英汉翻译考研笔记

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1、对考研最有帮助的目前最全面的英汉翻译笔记第一部分：数词的译法 、数字增减的译法：1 . 句式特征：by +名词+比较级+thanThe wire is by three inches longer than that one.这根导线比那根长 3 英寸。2 . 句式特征：表示增减意义的动词+to+n.译为：增加到。 。 。 。或减少到Metal cutting machines have been decreased to 50. 金属切割机已经减少到 50 台。二、百分数增减的表示法与译法1 . 句式特征：表示增减意义的动词+ %The output value has increased

2、35%.产值增加了 35%2 . 句式特征：表示增减意义的动词+by + %Retail salses should rise by 8%商品零售额应增加 3%The prime cost decreased by 60%.主要成本减少 60%3 . 句式特征：表示减少意义的动词+to+ %表示减少后剩余的数量By using this new-process the loss of metal was reduced to 20%.采用这种新工艺, 铁的损失量减少到20%4 . 句式特征： +比较级+than表示净增减的数量Retail sales are expected to be ni

3、ne percent higher than last year.今年零售额与去年相比，有望增加9%。5 . 句式特征： + 比较级+ 名词表示净减数The new-type machine wasted 1 0 percent engergy supplied,新型机械能耗量净减 10%6 . 句式特征：a + % + increase表示净增数There is a 20% increase of steel as compared with last year.与去年相比，今年钢产量净增20%7 . 句式特征：% + (o f)名词( 代词) 表示净减数，数字n照译The producti

4、on cost is about 60 percent that of last year.今年产值仅为去年的 60%8 . 句式特征：% +up o n或over表示净增数The grain output of last year in this province was 20% percent up on that of 1978. 去年粮食产量比1978年净增20%。第二部分倍数增加的表示法及译法汉语表示“ 增加了几倍”时，英语的倍数表示倍数需减一，译成“ 增加了 n-1倍”以表示净增加数。如果译 成 “ 增加到n倍”或 “ 为原来的n倍” ，则照译不误。1 . 句式特点：表示增加意义的

5、动词+n times 表示成倍地增长，译成”增加到N倍 “ 或 增加n-1倍 “注：1 倍 once; 2 倍twice （ 或double）； 3 倍thrice （ iSthree times）2 . 句式特点：表示增加意义的动词+ b y + n tim es,该句式与上述相同3 . 句式特点：表示增加意义的动词+to+ n times表示增加到N倍，译成”增加了 n-1倍 ”4 . 句式特点：表示增加意义的动词+by a factor of 4- n times5 . 句式特点：表示增加意义的动词+比较级+by a factor of + n times表示增加以后达到的倍数，译成”比

6、。 。 。 。 。 。大 （ 长、宽）N-1倍 ”6 . 句式特点：表示增加意义的动词+ n times+比较级+than。 。 。 。 。7 . 句式特点：表示增加意义的动词+ n times +adj./adv. +as.8 . 句式特点：表示增加意义的动词+a + n times（ 或n-fold） +increase.表示增加到N倍, 译成”增加了 N -1倍 “9 . 句式特点：表示增加意义的动词+as + adj./adv.+ again as译成”比。 。 。 。大 （ 长、宽。 。 。 。倍）例子：Line A is as long again as line B. A 线比

7、B 线长 1 倍。This machine turns half as fast again as that one.这台机器转动比那台机器快半倍。10 . 句式特点：表示增加意义的动词+ half as + adj./adv.+ again as.译成”比。 。 。 。大 （ 长、宽。 。 。 。半倍） “11 .句式特点：用double表示倍数，译成”等于的2倍 “ 或”增加了 1倍 “12 . 句式特点：用treble表示倍数增加，译成”增加到3倍 “ 或”增加了 2倍 “13 . 句式特点：用quadruple表示倍数增加，译成”增加到4倍 “ 或”增加了 3倍 “第二部分倍数增加的表

8、示法及译法汉语表示“ 增加了几倍”时，英语的倍数表示倍数需减一，译成“ 增加了 n-1倍”以表示净增加数。如果译 成 “ 增加到n倍”或 “ 为原来的n倍” ，则照译不误。1 . 句式特点：表示增加意义的动词+n times ” 表示成倍地增长，译成”增加到N倍 “ 或 增加n-1倍”注：1 倍 once; 2 倍twice ( 或double)： 3 倍thrice ( 或three times)2 . 句式特点：表示增加意义的动词+ b y + n tim es,该句式与上述相同3 . 句式特点：表示增加意义的动词+to+ n times表示增加到N倍，译成”增加了 n-1倍 “4 . 句

9、式特点：表示增加意义的动词+by a factor of + n times5 . 句式特点：表示增加意义的动词+比较级+by a factor of + n times表示增加以后达到的倍数，译成”比。 。 。 。 。 。大 （ 长、宽 ）N-1倍 ”6 . 句式特点：表示增加意义的动词+ n times+比较级+than。 。 。 。 。7 . 句式特点：表示增加意义的动词+ n times +adj./adv. +as.8 . 句式特点：表示增加意义的动词+a + n times（ 或n-fold） 4-increase.表示增加到N倍，译成”增加了 N -1倍 9 . 句式特点：表示增

10、加意义的动词+as + adj./adv.+ again as译成 比0大（ 长、宽 。倍）例子：Line A is as long again as line B. A 线比 B 线长 1 倍。This machine turns half as fast again as that one.这台机器转动比那台机器快半倍。10 . 句式特点：表示增加意义的动词+ half as + adj./adv.+ again as 译成”比。 。 。 。大 （ 长、宽。 半倍） “11 .句式特点：用double表示倍数，译成”等于的2倍 “ 或”增加了1倍 ”12 . 句式特点：用treble表示倍

11、数增加I ,译成”增加到3倍 “ 或”增加了 2倍 “13 . 句式特点：用quadruple表示倍数增加，译成”增加到4倍 “ 或”增加了 3倍 “英语倍数句型及其译法英语表示倍数增减或倍数对比的句型多种多样， 其 中 有 些 （ 如下文中的句型、 、 、 、（12）等，见圈码）很容易译错其主要原因在于：英汉两语在表述或对比倍数方面存在着语言与思维差异。现将常用的英语倍数句型及其正确译法归纳如下：倍数增加（ 一）A is n times as great （ long, much, ）as B .（ ）A is n times greater （ longer, more, ） than B

12、 .（）A is n times the size （ length, amount, ） of B.（）以上三句都应译为；A的大小（ 长度，数量，）是B的n倍 或A比B大 （ 长，多，）n-1倍 .Eg. This book is three times as long as (three times longer than, threetimes the length of ) that one.这本书的篇幅是那本书的3倍( 即长两倍) 。注：当相比的对象B很明显时，than (as, of) B常被省去。( 二 )increase to n times ( )increase n tim

13、es / n-fold ( )increase by n times ( )increase by a factor of n ()以上四式均应译为：增加到n倍 ( 或 ：增加n-1倍 。Eg. The production of integrated circuits has been increased to three timesas compared with last year.集成电路的产量比去年增加了两倍。Eg. The output of chemical fertilizer has been raised five times as againstI986.化肥产量比198

14、6年增加了 4倍。Eg. That can increase metabolic rates by two or three times.那可使代谢率提高到原来的2倍或3倍 ( 即提高1倍或2倍oEg. The drain voltage has been increased by a factor of four.漏电压增加了 3借( 即增加到原来的4倍 。注：在这类句型中increase常被raise, grow, go/step up, multiply等词所替代。( 三 )There is a n-fold increase/growth- ()应译为：增加n- 倍( 或增至n倍) 。

15、这个句型还有其它一些形式：Eg. A record high increase in value of four times was reported.据报道， 价值破记录地增长了 3倍。( 四 )double ( 增加 1 倍 ,treble ( 增加2 倍 ，quadruple ( 增加 3 倍 。( )Eg. The efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled.这些机器的效率已提高了 2倍或3倍多。( 五) 此外，英语中还有一种用again而不用倍数词来比较倍数的方法，如：A is as much

16、 (large, long, - ) again as B. (= A is twice as much (large, long, ) asB .颂 )应译为：A比B多 ( 大 ，长，)1倍。A is half as much (large, lo n g ,)again as B. = A is one and a half times as much (large, 1 ong, ) as B. (11)应译为:A比B多( 大，长) 一半( 即A是B的倍半) 。倍数减少( - ) A is n times as small (light, slow, ) as B. (12)A is n

17、 times smaller (lighter, slower, ) than B. (13)以上两句均应译为：A的大小( 重量， 速度，)是B的1/n 或A比B小 ( 轻， 慢，)(n-1)/nEg. The hydrogen atom is nearly 1 6 times as light as the oxygen atom.氢原子的重量约为氧原子的1 / 16 ( 即比氧原子约轻15/16)。Eg. This sort of membrane is twice thinner than ordinary paper.这种薄膜比普通纸张要薄一半( 即是普通纸厚度的1/2)。注：当相比的

18、对象B很明显时，than/as B常被省去。( 二 )decrease n times/n-fold (14)decrease by n times (15)decrease by a factor of n (16)以上三式均译为：减少到1/n 或：减少(n-1)/n。decrease 常被 reduce, shorten, go / slow down 等词替代。Eg. Switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened 3 times.新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了 1/3 ( 即缩短到2/3)。Eg. When the voltag

19、e is stepped up by ten times, the strength of the currentis stepped down by ten times.电压升高9倍，电流强度便降低9/10 ( 即90% oEg. The equipment reduced the error probability by a factor of 5.该设备误差概率降低了 4/5。( 三 )There is a n-fold decrease/red action.应译为：减至1/n 或：减 少(n 1) /n。(17)这个句型还有其它一些形式，Eg. A rapid decrease by

20、 a factor of 7 was observed.发现迅速减少到1/7。Eg. The principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction inweight.这些产品的主要优点是重量减轻了 1/20从上列倍数增减句型及其译法中不难看出：与汉语不同的是，英语在表述或比较倍数时，无论使用什么句型( 除了不含倍数词的again句型外) 都包括基础倍数在内，因此都不是净增或净减n倍，而是净增或 净减n-1倍。所以句型、表示的倍数增量=句型； 句型(13)表示的倍数比差= 句型1 2 ,且decrease (by)3 times应

21、译为“ 减少2/3”，而不是“ 减少3/4”。英语倍数句型及其译法英语表示倍数增减或倍数对比的句型多种多样， 其中有一些( 如下文中的句型、 、 、 、( 1 2 )等,见圈码) 很容易译错其主要原因在于：英汉两语在表述或对比倍数方面存在着语言与思维差异。现将常用的英语倍数句型及其正确译法归纳如下：倍数增加( ) A is n times as great (long, m uch,)as B .( )A is n times greater (longer, more, ) than B .( )A is n times the size (length, amount, ) of B.()

22、以上三句都应译为；A的大小( 长度，数量，)是B的n倍 或A比B大 ( 长 ，多，)n-1倍 .Eg. This book is three times as long as (three times longer than, threetimes the length of ) that one.这本书的篇幅是那本书的3倍( 即长两倍) 。注：当相比的对象B很明显时，than (as, of) B常被省去。( 二 )increase to n times ()increase n times / n-fold ( )increase by n times ( )increase by a f

23、actor of n ()以上四式均应译为：增加到n倍 ( 或 ：增加n-1倍 。Eg. The production of integrated circuits has been increased to three timesas compared with last year.集成电路的产量比去年增加了两倍。Eg. The output of chemical fertilizer has been raised five times as againstI986.化肥产量比1986年增加了 4倍。Eg. That can increase metabolic rates by two

24、 or three times.那可使代谢率提高到原来的2倍或3倍 （ 即提高1倍或2倍 。Eg. The drain voltage has been increased by a factor of four.漏电压增加了3借 （ 即增加到原来的4倍 。注：在这类句型中increase常被raise, grow, go/step up, multiply等词所替代。（ 三）There is a n-fold increase/growth-* （ ）应译为：增 加 倍 （ 或增至n倍） 。这个句型还有其它一些形式：Eg. A record high increase in value of

25、 four times was reported.据报道， 价值破记录地增长了 3倍。（ 四）double （ 增加 1 倍，treble （ 增加 2 倍 ,quadruple （ 增加 3 倍 。（ ）Eg. The efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled.这些机器的效率已提高了 2倍或3倍多。（ 五）此外，英语中还有一种用again而不用倍数词来比较倍数的方法，如：A is as much （ large, long, ）again as B. （ = A is twice as much （

26、 large, long, ）asB .（ ）应译为：A比B多 （ 大，长，）1倍。A is half as much (large, 1 ong, )again as B. = A is one and a half times as much (large, 1 o n g ,)as B. (11)应译为:A比B多( 大，长)一 半 ( 即A是B的一倍半) 。倍数减少( 一 )A is n times as small (light, slo w ,)as B. (12)A is n times smaller (lighter, slower, ) than B. (13)以上两句均应译

27、为：A的大小( 重量， 速度，)是B的1/n 或A比B小 ( 轻 , 慢 , )(n-1)/noEg. The hydrogen atom is nearly 1 6 times as light as the oxygen atom.氢原子的重量约为氧原子的1 /1 6 (即比氧原子约轻15/16)。Eg. This sort of membrane is twice thinner than ordinary paper.这种薄膜比普通纸张要薄半( 即是普通纸厚度的1/2)。注：当相比的对象B很明显时，than/as B常被省去。( 二 )decrease n times/n-fold (

28、14)decrease by n times (15)decrease by a factor of n (16)以上三式均译为：减少到1/n 或：减少(n-1)/n。decrease 常被 reduce, shorten, go / slow down 等词替代。Eg. Switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened 3 times.新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了 1/3 ( 即缩短到2/3)。Eg. When the voltage is stepped up by ten times, the strength of the cu

29、rrentis stepped down by ten times.电压升高9倍，电流强度便降低9/10 ( 即90% oEg. The equipment reduced the error probability by a factor of 5.该设备误差概率降低了 4/5。( 三 )There is a n-fold decrease/reduction.应译为：减至1/n 或：减 少(n 1 ) /n o (17)这个句型还有其它一些形式，Eg. A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed.发现迅速减少到1/7。Eg. The pri

30、ncipal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction inweight.这些产品的主要优点是重量减轻了 1/20从上列倍数增减句型及其译法中不难看出：与汉语不同的是，英语在表述或比较倍数时，无论使用什么句型( 除了不含倍数词的again句型外) 都包括基础倍数在内，因此都不是净增或净减n倍，而是净增或 净减n-1倍。所以句型、表示的倍数增量=句型： 句型(13)表示的倍数比差 = 句型1 2 ,且decrease (by)3 times应译为“ 减少2/3”，而不是“ 减少3/4”。第四部分动词的使动用法动词是英语中词类中最为活跃的成

31、分，至今对于动词的使用我一直是胆战心惊的，现介绍一些使动用法共勉。1.1 slowly walked my horse up the hill.我慢慢地带马上山。2 .The ran the ship aground.他们把船开到滩上 去了。3 .The swam their horses in the river.他们使马泅水渡河。4.1 laid myself down to rest my wearied limbs.我躺下来好让疲惫的腿休息一下。5.They rode out the storm.他们安然渡过风暴其实，研究动词个人认为，要把握后面有无宾语；宾语是人还是物；是什么样的宾语

32、。欢迎网友探讨，动词的学习研讨方法。第五部分同系宾语1 . I dreamed a strange dream.2 .He slept the sleep that knows no waking.3.1 have fought a good fight.一、在同系宾语上附有修饰形容词时，通常可换成态度副词。live a long life = live long;live a happy life = live happily;die a national death = die nationally;die a violent death = die by violence: 、有的宾语与

