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1、中考英语专题阅读理解外研社【 本讲教育信息】教学内容：中考专题阅读理解二 . 重难点讲解：( 一 ) 阅读理解题的命题特点阅读理解能力的培养是中学英语学习的一项重要任务， 也是中考的一项重要内容。中考阅读理解题主要考查学生的语篇阅读能力、 分析和判断能力。 要求学生能较快地通过阅读理解短文大意，获取其中的主要信息，能做出正确判断，然后根据试题的要求从A, B, C, D四个选项中选出最佳答案或做出正误判断。 文章的难易程度和初三课文基本相同， 要求阅读速度为每分钟40-50个词。中考阅读理解的阅读材料的选取一般遵循三个原则：1 . 阅读文章不少于三篇，阅读量在1, 000单词左右；2 . 题材
2、广泛，包括科普，社会，文化，政治，经济等；3 . 体裁多样，包括记叙文，说明文，应用文等。中考阅读理解考查的主要内容是：1 . 考查掌握所读材料的主旨和大意的能力。此类考查主旨和大意的题大多数针对段落( 或短文) 的主题，主题思想，标题或目的，其主要提问方式是：( 1) Which is the best title of the passage?(2) Which of the following is this passage about?(3) In this passage the writer tries to tell us t hat .(4) The passage tells
3、 us t hat .(5) This passage mainly talks a bout .2 . 考查把握文章的事实和细节的能力。此类考查事实和细节的题目大多数是针对文章的细节设计的，其主要提问方式是：( 1) Which of the following is right?(2) Which of the following is not mentioned?(3) Which of the following is Not True in the passage?(4) Choose the right order of this passage.(5) From this pas
4、sage we know.3 . 考查根据上下文猜测生词的含义的能力。此类猜测词义的题目要求考生根据上下文确定某一特定的词或短语的准确含义。 其主要提问方式是：( 1) The word in the passage probably me ans .(2) The underlined word It in the passage refers to.(3) In this story the underlined word me ans .(4) Here it me a ns .4 . 考查对阅读材料全篇的逻辑关系的理解, 对文章各段，各句之间的逻辑关系的理解能力。此类题目主要考查的是句
5、与句之间，短语之间的逻辑关系，其主要提问方式是:( 1) Many visitors come to the writers city to.(2) Some shops can be built Donfeng Square so that they ma y.(3) Air pollution is the most serious kind of pollution b e c a u s e .(4) Why did the writer get off the train two stops before Vienna station?5 . 考查依据短文内容和考生应有的常识进行推理
6、和判断的能力。此类题目文章中没有明确的答案， 需要考生在理解全文的基础上进行推理和判断。 其主要提问方式是：( 1) We can guess the writer of the letter may be a.(2) We can infer from the text t hat .(3) From the letters weve learned that ifs very to know something about Americansocial customs.(4) From the story we can gu e s s .(5) What would be happy i
7、f.?6 . 考查推断作者意图和态度的能力。( 1) How did the writer feel at Vienna station?(2) The writer writes this text to.(3) The writer believes t hat .(4) The writer suggests t hat .( 二) 阅读理解题的解题技巧明确了阅读理解题的考查要点以后，我们现在来研究破解阅读理解题的方法和技巧。1 .如何获取段落的主旨和大意？最有效的办法是找出主题句。一篇文章( 或一段文章) 通常都是围绕一个中心意思展开的。 而这个中心意思往往由一个句子来概括。 这个能概
8、括文章或段落中心意思的句子叫做主题句。因此，理解一个段落或一篇文章的中心意思首先要学会寻找主题句。主题句一般具有三个特点：( 1 ) 表述的意思比较概括，相对其主句来看，这种概括性更为明显。( 2 ) 句子结构较简单，多数都不采用长、难句的形式。( 3 ) 段落中其它的句子必定是用来解释、支撑或发展主题句所表述的主题思想。在一个段落中，大部分主题句的位置有两种：( 1)主题句在段首主题句在段首的情况相当普遍。一般新闻报道、说明文，议论文大都采用先总述，后分述的叙事方法。例如：2003年陕西省英语中考试题阅读材料B的第一段：All living things on the earth need
9、other living things to live. Nothing lives alone. Mostanimals must live in a group, and even a plant grows close together with others of the same kind.Sometimes one living thing kills another, one eats and the other is eaten. Each kind of life eatsanother kind of life in order to live, and together
10、they form a food chain ( 食物链) 。Some foodchains become broken up if one of the links disappears.第一句即是主题句。这个句子概括了本段的中心意思，“ 地球上所有的生物要生存都离不开其它的生物” 。后面讲述了大量的事实， ” 大部分动物必须成群的生活，甚至一种植物也要和其它同类的植物靠在一起生长。 有时一种生物杀死另一种生物， 一种生物吃另一种生物，而另一种生物被吃” 。在列举了大量的事实之后，作者指出：如果这些食物链中的一个链环消失，所有的食物都会断掉。所有这些事实都是围绕第一个句子展开的。( 2 )
