作主语时,往往使用形式主语而把动词不定式短语放在谓语后面,这种布局便于向后扩展句子•二、分词在句中可作定语、状语和补足语,除单独使用外,还经常以短语的形式出现,即以分词为中心词,和它的宾语状语一起构成分词短语分词短语起着定语从句或状语从句的作用,并且和它们交替使用,这样使句子在结构上不至于显得单调•英语科技文章中有时还用独立分词结构独立分词结构有两种形式•1.分词有自己的逻辑主语,这个逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致•2.介词with+ 宾语+分词定语• 三、动名词在句中可作主语、定语、表语和宾语动名词也可以有自己的宾语和状语,构成动名词短语在科技英语中,动名词和动名词短语还经常作介词动名词和动名词短语还经常作介词的宾语,在句中作定语或状语的宾语,在句中作定语或状语。
•In brief, there is as yet no known way of obtaining the benefits of the new insecticides without some risk of provoking resistance.四、后置定语•大量使用后置定语也是科技文章的特点之一作为后置定语的常见结构有介词短语、形容词及形容词短语、保持较强的动词意义的单个分词等•The article summed up the new achievement made in biochemistry, amino acids and protein.made in biochemistry, amino acids and protein.•本文本文总结了人了人们在生化、氨基酸和蛋白在生化、氨基酸和蛋白质这3 3个个领域取得的成就域取得的成就•Experiments to explain the mechanism of to explain the mechanism of metabolismmetabolism must be done in this year.•用来解用来解释代代谢机理的机理的实验今年之内必今年之内必须要做。
要做 No uniform scheme for Phase 4 supervision has yet been established, but few doubt the necessity of collecting this information on low-frequency adverse effects.后置定语后置定语 The rationale for the development of new drugs should be to provide better drugs; better in the sense of being either more effective, safer or cheaper. The air outside pressed the side in. One of the most studied antioxidants in vegetables and fruits thought to protect against cancer is beta-carotene, concentrated in deep green, yellow and orange vegetables such as carrots, sweet potatoes and spinach.后置定语后置定语 In this factory the only fuel available is coal. Drug development aims to produce a novel therapeutic agent which is superior in efficacy to existing remedies and which causes less frequent or less severe adverse effects. 后置定语后置定语 Paradoxically, thalidomide, which was the cause of the tragedy that led to stricter drug regulation and toxicology tests, is no teratogenic in mice or rats but has a teratogenic effect in humans, causing gross limb deformities.后置定语后置定语五、多重复句• 所谓多重复句,就是句子中套句子,形成多个层次。
英语科技文体常常使用这种句型,以便能严谨地表达复杂的思想如果把一句话分成几个独立的句子,就有可能影响到句子之间的密切联系因此,多重复句是很能够体现英语科技文体的一种句型文章的论述性越强,多重复句就用得越多.句子也就越长• 多重复旬的分句之间有两种基本关系•一种是并列关系,另一种是主从关系,但是以主•从关系为主这两种关系常常同时出现在一个句子中•语法分析主要从两点入手,第一是找出谓语找出谓语(谓语的形式比较明显.容易发现),然后找出它的主语主语英语句子不像汉语那样经常省略主语,而是由主语和谓语一起构成句子的核心第二是找出连接词连接词英语和汉语的另一个不同是汉语句子的分词之间常常没有连接词,而英语句子的分句之间一般都有连接词连接找出了连接词就找出了分句间的界限和它们之间的关系这里说的连接词是广义的,包括连接代词、连接副词、关系代词、关系副词竿•然后从这些主语、谓语以及连接词的关系中推理出相应的主从嵌套关系主从嵌套关系 Although stereochemistry does play a major role in drug’s biologic action, factors such as the lipid: water distribution function, the PK value , or perhaps the rate of hydrolysis or metabolism may differ between isomeric pairs and account for the observed differences in pharmacologic activity.长句句 The formation of a poorly water-soluble complex between the chlorpheniramine((氯苯那敏)and the anionic surfactant slows the release to a minimum at low concentrations of surfactant; however, at higher concentrations of surfactant the release is faster due to solubilization in the micellar phase of the ion-pair.长句长句六、常用句型六、常用句型enable、、allow、、make、、permit,,etc + infinitive•Enable常用于与allow和permit相同的意思,let常用于口语中。
•1)The microscope enables scientists to examine very small objects.•2)A thermometer enables the doctor to measure body temperature.•3) The heat made the metal melt.It的用法•1)用作为代词,指代无生命的物体、抽象的概念,偶然也可以指代小孩或者动物它所指代的名词可以在它前面出现过,也可以没出现过•The amoeba is a one-called organism.It reproduces by dividing in two parts.•2)用作为许多英语习语中的组成部分和与距离、天气、时间等有关的非人称主语•It is hot in the tropics.•It costs a lot to do research.•3、用作为形式主语或并与,只起先行作用,没有具体意思这种用法有时可以使作者避免用两个句子来表达同一思想•It is known that plaque builds up on artery walls.•It has been shown that laser surgery is painless. It 作形式主语作形式主语 It is estimated that more than 90 antigenically different strains of known types of respiratory virusescause the common cold syndrome. It is usually possible to carry out reactions on the lead compound itself in order to make a series of analogs. It may be necessary to protect such groups to prevent them reacting as well. It is impossible to produce penicillins with a branched side chain using carboxylic acids of general formula ArCH(X)CO2H.How to read a scientific paper•一一. . 通过思想联系词进行预测通过思想联系词进行预测•预测出作者下一步要阐述什么关联词关联词• 科技文章要求结构严谨难确,句与句之间各种逻辑关系需要明确表达,因此,科技文章中往往运用很多的关联词。