33、动词不同语源，但意义相通，也可以视为同类。run a race; run a course; run ones career;fight a battle; blow a gale; strike a blow;ring a peal; wreak ones vengeance三、以it构成的类型:I am determined to fight it out。我决心奋斗到底。He is starring it in the provinces.他到各地巡回演出。We had to walk it in the rain.我们不得不冒雨而行。Can,t you swim it?你游不过去吗？四

34、、在某些熟语中可将同系宾语省略, 如look thanks = look a look of thanksHe looked the thanks he could not express.他眼中现出言语无法表达的感谢。She left the room, looking daggers at me.她以短剑和刺的目光望着我，走出了房间。五、最高级形容词后，可以省略同系宾语。The lady was looking her best(look).She sang her sweest(song) to please him.第六部分组词组1 .all+抽象名词/ 抽象名词+itself = v

35、ery + adj.He was all gentleness to her.他对她非常温存。To his superiors, he is humility itselfo 对于长辈，他极为谦逊。分析：该结构原来是表示某种性质达到极点的一种说法，有 “ 非常” 、“ 尽管” 、“ 一味” 、“ 尽”的含义，有时甚至可以译为“ 。 。 。 。的化身” 、“ 。 。 。 。的具体化普通复数名词用于“all”之后，也是表达这种概念。He is all smiles.他一味地笑。She is all eyes.她盯着看。I am all anxiety.我真担心。He is all attentio

36、n.他全神贯注地听着。2.Something (much) of / nothing (little) ofMr.Li is something of a philospher.李先生略具哲学家风范。Mr. Wu is nothing of a musician.吴先生全无音乐家的风味。Mr. Lu is very much of a poet.陆先生大有诗人气派。Mr.Liu is little of a scholar.刘先生几无学者风度分析：此为表示“ 程度”的形容词短语，有时可以当作副词翻译。Something of =to some extent ( 某程度) ， 在问句和条件句中则

37、用anyting of ( 略有、 多少) 。nothingo f译作“ 全无、毫无” 。相类似的情况：to be something of = to have something of + 名词+in + 代名词He is nothing in ability of an orator = He has nothing of an orator in his ability.他毫无演说家的才能。这类名词的用法，可以处理为副词。He has seen something of life.他略具阅历。他稍阅世。Something o f与something like区别：程度上有差异。somet

38、hing like = something approximateing in character or amount 指数量或性质略同的事物,乂作somewhat( 似乎、略微) 解释。This is something like a pudding.此物略似布丁。It shaped something like a cigar.其形状略似雪茄。3 .as.as的三种用法;(1) He is as kind as his sister.他象他妹妹一样和蔼。(2) He is as kind as honest. 他既诚实又和蔼。(3) He ia as kind as his sister

39、is honest.他妹妹诚实，而他和蔼。句式1表示两个不同的人相同的性质：句式2表示同个人不同的性质；句式3表示两个人的不同性质。该句式中第一个as为之时副词，第二个as为连词。所以，第一个as后面为adj./adv.,而第二个as后面为从句。4 .as.as any / as as everHe is as great a statesman as any = He is as great a statesman as ever lived.他是一位稀有的政治家。5 .as.as.can beIt is as plain as plain can be (may b e ). 那是再明白不

40、过了。A lot of these boys were green as green can be.这些男孩许多都是精力充沛无以复加的。6 .as., so.As rust eats iron, so care eats the heart.忧能伤人, 犹如锈之蚀铁。SO 相当于 in the same proportion; in like manner; in the same way( 亦复如此) 。为加强语气, 也可以在as前面加上just 一词。As fire tries gold, so does adversity try courage.IE如火能试金，逆境可以试人的勇气。As

41、 the human body is nourished by the food, so is a nation nourished by its industries.正像身体要靠食物营养一样，国家要靠工业营养。7.I t is in (or with).as in (or with).It is in life as in a journey.人生好比旅途。It is in studying as in eating; he who does it gets the benefits, and not he who sees it done.读书和吃饭一样，得到利益的是那些实际在吃的人，而

42、不是旁观的人。It is in mind as in body which must be nourished by good food.精神和身体都必须有好的食物来营养。8.as good as / as well asIt is as goos as done.这就和做好了一样。It is broad as well as long.那既长且宽。as good a s有两个含义：(1) amounting to ; not falling short of;等于；同样： 几如； ； 不欠缺He was as good as his word.他不爽约。(2) virtually; esse

43、ntially; in every essential respect 实际上；其实; 实在；在各要点上He is as good as dead already.宛如死人；行尸走肉：名存实亡as well a s有四个含义:(1) no less than; equally with 等于；不下于；亦：一样好I have understanding as well as you.(2) both.and.;one equally with the other “ 与” 、“ 两者皆”Work in moderation is healthy as well as agreeable to t

44、he human constitution.适度劳动对身体给予快感，又有益卫生。( 3 )与 not only.but also 有连带关系He has experience as well as knowledge.= He has not only knowledge but also experience.( 4 )可以代替 better thanAs well (= better) be hanged for a sheep as ( = than) for a lamb.窃钩如窃国, 与其盗小羊。9.As it is其含义为：as it stands; to state the ma

45、tter as it really stands; as a matter of fact; in reality.相当于：实际上：就实际情况而言；根据( 现在) 情况看；就现在这个样子等等。它用来指事物的单数：即指前面的单数名词。如果指事物的复数，则用“As they a r e 如果用来指人时，则为asl am / youare / she/ he is/ we are / they are.as it is的过去式为as it was。其位置可以放在句首，句末或句子中间。(1 )用于句首，注意前后时态与该结构保持一致As it is, we can not help him.As it

46、was, we could not help him.(2 )用于句末Lets keep it as it is.You mustnt go to the ball as you are.你不能这样去参加舞会。有时it可以省略为“as is ” ，意即：照现在的样子，常指“ 不再修理或改进”等情况。He has an old radio as is.他有一台没有修理过的旧收音机。UI sell it to you as is, but dont complain if it doesnt work.(3 )句中时，用逗号把它从前后隔开A.虚拟语气句式+but +as it is / w a s

47、,该结构意为：其实；事实1 :I thought things would get better, but as it is, they are getting worse and worse.The rice could have been got in yesterdy if the weather had been fine, but as it was, it had tobe left in the fields.B.过去分词+as it is ,表示强调前面的过去分词Written as it is in an interesting way, this book is enjoy

48、able to young and old alike.Published as it was at such a time, his work attrached much attention.C现在分词+ as it does(did)0意为：因为这样, ( 实际) 所以. . . . . .Living as he does in Shanghai, he knows the place extremely well.Reading as he did many times, he could recite it fluently.几个类似的结构：A. as it stands根据目前情

49、况来看As it stands, it is certain that our country can realize the four modernization ahead ofschedule.B. such as it is不怎么样，质量不过如此The room, such as it is, is very bright.C. as it were =as if it were so.属虚拟语气，用于插入语。不可以与as it is混淆He is , as it were, a living dictionary.Comrade Lei Feng still lives, as it

50、 were , in our heart.10 .have + the +抽象名词+不定式I had the fortune to succeed.我很幸运获得了成功。have = possess原来指肉体和精神上的特征，现作为一种天赋而具有的。She had the cheek ( = impudence) to say such a thing. = She was so impudent as to say sucha thing.她厚颜无耻地说出这样的话。How can you have the heart ( = hard-heartness) to drown such darli

51、ng little kittens?你何忍心把如此可爱的小猫淹死？11 . 名词+of +a +名词It was a great moutain of a wave.波浪如山高。That fool of a Tom did it .这是汤姆那个笨蛋做的。That old cripple of a Henn.那个年老的残废者亨。It would make the deuce of a scandal.这会弄得声名狼藉的。of前后的名词指同一人或物体。其中的“ 名词+of”后出现的名词前面，必须有一个不定词，即使是固有名词，该冠词也不可省略。a devil of a man = a devish

52、mana rascal of a fellow = a rascally fellow12. in + 人They have an enemy in him.他才是他们的敌人。分析：in = in the person of ( 在那人身上) ，表示一个人身上具有的性质、资格、能力等。原来是由于形状( 与形状有关的 in ,如：in a circle; in print; in a heap; in couples; in human shape; in ruins等) 所转来的, 而有“ 即. 是也” 、“ 就是”的含义。这种in多出现在find, see, behold, lose等动词后

53、面。He had something of the hero in him.China lost a great artist in (the death of ) Chi Paishi.13.short of / be short of / nothing short ofshort=except,是副词的用法。在前面可以使用的动词有：come, fall, run 表示“ 不足” 、“ 缺乏”的意思，其 中“of”做“from”解释。至于be short o f与nothing short o f中的short of”则为形容词。be short o f表 示 “ 不足”或 “ 离开” ；

54、nothing short of表示“ 完全” 。1 ) Short of theft, I will do anything I can for you.2)We are short of hands at present.3)His conduct was nothing short of madness. 他的行为简直发了狂。14.anything but / nothing but / all but在英文中anything but=never;意即“ 除此之外，别的都是” ，是表示强调的否定：nothing but=only;意 即 “ 除此之外, 别的都不是” ;all but=a

55、lmost; nearly三种用法中,but都 有“except”含义15 .much more / much lessHe likes a child, much more a baby.他喜欢小孩，更加喜欢婴孩。He doesnt like a child, much less a baby.他步喜欢小孩，更加不喜欢婴孩。解释：much m ore用于肯定句之后，表示程度增加；表示更多，much可以改为stillmuch less用于否定句之后，表示程度减少：表示更少，可译为“ 何况” 、“ 还论”16 .more.than.can “ 达到不可能的程度”morethan.can简直不可能

56、”He earns more money than he can spend.17 .more than +动词，译 为 “ 深为， 十二分的”This more than satisfied me.这使我卜 二分的满意。More is meant than meets the ear.有言外之意。What we lose in flowers we more than gain in fruits.18 . less.thanDuring the week he saw less of her than usual.在 那 个星期内，他比平常要少见到她。less.than “ 较少” 、“

57、较差” 、“ 不及” 、“ 不 如 : 该less做形容词时好翻译, 做副词解释时难译。Proof-reading is not interesting, still less so when it is ones own work.Proof-reading is uninteresting, still more so when it is ones own work.His lecture left me less than satisfactory.他的演讲怎么也不能使我满意。He observed with interest the errors of her face and fi

58、gure, the thin underlip, too heavilypenciled eyebrows, and her legs less than slim although not actually skinny.他感兴趣地望着她面孔和身体上的一些缺点，那太薄的下唇，画的太浓的眉毛和她那瘦弱的双腿，虽然还没有达到皮包骨头的程度。19 .the +比较级+理由I like him all the better for his faults.因为他有缺点，所以我更加喜欢他。连 接 “ 理由”部分的可以为:for, because, on account of, owing to等，前面部

59、分常常出现的结构为:all(much)the + 比较级。该结构中的the = to that degree.20 .what he is / what he hasWe honour him for what he is , not for what he has.我们尊敬的是他的人品，而不是他的财富。what he is =his characterwhat he has = his propertyIt is not a question how much a man knows, but use what he can make of what he knows; nota quest

60、ion of what he has acquired, and how he has been trained, but of what he is, and whathe can do.问题不在于一个人知道多少，而在于他能否运用他的知识；问题不在于他所学为何，受过怎样的教育，而在于他的人品，以及他的能力。21 .what + 名词 / what + little + 名词He gave me what money he had about him.他把他身上所有的钱都给了我。I gave him what little mony I had.我竭尽绵薄之力将仅有的钱都给了他。what +名

61、词 含 有“all the.that”或“that.which”含义。译为“ 所有的。 。 。 。 ” ，what做关系代名词。what + little (few等 一 类 词 ) + 名词 含有“ 虽少但全部”或 “ 所仅有的”She saved what little money she could out of her slim salary to help her brother go to school.22 .what with. and what with / what by . and what byWhat with illness and what with losses

62、, he is almost ruined.半因为生病，半因为亏损, 他几乎整个儿毁了。What by brikes and what by extortions, he made money.或由受贿，或由勒索，他发财了。此为what的副词用法，可译为“ 多 少(=somewhat)、 半 U patrly )vwhat with.and what with 表 示 “ 原因”what b y. and what by 表示“ 手段”What with overwork and under-nourishment he fell ill.由于过劳，加上营养不足，他终于病倒了。23.if an

63、y1 )He despises honour, if any one does.世界上真有人轻视荣誉的话, 他便是一个。2 ) He has little, if any, money.他即令有钱，也是极少的。if any , if ever意思是“ 果真有, 即令有的话” , 相当于if there is (are) any at all.。它通常是伴随有little, few, seldom等准否定词。 与此相近的用法还有if anything,意思是“if at all”或“ if there is anydifference”，可以译为“ 倘若有异同，如果梢有区别的话” 。还有“ if

64、 a day”意思是“at least”。There is little , if any , hope.希望甚微。It occurs seldom, if ever( = seldom or never).真有其事, 也不常发生。If anything, he is a little better today.如有什么不同，他比昨天好了一点。The greatness has little, if anything, to do with rank or power.真正的伟大是和权力与地位毫无关系的。下面的内容虽然与帖子的名称不太相符，但是作为构成句式的基本单元词汇，也是不容忽视的啊。学习

65、过程中收集、整理了不少令我疑惑的词汇( 词组) ，曾经在OE网站张贴，现把精华部分粘贴于此，希望大家对我的理解提出批评和指正。“ 闪光”之说：1、shine:照耀，指光稳定发射;2、g litte r:闪光，指光不稳定发射;3、glare:耀眼，表示光的强度最大；4、sparkle:闪烁，指发射微细的光度。打破”之说：1、break: 般用语，经打击或施加压力而破碎：2、crack:出现了裂缝，但还没有变成碎片；3、crush:指从外面用力向内或从上向卜压而致碎；4、demolish:破坏，铲平或削平( 如土壤，建筑物，城堡等) ；5、destroy:在肉体上、精神上或道义上彻底摧毁，使之无法

66、复原;6、shatter:突然使一个物体粉碎；7 smash:指由于突如其来的阵暴力带声响而彻底粉碎。有关“ 死”之说：1、去世，与世长辞：to pass away;2、寿 终 :to close (end) ones day;3、咽 气 , 断 气 :to breathe ones last;4、归西：to go west;5、了解尘缘：to pay the debt of nature;6、命归黄泉：to depart to the world of shadows;7 见 阎 王 :to give up the gost;8、翘辫子：to kick the bucket;9、蹬 腿 :t

67、o kick up ones heels;10、不吃饭：to lay down ones knife and fork.有关“ 怀孕（pregnant）之说：1、she is having baby;2、she is expecting;3、she is in a family way;4、she is in a deliacate condition;5、she is in an interesting condition;6 she is knitting little booties.broken”涵义种种:1 a broken m an:一个绝望的人;2、a broken soldie

68、r: 个残废的军人;3、broken money:零花钱;4、a broken promise:背弃的诺言;5、broken English:蹩脚的英语;6 a broken spirit:消沉的意志:7、a broken heart:破碎的心。准确理解“kill”（ 后面附词义）：1、he killed the man.杀;2、he killed the dog,宰;3、he killed time down at the park,消磨;4、he killed his chance of success,断送;5、he killed the motion when it came from

69、 the committee,否决;6、he killed himself by overwork,致死;7 he killed the spirit of the group,抹杀;8、he killed three bottles of whiskey in a week,喝光;9、kill the peace,扼杀;10、kill the friendship,终 匕11、kill a marriage,解除。， ， 声誉”种种:1、fame:褒义，指关于个人的人格、行为、才能等方面的优点;2、reputation和repute差不多，可褒义可贬义，指对人或物的评价、看法，词义较窄:3、

70、distinction,褒义，指因职衔、地位或人格所造成的，通常 包 含 “ 优越于人，与众不同” ;4、renown,褒义，指显赫的声誉或应该得到的荣誉;5、notoriety,贬义，与fame相对应。“ 空空如也” ：1、hollow,表 示 “ 空洞的, 虚的, 不实的, 下陷的 可以和tree, voice, sound, cheeks等连用；2、vacant,表示“没人占用的，出缺的“ ，常和position, room, house, seat等连用；3、em pty,表示”空的，一无所有的“ ，可以和 house, room, cup, box, stomatch, head,

