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1、Val Pinczewski School of Petroleum Engineering University of New South Wales Session-1 2013 Monday 4 March 2013 PTRL3001 Reservoir Engineering B PTRL5134 Reservoir Engineering Lecture-1 Text Dake, L P, Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering Elsevier 1978. Assessment Homework problems 20% Mid-session
2、test 20% Final exam 60% Homework All work must be your own All work must be submitted on-time Course guide Intermolecular forces Interfacial tension Bulk molecules Surface molecules Wettability for an oil-water-rock system Wettability for an oil-water-rock system Wettability of water-hydrocarbon sys
3、tems on silica and calcite Different wetting conditions for an oil-water system Capillary-Gravity Equilibrium Capillary-Gravity Equilibrium Laplace equation for capillary pressure water oil Interfacial force Buoyancy force Effect of wettability on transition zone (wetting fluid invades spontaneously
4、) Water-wet Neutral Oil-wet Porous Rock Reservoir Rock Mt Gambier - High porosity limestone (resolution 5 microns) Interconnected pore-space in porous rock allows movement of fluids Flow through porous media Porosity and Permeability Porosity - the fraction of the rock volume which is void Permeabil
5、ity - a measure of the ease with which a fluid can flow through the rock Sediments deposited in marine environment Depositional energy (velocity) results in sorting of sediments Discrete depositional sequences result in layering which is a major source of reservoir heterogeneity Reservoir vertical h
6、eterogeneity (layering) has a major impact on reservoir performance and recovery of oil and gas Deposition of sediments Sedimentary basins Heterogeneity and layering Heterogeneity and layering Each of the layers is porous so all layers are hydraulically connected Organic matter is deposited together
7、 with the finest sediments source rocks Simple single-cell organisms Found in worlds oceans close to the surface Use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide to complex hydrocarbons Continued burial results in increases in temperature and pressure and anaerobic bacterial action breaks-down the complex hyd
8、rocarbons to petroleum oil and gas Petroleum formation as a function of depth Petroleum squeezed out of source rocks enters water saturated porous rocks and migrates up-structure under the action of buoyancy forces Traps and Reservoirs The upward migration of petroleum is arrested by a trap The trap
9、 fills to form a reservoir Hydrocarbon-water interfaces in the pore space Petroleum squeezed out of source rocks enters water saturated porous rocks and migrates up-structure under the action of buoyancy forces Pore space always contains hydrocarbon and water Meniscus in a pore and capillary pressur
10、e C Drainage displacement non-wetting fluid displacing a wetting fluid threshold capillary pressure Homework-1A Restored state method for measuring capillary pressure Drainage displacement non-wetting fluid displacing wetting fluid Porous plate method for capillary pressure measurement Drainage capi
11、llary pressure curves for a number of reservoir rocks Network representation for a sandstone Micro-CT Equivalent network Digital Core network model Pore-scale simulator Capillary pressure determines distribution of fluids in pore space Mercury capillary pressure from small rock fragments 3D image pr
12、obed with spheres of decreasing radius (Hilpert and Miller (2001) 20003 image 2um resolution Berea sandstone Mt.Gambier limestone Correcting laboratory measured capillary pressure to reservoir conditions Imbibition displacements Wetting phase displacing the non-wetting phase Drainage Imbibition Resi
13、dual oil formation by snap-off mechanism Oil trapping on the microscopic or pore scale Residual oil formation by snap-off mechanism 10 100 I. Chatzis; N. R. Morrow and H.T. Lim, “Magnitude and detailed structure of residual oil saturation”, Soc. Pet. Eng. AIME, 1982 Residual phase size distribution