•1 1)表示附加意义的关联词)表示附加意义的关联词•In addition, and, similarly, likewise, as well as, moreover, besides, furthermore, and then, also, too, not only…but also, even, besides this/that•Oxygen as well as carbon dioxide is important gas in the biological system.•氧气和二氧化碳都是生物系统中重要的气体•2 2)表示)表示顺序的关序的关联词•First(ly),second(ly),initially, to begin with , then, next, earlier/later, after this/that, following this/that,afterwards•To begin with, we will talk about the environmental pollution problem.•作为开头,我们来谈一下环境污染的问题。
•3.3.表示提示表示提示结果和果和总结的关的关联词•As a result, thus, so, therefore, consequently, it follows that, thereby, eventually, then, in that case, admittedly, in short, in summary, in conclusion•In that case, this method will prove to be a failure.•那样的话,这个方法就以失败而告终•4 4、表示肯定意、表示肯定意义的关的关联词•Obviously, certainly, plainly,of •course, undoubtedly •Undoubtedly, they have passed the product evaluation test.•毋庸置疑的是,他们通过了产品评价监测•5 5、表示条件的关、表示条件的关联词•If, unless, provided that, for, so that, whether, depending on•Never take antibiotics unless a doctor tells you to.•如果不是医生让你使用抗生素,千万不要擅自使用。
•6.6.表示定表示定义的关的关联词•Be,refers to, means, that is, consists of•Visible light refers to the electromagnetic wares with the wavelength range 400nm to 700nm which can be seen by human eyes.•可见光指光波长400纳米到700纳米间能被人眼看见的光•7.7.表示表示转折、折、对比的关比的关联词•However, on the other hand, despite, in spite of, though, although, but, on the contrary, otherwise, yet,instead of, rather , whereas, nonetheless, even though, compared with ,in contrast, alternatively.• Hydrogen is lighter than oxygen, on the contrary, carbon dioxide is heavier than oxygen.•氢气比氧气轻,相反,二氧化碳比氧气重。
•8.8.表示表示举例的关例的关联词•For instance, for example,just as, in particular, such as, namely, to illustrate •Foods, such as oranges and tomato, are rich in Vitamin C.•9.9.表示理由的关表示理由的关联词•Since, as, so, because(of), due to, owing to, the reason why, in other words, leads to, cause• Because each gene has its own unqiue sequence of different DNA subunits ,the precise sequence can be registered.•因为每个基因的不同DNA副族都有自己独特的序列,所以这一精确的序列可以注册•10.10.表示表示时间的关的关联词•Before, since, as ,until, meanwhile, at the moment, when, whenever, as soon as, just as.•Human leg veins are repeatedly squeezed by the leg muscles as people walk or run.•当人走路或跑步时,人腿静脉反复受到腿部肌肉挤压。
二、二、领悟悟词义•1. 1.借助借助语境境•专业文章常常会阐述一些新的思想、新概念,所以在文章中常常会出现一些生词,“or”这个词就像是一个信号,把新词语的定义告诉你,从而理解这个新词语的意思•Lipids, or fats,can be measured in the laboratory.•2 2、理解、理解简单复合名复合名词•两个或两个以上的名词常常连在一起用,其中一个限定另一个的意思•Fruit juice•Grammar book•第二个名词或最后一个名词在这种搭配中是最重要的,而第一个名词或者之前的名词只起修饰作用因此,理解这类复合名词,可以提问:“what kind of”,把最后一个名词填入,这样就有助于理解•3 3、注意修辞性条件、注意修辞性条件•通常情况下,would +verb 暗示某一条件句的结果不真实或与事实相反•I would buy that car if it should go better gas mileage.•(it does not get good mileage, so I will not buy it)•在科技文章中,除了表述与事实不符的情况外,这种结构用于修辞性用法,当作者表达某一理论性的事物时,往往用这种方法。
在这里,不再表示不真实或与事实相反,而是指明这是陈述是理论性的,而且是真实的•三、三、获取取细节•一个细节就是一个段落中的一条信息或一个事实,它们或者给段落的主题提供证据,或者为其提供例子•四、四、获取主取主题思想思想•1、辨认主题名词•第一步就是确定一个最能描述作者思想中的某个人、某个地方或某件事的名词•2、找出主题句•一个段落的主题句就是最能表达作者主题思想的句子、主题句通常就是一个段落的第一句话,不过也有可能在后面或者是段落的最后出现•3、获取主题思想•4、避免不相关的内容•五、略五、略读•略读不需要寻找特定的数目和名称,只是制定主题,因此,进行略读的一个方法就是判定可能的主题句•六、六、浏览•浏览可以帮助得到想要得到的特定信息,在已经知道一篇文章或一本书籍的大概内容后,应用浏览的方式就可以从中得到某些特定问题的答案•七、精七、精读文章文章。