71、words等连用.你能理解 or “ 吗？1、连接两个对等的事物或人，可译为”或或者” ：2、前后为同一个事物时，应译为”即 “ ， ”或称“ ， ”或作“The exact mechanism of Yutin, or vitamin Pas is sometimes called, on the capillary wall is notunderstood.附译文：路丁，即有时所称的维生素P ,其对毛细血管壁的确切作用（ 机理）还不了解。3、连接两组数字，代表不同单位的同数量时， 般译为”合 “ ， ”等于“ ；Normal temperature in man is 98.6F or

72、37c（ 遗憾的时表温度上标我不会） 。4、从o r中导致方面结果时，应译为 否则“ ；Hurry up, or you will be late.5、 ” or so “ 左右；or more以上；or rather”甚至general涵义种种：1、全身麻醉 general anesthesia2、普查，集体检查general check-up3、一般健康情况 general health condition4 综合性医院 general hospital5、总路线 genegral line6、大纲 general outline7 弥漫性腹膜炎 general peritonitis8

73、普通医师 general practitioner9、总 查 （ 病）房 general purpose10、秘书长 general secretary你能“ 定”下来吗？1、set a date:决定日期2、set an example：树立榜样3、set fruit：结果子4 set a fire：点火5 set a severed limb：断肢再接6 set sail：开航，起航7、set the camera lens：调 整 （ 相机）镜头8、set a pen to paper:：动笔，下笔9、set a new task：提出新任务10、set down all items：记

74、下所有项目11、set oneself to learn from：决心向。 。 。学习你知道这有多”重 “ ？1 heavy applause：热烈的鼓掌2、heavy gait：沉重的步态3、heavy chemicals大量生产的化学药品4、heavy sea波涛汹涌的海面5、heavy sleep：熟睡6、heavy smoker：烟瘾大的人7、heavy current：强电流8、heavy eater：食量大的人9、heavy task：繁重的任务10、heavy food：油腻而难消化的食物11、heavy traffic:拥挤的交通12、heavy weather：恶劣的天气1

75、3、heavy road：泥泞的路14、heavy rain：大雨15、heavy clouds：厚云16 heavy crops：丰收17、heavy frost：浓霜18 heavy wine：烈酒19、heavy news：悲痛的消息20、heavy heart：忧愁的心21、heavy fire：猛烈的炮火22、heavy bread：没有发酵好的面包23、heavy wire：粗线24、heavy load：重载25、heavy storm ：暴风雨26 heavy reader:沉闷冗长的读物“ 强度”怎么说？1、intensity:指强烈的程度，多用于磁、电、热、光、声、火、劳动

76、等抽象或非（ 易于触摸到的）实体。例：colour intensity intensity of light2、strength:指坚强的程度，用于可触摸到的具体实物抗拒能力的大小。strength of cement（ 水泥标号）engine strengthworking strength你打牢“ 基础” 了吗？1、base：指有形、具体的基础、基地。base line 基线 base plate 底座cotton base产棉区data base数据库paint base 底漆 raw material base 原料基地2、basic：基本的，碱性的basic Bessemer ste

77、el底吹碱性转炉钢basic hole 基孔 basic industry 基础工业basic material 碱性材料3、basis：无形、抽象的基础、根据econimic basis 经济 壬 租 ；hole basis基孔制scientific basis 科学根据4. foundation：指大厦建筑物的地基, 引申为“ 根据”foundation bolt 地脚螺栓material foundation of society 社会物质基础reinforced concrete foundation 钢筋混凝土基础The rumour has no foundation 这传闻亳无根

78、据你了解这些“ 组织”吗？1、construction：指 “ 构造”（ 将零部件装配，组合在起成为整体的方式） ；“ 结构”（ 各组成部分的搭配和排列，建筑物上承担重力部分的构造）aircraft construction 飞机构造welded construction 焊接结构This machine is simple in construction 这种机器构造简单body construction车 身 （ 机身、弹体）构造capital construction 基本建设physical construction 机械构造prefabricated construction 预制构

79、造ships of similiar construction 结构类似的船2、structure： 结构、组织”age structure年龄构成atomic structure 原子结构steel stucture 钢结构shell stucture 薄层结构brick stucture 砖建筑物geological stucture 地质构造market stucture 市场结构microscopic stucture 显微组织The human body is a wonderful stucture 人体是个奇妙的构造物the stucture of a plant 一种植物的构造

80、“charge”涵义知多少？1、费用：service charge 服务费：2、责任：in charge of 负责；3、装料：furnace charge 炉料；4、电 荷 :induced charge感应电荷:5、装药：shaped charge锥孔炸药再解 develop”1、发展：agriculture develpopmentsocial developmentindustrial develpopmentdevelopment in foreign affairs2、开发water-power developmentoil-field developmentdevelopment

81、 of natural resouercesinterllectual development3、研制advanced development远景产品研制，样机试制under developmentengineering developmentoperatinal development产品改进性研制exploratory development 探索性研制4、开拓ore developmentlateral development 水平开拓5、展 开 （ 用于数学）series development 级数展开development of function 函数的展开6、显影chemical

82、 development 化学显影over development 显影过度time development 定时显影The shade meaning of power:【 数学】乘方、The sixth power of two is sixty-four.【 力学】力：horse power功率：rated power额定功率【 电学】电力：power network电源：power switch功率：power export【 化学】能：chemical power本领：catalytic power催化本领化合价：Aluminium has a conmbining power of

83、 three.【 机械】动 力 :power shaft传动轴力：brake power【 社会】力量：knowlege is power权力：politica power强国：superpowerThe shade meaning of system:【 机电】系统：electric light system电照明系统lubricating system 润滑系统电力网：system fault电力网故障装置：tierod-crank system连杆曲柄装置top charging system炉顶装料装置设备：loading system转载设备制：basic hole(shaft) s

84、ystem 基 孔 ( 轴 ) 制【 数学】组：system of equations【 力学】系：system of forces【 化学】法：acid system酸法【 社会】体系：industrial system制度：social system方法：a new system of teaching foreign languageThe shade meaning of work:工作：work experience工件：stamp work模锻工件工厂：NO.1 Motor Vehical Works工事：defence works著作：new works on acupunctu

85、re 针刺疗法新书功：mechanical work运转：The machine works well.力 口 工 ：The wood works easily.起 作 用 :The medicine works.造成：work wonders(miracles)创造奇迹The shade meaning of sound*:【 声音】sound wave【 听起来】The plan sounds reasonable.【 发音】sound every syllable!每个音节都要发音。The ship moved slowly forward sounding as she went.航船

86、慢速前进，一路锤测水深。【 完好的】sound metal优质金属【 牢固的】sound casting坚实的铸件The sahde meaning of sound*:【 圆的】round plate【 整的】a round ton【 环形】a round trip往还一次【 圆角】fillet and round内圆角和外圆角【 弹】guided round (missile)导弹【 围绕】The moon moves round the earth.【 到处】show sb round【 使圆】round the corners【 舍入】3.14159 rounded to four d

87、ecimals becomes 3.1416废物” 之说：1、litter：并不是真正意义上的废物，而是用后散置的“ 杂物” ，相当于odds and ends,或索性说是残余 物(leavings)Always pick up your litter after a picnic.2、waste：真正的废物，美国人常用trash,此字还有“ 残屑” 、或 “ 垃圾”之意。垃圾篓美国人用trash can：英国用dustbin.美国人把南方的穷苦白人叫the (poor) white trash;可见,此词又可作“ 无价值的人或物”解释。That book is mere trash.3、ru

88、bbish：范围广，真正的废物。也可表惊叹“ Rubbish( 胡说！) ”英国人常说:That book is all rubbish.4 厨房残屑:ldtchen refuse或refuse：此词做废物或无用之物讲，但般指固体废物，不指可排泄的垃圾。5 到垃圾的地方:a dumping ground; a dumping-place for rubbish; a rubbish dump.6、junk:垃圾、废物。原意是“ 破烂货” 。His writing is all junk.7、 废人、 社会渣滓：human waste; debris; dregs of population;

89、off-scourings of humanity; drossof mankind; hoboHe is now a has-been（ 他现成了废物）=He outlived his usefulness.Commitment 译法：动词commit在字典中涵义：1、 犯、行、作：commit a crime; commit a blunder; commit murder; commit suicide2、 委托、付诸：commit some funds to the care of trustees（ 委托资金与保管委员会） ：commit abill（ 议会将议案交付委员审查） ;c

90、ommit thoughts to writing（ 将想法写出来） ；commit something tomemory（ 暗记某事） ：3、 承担：If you agreed to give a number of lectures, help to pay your brothers schoolexpenses, and give $ 500 a year for clothes, you have quite a lot of commitments.4 （ 束缚身体之意转为） 牵累，陷入，献身：Do not commit yourself（ 勿自限累） ；commit onesel

91、f toa promise;例析：1、 In the last decade, however, we have sought to fulfill the goal with greater zeal, greatercommitment, and greater success than at any period in our history.在过去十年中， 我们比历史上任何时期都力求更加热心地、 更加献身地、 更加成功地来达到这个目标（ 献身）o2、（ 李光耀对新加坡人的定义）A Singaporean is a person who feels committed to uphold

92、ingsociety as it ismulti-racial, tolerant, accommodating, forward-looking-and who isprepared to stake his life for the community.一个新加坡人就是一个对现存的多元种族、容忍互助而又高瞻远瞩的社会，以献身精神来支持它，并装备为它付出生命的人（ 献身的） 。3 I believe that both candidates should make it absolutely clear that they share a basiccommitment to the suc

93、cess of the negotiations now taking place in Paris.我相信两党的总统候选人，都应绝对明确地表示，他们对于促成现在巴黎举行的商谈成功，具有基本的言语约束（ 言约） 。4、 he second imperative of our policy for peace is that we must meet our commitment andkeep our promises to use our strength to oppose aggression.我们和平政策的第二条诫命，就是我们必须尽我们的义务，守住我们的诺言，竭尽所能，反抗侵略（ 诺言

94、） 。5、Vietnam may be a bitter hoax or it may be a major commitment in the defense of freedom,but it will go away because we yell “foul”； it will not fade because we blow retreat.越南可能是一种痛苦的玩笑，也可能是在保卫自由中的一个大的牵累，它不会因为我们大叫讨厌而走开，也不会因为我们鸣金收兵而消失（ 牵累）6、 The report said that new commitments of US$50.7 million

95、 during fiscal year 1968 raisedtotal investments of the International Finance Corporation in private enterprises in itsmember countries to US$271.8 million in 39 countries.1968年会计年度新的投资计有5070万美元，使得国际金融公司在其他会员国的私人企业总投资，39个国家共达271 80万美元（ 投资） 。7 The Japanese have faithfully observed their commitments.日

96、本人忠实地遵守了投降条件（ 条件 。其他：an all-around commitment （ 全面的约束）to give a precipitate commitment（ 给以轻率的保险种种：accident insurance 意外保险accident death insurance 意外死亡保险accounts receivable insurance 应收帐款保险additional insurance 加保agricultural insurance 农业保险air transport insurance 空运保险air transportation cargo insurance

97、 空运货物保险aircraft hull insurance 飞机机身保险aircraft passenger insurance 飞机乘客保险all risks insurance 综合保险annuity insurance 年金保险automobile insurance 汽车保险aviation insurance 航空保险aviation liability insurance 航空责任保险aviation personal accident insurance 航空人身意外保险bad debt insurance 坏帐保险baggage insurance 行李保险bailees c

98、ustomers insurance 受托人代客保险basic insurance 基本保险blanket insurance 总括保险block insurance 船舶保险boiler explosion insurance 锅炉爆炸保险bond insurance 债券保险bonding insurance 保证保险broker insurance 保险搞客building insurance 建筑物保险burglary insurance 盗窃保险business interruption insurance 业务中断保险business liability insurance 营业责

99、任保险capital insurance 资本保险cargo insurance 货物保险cargo marine insurance 海洋货运保险cargo transportation insurance 货物运输保险carriers liability insurance 承运人责彳壬保险cash messenger insurance现金运送保险casualty insurance不幸事故保险，灾害保险cattle insurance 家畜保险cede insurance 分保childs insurance 儿童保险civilliability insurance 民事责任保险civ

100、il responsibility insurance 责任保险collective insurance 集体保险collective accident insurance 集体灾害保险collision insurance 碰撞保险commercial credit insurance 商业信用保险commission insurance 佣金保险compensation insurance 职工赔偿保险comprehensive insurance综合保险，全程保险compulsory insurance 强制保险concurrent insurance 同时保险consequential

101、 damage insurance 间接损害保险consequential loss insurance 间接损失保险consignment export insurance 寄售输出保险consignment sale export insurance 寄销出口保险consignment stock insurance 寄销货物保险continued insurance 继续保险convertible insurance 转换保险cost and insurance成本力口保险价credit insurance 信用保险credit life insurance信用人寿保险（ 借款人死亡时，

102、应将赔偿金付给放款人）crop insurance 作物保险damage insurance 损失保险death insurance 死亡保险deferred insurance搁置保险deposit insurance存款保险disability insurance残废保险disbursements insurance船舶费用保险domestic insurance家计保险domestic animal transportation insurance家畜运输保险double insurance双重保险duty insurance关税保险earthquake insurance地震保险eco

103、nomic policy insurance经济政策保险education insurance教育保险elevator liability insurance电梯责任保险employees pension insurance职工退休养老保险employers liability insurance雇主责任保险；职工伤害保险employment insurance就业保险endowment insurance人寿定期保险，养老保险， 储蓄保险endowment life insurance 人寿定期保险engineering insurance 工程保险erection insurance机器安

104、装保险excess insurance 超额保险exchange risk insurance 外汇风险保险exhibition insurance 展览保险expected profit insurance 预期利润保险explosion insurance 爆炸保险export insurance出口保险, 输出保险extended terms insurance 延期保险external investment principal insurance 国外投资本金保险facultative insurance 临时保险family income insurance 家庭收入保险farm i

105、nsurance 农业保险fermentation insurance 发酵保险fidelity insurance职工忠诚保险fire insurance火灾保险，火险fiscal insurance 租税保险fixed term insurance 定期保险flood insurance 洪水保险forced insurance 强制保险foreign exchange fluctuation insurance 夕 卜汇波动保险fraternal insurance互助救济保险freight insurance 运费保险frost insurance 霜害保险full value ins

106、urance 全值保险general average disbursement insurance 共同海损费用保险general export insurance 普通输出保险government employee insurance 公务人员保险group insurance 团体保险group life insurance团体人身保险guarantee insurance保证保险, 盗窃意外保险hail insurance 雹害保险harvest insurance 收获保险hazardous insurance危险物品保险health insurance 健康保险hire purcha

107、se credit insurance 租赁信用保险homeowners insurance 房主保险hospitalization insurance 医疗保险hull insurance船舶保险，运输工具保险hypothecation insurance 抵押保险imaginary profit insurance 预期利益保险immovable insurance 不动产保险inconvertibility insurance国外投资本利不能兑换汇回保险increased value insurance 增值保险individual accident insurance 个人伤害保险in

108、dustrial insurance 工业保险inland marine insurance 内陆水运保险invalid insurance 伤残保险jewellery insurance珠宝保险jobless insurance 失业保险joint insurance合伙保险，联合保险joint stock insurance 合股保险业label insurance 标签保险labour insurance 劳动保险land transit insurance陆运保险leasehold interest insurance租赁权益保险liability insurance责任保险long

