《张道真实用英语语法Chapter22分析》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《张道真实用英语语法Chapter22分析（28页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、Chapter 22AttributesGeneral introduction v A. Definition A word or phrase syntactically subordinate to another word or phrase that it modifies is called attribute.v B. Ways to express attribute a. Adjective e.g. Its a fine (windy, rainy, warm) day. b. Pronoun (determiner) e.g. Whose child is it? Hel
2、p yourself to some (more) fish. General introduction c. Numeral e.g. Is it your first visit to Japan? d. Noun or possessive case of noun e.g. She is a college graduate. Whats your governments attitude towards the problem? e. Participle (phrase) e.g. These are the roads leading to the beach. f. The i
3、nfinitive (phrase) e.g. Ive something important to discuss with you.General introduction g. Prepositional phrase e.g. He is absorbed in his work on bacteria. h. Adverb e.g. On my way home, I continued angry with Betty. i. Phrases or compound words e.g. He is an easy-going man. j. Clause e.g. Shes a
4、girl everyone likes.General introductionvC. Participle used as attribute a. Present participles can be used as attribute, sometimes have been changed into adjectives e.g. The towns water comes from the surrounding hills. There were growing doubts about the victory statement. b. In some conditions, p
5、resent participle and its modified word can be used as an attributive clause e.g. The girl sitting by my side is my cousin. Its a room on the second floor, looking on the street.General introduction c. Past participle can be used as attribute, sometimes it has changed into adjective e.g. The excited
6、 children were opening their Christmas presents. Her father is a retired general. d. The past participle can introduce phrases to used as attribute, put after the modified word, equal to an attributive clause e.g. They showed a French feature film dubbed into English. She is a nurse trained by ourse
7、lves.General introductionvD. The infinitive used as attribute a. The infinitive can be used as attribute in certain sentence patterns e.g. I have tons of letters to answer. The teacher assigned us some books to read. b. After some nouns, the infinitive usually used as attribute (P524) e.g. Has he th
8、e ability to do the work? c. Sometimes the infinitive can substitute for an attributive clause e.g. Perhaps in years to come well meet again.General introductionvE. Prepositional phrases and adverbs used as attribute a. Prepositional phrases used as attribute e.g. The streets about the castle are fu
9、ll of places of historic interest. One might call it a mistake in tactics. b. After some nouns prepositional phrases used as attribute e.g. He shows an absence of initiative. c. Adverbs can be used as attribute e.g. The then headmaster ordered these textbooks.Nouns and noun phrases used as attribute
10、vA. Nouns used as attribute a. Nouns can be used as attribute, sometimes can form set phrases or even compound words (P526-527) e.g. information desk service counter football match life insurance blood pressure emergency room b. Compound nouns can be used as attribute (P527) e.g. a deep-sea diver tw
11、o-way traffic a part-time job a life-and-death struggle first-rate surgeon a five-star hotelNouns and noun phrases used as attributevB. Noun + of attribute (P527-528) e.g. a bottle of orange juice a carton of yogurt a pound of sugar a loaf of bread an ounce of gold a spoonful of medicine lots of peo
12、ple torrents of rain numbers of tourists gusts of windAttributive clausesvA. Restrictive Attributive Clauses a. Definition An attributive clause is a subordinate clause that functions as an attribute of a noun phrase. Attributive clauses refer to and qualify a noun (or a pronoun) in the main clause.
13、 And the restrictive attributive clause is a subordinate clause which limits the modified word. e.g. The man who robbed him has been arrested. Thats the best hotel (that) I know.Attributive clauses b. The subordinate clauses are usually introduced by relative pronouns or relative adverbs e.g. The fr
14、iend with whom I was traveling spoke French. The car which (that) I hired broke down. This is the village where I was born. These are the reasons why we do it. c. When the relative pronouns are used as object in the subordinate clause, they can be omitted in most cases, especially in spoken English
15、and when the modified words are all, everything, etc. e.g. These are the things (that) you need. Anything I can do for you? Thats the only thing we can do now.Attributive clauses d. Some attributive clauses indicating time are not introduced by “when”, especially in certain sentence patterns e.g. Ev
16、ery time the telephone rings, he gets nervous. This was the first time I had serious trouble with my boss. But help never stopped coming from the day she fell ill. Throughout the period I was in London, it rained heavily.Attributive clausesvB. Non-restrictive Attributive Clauses a. Definition Non-re
17、strictive attributive clauses are clauses which give extra information to the antecedent instead of limiting the modified word. And comma is usually used to interrupt the sentence. e.g. Paul, whom everyone suspected, turned out to be innocent. This house, for which he paid $ 150,000, is now worth $
18、300,000. # Pay attention: “that” and “why” cannot be used in the non-restrictive attributive clauses, and any relative adverb cannot be omitted.Attributive clausesb. In the non-restrictive attributive clauses, of / other prepositions + “which, whom” e.g. The buses, most of which were already full, w
19、ere surrounded by an angry crowd. It had drafted two constitutions, one of which was never put in force. She had eight children, three of whom lived to grow up. I met the fruit-pickers, several of whom were college students.c. Sometimes “which” can present the full or partial meaning of the former c
