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1、Intercultural CommunicationX.CulturalPatternsCultural Patterns1. Defining Cultural Patternsn nPeopleandculturesareextremelycomplexandconsistofnumerousinterrelatedculturalorientations.n nAusefulumbrellatermthatallowsustotalkaboutbeliefsandvaluesandotherorientationscollectivelyisculturalpatterns.1. De
2、fining Cultural Patternsn nYoushouldthinkofculturalpatternsasYoushouldthinkofculturalpatternsasaasystemofbeliefsandvaluessystemofbeliefsandvaluesthatworkinthatworkincombinationtoprovideacoherent,ifnotcombinationtoprovideacoherent,ifnotalwaysconsistent,alwaysconsistent,modelforperceivingthemodelforpe
3、rceivingtheworldworld. .n nThesepatternscontributenotonlytotheThesepatternscontributenotonlytothewayapeopleperceiveandthinkaboutthewayapeopleperceiveandthinkabouttheworld,butjustasimportantlyforourworld,butjustasimportantlyforourpurposes,purposes,themannerinwhichtheyliveinthemannerinwhichtheyliveint
4、hatworldthatworld. .2. Obstacles In Studying Cultural Patternsn nWearemuchmorethanourculture.TheThedominantvaluesdominantvaluesofaculturemaynotofaculturemaynotbethebethevaluesofindividualsvaluesofindividualswithinthatwithinthatculture.culture.Factorsasdivergentasage,gender,andFactorsasdivergentasage
5、,gender,andco-culturalaffiliations,alongwithco-culturalaffiliations,alongwith“socioeconomicstatue,educationallevel,“socioeconomicstatue,educationallevel,occupation,personalexperience”alsooccupation,personalexperience”alsoshapeyourviewofyourenvironment.shapeyourviewofyourenvironment.2. Obstacles In S
6、tudying Cultural Patternsn nHeterogeneityInfluencesCulturalPatterns.AnyattempttodelineateaAnyattempttodelineateanationalnationalculturecultureorortypicalculturalpatternsforanytypicalculturalpatternsforanyculturecultureisextremelyhazardousbecauseofisextremelyhazardousbecauseoftheheterogeneityofalmost
7、allsocieties.theheterogeneityofalmostallsocieties.CommonculturalpatternsthatcouldbeCommonculturalpatternsthatcouldbesaidtoholdforthewholecountrymustsaidtoholdforthewholecountrymustbelimitedtothebelimitedtothedominantculturedominantcultureineachineachcountry.country.2. Obstacles In Studying Cultural
8、Patternsn nCulturalPatternsChange.CultureschangeandthereforesodotheCultureschangeandthereforesodothevaluesoftheculturevaluesoftheculture. .However,evengrantingthedynamicHowever,evengrantingthedynamicnatureofcultureandvaluesystems,wenatureofcultureandvaluesystems,weagainremindyouthatregardlessofagain
9、remindyouthatregardlessofculture,culture,thedeepstructuresalwaysresistthedeepstructuresalwaysresistchangechange. .2. Obstacles In Studying Cultural Patternsn nCulturalPatternsAreOftenContradictory.Inmanyinstances,wefindInmanyinstances,wefindcontradictorycontradictoryvaluesvaluesinaparticularculture.