109、life insurance长寿保险luggage insurance行李保险machinery insurance机器保险machinery breakdown insurance机器损坏保险marine insurance海洋运输保险，海上保险，水险marine cargo insurancemore specific insurance 最特定保险mortality insurance 死亡保险mortgage insurance不动产抵押借款保险motor car insurance 汽车保险motor cycle insurance 摩托车保险life insurance人寿保险li

110、ghter insurance驳运保险livestock transit insurance活牲畜运输保险海运货物保险marine hull insurance船舶保险maritime insurance海洋运输保险maternity insurance生育保险medical expense insurance医疗费保险mixed insurance混合保险motor vehicle passenger insurance 汽车乘客保险movable insurance 动产保险multiple-line insurance 多种类保险业务mutual insurance相互保险nationa

111、l insurance国民保险，国家保险national health insurance国民健康保险no-fault insurance无过失保险non-concurrent insurance不同时保险non-life insurance损害保险obligatory insurance强制保险ocean marine cargo insurance海洋运输货物保险old age insurance老年保险open cover cargo insurance预约货物保险单open policy insurance预约保险ordinary life insurance普通终身寿险overlap

112、ping insurance重复保险overseas insurance海外保险overseas travel sickness insurance海外旅行疾病保险own insurance自己保险，本身保险paid-up insurance保费已付足的人寿保险单parcel post insurance邮包保险partial insurance部份保险participating insurance由相互保险公司所出的分单保险，其利润将来仍退给投保人passenger insurance旅客保险pensions insurance抚恤金保险perpetual insurance终身保险pers

113、onal insurance人身保险petty insurance小额保险plate glass insurance玻璃保险pluvious insurance雨水保险，雨淋保险postal insurance简易保险power interruption insurance电流中断保险preliminary term insurance初期保险，持续保险premium insurance保险费prepaid insurance预付保险费保险primary insurance优先保险product liability insurance产品责任保险professional liability i

114、nsurance职业责任保险profit insurance利润保险property insurance财产保险proprietary insurance营业保险provisional insurance暂时保险public liability insurance公众损害保险，公共责任保险pure endowment insurance生存保险，养老保险rain insurance雨害保险reduced paid-up insurance减额支付保险registered mail insurance挂号邮件保险rent insurance房租保险replacement insurance重置或

115、修复保险residence insurance住家保险retirement income insurance退休收入保险river hull insurance内河船舶保险river transportation insurance内河运输保险robbery insurance盗劫保险shipping insurance船运保险sickness insurance疾病保险social insurance社会保险specific insurance特定保险state insurance国家保险storm and tempest insurance暴风雨保险straight life insura

116、nce终身保险strike expenses insurance罢工追加费用保险subsidiary insurance附属保险supplementary insurance追加保险survivorship insurance共有财产中归后死者所得的联合保险term insurance定期保险theft insurance盗窃保险time insurance定期保险time hull insurance船舶定期保险title insurance产权保证保险tourist luggage insurance旅客行李保险transit insurance内陆运输保险travellers accid

117、ent insurance旅客意外保险trust insurance信托保险unemployment insurance失业保险unexpired insurance未到期保险use and occupancy insurance固定开支保险voluntary insurance自愿保险voyage insurance航次保险waiting insurance停止保险war risk insurance战争险，兵险water pipe insurance水管保险whole life insurance终身保险windstorm insurance风暴险workmens insurance工人保

118、险workmens compensation insurance劳工保险yacht insurance游艇保险insurance for adult成人保险insurance for medical care医疗保险insurance of export-import goods进出口货物保险insurance of valuables贵重物品保险insurance or guarantee of private loans私人贷款保险或担保替代词one, ones, that, those在比较结构中的用法辨析在比较结构中，为了避免重复，常用替代词替代名词词组或它的中心词。可以这样用的替代词

119、常用的且较难掌握的有 one, ones, that 和 those。I .替代词one和ones的用法：1. one只能替代单数名词，one的复数形式ones只能替代复数名词。例如：My child doesn*t like this book. Show her a more interesting one.2 .替代词one或 。nes必须带有一个限定或修饰词，它们和所替代的名词中心词所指不定是同对象,这是替代词one或ones在用法上的一个重要特征。例如：I dont like this book. Id like a more interesting one.3 .当替代词。ne或o

120、nes带有后置修饰语时，它们前面总有定冠词。例如：Our new cassette is more expensive than the one we had before.4 .当替代词one或ones在形容词比较级、最高级以及某些限定词如this, that, which和序数词等之后，可以省略。例如：This book is much better than that (one).5 .替代词one或ones通常不用在物主代词和名词所有格之后。如不可说myone (s), your one (s),Peters one (s )等等。one或ones也不能用在own之后。但是，如果有了形

121、容词，one (s )可以和物主代词及名词所有格连用。如：My cheap camera seems to be just as good as Johns expensive one.6 . one作替代词时，在o f前面不能用the one来表示所属关系和类似概念。如不可说：*He put down his gun and picked up the one of Henry.该用一个所有格来表示He picked up Henrys.7 .当两个形容词表示对照的意思时，不能使用替代词one。仅在其中一个形容词后加上名词即可。例如：Dont praise the younger child

122、 in the presence of the elder.8 .替代词one如果不带任何前置修饰语，即它的前面既没有限定词，又没有形容词时，便不是替代名词词组的中心词，而是替代整个名词词组。这时，one=a+单数名词。例如：A cake made of wheat costs less than one made of rice. (one =a cake)one的这种用法是泛指同类事物中的任何一个，相当一个不定冠词，因此它没有复数形式。耍泛指复数事物，只能用some。例如：Here are a few apples. Would you like some (=some of them)

123、?II.替代词that和those的用法：1. that和those通常用作指使代词，也可用作替代词。它们总是伴随着限定性的后置修饰语，分别等于the one 和 the ones。例如:The houses of the rich are generally larger than those of the poor.2. that也可替代不可数名词，但 是the one则不能。例如：The resistance of a thicker wire is less than that of a thin one.以上两例中的that都不能换成the one。3. that作替代词，只能指物，

124、不能指人。those作替代词，既可指物，也可指人。例如：The blonde girl I saw was older than the one you were dancing with.该句中的the one不能换成that。4. that用作替代词和它所替代的名词词组的中心词的“ 数”可以不致。替代单数名词时，只替代“the+单数名词” ，不可替代“a+单数名词” 。例如：The song by Schubert is more tuneful than that by Britain. (that=the song。song 为可数名词 )请注意，这里说的that只替代“the +单数

125、名词” ，不可替代“a+单数 名 词 ，系指that在句子中实际的作用，并非要求它在句子中所代表的前面出现的词组必须是“the +单 数 名 词 。例如：In those days they lived a life worse than that of a beast of burden.在该句中，前面出现的词组为a life ,但that替代的却是the life。that作为替代词，它不能用于零关系分句( 即没有关系代词的定语从句) 之前。例如:The problem confronting us today is not dissimilar from that which the n

126、ation confronted inthe 1930s.流落到美语里的汉语现代社会各国语言相互渗透，美语中外来语也很多。长期以来，笔者的兴趣之一就是注意日常美语里的中文。本篇搜集了其他方面的一些词汇，按字母排序如卜：Cheong-sam-长衫。原特指女性节庆时穿的红色旗袍，后泛指袍装。Confucius孔子。显然是从“ 孔夫子”音译而来。Dingho顶好，最佳。一家著名的东方杂货连锁店就以此命名。不过虽然此词被收入部分辞书，但一般美国人似乎不懂这个词的意思。Fengshui风水。现在看风水在美国已是很时髦的事了，各种相关书籍充斥市场。Ginseng人参。主要指北美一带出产的“ 花旗参” ，又

127、 称 “ 西洋参” 。Gung-ho热情高涨，极感兴趣。这个词在美语里用的频率特高，人们常挂在嘴边，比如：At firsteveryone is gung-ho about this idea.But now no-body even talks about it .( 刚开始大家对这个想法都抱有极大的兴趣和热情。 而现在谁也不提它了) 。 但对于这个词的原意却说法不一。 有人认为是从“ 干活”这个词派生而来，也有人认为是从公共合作社的缩写“ 公合”而来，还有人认为是从“ 更好”这个词转化来的。笔者倾向于此词派生于“ 干活”的说法。I Ching 易经 。Kowtow极其卑顺的态度。来自中文的

128、“ 磕头” 。Kungfu中国武术。中文原词为“ 功夫Lao-tzu-老子。Mah-jong-麻将。Sampan指单帆或需用桨划的小船。来 自 “ 岫 极 。Silk丝绸。源于中文的“ 丝” 。Tai-chi (chuan)-太极或太极拳。Tao- 道。道教。TaoleChing 道德经 。Tbfu豆腐。Tong秘密组织，帮会。从汉语“ 堂”派生而来。Typhoon-台风。Yinand诒ng阴阳。这些词的拼法大多延用韦氏(Wade Giles)音标。另外， 有一句常用话， 虽然里面没有一个中文字， 但公认是从中国话里搬来的， 这句话就是“ Long timeno see” -很久不见。“ 群”

129、的表达观众 a crowd of spectators 群人 a crowd of people一群人 a throng of people一群影迷 a throng of film fans一群女学生 a group of girl students一群旁观者 a group of onlookers一群欢迎者 a troop of welcomers 群示威者 a troop of demonstrators注：CROWD：无组织或者无秩序的人群：THRONG：为数众多的挤在处或向前涌去的群；GROUP：有一定组织的；TROOP：正常行进中的群 群才子 a galaxy of talent

130、s一群美女 a galaxy of beauties一群匪徒 a band of gangsters 群劫匪 a gang of robbers一群建筑物 a cluster of buildings一群海岛 a cluster of islands注：GALAXY：出色或著名的人物群；BAND/GANG：有明显在轻蔑色彩，强盗、匪徒等的群( 帮、伙) :CLUSTER：集结物体的群（ 簇、堆） 。一群羊 a flock of sheep一群鸭 a flock of ducks一群牛 a herd of cattle一群马 a herd of horses一群豺狼 a pack of wolv

131、es群猎犬 a pack of hounds一群猴子 a host of monkeys一群蜜蜂 a swarm of bees注：FLOCK：飞鸟家禽、牲畜等的群，尤指羊群:HERD：大动物的群；PACK：野兽、猎犬等的群自己收录一些句子（ 英汉翻译） ，大家看看吧：1. As they grow old, people also accumulate belongings for two other reasons: lack of physicaland mental energy- both of which are essential in turning out and throw

132、ing awayandsentiment.分析：该句包含了并列结构被分割的情况。lack of physical and mental energy和sentiment是并列结构，作two other reasons的同位语。但是被非限定性定语从句both of which are essential inturning out and throwing away 分割。译文：人们随着日趋年迈，积存物品还有其它两个原因：一是缺乏体力和精神，两者在清理和扔掉无用之物时不可或缺，二是感情上的原因。2. Old Henry and his wife Phoebe were as fond of ea

133、ch other as it is possible for two old peopleto be who have nothing else in this life to be fond of.分析：连词a s引导的比较状语从句中,i t代替for two old people to be。to b e后省略了 fond ofeach othero to b e做分割成分。译文：象两位老人一生中没有其它什幺东西可爱而彼此相爱一样，老亨利和他的妻子芬比也互相爱慕。3. It is the insistence, as a first consideration, upon the inte

134、rdependence of the variouselements in, and parts of, the United Statesa recognition of the old and permanentlyimportant manifestation of the American spirit of the pioneer.分析：insistence 后接 upon the interdependence of the various elements in, and parts of,the United States,中间被插入语as a first considerat

135、ion分割，做进一步说明。该句选自美国前总统罗斯福在1933年的就职演说。汉语中动词用得较多，翻译时可把名词转译为动词。译文：我们首先应考虑的是，坚持美国国内各种因素之间、各个部分之间的相互依赖关系即承认体现传统的和永远重要的美国开拓精神。4. A better knowledge of Chinas civilization would lay open to us an empire of learning,hitherto fabulously described.分析：lay open和an empire of learning被介词短语to u s分割。本句选自英国前首相撒切尔夫人1

136、982年在中国欢迎宴会上的讲话。翻译时要注意转译的应用。如 把“better”译为副词“ 更好地二译文：更好地了解中国的文明，将为我们打开一个知识的王国，对这个王国迄今只有神话般的描述。5. In the last eight years there were difficult, almost non-stop negotiations and reportedthreats of failure, ultimately overcome by a combination of creative compromise andstubborn determinationindeed, some

137、 call it unprecedented determinationto succeed.分析： 本句的主干结构是：-there were negotiations and-threats of failureoovercome by”是过去分词短语，修 饰threats of failureo stubborn determination和其定语动词不定式“tosucceedn 被 “indeed, some call it unprecedented determination分割。译文：在最后的八年里，进行了艰苦卓绝的、几乎是不间断的谈判，其间屡经失败之虞，但最终通过创造性的协调和要

138、取得成功的顽强决心确实有人称之为前所未有的决心一而渡过难关， 取得了胜利。6. Abraham Lincoln is the most famous instance of the claim that Americans often made thatin their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position.分析：the claim 和其同位语 that in their country a man may rise from the lowest to thehighest position被the cl

139、aim 的定语从句that Americans often made分割。同位语从句在翻译时可按照顺序翻译，将其翻译为分句。译文： 美国人常认为， 在他们国家， 个人的地位可以从社会最底层上升到社会最上层， 亚伯拉罕林肯就是极好的例子。7. To such length did she go in rehearsal that two actors walked out.分析：such-that结构可将such或含有such的词组放在句首，使全句采用部分倒装。与此用法类似的还有so-that结构。译文：她在排演中搞得太过分，以致两名男演员退出不干了。8. Nowhere do 1980 cen

140、sus statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious livingthan in the Far West.译文：1980年那里的人口普查统计资料也不如远西地区的更能生动地说明美国人对宽敞的生活环境的追求。9. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too and so did bigger crops of babies asyesterday*s “baby boom generation reached its child-bearing years.译文：不间断的移民

141、浪潮也起了作用而且随着昔日在“ 生育高峰期”出生的一代人达到生育年龄，婴儿的出生数量增加了，这同样起了作用。10. Tapping the new spirit, there can be no nobler nor more ambitious task for America toundertake on this day of a new beginning than to help shape a just and peaceful world that istruly humane.分析：no nobler nor more ambitious中 的n o r是连词，常 与neith

142、er或nor连用，有时也与no, never等表示否定的词连用。主句是含有no morethan的普通比较句型。分词短语tapping thenew spirit是表示Fl的的状语。木句选自美国前总统卡特在1977年的就职演说。译文：为了发扬这种新的精神，在这一新的开端开始之际，对美国来说，最崇高和最有雄心勃勃的任务是帮助建立一个真正人道、正义、和平的世界。11. Marriage has never been more popular and desirable than it is now-so appealing in fact,that even those who are in th

143、e process of divorce can scarcely wait for the law to allow themto marry again.译文：婚姻从未像现在这样受大众欢迎，为大众所渴望。事实上，婚姻是如此地吸引人，以至那些正在办理离婚手续的人，几乎等不到法律的判决，就想再度结婚了。12. There was something original, independent and heroic about the plan that pleased all ofthem .这个方案有创造性，而且别出心裁，又有魅力，所以深得他们的喜欢。13. Temperature play

144、s the same part in the flow of heat that pres- sure does in the flow offluids.温度在热的传导中所起的作用和压力在液体的流动中所起的作用相同。( 注意使用该句式)14. When the lights came on again, hardly a person in the city can have turned on a switchwithout reflecting how great a servant he had at his fingertips.分析： 在这句话中，“hardlywithout”构成

145、了 “ 双重否定”(double negation)。 虽然只有without在词形上具有明显的否定特征，但是hardly ( 以及scarcely, barely, few, little等) 虽然没有明显的否定特征，却有否定的词义。实际上，双重否定表达的是肯定的意思，因此在翻译成汉语时，既可以将原句按照两个否定的形式表述出来，也可按照否定的语气译出。译文：电灯乂亮了，该城的人们打开开关的时候，想必儿乎人人都会想到，电灯是随时可供他们使用的多幺有用的东西呀15. There was the growing realization that for all their vastness, th