11、主题句在段末。用归纳法写文章时，往往表述细节的句子在前，概述性的句子在后，并以此结尾。这种位于句末的主题句往往是对前面细节的总结，归纳或结论。 例如2002年陕西省中考试题阅读材料A的最后一段：If you buy some well-made clothes, you can save money because they can last longer. Theylook good even after they have been washed many times. Sometimes some clothes cost moremoney, but it does not mean
12、that they are always better made, or they always fit better. In otherwords, some less expensive clothes look and fit better than more expensive clothes.这段文章前面列举了两件事实：如果你买一些制作优良的衣服，你会省钱，因为这些衣服能穿得时间长一些。即使他们洗了很多次，仍然看起来很好。有时有些衣服花得钱更多，但并不意味着这些衣服做得更好。 最后一句话是对这两个事实的概括： 有些价钱便宜的衣服比价钱贵的衣服更好看，更合身。段末这个句子就是主题句。2
13、 . 如何根据上下文猜测词义？猜测词义也是一种英语阅读能力。英语阅读理解试题中有不少这样的题目。任何一个实词， 只有在一定的上下文中才能表示一个确定的词义。 所谓上下文（ context） ,正如英语辞典所解释的，其作用就是帮助确定上下文中的词、短语或句子的意义。据此，我们可以尽可能地利用上下文来猜测词义， 即从已知推求未知， 也就是用我们所熟悉的词或短语来猜测我们不熟悉的词的词义。猜测词义时，我们可以从三个方面来考虑：（ 1） 根据上下文已知部分进行逻辑上的推理。（ 2）运用语法知识进行语法分析。（ 3）依靠常识和经验做出判断。根据上下文猜测词义的方法有下列几种：（ 1）根据定义或解释猜测词
14、义。例如：甘肃省2002年中考英语试题阅读材料B:A bag is usefi.il and the word bag is useful. It gives us someinteresting phrases （ 短语）. One is to let the cat out of the bag. It is the same as to tell asecret”.Now when someone lets out （ 泄漏）a secret, he “lets the cat out of the bag.”短文后面有一个理解题目：John “lets the cat out of t
15、he bag“ means he.A. makes everyone know a secretB. the woman boul a catC. buys a cat in the bagD. sells the cat in the bag在这篇文章里，“let the cat out of the bag”虽然是一个新出现的短语，但紧接着后面就给出解释It is the same as “to tell a secret.根据这一解释，我们就可判断出正确答案应为A。（ 2）根据并列、同位关系猜测词义。例如：福州市2002年中考英语试题的阅读材料AIn the northeast of t
16、he United States, summer temperatures are very different from wintertemperatures. Summer is usually hot, and winter is usually cold. Spring temperatures are warm,and fall temperatures are cool.文后有这样一道阅读理解题：The word “fhll in this passage me ans .A. drop B. down C. autumn D. spring尽管fall 一词课本里没出现过，但根据
17、文中的并列关系Summer is usually hot, and winteris usually cold. Spring temperatures are warm, and fall temperatures are cool.我们就可猜出fall就是 autumn。除了前面提到的方法以外，还有下面一些方法（ 3）根据同义、反义、因果关系猜测词义.3 . 如何确定细节和事实？在阅读理解题目中，有相当一部分是考查细节和事实的题目。这类题目相对容易一些。这些题目有两个共同特点：（ 1）凡属针对特定细节的考题，其正确答案大都可以在阅读材料中找到对应的文字部分作为验证。 这一部分可能是一个词或
18、短语， 也可能是一个句子或相关的若干句子，但句式、用词和表达方式不同。（ 2）干扰项往往是主体思想与细节混杂，正确答案细节和非正确答案的细节混杂，甚至真假混杂。因此，要做好阅读理解中的确定细节和事实的题目，一要在文章中找出相应的信息点，二要排除干扰项。请看2003年陕西省中考英语试题阅读理解题第48小题：What do plants make food from? They make food f r om.A. sunlight, water and things in the soil and airB. water, sunlight and things in the soilC. w
19、ater and things in the soil and airD. water, sunlight and things in the soil这一小题考查的就是文章的细节和事实。这一细节和事实的表述在文章中可以直接找至： Plants are factories. They make food from sunlight, water and things in the soil and air.4 . 如何进行推断？所谓推断，就是根据阅读材料中所提供的信息，推断出未知的信息，即把有关的文字作为已知部分，从中推断出未知部分。句一推断的有关文字可能是词或句子，也可能是若干句子，甚至是全
20、文。中考英语试题中的推断题很多，包括的面也很大。其类型主要有以下几种：（ 1）事实推断：这种推断常常针对某一个或几个具体细节，是比较简单的推断。进行这种推断，要首先在文章中找出据以推断的有关文字，然后加以分析，尤其要悟出字里行间的意思。请看2002年南京市中考英语试题阅读理解第14小题：According to the passage, which of the following can you most possibly watch on TV?A. You often play football with your friends after school.B. Y our teache