20、lauses e.g. They rely on themselves, which is much better. He invited us to dinner, which was very kind of him. When deeply absorbed in work, which he often was, he would forget all about eating or sleeping.Attributive clausesd. Sometimes “which” can be used as attribute in the subordinate clauses e
21、.g. I called him by the wrong name, for which mistake I should apologize. Tom spent four years in college, during which time he learned French.e. Differences between the restrictive attributive clauses and non-restrictive attributive clause 1) Meaning The restrictive attributive clause modifies the
22、antecedent. If it is cut off, the sentence will not have a full meaning, while the non-restrictive attributive clause gives extra information. It can be cut off. It doesnt influence the meaning of the whole sentence.Attributive clausese.g. They have a daughter who is a teacher. They have a daughter,
23、 who is a teacher.2) The antecedent The antecedent is a noun or a noun phrase in the restrictive attributive clause, while the antecedent can be a noun, a noun phrase or a whole sentence in the non-restrictive attributive clause. e.g. He wears a red skirt which makes him like a girl. He wears a red
24、skirt, which makes him like a girl.3) The position The antecedent is followed by the restrictive attributive clause without comma. But the non-restrictive attributive clause is separated from the main clause by comma. If the non-restrictive attributive clause gives extra information to the main clau
25、se, it can be put in the end / middle / beginning of the main clause.Attributive clausese.g. I want to buy the house which has a garden. I want to buy the house, which has a garden. As is known to all, the earth is round. The earth is round, which is known to all. * Pay attention: when the non-restr
26、ictive attributive clause is put at the beginning of the main clause, we can use the relative pronoun “as”. 4) The relative All the relatives can be used in the restrictive attributive clause, while “that” cannot be used in the non-restrictive attributive clause.Attributive clauses e.g. Lets discuss
27、 the question that / which we are interested in. Lets discuss the question, which we are interested in.5) Translation When a restrictive attributive clause is translated, it is always put before the antecedent. While a complex sentence with a non-restrictive attributive is translated, it is always t
28、ranslated with two sentences. e.g. The woman who is talking to my teacher is my mother. 和我的老师谈话的那位妇女是我母亲。和我的老师谈话的那位妇女是我母亲。 The woman, who is talking to my teacher, is my mother. 那位妇女是我的母亲，她在和我老师谈话。那位妇女是我的母亲，她在和我老师谈话。Attributive clauses f. Other attributive clauses 1) “as” can be used as relative pro
29、noun to introduce attributive clauses, mainly connected with “such” e.g. We have such grapes as you never saw. He returned with such provisions as were needed. We hoped to give you a chance such as nobody else ever had. He was a foreigner, as I knew from his accent. 2) “but” can also be used as rela
30、tive pronoun to introduce attributive clauses, similar to “that (who)not”. e.g. There is no tree but bears some fruit. Surely there isnt a mother but faces this problem.Attributive clauses3) Whereby, wherein, whereupon can be also used to introduce the attributive clauses e.g. Theyve set a plan wher
31、eby (=by which) you can spread the cost over a period. I told her she looked fat, whereupon (= upon which) she threw the entire contents of a saucepan at me and burst into tears. He gazed once more around the room, wherein (=in which) were assembled his entire family.The appositivev A. Nouns, pronou
32、ns or numerals used as appositive a. After a noun e.g. She is my niece Maria. 1) Definite appositive The appositive has a close relationship with the noun or pronoun, and there is no comma between them. e.g. He wrote a biography of the Russian writer Tolstoy. You girls are much more active than us b
33、oys. 2) Indefinite appositive The appositive has a loose relationship with the noun, and there is usually a comma to cut them off. e.g. They are staying at Beidaihe, a summer resort in Northern China.The appositive b. Pronouns or numerals used as appositive e.g. Were both from (both come from) the n
34、orth. We each put forward a proposal. She seemed different from us all. Another example is John Brown Senior, now 66, who has been here for 40 years. You three sit there.The appositivevB. Adjectives or phrases used as appositive a. Sometimes appositive can be adjectives e.g. People, old and young, c
35、ame out to greet the distinguished visitors. Middle-aged, tall and thin, he looked the typical Shanxi farmer. b. Some appositive can introduce an adverb or pronoun e.g. It has several waiting rooms, all airy and filled with chairs and sofas. These methods, systematically summarized, are now being po
36、pularized in the whole country.The appositivec. Some appositive can be introduced by “for example, including, etc.” e.g. New Zealand possesses rich mineral deposits, including gold. They visit eight cities, for example, London and Paris. The children like the animals, particularly the panda. Im plea
37、sed with only one boy, namely George.The appositivev C. Appositive clauses a. Definition Appositive clauses look a great deal like relative clauses. An appositive clause does not include the noun that it attaches to; the appositive clause is like a linking verb-or an equal sign. Appositive clauses c
38、an be related to particulate verbs and their noun clause direct objects.The appositive b. Examples e.g. There was no doubt that he was a fine scholar. We have proof that this man committed the crime. He had the feeling that he would not see her again. I give my guarantee that he will support the idea. The rumor spread that a new school would be built here. The story goes that he often beats his wife. You have no idea how worried I was. There is some doubt (as to) whether John will come on time.AssignmentReview chapter 22Preview chapter 23Exercises of chapter 22