146、e resources to be found inthe oceans and seas were not inexhaustible. One could not hunt whales at will without riskingtheir extermination or catch herring limitlessly without threatening survival of the stock.There was the growing realization that for all their vastness, the resources to be found i

147、n theoceans and seas were not inexhaustible. One could not hunt whales at will without riskingtheir extermination or catch herring limitlessly without threatening survival of the stock.译文：人们越来越认识到，尽管海洋无边无垠，但其资源并不是取之不尽用之不竭的。人们不可能随心所欲地捕鲸而不使其遭致灭绝的危险，或无限制地捕捞鲜鱼而不威胁到该物种的繁衍生息。16. Anything from cosmic rays

148、to radiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but howremains unknown.译文：任何东西，从宇宙射线到辐射，以至日常饮食，都可能激活潜伏的致癌基因，但如何激活的，仍然不得而知。17. So, tips will no doubt net much less during the summer and the company will be lessinteresting.分析：这是并列句。由and连接。第一句中的谓语动词是will net, net在这里做动词，意为“ 挣得、赢得” 。 第二句的谓语动词是will

149、be,因为两个句子在结构上是平行的，所以省略了 will,又因为省略的是助动词，因此汉语中不必译出。译文：整个夏天挣的小费必将很少很少，而且还得和乏味的人在起干活。18. By taking thought, men can move mountains- and have.译文：凭借智能，人能移山，实际上人类己经做到了。19. When the media add interpretation and analysis, as they must to do their job fully, strongdislike of the messengers may become intense

150、.分析：a s引导的从句说明when从句的内容，可以说是从句的从句，翻译时最好放在主句之后，起补充说明作用。句中m ust后省略了谓语add interpretation and analysis。译文：媒体一旦增添了解释和分析，就会引起人们的强烈反感，然而，媒体又必须这样做才能充分发挥其作用。20. But the individualist approach, by attacking gender roles, denying the significance ofphysiological difference, and condemning existing familial ins

151、titutions as hopelesslypatriarchal, has often simply treated as irrelevant the family roles important to many women.分析：句中由by引导的三个并列平行结构表示原因。treated as结构使用了倒装结构，因为thefamily roles后面有修饰成分，故将其置后。译文：而个人主义的方法由于攻击性别角色，否定生理差别的重要性，攻击现存的家庭体制是不可救药的父权制，结果把对许多妇女来说非常重要的家庭角色完全视为无关紧要了。21. There is no complete inven

152、tory of positions or people in federal service at this level. Thelack may be explained by separate agency statutes and personnel systems, diffusion amongso many special services, and the absence of any central point （ short of President himself）with jurisdiction over all upper-level personnel of the

153、 government.译文：这个级别的联邦政府官员和职位没有完整的记载。对 此 （ 缺少详细记载）所做的解释可能是，各部门的条例和人事制度各不相同，分布的特殊服务部门太多并缺少一个中心机构（ 总统本人除外）来管理所有的政府高级官员。22. That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individualwill have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted.译文：那种性别比例能在最大程度上增加一个个体所能拥有的后代数量，并因此

154、能在最大程度上增加所传递到后代身上去的基因复制品的数量。23. With the conclusion of a burst activity , the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids ,leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted , via oxidativemetabolism , by the liver into glucose , which is then sent (in part )back to the mus

155、cles forglycogen synthesis.解释：本句中修饰成分极多，以分词修饰和介词结构修饰为主，作各种类型的状语。前面的状语和主句还好理解，从leaving开始句子变难：leaving引导的直到句末的结构来做整个句子的状语：分词中又包含 三个状语，其中的两个via oxidative metabolism by the liver 乂起到了插入语的作用，把beconverted into 拆成两段。本句的另外一个特征是其中充斥着专有名词。其中的body fluids, oxidative和synthesis通过字面的意思或者根据词头、词根我们还是应该猜出其意思的，lactic a

156、cid, metabolism和muscle这三个词在生物类文章中极其常用，大家应该背下来；而glycogen这种东西则没办法，只能作一个首字母提炼。但是请记住，GRE和GMAT文章中只要出现了这种专有名词，出题者是一定会在文章中把它在文章中所乃至的词义解释清楚的，所以读者遇到文章中做了解释的专有名词，应该力求把解释看懂。译文：随着爆发出来的运动的结束，再体液中乳酸含量会变得很高，使得大型动物处于容易受到攻击的状态，直到乳酸通过有氧新陈代谢，被肝脏转化成(convert into)葡萄糖，而葡萄糖接下来又会( 部分)传送回肌肉中重新合成糖原。24. Although Gutman admits

157、 that forced separation by sale was frequent, he shows that theslaves preference, revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent, was verymuch for stable monogamy.译文：虽然古特曼承认，由于奴隶买卖而造成的被迫离散甚为频繁，但他还是证明，奴隶的偏爱在那些奴隶买卖并不频繁的种植园上被最为显着地揭示出来一在很大程度上侧重于稳定的一夫一妻制(monogamy )25. This preference for

158、exogamy, Gutman suggests, may have derived from West Africanrules governing marriage, which, though they differed from one tribal group to another, allinvolved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin.译文：古特曼表示，这种对于外部通婚的偏爱很有可能缘起于西部非洲制约着婚姻的规定，尽管这些规定在一个和另一个部落群体之间不尽相同，但都涉及到某种对近亲联姻(union wi

159、th close k in )的禁止。26. Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged thetransmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage of folklore, music, andreligious expression from one generation to another, a heritage that slaves were continuallyfashioning out

160、 of their African and American experiences.译文：古特曼人令人信服地论辨道，黑人家庭的稳定有助手包括民间传说、音乐、及宗教表达在内的黑人文化遗产一代一代传递卜. 去，因而在维持文化遗产方面也起着至关重要的作用，而对于这种文化遗产，黑奴们不断地从其非洲和美洲的经历中予以丰富发展。27. Although some experiments show that, as an object becomes familiar, its internalrepresentation becomes more holistic and the recognition

161、 process correspondingly moreparallel, the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis, at least for objectsthat are not notably simple and familiar.虽然某些实验表明，随着个物体变得熟悉起来，其内心再现图像亦更具整体感，辨认过程相应地更趋于平行，但证据的祛码似乎在支持序列假设(serial hypothesis),至少是对于那些不甚简单、不甚熟悉的物体来说。28. Thus, for instance, it may c

162、ome as a shock to mathematicians to learn that theSchrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom,but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin,magnetic dipole, and relativistic effects; and that this corrected equ

163、ation is itself only animperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field-theoretical equations.因此，举例来说，对数学家而言，了解到下述情形可能会令其惊愕不己，即薛定丹(Schrodinger)的氢原子方程式并非是对该原子作出的一种绝然正确的描述，而仅仅是个近似值，趋近于一个在某种程度上更为正确的将门旋、磁性偶极子、以及相对论效应考虑在内的方程式；而这个得以纠正的方程式就其本身而言也只是一个不完美的近似值，趋近于无穷无尽的一整套量子场论方程式。29. In addition, th

164、e style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomers Cane, verges onexpressionism or surrealism ; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalenttheme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted , a theme usuallyconveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression ?不仅如此，有些黑人小说（

165、比如JT的甘蔗）的风格接近与表现主义和超现实主义：这种技巧是否为流行的主题提供了一个和谐的对应呢？这种主题刻画了黑人注意与之相抗争的命运，这是一个通常用更为自然主义的表现手法所表达的主题。30. Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths, where most of theenergy of sunlight is concentrated, to pass through, they absorb some of thelonger-wavelength, infrared emissions radiat

166、ed from the Earth s surface, radiation thatwould otherwise be transmitted back into space.虽然这些分子允许可见波长(visible wavelength)的辐射 阳光的绝大部分能量就汇集于此 不受阻挡地穿透，但它们却会吸收某些较长波长(longer-wavelength),亦即从地球表面辐射出的红外发射(infrared emission),这种辐射若不是二氧化碳的缘故就会被重新输送回太空。31. The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is

167、 not of dictating the details ofhuman behavior but one of imposing constraintsways of feeling, thinking, and actingthat come naturally in archetypal situations in any culture.这些人类学家所归诸于生物进化的作用，不是规定人类行为的种种细节，而是将各种限制强加于人类一即在任何文化的典型情景中都会“ 自然表露”的情感、思维、以及行动方式。32. Which of the following most probably prov

168、ides an appropriate analogy from humanmorphology for the details* versus constraints0 distinction made in the passage in relationto human behavior?以卜. 哪一个选项最有可能为文章中所谈到的与人类行为有关的“ 人类行为细节”相 对“ 人类所受限制”之间的差异，从人类形态的角度上提供了一个合适的类比？33. Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community grazing rates by

169、 measuringfeeding rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory and then computingcommunity grazing rates for field conditions using the known population density of grazers.由哈格雷夫(Hargrave)和吉恩(Geen)所进行的研究，对自然条件下的群落捕食速率进行了估计，其手段是通过测量出实验室内单独的浮游动物种类的捕食速率，然后利用已知的食草动物种群密度，计算出实地状况下的群落捕食速率。34. I

170、n the periods of peak zooplankton abundance, that is, in the late spring and in thesummer, Haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates, for nutrient-poorlakes and bog lakes, respectively, of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplanktonproduction.在浮游动物数量激增的高峰期，亦即在春季后期以及夏季，哈尼记录了最大程度上的每日

171、群落食草比率，对于营养物不充足的湖和沼泽湖而言，分别为每日浮游植物繁殖量的6.6%和114%.35. The hydrologic cycle, a major topic in this science, is the complete cycle of phenomenathrough which water passes, beginning as atmospheric water vapor, passing into liquid andsolid form as precipitation, thence along and into the ground surface, an

172、d finally againreturning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration.水文循环(hydrologiccycle),作为该学科中的个主: 要课题， 指的是水所经过的诸现象的整个循环过程,开始时是作为大气中的水蒸气，转而作为雨、雪、露、雹类的降水量经过液体和固体形态，由此而沿着地层表面分布或进入地层表面，最终通过蒸发和散发作用再度回复到大气水蒸气的形态。36. The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 18

173、90s that the agrarian discontent that hadbeen developing steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated by theclosing of the internal frontier-that is, the depletion of available new land needed forfurther expansion of the American farming system.史学家弗雷德里克. 杰. 特纳(Frederick J.Tur

174、ner)于十九世纪九卜年代著述道，美国约自18世纪70年代以来一直在持续不断发展的农民不满，由于国内边远地区(internal frontier)的封闭而更趋加剧-亦即是说，美国农业系统进一步扩展所必需的可资利用的新土地几近耗竭。37. In the early 1950* s, historians who studied preindustrial Europe (which we may definehere as Europe in the period from roughly 1 300 to 1 800) began, for the first time in largenum

175、bers, to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3percent who comprised the political and social elite: the kings, generals, judges, nobles,bishops, and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books.难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语译文：二十世纪五十年代早期，研究前工业化时代欧洲( 此处我们可将其界定为约自130

176、0年 至1800年这一时期的欧洲) 的史学家，首次以众多的人数( 杨鹏的书中：第一次以大量的数据) ，开始调查前工业化时代欧洲人口中的大多数，而非那些构成了政治与社会精英阶层的百分之二或三的人口，即国王、将军、法官、贵族、主教、以及地方上的达官显贵，而正是这部分人一直到那时为止普遍充斥于史学著作。38. Even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic tohost tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the

177、reactions of tissue cultures tobiomaterials or from short-term implants.即使是这样的要求，即从这些材料中加工出来的生物材料应该对受移植者的组织无害，也能够通过从研究组织培养对生物材料的反应而来的，或从研究短期移植而来的技术来满足。39. But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between livingand nonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules

178、 control the bonding of cellsto each otheran area that we have not yet explored thoroughly.但是，要想沿着原生和非原生物质之间的界面获取生理特性的必要匹配，需要某种知识，即什幺样的分子控制着细胞彼此间的结合一而对这一领域，我们尚未进行充分的探索。40. Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law- notwithstanding, ofcourse, a considerable and inevitable n

179、umber of coincidences with one or the other of themas far as subject matter and positive enactments are concernedthat its study isindispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena.伊斯兰法是一种如此不同于所有其它法律形式的现象一毋庸置疑，尽管就其主要内容和有积极意义的法规而言，与其它法律形式中的这种或那种形式存在着相当数量的且不可避免的

180、巧合相似之处以致于对它进行研究便显得不可或缺，以便充分理解有可能存在的法律现象的全部范围。41. (Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic law.) Though historicallythere is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and ofthe Diaspora (the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Is

181、rael), the spirit of thelegal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close tothat of the Talmud, one of theprimary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora.尽管从历史角度来看，在古代以色列作为独立主权国家的犹太教法与大流散时期(Diaspora,即以色列被征服后古代犹太人被巴比伦人逐出故土) 的犹太教法之间存在着一个明晰可辨的断裂，然则， 旧约全书(Old论stament)后半部分中法律内容的精神与 犹太教法典

182、(Nlmud)极为一脉相承， 而所谓的 犹太教法典 ，是指大流散时期犹太教法的主要典籍辑录之一。42. Islam, on the other hand, represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism thatpreceded it; Islamic law is the result of an examination, from a religious angle,(examination) of legal subject matter that was far from uniform, comprising as it

183、did thevarious components of the laws of pre-lslamic Arabia and numerous legal elements takenover from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories. (as it did ) 实际 : 是一句插入语。另一方面，伊斯兰教则代表着与此前存在的阿拉伯异教(Arab paganism)的一种根本上的决裂；伊斯兰法是从宗教的角度，对各种杂乱无章、绝无共同点的法律内容进行考察所致的结果，而这些法律内容实际上是由前伊斯兰阿拉伯国家(Pre-lslami

184、c Arabia)法律的不尽相同的组成部分以及由从被征服的土地上非阿拉伯民族借鉴过来的无数法律因素所构成。43. One such novel idea is that (idea) of inserting into the chromosomes of plants discretegenes that are not a part of the plants* natural constitution; specifically, the idea of insertinginto nonleguminous plants the genes, if they can be identi

185、fied and isolated, that fit theleguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Hence, (there is ) the intensifiedresearch on legumes.这其中的一个新颖思想就是，在植物的染色体(chromosome)内注入并非是该植物自然构造一个部分的那些不相关联的因基：具体而言，这一思想是，在非豆科植物内注入这样一些基因，倘若这些基因可被辨识出来并被分离开来，而这些基因业已使豆科植物宜于充当那些具备固氮作用的细菌的寄主。由此，对豆科植物的研究日趋深入。44

186、. It is one of nature* s great ironies that the availability of nitrogen in the soil frequentlysets an upper limit on plant growth even though the plants* leaves are bathed in a sea ofnitrogen gas.下述情形真可谓是自然界的一个莫大讽刺：土壤中所能获得的氮肥量往往对植物的生长构成了一个上限，虽然植物的叶子被沐浴在一片氮气的海洋中。45. Unless they succeed, the yield ga

187、ins of the Green Revolution will be largely lost even ifthe genes in legumes that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixersare identified and isolated, and even if the transfer of those gene complexes, once they arefound, becomes possible.除非他们能取得成功，不然的话，绿色革命的产量收益将在很大程度上损失殆尽，即

188、使豆科植物中使这些植物有条件进入到与固氮细菌共生关系的基因可被辨识出来和分离开来的话，且即使这些基因综合体(gene complex), 旦被发现之后，其移植得以成为可能的话。46. Its subject (to use Maynard Mack s categories) is nlife-as-spectacle, for readers,diverted by its various incidents, observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without： the tragicIliad, however, presents nlife-