21、r has got a cold.C. A tiger in the city zoo has run out and hasnt been caught.D. The bike in front of your house is lost.在阅读材料中，有这样一段文字：Secondly, a news story has to be interesting and unusual. People dont want to read storiesabout everyday life. As a result, many stories are about some kind of dang
22、er and seem to be badnews.根据这段文字，我们可以推断：电视报道的新闻故事应是有趣的和不平常的。因此，正确答案应为C。推断题还包括以下几个方面：（ 2）指代推断：确定指代词的含义和指代对象是阅读理解题常见的题目。要确定指代词所指代的对象，关键在于对所在上下文的正确理解。指代名词的指代词，其单复数形式英语被指代的词一致，因此数的形式可作为识别指代对象第一个辅助标志。（ 3） 逻辑推断这类题目往往是要求根据文章所提供的背景，人物的表情，动作和语言来推断出人物的态度或感觉。（ 4）对作者的意图和态度的推断这一类考题大都要求考生就作者对论述对象持什么样的态度做出推断， 如作者对
23、所陈述的观点是赞同、反对，还是犹豫不定，对记述或描写的人、物或事件是赞颂、同情、冷漠，还是厌恶。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩不一定直接表述出来，而往往隐含在字里行间。因此，进行这种推断时，我们既要依靠短文的主题思想作为推断的前提，又要注意作者的措辞，尤其是形容词一类的修饰语。（ 三）阅读理解题的实例分析例1：请看2003年陕西中考英语试题阅读材料AHappiness is for everyone. You dont need to care about those people who have beautifulhouses with large gardens and swimming
24、pools or those who have nice cars and a lot of moneyand so on. Why? Because those who have big houses may often feel lonely and those who havecars may want to walk on the country roads at their free time.In fact, happiness is always around you if you put your heart into it. When you are in troubleat
25、 school, your friends will help you; when you study hard at your lessons, your parents are alwaystaking good care of your life and your health; when you get success, your friends will saycongratulations to you; when you do something wrong, people around you will help you to correctit. And when you d
26、o something good to others, you will feel happy, too. All these are yourhappiness. If you notice a bit of them, you can see that happiness is always around you.Happiness is not the same as money. It is a feeling of your heart. When you are poor, you canalso you are very happy, because you have somet
27、hing else that cant be bought with money. Whenyou meet with difficulties, you can say loudly you are very happy, because you have more chancesto challenge yourself. So you cannot always say you are poor and poor and you have bad luck. Asthe saying goes, life is like a revolving （ 旋转的）door. When it d
28、oes, it also opens. If you takeevery chance you get, you can be a happy and lucky person.1. Those who have big houses may often feel.A. happy B. lonely C. free D. excited解析: B。 这是一个考查细节和事实的题目。 文章中有明确的叙述: Because those who havebig houses may often feel lonely.所问问题和原文的叙述完全一样。2. When you fall down in a
29、 PE class, both your teacher and your classmates will.A. laugh at you B. play jokes on youC. quarrel with you D. help you up解析：D。这也是一个考查细节和事实的题目。在所给文章中可以找到这样地叙述：When you are in trouble at school, your friends will help you.根据这一叙述，我们可以判断：当你在体育课上摔倒时; 你的老师和同学们肯定会帮你站起来的。3. What will your friends say to
30、you when you make great progress?A. Oh, so do I. B. Congratulations.C. Good luck. D. Ifs just so-so.解析：B o 这一道阅读理解题同样是考查事实和细节的题目。在阅读文章里我们也能找到关于这问题的叙述：when you get success, your friends will say congratulations to you.4. Which idea is NOT RIGHT according to the passage?A. People who have cars would n
