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1、Metaphor隐喻1.DefinitionIt is a word or a phrase used in an imaginative way to describe sb/sth else, in order to show that the two things have the same quantities and to make the description more powerful.Websters New world dictionary ：a figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which a wo
2、rd or phrase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another.隐喻也是一种比喻，它不用比喻词，直接把喻体当作本体来描述，其比喻关系隐含在句意中，从而更生动，更深刻地说明事理，增强语言的表现力。2.Classification1) Nominal metaphor Nominal metaphor refers to the metaphor in which the metaphorical meaning is mainly expressed by noun. * Time is money. 2
3、) Verbal metaphor Verbal metaphor refers to the metaphor whose metaphorical implication is expressed by verb. * Her eyes bored into him. * Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.3.Classification3) Adjective metaphor Adjective metaphor refers to th
4、e metaphor whose metaphorical meaning is indicated by adjective. * I could hardly put up with his acid remarks. 4) Quasi-metaphor Quasi-metaphor refers to the metaphor whose implication is shown by the word formed with some suffixes such as -ry, -ly, -sh, ic,etc. * The fat man licked his lips. His p
5、iggy eyes , as if unbelieving, were focused upon her own.4.Classification5) Idiomic or proverbial metaphor Idiomatic or proverbial metaphor refers to a metaphor which contain an idiom or proverb. * He was almost at the end of his tether when he stumbled on the solution of his difficulty. 6) Denomina
6、tive-verb metaphor When a noun serves as a verb, it becomes a denominative verb, which has two-fold meaning. In this case, this metaphorical meaning is expressed by the denominal verb, which is known as denominative-verb metaphor. * Misfortune dogged him at every corner.5.Classification7)Condensed m
7、etaphor In a condensed metaphor, the tenor is used to modify the vehicle. * Hurstwood complied and the car shot away, followed by a rattle of stones and a rain of curses. 8) Alphabetic metaphor Alphabetic metaphor refers to a metaphor in which a letter of alphabet serves as vehicle * Long lines of w
8、omen, bent double like inverted capital Ls, working their way slowing across the fields. T- shirt, V - neck, O-circle, U- magnet6.Classification9)Mixed metaphor Mixed metaphor is the thoughtless use of more than one metaphor in a context so that incongruous images are brought to mind. It is the junc
9、tion of two inconsistent metaphors, which can produce a special effect , a very amusing, but illogical imagery. * He was such a marvellous person that whenever he recognized a spark of genius, hed water it. 10) Orientational metaphor Orientational metaphor is produced by reference of space of direct
10、ion, it is supposed by some people, largely based on the concept of space. * He is a man of deep insight , sense and thought. * He passed in the final examination with very low grade.7.Classification11) Dead metaphor Dead metaphor refers a metaphor, in which the metaphorical novelty or freshness has
11、 faded. * When they reached the foot of the mountain, they found a running rock. * He lit a fresh cigar, and said, Now we have come to some common points.8.设喻方法每一巧妙而令人难忘的比喻都来自生活的实践和作者丰富的想象。尽管metaphor有千千万万，但在本体(noumenon)和喻体(implication)的关系方面，也就是metaphor的设喻方法，归纳起来大致有三种：1.以一种形象具体的事物去比喻另一形象具体的事物。 The tr
12、ee of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants. It is natural manure. 自由之树常以志士和暴君的血来浇灌，这些鲜血是自由之树的天然肥料。 此例以肥料喻革命志士与暴君之血。此例以肥料喻革命志士与暴君之血。9.设喻方法2.用形象具体的事物，比喻抽象的事物或概念。 Its the same with Negro in America. That shoethe white mans systemhas pinched and rubbed squee
13、zed his soul until it has almost destroyed him. 美国黑人的情况也是这样，白人制度这只鞋夹紧了他的灵魂，使之受磨难，几乎要把他毁掉了。 用夹紧黑人的灵魂的一只鞋子来比喻美国的白人制度，这是典用夹紧黑人的灵魂的一只鞋子来比喻美国的白人制度，这是典型的以具体事物比喻抽象事物。型的以具体事物比喻抽象事物。10.设喻方法3.以抽象概念(abstract conception)去比喻另一抽象概念。 It was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, It was the epoch of beli
14、ef, it was the epoch of doubtfulness, it was the season of light, it was the season of darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair. 这是智慧的年代，这是愚蠢的年代，这是信仰的年代，这是怀疑的年代，这是光明的季节，黑暗的季节，这是希望之春，这是失望之冬。 在此例中，作者将在此例中，作者将“时间时间”这一抽象概念，用一系列的其他抽这一抽象概念，用一系列的其他抽象概念：智慧，愚蠢，信仰，怀疑，光明，黑暗，希望，失望来比象概念：智慧，愚蠢，信仰，怀疑，光明，黑暗，希望，失望来比喻。喻。11.Thank you!12.