189、as-experience： readers are asked to identify with the mindof Achilles, whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero. (5)其主题( 若借鉴梅纳德。迈 克(Maynard M ack)的两个分类范畴的话) 是“ 人生作为外部景象” ，因为读者的注意力被作品那形形色色的事件所分散，主要是从外部来观察其主人公奥德修斯(Odyssus)的：然而 富于悲剧色彩的 伊利亚特 所表现的则是“ 人生作为内心体验” ： 读者被要求与阿基琉斯(Achilles)的心

190、灵产生共鸣，而其行为动机却致使他变作个并非特别惹人喜爱的主人公。( 从分号后的语句推理出前面的意思)注：hero:主人公;without:外部；likable:有吸引力的47. The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanicrocks found on oceanic islands, islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from thelower mantle, are composed

191、of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-oceanridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle.对于地幔分层论点来说，最好的证据乃这样一个确认的事实，即在那些海洋岛屿一这些岛屿据信是源于由下层地幔升上来的地幔柱状溶岩流(mantle plum e)上发现的火山岩石，是由与海洋中部山脊系统的物质根本不同的物质构成的，而这一海洋中部山脊系统的成因，大多数地质学家论辩道，为上部地幔。48. Some geologists, ho

192、wever, on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths,argue that the mantle is not layered, but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich inIncompatible elements (elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state)percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irre

193、gularly, according tothe vagaries of the fluids* pathways.但是，某些地质学家，以对地幔捕虏岩体(xenolith)所作的观察为依据，指出地幔并非是分层排列的，相反，地幔的异质性是由那些富含“ 不兼容成分”的流质构成的，这些成分趋向于流体而非固体的状态，自下而上渗透扩散，并依照这些流质流向的任意性，不规则地将上部地幔的某些部分予以改变。49. It is possible to make specific complementary DNA s (cDNA s) that can serve asmolecular probes to s

194、eek out the messenger RNA s (mRNA* s) of the peptide hormones.科学家可以制造出特异的(specific)互补DNA* s (cD N A s),以此作为分子探子(molecular probe),探觅出肽激素的信使RNA s (mRNA s)。50. The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also bemuch faster than the immunological method because it can t

195、ake years of tediouspurifications to isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them.采用cDNA探子来测定肽激素的这一分子生物学方法同时也应该比免疫学的方法速度来得快，因为对于免疫的方法来说，需耗费好几年枯燥的提纯进程，方能将肽素分离了出来，然后再培养出针对它们的抗血清。51. Nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more orless fanciful mode

196、l schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been incharge of events.然而，研究更新世的研究者发展除了各种各样的或多或少有些奇怪思想的模型系统，用来显示如果由他们来决定地质事件的话他们将会如何安排冰川纪。52. This succession was based primarily on a series of deposits and events not directlyrelated to glacial and interglacial periods, rather than on

197、 the more usual modern methodof studying biological remains found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified withinglacial deposits.这 序 列 演 替(succession)所依据的，主要是一系列与冰川期和间冰期并不直接相关的地质沉积物和地质事件，而不是依据更为普遍的现代方法，去研究间冰层(interglacial bed)中所发现的生物残留物，而这些间冰层本身又在冰川沉积物发生间层化(interstatified)o53. There have bee

198、n attempts to explain these taboos in terms of inappropriate socialrelationships either between those who are involved and those who are not simultaneouslyinvolved in the satisfaction of a bodily need, or between those already satiated and thosewho appear to be shamelessly gorging.人们试图对这些禁忌作出解释，所依据的

199、要幺是那些正置身于某一身体需要满足的人与那些并置身于某一身体需要之满足的人之间的，要幺是那些早已酒足饭饱的人与那些正在不知羞耻地狼吞虎咽失之间的不相称的社会关系。54. Granted that the presence of these elements need not argue an authorial awarenessof novelistic construction comparable to that of Henry James, their presence doesencourage attempts to unify the novel* s heterogeneou

200、s parts.诚然，这些因素的存在并不能证明作者对小说架构的意识可与亨利。詹 姆 斯(Henry James)的那种意识相比拟；然则，任何力图将小说所有形形色色的因素统一起来的做法，在某种程度上注定是无法令人信服的。Granted that:大家都统一、当然，表让步，=admitted , of course.55. It is not known how rare this resemblance is, or whether it is most often seen ininclusions of silicates such as garnet, whose crystallogra

201、phy is generally somewhat similar tothat of diamond： but when present, the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidencethat the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic.现在尚不知这种类似稀少到何种地步，也不知道是否它最常见于象石榴石一类的硅酸盐内含物中，而这类物质的晶体结构普遍地在某种程度上类似于金刚石的晶体结构。但一旦存在，这种类似就被视作极有说服力的证据，证明金刚石与内含物确是同源的。56. Even the r

202、adical1 critiques of this mainstream research model, such as the critiquedeveloped in Divided Society, attach the issue of ethnic assimilation too mechanically tofactors of economic and social mobility and are thus unable to illuminate the culturalsubordination of Puerto Ricans as a colonial minorit

203、y.即使是对这一主流研究模型的“ 激进”批评，诸 如 分裂的社会(Divided Society) 一书中所提出的那种批判，亦将少数民族同化问题过分机械地与经济和社会移动性的因素联系起来，因此无从阐明波多黎各人作为一个殖民地少数民族的文化从属关系。57. I can think of a good few medical students who would willingly “work their way throughcolleges by filling in as nurses at our understaffed hospitals.我可以想象不少读医的学生是愿意来我们人手不足的

204、医院临时充当护上，以此来挣钱读完大学的。分析：fill in用做及物动词词组，和a blank/a check./a form等搭配时, 是做“ 填写” 、“ 填入”解释的，但是如果用作不及物动词词组时，和for sb. as sb.搭配，就是做“ 暂时代替”来解释。58. (An intelligence test does not measure character, social adjustment, physical endurance,manual skills, or artistic abilities.) Ib criticize it for such failure is

205、 roughly comparable tocriticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity.批评智力的测试不反映上述情况，就好比批评温度计不能测出风速一样。分析： 很多情况下，failure这个词是做“ 失败” 解释的， 但是, 当failure后面接动词不定式, 形成failureto do sth. 的结构的时候, 这个failure就应当解释为“ 未能” 、“ 没有” 。59. It seems to me that the time is ripe for the Department of Employment an

206、d theDepartment of Education to get together with the universities and produce a revisededucational system which will make a more economic use of the wealth of talent, applicationand industry currently being wasted on certificates, diplomas and degrees that no one wantsto know about.我认为时机已成熟。就业部门和教育

207、部门应同大学携起手来，修正我们的教育制度，使之能比较合理地使用学生的才能、勤奋和刻苦。而现在他们这些才能和努力都浪费在无人感兴趣的证书、文凭和学位上。分析：虽然application常做“ 申请”解释，但是由上下文来看，这里显然不是这个意思，而是另一个意思：勤奋刻苦。同样，industry也有这个问题，它多做“ 工业”解释，但根据上下文应当是“ 勤劳”的意思。此外，这里的economic也是误译，只是看它和economy有些像，就想当然地译成“ 经济” ，这是不对的，应当是看它在文章里的具体环境，采 用 “ 节约的” 、“ 合理的”这个译法。60. (There is a definite l

208、ink between smoking and heart disease and lung cancer.) But thisdoesn*t make you too uncomfortable because you are in good company.但这并不能使人们感到太多不舒服，因为和你样抽烟的人很多。分析：company作可数和不可数名词时的意义是不同的。作可数名词时是“ 公司” ，而作不可数名词时是“ 伙伴” 、“ 伴侣”的意思，要格外小心。61. He stepped right in after them, like it or not, and he was deter

209、mined that nothing as pettyas good manners should keep him from a chance of enlightenment.他不管人家欢迎不欢迎，紧跟着他们走了进去。什幺礼貌不礼貌，他顾不得这一套。他决心不错过这个机会，把心里的问题弄明白。分析：enlightenment在词典中的意思确实是“ 启蒙” 、“ 启发” ，但是在这里如果原封不动地照搬，不仅生硬，且不符合原文意思，这里就需要我们把它的引申意义找出来，即 “ 把问题搞清楚” 。62. Until the World War brought chaos to most of the

210、ir institutions, their whole lives wereregulated; perhaps more than those of any other people save the Spaniards, by a regard forprecedent.在第一次世界大战给他们的大部分风俗习惯带来变化之前，他们的所有生活，除了西班牙人之外，或许比其它民族都更受到先例的制约。分析：save可以用作动词，但是如果作为动宾结构的话，它的主语乂是什幺呢？ perhaps more thanthose of any other people 和 perhaps more than

211、thirty people 是两种不同的结构，后者是名词短语，可以作主语：但是前者只是一个形容词短语，不能做主语。其次，如果by a regard for precedent是save的状语的话， 前面也没有必要用逗号隔开。实际上，by a regard for precedent是和wereregulated组成的一个被动结构：were regulated by。这样，save这一部分就不是一个句子，只是一个修饰成分。事实上，save是个介词，作 “ 除了”解，相当于b u t,或是except,63. It is the two superpowers that should be res

212、ponsible for the hostilities in the MiddleEast.应对中东战争（X敌对状态）负责的是两个超级大国。有一些名词， 特别是抽象名词的单数变成复数后，意义是不一样的。“ hostility 单数作“enmity , “illwill “ 敌意” “ 敌视”解 , 但“hostilities 复数作“war “ 战争”解。64. ） . . . he let the line slip down, down, down, unrolling off the first of the two reservecoils.他就松手让钓丝滑下去，下去，下去，把两卷备

213、用的（ X 多余的）钓丝也松开了一卷。reserve有 “ 预备着的” ，“ 多余的”意思，这里应是“ 备用”之意。“ 才” 的用法1. （ = a moment ago; just）：你怎麽才来就要走？ You * ve only just come. Why do you want toleave so soon?/他才回至ij家袒， 浸姆就来找他了. He had just got home when Tom came lookingfor him.2. （ = not until;前面加“ 畤出 同”） ： 他九黠豌才来，太晚了. He didn * t come until 9 o*

214、 clock.That was too late. / 大凰到晚上才止住了. The gale didn, t stop until evening. / 他走了雨flO童 才走 到 .It took him two hours to get there. / 你卷什麽道畲兄才呢？ How come you didnt sayanything until now?3. （ = not unless; not until; then and only then; for no other reason）： 他吃了三碗?t才能. Hewasn, t full until he had eaten

215、three bowls. / 幺 第 他 解 释 之 彳 爰 ，我才明白是怎麽回事.I didn tunderstand what was going on until he explained it to me. / 他 行才行.Its O.K. only if he saysso. / 只有靠群冢，才能把工作做好.Only by relying on the people can we do our work well. / 正因卷我便1 有困辘，才派我ffl去. We were sent precisely because there were problems there.4. （ =

216、 only;彳奏面跟“ 数 者 词 ”） ： 现 在 才 八 黠 遢 早 著 呢 .It s only8 oclock, so theres still plenty of time. / 才五境 如需？真便宜. Only five dollars? That s reallycheap, / ii孩子才五蕨，己 得不少字了. The child is only five, and he already knows quite afew characters.5 . （ = actually; really;用於肯定或衡突，强 调 ” 才 ” 字之前的筑 , 通常句尾用”呢 “ 字 作 言 吾

217、 助 同1 ）：道才好呢！ Now this is really good! / 你以卷他傻焉？他才不傻呢！ Ybu think he is stupid? Not him!/ 我才懒得管呢! I can t be bothered!或 I couldn* t care less. / 你才是撒阖 Vbu are the one whos lying. /他耍是不知道才怪呢!I d be really surprised if he didn t know.6 .（ 表示事情在前不久U生；I刚才） :The performance has just started.的! 目才3耳 始 .Why

218、 leave sosoon?怎麽，才来就要走？7 .（ 表示事情彝生或结束得晚） ：He left New York only yesterday.他咋天才雕 俳 脚 幺 勺 .8 .（ 表示只有在某槿脩件下或由於某槿原因、目的，然彼怎麽棣，前面常有“ 只有、必须、因卷、由於”等配合） ：非等起重檄来了才能装?#092;嚅? Must we wait till the crane arrives before we startloading.只有肯努力，才能得到好成幺最 Only you study hard can you get good results.9 .（ 封比起来表示数量小，次数

219、少，能力插等等；僮僮） ：1949年以前中幽刚年泽. 量最高才90多篱幅 Before 1949, China s highest annual output of steel was only just over 900,000 tons.富畤他才五蕨.He was only five years old then.10 .（ 表示强调所言兑的事，句尾常用“ 呢”字） ：爹子艮的才好呢！ The wheat is coming along fine.他要是不知道才怪呢！ It would be really strange if he didn t know.屋子电I不熟外面才熟呢！ It

220、is nothot in the house, nut ifs really hot outside.铺注意I在英文中造假I “ 才”字不定是非要用“某倜单字”案表遂不可；它可以用一些特别的句型，片或 表 建 .所 以 ，阜曾用适些特别的句型，片 或 来表逵是很重要的.“ 非常，很，极其”的英文表达法相信大家都会有这样的经历：每每用英语表达一些很一般的概念时，我们总会立刻想起某个表达法.例如：想说 很 时， 立刻想到了 very或very much;想说 大 时，则用big或large.这样的一一对应，大大减弱了英语写作的丰富性和生动性.于是这些最先为我们想到的表达法，便成了我们提高英语水平的

221、羁绊. 如果我们能把这些最常用概念的英语表达归类，总结，贫乏的英语表达便会涣然一新.在英语中用来表达” 极其，非常，很” 的方式有26种：1) most(used for giving force)a. (to an adjective) veryIt really is most annoying.b.(to an adverb) quite; veryWhatever happens, I shall most certainly attend the meeting.注意：most只能修饰具有主观意见或感情色彩的形容词和副词，表示“ 非常，很” 的概念. 我们可以说mostcertain

222、ly,但不能说 most tall 或 most quick2) awfully adv.infml (used to give more force to an expression) veryawfully cold, awfully niceI am awfully sorry for it.3) badly adv.（ 与want, need”连用）a great deal; very muchThey want help badly.He is badly in need of a haircut.4) more than .fml, to a degree at which :.i

223、s no longer a strong enoughor suitable word.与中文的“ 无以名状” 差不多We were more than happy to hear of your escape.I think his offer is more than fair.5) ever so/suchinfml. esp. BrE veryIts ever so cold.Shes ever such a nice girl.6) immensely adv.apprec very muchI enjoyed it immensely.7) much adv.to a great

224、degreeI don*t much like that idea.Im much surprised to hear that.8) mighty adv.infml. veryIt was a mighty good meal, and everyone enjoyed it.9) highly adv.(esp. before adjectives made from verbs) to a high degree; veryhighly pleased, highly skilled, highly interesting, highlyenjoyableThis is a highl

225、y amusing film.10) greatly adv.(with verb forms, esp. the past p.)to a large degree; verygreatly moved by his kindnesgreatly to be fearedWe are greatly obliged to you for your help.11) mortally adv.very greatly; deeplyShe is mortally afraid of walking home alone on adark night.He is mortally jealous

226、.12) deeply adv.greatlyWe are deeply obliged to you for your help.13) like anythingvery hard; fiercelyWhen they arrived, the house was burning like anything.The maid wanted like anything to try on her mistresss clothes.He is brave like anything.14) only tooveryonly too happy to comeI am only too gla

227、d to go there.15) a thousandIt is a thouand pity.A thousand thanks!16) one hundred percentI am sure the figure is one hundred percent correct.17) to the worldHe was tired to the world.18) up to the handleI am enjoying my trip up to the handle.19) to a large extentI agree with what you say to a large

228、 extent.20) not halfBrE infml veryIt isnt half windy today!They didnt half support my proposal.21) extremelyI am extremely sorry22) exceedingly adv.very; to an unusual degreeThey were exceedingly kind.23) terribly adv.infm I. veryIve been terribly worried about you all day.We were terribly lucky to