31、ever like to walk in the open air.B. You can get help from others when you make mistakes.C. You can still be a happy person even if you have little money.D. Happiness is always around you though difficulties come towards you.解析： A。 这是一道判断题目。 阅读文章里明确叙述： those who have cars may want to walkon the coun
32、try roads at their free time.阅读理解题的A项说， 有车的人永远不愿在室外走， 与文章所讲完全不同，因此是不对的。5. Which of the following is this passage about?A. Bad luck. B. Good luck. C. Happiness. D. Life.解析：C o 这是一道考查文章主题的题目。这篇文章共有三段。第一段的主题句是：Happiness is for everyone. 第二段的主题句是： In fact, happiness is always around you if you putyour h
33、eart into i t.第三段的主题句是：Happiness is not the same as money.三段的主题都是围绕happiness展开的，所以正确答案是happiness。【 模拟试题】( - )Happiness is for everyone.You dont need to care about those people who have beautifulhouses with large gardens and swimming pools or those who have nice cars and a lot of moneyand so on. Why?
34、 Because those who have big houses may often feel lonely and those who havecars may want to walk on the country roads at their free time. In fact, happiness is always aroundyou if you put your heart into it. When you are in trouble at school, your friends will help you;when you study hard at your le
35、ssons, your parents are always taking good care of your life andyour health; when you get success, your friends will say congratulations to you; when you dosomething wrong, people around you will help you to correct it. And when you do something goodto others, you will feel happy, too. All these are
36、 your happiness. If you notice a bit of them, youcan see that happiness is always around you.Happiness is not the same as money. It is a feeling of your heart. When you are poor, you canalso you are very happy, because you have something else that cant be bought with money.When you meet with difficu
37、lties, you can say loudly you are very happy, because you have morechances to challenge yourself. So you cannot always say you are poor and poor and you have badluck. As the saying goes, life is like a revolving ( 旋转的) door. When it does, it also opens. If youtake every chance you get, you can be a
38、happy and lucky person.1. Those who have big houses may often f e e l .A. happy B. lonelyC. free D. excited2. When you fall down in a PE class, both your teacher and your classmates wi l l .A. laugh at youB. play jokes on youC. quarrel with youD. help you up3. What will your friends say to you when
39、you make great progress?A. Oh , so do I.B. Congratulations.C. Good luck.D. Its just so-so.4. Which idea is NOT RIGHT according to the passage?A. People who have cars would never like to walk in the open air.B. You can get help from others when you make mistakes.C. You can still be a happy person eve
40、n if you have little money.D. Happiness is always around you though difficulties come towards you.5. Which of the following is this passage about?A. Bad luck. B. Good luck. C. Happiness. D. Life.（ 二）When you want to go shopping, decide how much money you can spend for new clothes.Think about the kin