10、Thatis,inaparticularculture.Thatis,thereisoftenathereisoftenagulfgulfbetweenthevaluesbetweenthevaluesthatarethatarearticulatedarticulatedandthevaluesthatandthevaluesthatareareactedoutactedout. .2. Obstacles In Studying Cultural Patternsn nCulturalPatternsAreInterrelated.Thepatternsdonotoperateinisol
11、ationThepatternsdonotoperateinisolationtheyaretheyareinterrelatedandintegratedinterrelatedandintegrated. .n nCulturalPatternsArepointslyingonacontinuum.TherationaleisasimpleoneculturalTherationaleisasimpleoneculturaldifferencesareusuallyamatterofdifferencesareusuallyamatterofdegrees.degrees.3. Diver
12、se Cultural Patternsn nHofstedesValueDimensionsn nTheKluckhohnsandStrodtbecksValueOrientationsn nHallsHigh-ContextandLow-ContextOrientationsn nTing-ToomeysResearchonFaceandFacework3.1 Hofstedes Value Dimensions 3.1.1 Individualism/Collectivismn n“I” Consciousness“ “人们不哀鸣虑忧，他们尽力迈步向前，他人们不哀鸣虑忧，他们尽力迈步向前
13、，他们不等待别人援助，他们自助；他们不等待们不等待别人援助，他们自助；他们不等待机会，他们制造机会。机会，他们制造机会。” ”“ “你该牢记，你们的出路就在你的脚下。在你该牢记，你们的出路就在你的脚下。在你认为出路是在别处或别人身上时，你是要你认为出路是在别处或别人身上时，你是要失败的。失败的。” ”“ “你的机会，你的成功就包裹在你的人格中，你的机会，你的成功就包裹在你的人格中，你的成功是在你自己的生命中；正像未来的你的成功是在你自己的生命中；正像未来的栎树隐伏在栎子之中一样。你的成功就是你栎树隐伏在栎子之中一样。你的成功就是你的自我之演进，开展和表现。的自我之演进，开展和表现。”林语堂，林
14、语堂，19901990 3.1.1 Individualism/Collectivismn n“We” Consciousness“Ifonewantstoestablishhimself,he“Ifonewantstoestablishhimself,heshouldhelpotherstoestablishthemselvesshouldhelpotherstoestablishthemselvesatfirst.”atfirst.”“ “夫仁者，己欲立而立人，己欲达而达人。夫仁者，己欲立而立人，己欲达而达人。能近取譬，可谓仁之方也已。能近取譬，可谓仁之方也已。” ”论语论语 雍也雍也“
15、“独夫为我，即曰贪贼；能近取譬，即曰仁独夫为我，即曰贪贼；能近取譬，即曰仁义。义。”章炳麟章炳麟 菌说，菌说，189918993.1.2 Uncertainty Avoidancen nHigh-uncertaintyavoidanceculturestrytoHigh-uncertaintyavoidanceculturestrytoavoiduncertaintyandambiguitybyprovidingavoiduncertaintyandambiguitybyprovidingstabilitystabilityfortheirmembers,establishingforthei
16、rmembers,establishingmoremoreformalrulesformalrules,nottoleratingdeviant,nottoleratingdeviantideasandbehaviors,seekingideasandbehaviors,seekingconsensusconsensus,and,andbelievinginabsolutetruthsandthebelievinginabsolutetruthsandtheattainmentofexpertise.attainmentofexpertise.n nLow-uncertaintyavoidan
17、cecultureseasilyLow-uncertaintyavoidancecultureseasilyaccepttheuncertaintyinherentinlifeandaccepttheuncertaintyinherentinlifeandarenotasthreatenedbydeviantpeopleandarenotasthreatenedbydeviantpeopleandideas,sotheytoleratetheunusual.ideas,sotheytoleratetheunusual.3.1.3 Power Distancen nThepremiseofthe
18、dimensiondealswiththeThepremiseofthedimensiondealswiththeextentextenttowhichasocietyacceptsthattowhichasocietyacceptsthatpowerpowerinrelationships,institution,andorganizationsinrelationships,institution,andorganizationsisdistributedunequallyisdistributedunequally. .n nPeopleinhigh-power-distancecoun
19、triesPeopleinhigh-power-distancecountriesbelievethatpowerandauthorityarefactsofbelievethatpowerandauthorityarefactsoflifelifeSocialhierarchySocialhierarchyisprevalentandisprevalentandinstitutionalizesinequality.institutionalizesinequality.n nTopeopleinlow-power-distancecountries,aTopeopleinlow-power
20、-distancecountries,ahierarchyisaninequalityofrolesestablishedhierarchyisaninequalityofrolesestablishedforconvenience.forconvenience.3.1.4 Masculinity/Femininityn nMasculinityistheextenttowhichthedominantMasculinityistheextenttowhichthedominantvaluesinasocietyarevaluesinasocietyaremaleorientedmaleori
21、entedandisandisassociatedwithsuchbehaviorsasassociatedwithsuchbehaviorsasambition,ambition,differentiatedsexroles,achievement,thedifferentiatedsexroles,achievement,theacquisitionofmoney,andsignsofmanlinessacquisitionofmoney,andsignsofmanliness. .n nCulturesthatvaluefemininityasatraitstressCulturesth
22、atvaluefemininityasatraitstresscaringandnurturingbehaviorscaringandnurturingbehaviors.Afeminineworld.Afeminineworldviewmaintainsthatmenneednotbeassertiveandviewmaintainsthatmenneednotbeassertiveandthattheycanassumenurturingroles;italsothattheycanassumenurturingroles;italsopromotessexualequalitypromo