229、find you there.24) quite adv.more than usually; ratherIts really quite good; much better than we expected.25) utterly pletelyI found the books utterly charming, instructive, andinspiring.26) completely advwholly; altogether; in every way; totallyThe army made a completely successful attackon the ene

230、my capital.与日、夜相关的惯用语每天都要经历的“ 日“ 和“ 夜” 与惯用语的关系也很密切，下列例句足以为证:(1 )AII night lo n g:整夜Some stores stay open all night long.(2)Call it a day: 天工作完毕Every day, we have class from 9am and will call it a day at 4.30pm.(3)Day after d a y:每天Schooling could be very boring, as the students do the same things da

231、y after day.(4)Day in day out: 一天又一天Henry wears the same old jeans day in day out. Isnt he going to buy some new clothes ?(5)For a rainy day:为困难的日子作准备When a person gets older, he will realise the importance of saving for a rainy day.(6)ln this day and age:在现在这时代In this day and age, no one can expect

232、 to get something out of nothing.(7)Have an off day:不大成功或顺利的一天Tom did not do well in yesterdays test.He considered him unlucky euough to have an off day.(8)The order of the day: 一般的惯例In a petroleum station here, payment by credit card is the order of the day.(9)The other day:几天前I bumped into an old

233、friend the other day.(10)1b this d a y :( 指日期) 准确地It is 40 years to this day that I left university.(11)Have seen better days:曾经历过好日子Palmer was departmental head in that university before he came here. He has seen betterdays.(12)Some day:将来Everyone hopes to be great some day.(13)0ne,s days are numbe

234、red:末日将临:Under computerisation, unskilled workers become redundant. Their days in a company arenumbered.(14)Carry the day:胜利的一天Our team lost at first, but later, it carried the day with two goals to one.(15)Someones day:幸运的天Jim was promoted. Furthermore, he was given a performance bonus yesterday. I

235、t was his day.(16)7ake a day o ff:休息一天Janet was unwell and took a day off.(17)Have a night o u t:夜间出去消遣Its time to have a change. We must have a night out at the weekend.(18)A night ow l:迟迟不睡者The moment Jack entered the university, he was a night owl.(19)At the dead of night:深夜Our managerial officer

236、s attended the emergency meeting at the dead ofnight.(20) Save the day:使情况变佳.Frank saved the day by kicking in a goal during the last five minutes of the match.(21 )Every dog has its day:凡人都有得意日I have seen ordinary people suddenly become important. This is a case of every dog has itsday.(22)What is

237、done by night appears by day:若要人不知, 除非己莫为Crime does not pay.Criminals will be found out. Thafs why we say : What is done by night appears by day. 联合早报“Not”的巧用大家都知道，说话和写文章是有很大的不同的，说话讲求的是能够清楚地表达自己的意思，因此在用字上要力求简单扼要，但重点部份要强调出来. 你能够清楚地掌握这个重点吗？现在来考考你，如果有人问你,Did you break this plate?”你要强调这不是我干的，你会怎么说？你会不会说

238、，“No, I didnt”但是要注意喔！ No, I didnt只是说， “ 我没有作“这 跟 ” 不是我干的”有很大的差别喔. . 那正确的说法应该是怎样？让我们来看看“Not”的用法.1. Not m e.不是我.嘿 没想到这么简单吧！这种看似简单，文法也不对的句子，却是老美天天挂在嘴边的话. 这句话简单明了，而且把重点“ 不是我”给强调出来. 这是非常好的一个句子. 另外，老美也很喜欢讲“Wasnt me.这 跟“Not m e.都是一样的意思，I司样强调这不是我干的.还有像以前大家很流行机车联谊，结果很不幸你的钥匙被恐龙给抽中了，你就可以望天长叹说， Oh, notm e.（ 怎么会

239、是我呢? ）或是你也可以说，“Why me?2. Not today.不耍今天啦.这种用法常常用在二个人相约时间的时候. 例如有人找你去看电影，Do you want to go to see themovie?*你就可以说，Oh, not today这表示出你还是蛮想去的，只不过今天不行. 另外Not at thismoment.或 是Not now .也蛮常用的.3. Not a w ord.保持安静.Not a w ord跟Be quiet.H 一样都是要别人安静下来的意思. 例如你跟朋友去看电影，结果电影都开演了，你的朋友还在叽叽喳喳讲个不停，这时候你就可以跟他说， Shhhhhhh.

240、 Not a w ord.或 是”Bequiet.要是你真的已经很烦了， 就 说Shut up!”4. Not so fa st.不要那么快啦.有些男女朋友第一次约会就牵牵手，如果你是女生，觉得这样子实在是太快了，你就可以说， “Hey, not s。fa s t/,同样的，有些男生去陪女朋友就像例行公事样，随便敷衍个二句就想走人，这时女生就可以说，Not so fast.5. Not a chance. 点机会也没有.这句话根H）u dont have any chance*是一样的，都是表示根本就没有机会. 例如比赛前别人问你，Can we beat them ?你就可以说，Not a c

241、hance跟 Not a chance 意思相当的句子有很多，例 如Not really, *Not in a million years, Not in mylife tim e 或 是Not in your life tim e 例如你要跟朋友去打球，你朋友说，YDU man. Im gonnakick your ass!你就可以说，In your dream, pal! Not in your life tim e 意思就是，作你的大头梦去吧！我看在你的有生之年是不可能了！6. Not at all. 一点也不.这句话通常是用来回答别人的问题，例如别人问你，Do you like Ame

242、rican food?你就可以回答Notat a ll,这句话强调出一点也不喜欢, 如果只说No, I dont like it.*可能多少还会吃点, 可是Notat a ll可能就是连吃都不会想去吃了，算是全部否定对方的回答.如果是部份否定的话，你可以说Not really表示你不全然同意对方所说的话. 像是同样如果别人问你，Do you like American food?你 说Not really.就表示出你不是那么喜欢.7. Not good enough,还不够好.这句话是专门用来挑剔别人用的. 例如小孩考了八十分就很兴奋地跑去跟父母说，1 got 80 in the test!,

243、他父母如果是那种比较严苛点的人的话，可能就会说， Not good enough.或是你也可以泼别人冷水,例如别人说，That book is awesome!你就可以回他一句，Not good enough for me.8. Not again不会再来一次吧.当有什么倒霉事第次发生时，你可以笑笑地说bad luck或 是rotten luck. 但是当第二次又接著发生了，你大概就会说， No, not again”例如车子爆胎了，你刚拿去补完才出汽车修理店门口又被一根铁钉刺到，我想任何正常人的反应一定都是No, not again吧 !9. Not possible.不可能.这 个not

244、possible跟impossible是一样的意思. 可是就算有了 impossible这个字，很多老美还是喜欢说not possible.可能是这个n o t比较能强较出“ 不” 的意思吧！例如有人问你可不可以在半小时内到某地会面，你就可以说，Not possible, its rush hour now.10. Not a soul in sight.半个人影也没有.这句话算是固定的用法.Soul在这里就是指人而言. 如果讲的不是人而是其它的东西的话，则 用“Not athing.例如别人问你，Did you see anything in the bush?要是你什么也没看到，你就可以回

245、答,Not a thing.表 示 “ 正在进行”的be +介词短语表 示 “ 正在进行”这一动作，通常用现在进行时表示。如：I am having a class n o w .（ 我正在上课。 ）但 “ 正在进行”这动作，还可以用“ be+介词短语”来表示。常见的介词短语类型有：be + a t引导的介词短语；be + in引导的介词短语；be + o n引导的介词短语；be +under引导的介词短语等。I . be+at引导的介词短语be at war （ 正在交战） ：The two countries are at war n ow .两国正在交战。（ 相当于：The two co

246、untries are waging a war now.）be at work （ 正在工作） ：Jim is at work on his car n ow .吉姆正在修自己的车。（ 相当于：Jim is repairing his car now.）be at peace （ 处于和平或平静状态） :Thus Europe was at peace for the first time in ten years.于是欧洲在十年以后第次进入和平状态。be at table （ 正在吃饭） ： When I arrived my friends were already at table.当

247、我到达时，我的朋友们正在吃饭。常见的这类结构还有：be at meeting正在开会；be at school正在上学；be at breakfast （ lunch /supper）正在吃早（ 午 / 晚 ）饭；be at church正在做礼拜，等等。II. be+in引导的介词短语be in progress （ 正在进展） ：The building of the bridge is in progress.这座桥梁正在施工中。（ 相当于:The bridge is being built now.）be in trade （ 正在做买卖） ：Some people of this c

248、ountry are in gold and ivory trade.这个国家的有些人正在做黄金和象牙买卖。be in fashion （ 流行） ：Long hair is very much in fashion now .如今，留长发正时兴。be in trouble （ 处于困境/ 困难之中） ：I am in great trouble. My little boy has fallen off a ladderand hurt himself.我遇上点麻烦，我的小儿子从梯子上掉下来，并且摔伤了。常见的这类结构还有：be in danger处在危险中；be in operation正

249、在运行；be in action在活动（ 运转 / 战斗）中：be in peril在危险之中：be in class正在上课：be in hospital正在住院：be in office在执政：be in tears正在流泪：be in milk正在产奶：be in issue正在争论之中：be in church正在做礼拜；等等。III. be+on引导的介词短语be on strike （ 正在罢工） ：The electricity workers have been on strike for several weeks now. 电力工人到目前已经罢工好几个星期了。（ 即现在仍在

250、罢工）be on leave （ 正在休假） :Several soldiers are on leave in our village.几位军人正在我们村子里休假。be on the rise （ 正在上涨） :Prices of vegetables are on the rise.蔬菜价格正在上涨。常见的这类结构还有：be on a visit正在访问；be on the stumps处在困难之中；be on sale正在出售 （ 美语作：削价出售） ，等等。IV. be +under引导的介词短语be under consideration （ 正在考虑之中） ：The plan is

251、 under consideration by the Ministry ofEducation.教育部正在考虑这项计划。be 4-under construction （ 正在修建中） :The new railway is still under construction.新铁路仍在修筑之中。be -4-under discussion （ 正在讨论之中） ：That issue has no relation to the matter underdiscussion.那个问题和正在讨论的事没有关系。常见的这类结构还有：be under treatment正在治疗中；be under r

252、epair正在修理中，等等。值得英语学习者注意的是尽管be+介词短语能表示“ 正在进行” 这一意义，但它和be+现在分词所表示的语法意义是仃差别的。前者着重事物所处的状态，偏重于静态；后者着重事物的动态，集中表示事物的动感。绝大部分这类结构， 其名词前都没有冠词， 假如加一冠词， 意义将大相径庭。 如:The Conservative Partyis in office.保守党在执政。The principal is now in the office.校长现在在办公室。英语学习者对上述差别决不可掉以轻心。起形容词作用的分词（ 形容词型分词）记得前两天有旺友问“ 动词+ed”作形容词的问题，刚

253、好张道真的一本语法书上有很详细的介绍，准备把它拿到这和大家共享。有点长，而我打字又慢，慢慢输吧，争取在7-10天内完成： ）起形容词作用的分词（ 形容词型分词）a .分词作定语的用法1）总的特点分词可以作定语，修饰或是限制一个名词，可以放在它前面，也可以放在它后面。一般说来，简单分词可以放在名词前面，分词短语放在名词后面。a）放在名词前面的分词1/表示动作的分词：一个现在分词或过去分词放在名词前时，可以表示一时的动作，这时它的动词特点胜过形容同特点，相当于一个定语从句Do you see the rising sun(=sun which is rising) in the east?They

254、 tried to surround the retreating troops ( = troops which were retreating).The roaring lion frightened all the animals in the jungle.They tried to deliver the besieged city (=city which was being besieged).These repeated efforts( = efforts which were being repeated) were still inadequate.Those oppre

255、ssed nations (= nations that are being oppressed ) are rising to liberatethemselves.2/表示特点的分词：它也可以表示比较长久或永久性的特点。这时它的形容词特点胜过它的动词特点：Germs are living creatures (= not inanimate things, creatures that can live).She is a charming lady (attractive lady, lady who charms others)The working classes are usual

256、ly poor.There were many flying fish.We watched the moving pictures (= motion pictures)Used cars (=old cars,cars which have been used) are cheaper than new ones/Stolen love (= Secret love, love which is stolen), though dangerous, tastes exceptionallysweet.This printed matter may be sent by mail.3/ 和用

257、作形容词的动名词的差别：用在名词前的现在分词和用在名词前起形容词作用的动名词是有区别的，从意思上、重音上及是否加连字号，都有区别。下面各对句子中，第 句中带-ing词尾的动词为分词，第二句中带-ing词尾的动词为动名词：Boiling water(= Water that is boiling) can produce enormous power.Water begins to boil at the boiling-point( = point at which liquid boils;而不是point which boils).He is a walking dictionary (

258、= dictionary that canwalk, learned man).He came with a walking-stick ( = stick for walking;非 stick that os walking)How clever that dancing bear (=bear that is dancing) is!He is a dancing-master (= master who teaches dancing).Someone said many years ago that China was a sleeping lion ( = lion that wa

259、s sleeping).He is in the sleeping-car (=car for sleeping,而不是 car that is sleeping).Running water is cleaner than stagnant water.It is a running-track for sportsmen.4/ 用作名词的情况和形容词一样，某些分词在加the时( 后面不跟名词) ，可以代表一类人或一种抽象东西：Which are more numerous, the dead or the living (=the living people)Something must

260、be done immediately with the wounded and the dying.What should we do with the oppressed, the defeated the insulted and the injured?Can we say anything about the unseen ( = the thing unseen) and the unknown (=the thingunknown)?6放在名词后的分词放在名词后的分词多数是分词短语，它可以变成一个定语从句( 尽管定语从句不一定都能变成分词短语) ：1/表示时动作的分词短语：The

261、 danger threatening the world ( = which is threatening the area ) is too many people withtoo little food.They looked on at the city being attacked by the enemy (= which was being attacked by theenemy).The man being followed by guards (= who are being followed by guards) is a party leader.2/表示长久特点的分词

262、短语：A man respecting others (= who respects others ) will be respected.Can you teach a boy refusing to be taught ( = who refuses to be taught)?It is difficult to save a man enchanted by the beauty of a woman.Books called the comics (=that are called the comics ) are sometimes harmful to children.Any

263、books well read (=that are well read ) are good books and any men well treated are goodmen.6放在名词后的分词放在名词后的分词多数是分词短语，它可以变成一个定语从句( 尽管定语从句不一定都能变成分词短语) ：1/表示时动作的分词短语：The danger threatening the world (= which is threatening the area ) is too many people withtoo little food.They looked on at the city bein

264、g attacked by the enemy (= which was being attacked by theenemy).The man being followed by guards (= who are being followed by guards) is a party leader.2/表示长久特点的分词短语：A man respecting others (= who respects others ) will be respected.Can you teach a boy refusing to be taught ( = who refuses to be ta

265、ught)?It is difficult to save a man enchanted by the beauty of a woman.Books called the comics (=that are called the comics ) are sometimes harmful to children.Any books well read ( = that are well read ) are good books and any men well treated are goodmen.2)名词前作定语的分词a)用在名词前的不及物现在分词名词前的现在分词多数为不及物动词：

266、The trembling criminal hung his head.Do you see the floating bridge there?She is a doting mother.The existing situation will last some years.In the field are nodding trees, murmuring rivulets, smiling flowers, singing birds, swimmingducks and playing children.He is an uncompromising diplomat.It prov

267、es futile in spite of all untiring efforts.This upright man always takes an unswerving course.It is an unavailing plot.There is an undying friendship between them.b)用在名词前的及物现在分词1/意义上的宾语为 人的情况：及物动词的分词也可用在名词前面，但它们大多表示情绪。它们的意义上的宾语指一般人或某些人，是不说出的。It is a charming story= It is a story that charms us (me,y