41、d of clothes you really need. Then look for those clothes on sale （ 销售）.There are labels （ 标签）inside all new clothes. The labels tell you how to take care of yourclothes. The label for a shirt may tell you to wash it in warm water. A sweater label may tell you towash by washing in cold wale匚 The lab
42、el on a coat may say “dry clean only. Washing may ruin（ 损坏）this coat. If you do as the directions （ 说明）say on the label, you can keep your clotheslooking their best. Many clothes today must be dry cleaned. Dry cleaning is expensive. Whenbuying new clothes, check （ 核实）to see if they will need to be d
43、ry cleaned. You will save moneyif you buy clothes that can be washed.You can save money if you buy clothes that are well made. Well-made clothes last longer.They look good even after they have been washed many times. Clothes that cost more money arenot always better made. They do not always fit （ 合身
44、） better. Sometime less expensive clotheslook and fit better than more expensive clothes.1. If you want to save money you can buy clothes t ha t .A. dont fit youB. don last longC. need to be dry cleanedD. can be washed2. The label inside the clothes tell you.A. how to keep them looking their bestB.
45、how to save moneyC. whether they fit you or notD. where to get them dry cleaned3. The first thing for you to do before you buy clothes is_ .A. to look for well-made clothesB. to see how much money you can payC. to know how to wash themD. to read the labels inside them4. We learn from the reading tha
46、t cheaper c l o t h e s .A. are always worse madeB. must be dry cleanedC. can not be washedD. can sometimes fit you better5. The best title （ 标题）for the reading should be.A. Buying Less Expensive ClothesB. Taking Enough Money When ShoppingC. Being a Clever Clothes ShopperD. Choosing the Labels insid
47、e New Clothes 参考答案 分析：（ -）1. B o这是一个考查细节和事实的题目。文章中有明确的叙述：Because those who have bighouses may often feel lonely. 所问问题和原文的叙述完全一样。2. D 这也是一个考查细节和事实的题目。在所给文章中可以找到这样的叙述：When youare introuble at school, your friends will help you.根据这一叙述， 可以判断：当你在体育课上摔倒时，你的老师和同学们肯定会帮你站起来的。3. B o 这一道阅读理解题同样是考查事实和细节的题目。在阅读文
48、章里我们也能找到关于这问题的叙述： when you get success, your friends will say congratulations to you.4. Ao这是一道判断题目。 阅读文章里明确叙述： those who have cars may want lo walk on thecountry roads at their free tim e.阅读理解题的A项说，有车的人永远不愿在室外走，与文章所讲完全不同，因此是不对的。5. C 这是一道考查文章主题的题目。这篇文章共有三段。第一段的主题句是：Happinessis for everyone.第二段的主题句是：I
49、n fact, happiness is always around you if you put your heartinto it.第三段的主题句是：Happiness is not the same as money.三段的主题都是围绕happiness展开的，所以正确答案是happiness。（ 二）1. Do 此题为理解题。从第二段Dry cleaning is expensive. You will save money if you buyclothes that can be washed.“可以看出C答案不对，又可以从第三段很容易判断出A和B不对。2. A 此题为理解题。第二
50、段的第二句话应该被看作主题句。从此句可以看出该题答案选择A。一般说来，文章的段落常有概括中心思想的主题句，且多位于段首或段末，有时也会夹在中间。对无主题句的篇章，考生应对文章进行分析和归纳，然后概括中心思想。3. B o 此题为直接题。从文章第一段第一句可以看出答案选B。4. D 此题为推理题，文章中虽然没有直接信息“ 但从文章第二段及第三段很容易推断出A, B, C答案都是错误的。又从第三段最后一句话可以推断出答案选D。5. C 此题为概括题。此题考查文章的标题，主要针对文章的主题、中心思想、文章的结构 层 次 （ 主题句或主题段） ，要求学生在理解全文后归纳短文要点，概括中心思想。考生归纳各段的主题句不难发现此题答案选择C。