23、tessexualequalityandholdthatpeopleandandholdthatpeopleandtheenvironmentareimportant.theenvironmentareimportant.3.1.5 Long/Short Term Orientation3.2 Halls High-Context and Low-Context Orientationsn nHallcategorizesculturesasHallcategorizesculturesasbeingeitherhighorlowbeingeitherhighorlowcontext,depe
24、ndingonthecontext,dependingonthedegreedegreetowhichtowhichmeaningmeaning comesfromthecomesfromthesettingssettingsororfromthefromthewordsbeingwordsbeingexchangedexchanged. .n nHalldefinescontextas“theHalldefinescontextas“theinformationthatsurroundsinformationthatsurroundsaneventanevent;itisinextricab
25、ly;itisinextricablyboundupwiththemeaningboundupwiththemeaningoftheevent.”oftheevent.”3.2.1 High-Contextn nAhighcontext(HC)communicationorAhighcontext(HC)communicationormessageisoneinwhichmostofthemessageisoneinwhichmostoftheinformationisalreadyintheperson,whileinformationisalreadyintheperson,whileve
26、rylittleisinthecoded,explicitlytransmittedverylittleisinthecoded,explicitlytransmittedpartofthemessagepartofthemessage. .n nInhigh-contextcultures,peopleareveryInhigh-contextcultures,peopleareveryhomogeneoushomogeneouswithregardtoexperiences,withregardtoexperiences,informationnetworks,andthelike.Hig
27、h-informationnetworks,andthelike.High-contextcultures,becauseoftraditionandcontextcultures,becauseoftraditionandhistory,history,changeverylittleovertimechangeverylittleovertime. .3.2.1 High-Contextn n“Formostnormaltransactionsindailylifethey“Formostnormaltransactionsindailylifetheydonotrequire,nordo
28、theyexpect,muchin-donotrequire,nordotheyexpect,muchin-depth,backgroundinformation”.Meaning,depth,backgroundinformation”.Meaning,therefore,isnotnecessarilycontainedintherefore,isnotnecessarilycontainedinwords.Informationisprovidedthroughwords.Informationisprovidedthroughgestures,theuseofspace,andeven
29、silencegestures,theuseofspace,andevensilence. .Meaningisalsoconveyed“throughMeaningisalsoconveyed“throughstatuestatue(age,sex,education,familybackground,title,(age,sex,education,familybackground,title,andaffiliations)andthroughanindividualsandaffiliations)andthroughanindividualsinformalfriendsandass
30、ociatesinformalfriendsandassociates.”.”3.2.1 High-Contextn nHigh-contextculturestendtobemoreawareHigh-contextculturestendtobemoreawareoftheiroftheirsurroundingssurroundingsandtheirandtheirenvironmentenvironment anddonotrelyonanddonotrelyonverbalcommunicationverbalcommunicationasastheirmaininformatio
31、nchannel.theirmaininformationchannel.n nInhigh-contextcultures,somuchinformationInhigh-contextcultures,somuchinformationisavailableintheenvironmentthatisavailableintheenvironmentthatitisitisunnecessarytoverbalizeeverythingunnecessarytoverbalizeeverything. .3.2.2 Low-Contextn nAlowcontext(LC)communic
32、ationisjusttheAlowcontext(LC)communicationisjusttheopposite;i.e.,opposite;i.e.,themassoftheinformationisthemassoftheinformationisvestedintheexplicitcodevestedintheexplicitcode. .n nInlow-contextcultures,thepopulationisInlow-contextcultures,thepopulationislesslesshomogeneoushomogeneousandthereforeten
33、dstoandthereforetendstocompartmentalizeinterpersonalcontacts.Thiscompartmentalizeinterpersonalcontacts.Thislackofalargepooloflackofalargepoolofcommonexperiencescommonexperiences meansthat“eachtimetheyinteractwithmeansthat“eachtimetheyinteractwithotherstheyneedotherstheyneeddetailedbackgrounddetailed
34、backgroundinformationinformation.” .”3.2.2 Low-Contextn nInlow-contextcultures,theInlow-contextcultures,theverbalmessageverbalmessage containsmostoftheinformationandverycontainsmostoftheinformationandverylittleisembeddedinthecontextorthelittleisembeddedinthecontextortheparticipants.participants.n nP
35、eopleinhigh-contextculturesperceivelow-Peopleinhigh-contextculturesperceivelow-contextpeople,whorelyprimarilyonverbalcontextpeople,whorelyprimarilyonverbalmessagesforinformation,aslesscredible.messagesforinformation,aslesscredible.TheybelievethatsilenceoftensendsabetterTheybelievethatsilenceoftensendsabettermessagethanwords,andanyonewhoneedsmessagethanwords,andanyonewhoneedswordsdoesnothavetheinformation.wordsdoesnothavetheinformation.3.2.3 Case Study