268、ou or anyone).We have an encouraging prospect. = We have a prospect that encourages us.This exciting experience made him sleepless. =This experience, which excited him, made himsleepless.It is an interesting (or surprising, amazing, moving, entertaining, affecting ) story.He has a puzzling problem t

269、o solve.In the forest there happened a shocking (or frightening ) case of murder.Her fascinating eyes and her tempting mouth put you in a reverie.It is a misleading statement, a deceiving promise.An unconvincing rumor spread over the city.2/ 意义上的宾语为， 物的情况：有少数及物动词的分词，它们的意义上的宾语也不说出， 却是指 物的，这时要经过琢磨才知道宾

270、语是什么：It is an arresting sight (=a sight that arrests somebodys attention), an imploring look ( = alook that implores somebodys help), a revealing story (= a story that reveals things hiddenor kept secret), a deserving cause ( = a cause that deserves sympathy or help).He is a grasping attorney (an at

271、torney who are eager to grasp money).A knowing man (=a man who knows all the secret),an understanding man (a man who understands others feelings),a forbidding headmaster ( = a headmaster who forbids others to approach or to like him),a loving father (=a father who loves children or others),a promisi

272、ng youth (a youth who promises to suceed),a designing businessman (=a bisinessman who designs some intrigues),an unfeeling judge (=judge who feels no sympathy),an unforgiving father (=a father who does not forgive any fault),an unthinking playboy(=a playboy who does not think of the consequences)an

273、unsparing housewife (= housewilfe who does not spare money),an unassuming scholar (=a scholar who does not assume importance),an unpretending manager (=a manager who does not pretend importance).c）用在名词前的及物过去分词1/ 一般过去分词：及物动词的过去分词常可用在名词前作它的修饰语。它表示同句谓语动词所表示的动作发生时正在被进行的一个动作，也可以表示那时之前一个被动动作的后果:He is an h

274、onoured abd respected professor (= professor who is honoued and respected).We live in a crowded area.The oppressed natons are beginning to rise.The persecuted patriot hid himself in the jungle.I drink boiled water ( = water that has been boiled before, but is no more boiled and is freefrom germs now

275、 ).There are many trained nurses (= nurses who have been trained before, but are efficient now)in this hospital.Dont tread on the broken glass (= glass that has been broken before, but may hurtsomebodys feet now).Used cars cost cheaper than new ones.There are thousands of wounded soldiers in this lo

276、st battle.He is a qualified teacher.2/ 已失去动词特点的分词：a/以-en( 或-n)结尾的过去分同有不少过去分词已失去动词特点，成为纯粹的形容词，它们有些以-en( 或-n)结尾：His honesty is a proven fact.I like frozen fruit.This is the tomb of forgotten heroes.How hot is molten iron?It is said the devil has cloven hoofs.Some drunken sailors are fighting in the st

277、reet.Do you see the hidden meaning of this letter?下面词组中也包含这种分词：driven snow, woven thread, sawn timber, hewn timber, a sunken cheek, shrunken clothes, arotten egg, a shorn lamb, a gaven image, a terror-stricken child, a down-trodden people,ill-gotten money, a swollen face, a carven image, his broken

278、promise.b/带im-前缀的过去分词：That is an unfounded rumour.1 No, it is an undoubted fact.There are unnumbered (or untold) crimes in this small city.The enemy suddenly attacked this unguarded city.His unaffected (or unfeigned) manners make me love him.A rich man has to hear unearned praise from time to time.W

279、hat is the most important thing for an underdeveloped country?That is an unheard-of (= extraordinary) case of murder.He bacame the owner of undreamt-of wealth.An unlooked-for (= unexpected) love letter came to me this morning.An unwished-for (or unhoped-for )(= undesirable ) accident happened to me.

280、Nobody can stand this uncalled-for (= unnecessary and improper) insult.c/有特别意义的过去分词：有少数过去分词， 用做纯粹的形容词时:意思发生 些变化，已不再是做动词时的意思， 如动词celebrate表示 庆祝 ，但形容词celebrated却表示 著名的This is a celebrated city.This is the most noted ( = famous) mounain in Japan.He is a confirmed pickpocket (= pickpocket who is unlikel

281、y to be changed).He is a past-master ( = one who has much experience) in deceit.He w川 suffer for his ill-advised (= unwise) action.I have never seen such a beautiful place in my born days (= in my lifetime).d/有主动意义的过去分词:大多数过去分词都有被动意思，例 如the unforgotten hero的意思是the hero that has beenforgotten,又 如boil

282、ed water的意思是water that has been boiled.但有少数过去分词却有主动意思，它们甚至起及物动词作用，可以有一个说不出的宾语。例 如a drunken sailor意思是a sailor whohas drunk too much liquor.A learned scholar (= A scholar who has leanred very mush ) usually looks silly.Experienced men (= Men who have experienced a lot) in this matter are not numerous.

283、A practised man (= A man who has often practised doing this) can do more than a greenhorn.These cultivated people ( = These people, who have cultivated their minds ) are my goodfriends.The king loves his devoted subjects (=his subjects, who devotes themselves to him ).A dissipated youth (= A youth w

284、ho dissipates his time and money ) will ruin himself.Is a contented man (= a man who contents himself with what he has ) always happy?The mistaken traveller has had a narrow escape.d)用在名词前的宾补动词的过去分词某些宾补动词的过去分词可以用在名词前面做定语。这是一类特殊的宾补动词， 它们用在下面这类句子中:They declared him to be a traitor.They proved the stat

285、ement to be false.He professed himself to be a scientist.下面句子包含了以这类动词作定语的过去分词This is the reputed scene (= the place which is reputed to be the scene ) of robbery.John is the supposed father ( = the man who is supposed to be the father) of this child.He is an avowed member (= a man who has avowed him

286、self to be a member ) of this party.He is a professed scientist.The confessed (or admitted ) thief was sent to prison.e)用在名词前的不及物动词的过去分词有几十个不及物动词的过去分词可用在名词前作定语。它们多数表示一种变化，表示一种完成的动作，一种状态。它们已失去动词的特点，不再有被动意义，几乎成了形容词：A retired official (=An official who has retired or is retired) lives next door.He is a

287、 returned student (=a student who has returned from abroad).The decayed tooth should be pulled off.A married man is more stable in character than a bachelor.Thousands of people mourned for the deceased actress.Both fading and faded flowers were blown about in the strong wind.Here and there were deca

288、ying or decayed leaves.We see changing and changed modes of life every year and every day.卜面词组中各包含一个这样的过去分词：abdicted emperor, obsconed debtor, aged poet, arrived guest, assembled company, elopedpair, escaped prisoner, failed candidate, fallen angel, fled robber, perjured witness, travelledwritterdep

289、arted glories, expired lease, foregone conclusion, mouldered temple, risen sun, rottenfruit, shrunken clothes, sunken rocks, vanished civilization, withered leaves, well-read andwell-behaved young man, plain-spoken politician, free-spoken man, full-grown girl,full-blown roses3)在名词后作定语的分词分词也可以放在它们所修饰

290、的名词的后面a)简单分词简单分词，不管是现在分词还是过去分词，放在名词后的情况是比较少的，但在下面情况下可以放在名词后面：1/如果它受到强调，感到像一个从句：I want to know the person coming ( = who comes or is coming)Who were the people participating (= who participated )?I went into the room adjoining-and saw something I can*t tell.No man living can do that.I went to meet he

291、r at the plane indicated (= which had been indicated).They threw into prison all the persons all the persons suspected (= who were suspected).The prisioner acquitted went home directly.The matter being investgiated (=that is being investigated) is a military secret.The work being done (=that was bei

292、ng done ) prevented his from going.下面词组中各包含个这样的词The money spent, the day appointed, the fact alleged, the reason given, the plan suggested,the party interested, the guests invited.2/ 如果它用来进行对比：The visitors coming and going are so numerous.He is a person revered and beloved.In many countries, word sp

293、oken are different from words written.3/ 如果名词是个不关紧要的词或被修饰的是个代词：Those remaining had to wait two days more.Virtue is a thing unseen.He is like one charmed.All involved will be sent to jail.The point controverted is insignificant.4/ 如果名词前有一个形容词最高级或类似的形容词：This is the most difficult job known.He is the f

294、attest man livingThe chief (or only, one) guest invited was me.This is the only chance left.We welcomed every client (or all clients) coming.Every man arriving received a gift.5/如果分词和其他词构成固定词组( 短语) ：I will stay here for the time being.We danced for two days running.They were at daggers drawn.I know

295、the bank concerned.The votes cast represent their opinion.There is 20 dollars remaining.6/如果分词前加so或thus：Fish thus (or so) cooked is delicous.Money thus (or so) earned is money stolen.7/如果分词是某些特定的词( 这时分词也可以放在名词前面) ：He is a poet born (or born poet)He is a novelist born and bred (or a born and bred nov

296、elist).An artist born and brought up (or a born and brought up artist ) must be different from anordinary man.The terms above-metioned (or -cited, -specified,-said, -named) should be carried out.The person before- (or afore-) metioned died in 1950.The expected visitor came in the year following at t

297、he time appointed.分词短语1/现在分词短语：现在分词短语必须放在所修饰名词的后面，它相当于一个包含一般时或进行时谓语的从句（ 完成分词不能这样用） ：It is a question puzzling (=that puzzles) many people.( 带有宾语) ( 比较：It is a puzzling question.)He was a businessman growing（ = that grew ） rich in recent years.（ 带有补语）（ 比较：He is a growing boy.）The gentleman talking （

298、= who is talking ） so loudly is my uncle.（ 带有副词） （ 比较：Can you read her talking eyes?）The lady visiting （ = who visited） us from time to time taught us French.（ 带有副词短语）The girl coming to learn music is only siz years old.（ 带有不定式作状语）Anybody getting up as soon as the cock crows will be rewarded/ said m

299、y father.（ 带有状语从句）2/过去分词短语：过去分词短语也必须放在所修饰的名词后面，它相当于一个被包含有被动谓语的定语从句，这个谓语可以是完成时态，也可以是 般时态。 若分词是被动进行形式（ 即由being开头的短语） ，这个谓语又可以是进行时态。Dogs cruelly treated （ = which have been cruelly treated ） will be vicious.（ 带有副词）The woman abandoned （ = who had been abandoned） by her husband called on me one day.（ 带有副

300、词短语）I drink water boiled （ = which has been boiled） at least ten minutes.Book called （ =that are called ） the comics may be harmful to children.（ 带有补语）Boys disciplined （ = who are disciplined） when they are yong will become good citizens.（ 带有状语从句）I shall study the subject being studied ( = which is

301、being studied) by so many students.( 带有being)The text-book being used ( = which is being used) in this school is Let Us Learn French.c)前面带as的分词连词as可以用在分词前面The news as arriving ( = The news as it arrives, Such news as arrives( today is not believable.(There may be different news).The results as procl

302、aimed (=The results as they have been proclaimed, Such results as havebeen proclaimed) in todays newspaper are encouraging.His ability as displayed during the last three months was inadequate.I will tell you a story as told by my mother.b.作主: 语补语的分词现在分词和过去分词都可以用在is,was,grow,feel这类系动词后做补语( 亦称表语) 。由于它

303、们修饰解释主语，可以称作主语补语：It is interesting (or charming, astonishing, exciting).( 这些表示情绪的现在分词这里用作纯粹的形容词，尽管看起来像谓语动词，却不是谓语动词。 )He was interested (or charmed, astonished,excited).这些表示情绪的过去分词, 这里也是用作纯粹的形容词She is very (or greatly) delighted (or disgusted, concerned, pleased).( 带有表示程度的副词)He felt interested (or ch

304、armed, astonished, excited, annoyed, assured ).He appears (or seems ) pretending (or sparing, unthinking, grasping, forbidding).It looks decayed (or withered, rotten, sunken).He remains unsatisfied; the matter remains unsettled and untouched.His illness continued unchanged.He became excited (or disc

305、ouraged).He got scolded.He grew tired of life.The situation proves encouraging.c.作宾语补语的分词分词也可用在see,hear,set,make,keep这类宾补动词后，作宾语的补语，修饰或谈及宾语的情况，他们称为宾语补语。它们仍具有动词的特点，可以有宾语、补语及修饰语。另外，如果这些宾补动词表示感官作用，它们可以转变为及物动词，同时现在分词或过去分词可以变成that从句中的谓语动词：I saw( 宾补动词)him ( 宾 语 )running ( 现在分词作宾补)off. (= I saw ( 及物动词)that

306、 he wasrunning or ran ( 谓语动词)off)I found（ 宾补动词）those people （ 宾语）working （ 现在分词）hard. （ = I found （ 及物动词）thatthose people were working or worked （ 谓语动词）hard.）They heard her singing.Did you notice that fellow stealing it?I saw the thief caught by policemen. （ = I saw that the thief was caught by the

307、policemen.）Do your own yourself defeated?（ = Do you own that you have been defeated?）He declared himself satisfied.I must see everything done properly.I found everything changed.如果宾补动词不表示感官作用，分词则不能变为that从句中的谓语动词：He left his children playing in the street.The joke set all of them laughing.They must k

308、eep the pot boiling.I have kept you waiting a long time.He sent the ball flying.They caught him doing evil.I cant make myself understood.His actions make him respected, but not his words.I have a house built on the mountain.Please get thie luggage carried into the room.分词也可由being开始：He watched the pi

309、ctures being hung on the wall.I found myself being looked after by ten servants. (= I found that I was being looked after byten servants.)在某些宾补动词后，现在分词前可加连词as:He described the city as expressing the modern idea of speed.He quoted Confucius as saying this.He recorded the movement as beginning a new e

310、ra.He accepted me as having seen much of the world.The results show their lessons as having been neglected.He looked upon the accident as being caused by a grave misunderstanding.在个别动词的被动结构后也可带as的分词短语：The story was told as having happened to himself.An old man was represented as standing among his s

311、ons.I was given a dictionary as being the best students.d.作解释性修饰语得分词作为解释性修饰语，它常常放在主语后面或前面，由逗号把它和主语分开，就像一个作状语的分词一样。但是作状语的分词可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步等，可改为一个状语从句，并修饰谓语动词。作解释性修饰语的分词若说明伴随的情况时，不能变为状语从句，这时对主语的说明多于对谓语的说明。对下面两对句子加以比较，就可看出这两种用法的差别：Gasping and excited( 作状语的分词) ,Richard aroused suspicion. ( = Because he

312、gasped and wasexcited, Richard aroused suspicion.)Gasping and excited( 作解释性修饰语的分词) ,Richard arrived home. (Approximately= Richardgasped and was excited when he arived home;或 Richard gasped and was excited, and thushe arrived home.)Not seen by anyone( 作状语的分词) ,David stole the watch. ( = As he was not

313、 seen by anyone,David stole the watch)Not seen by anyone(), David ran past. (Approxinately= David was not seen by anyone whenhe ran past;或 David was not seen by anyone, and thus he ran past.)下面是一些包含有解释性修饰语的句子：Shivering and greatly ashamed, Lilian lowered her head.Starving, John wandered about.Kneeli

314、ng and shutting her eyes, Mary prayed to the goddess.Bleeding and fainting, he waited for the ambulance.Closing the door, he shut out the beggar.Shouting aloud, he called to me.Walking along the bank, the poet sang a sorrowful song.Dressed in while, she suddenly appeared.Supported by his sons, the old man came out.这些分词放在主语后时最不强调，放在句末时强调意义最明显Richard,gasping and excited, arrived home.David, not seen by anyone, ran past.Mary, kneeling and shutting her eyes, prayed to the goddess.（ 只有主语为名词时，分词才可放在它后面，如果是代词，譬如说he,就不能放在这个位置. ）