BEC中级阅读第一课时开场白评分标准：A、B、C 考试通过（ Passing Grade）D^ E 考试不及格（ Failing Grade）BEC阅读考试时间：1 小时题 1 = 1 数：45道题题型：1、Matching （ 搭配题或匹配题）第一部分共7 道题，文章250—350字，是商业环境中的文章（ 产品广告，招聘广告）要么是一篇较长文章中选出4 个相关段落，或者是相关主题的4 篇短文章题目难度中等侧重于辨认具体的信息或具体的细节，极少考主旨2、Matching （ 搭配题或匹配题）考察把握文章结构和段落大意的能力给 出 1篇 正 文 （ 商业类报刊文章或报告中选出并稍加改写），留有可填 写 1句话的一些空格加上7 个选项，第二部分字数为450—580考官共留出6 个空格，实际上考生只需填写5 个空格，因为第一个空格都是作为example给出的，其答案为都 故只需6 选 5难度较大3、Multiple Choice （ 单项选择题）4 选 1 的单项选择题6 个题目文章是一篇450—550字的正文（ 一般的或商务的出版物、公司文献或管理方面的书籍正文可能经过编辑，但来源是真实的）正确答案不会是简单的词汇搭配，而是对文章中句子的意译或解释题目难度较大4、选择题形式的完成句子题15个题目200—300字的一篇正文，有 15个空格，每道题都有4 个选项，从中选择1个意义最合适的文章不是特别难，考查考生词汇能力5、Correction （ 改错题）考 12个题目，全部是找出额外的和不必要的单词考查语法知识命题题材：1、商业信函（ Business L etter）常出现在第四、五部分2、广 告 （ Advertisement） 第一部分常考3 、关于经济或者商业的一些消息或者公告( P u b l i c I n f o r m a t i o n )4 、产品介绍( P r o d u c t D e s c r i p t i o n )5 、商务活动方面的计划、安排、决定或建议( B u s i n e s s P l a n / P r o p o s a l s/ R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s )6 、会议记录( R e c o r d o f M e e t i n g )7 、非正式信息( I n f o r m a l M e s s a g e s )P A R T O N E解题步骤：1 、阅读题目及七个单句，划出句意关键词。
对于谈论相似主体的句子，需区别内容的相同处和不同处，注意体现不同处的关键词2 、快速浏览短文( 依靠小标题迅速抓住各篇短文的主题) 浏览过程中如果发现答题的具体信息，可在具体信息下面划线并标匕题号以备最后检查关键词： ( 定位词)原词重现：人名、地名、数字、时间、百分比、金钱、黑体字、斜体字原意重现：1 、同义相似2 、同义差异题目对原文进行归纳与总结：广告：产品、招聘、招生、书评人力资源、财经1 、产品广告( P r o d u c t A d ve r t i s e m e n t )1 ) 产品名称2 ) 产品特征练习 1. Furniture Ads1. These can be piled up neatly without taking up much space.2. It is usually placed in front of a dressing table.3. When folded it turns into a soft and comfortable bed.4. People can adjust the height of this to get a confbnnable sitting position.5. There is a circular metal frame at the bottom where you can rest your feet.6. This set of furniture is characterized by space-saving and easy storage.7. The top of this can be stretched to certain length.A. Folding Table with ChairsFolding Oak Finish Table with 4 Chairs. Unique space saving design converts from a smallcompact unit to a full size dining table! Chairs fit inside tabic when folded-Oak finish onselected beech solids and veneers. Table closed: 34 "wide, 11" deep; table opened: 34 "wide,62” long.B. High Fashion Bar StoolOversized deep slung 3.5 " padded seat. Back supports serve as functional armrests. Newhefty 1 diameter steel foot-ring. Adjustable height. 24 "to 30" high. Easy to assemble withsimple hand tools. C. White Wire Stack ChairSturdy wire welded steel construction for a sleek, high tech look. Practical seating that keepsyou cool. Outside on the patio or deck; inside in the kitchen or family room. These lightweightchairs stack neatly for easy access. Quick and convenient storage.D. Folding Cushioned ChairbedComfortable seating converts to become a single sleeper in seconds! Sleeps on adult. Theperfect solution when unexpected overnight guests arrive! Ideal for college dorm, Kid's room,den or spare room. Sturdy Herculon tweed fabric cover in grey/blue. 31 "W x 72" L x 25" H.E. You'll be "sitting pretty9 with this vanity bench. White powder coated finish on welded steel. Itcan be used as a companion to a vanity table or alone as an attractive bath accent. Grid styleseat, complete with removable comfort cushion. 19 46 W x 12.75^^ L x 20" H. easy assemble.第二课时试 题 IIExample:You can take it for only a short time if you prefer.Answer: C1. It is located outside the city.2. It will be easy to use for various types of retail business.3. You know how much money it took last year.4. This business already manufactures goods for sale.5. Its price includes living accommodation.6. It has been operating for many years.7. You will have to find out the price from the agents.EBTA BUSINESS TRANSFER AGENTSThe following businesses in the region are offered for sale:ARESTAURANTA large, well-decorated restaurant in an excellent position near the city centre.Open three years with annual turnover of £100,000.Regular trade and bookings fbr weddings, special occasions etc.Available on 50-year lease.Price on requestB ESTABLISHED POTTERYFamily business established for over fifty years in city's main commercial area.Small pottery, currently employs twelve people producing china figures, vases andother decorative items.Price includes premises plus equipment and raw materials.Price £200,000VACANT SHOPLocated in superb historic building on excellent city centre site. Large premisesrecently renovated to a very high standard.Would suit a wide range of different trades. Available on limited (three-year) lease,or longer if required.Short lease £15,000GARAGE & CAR REPAIRSmall business with great potential for development.Garage with petrol station on main road between city and coast.Includes large workshop suitable for car repair business. Small, three-bedroomhouse attached to workshop, and room for further building.Whole property £190,0002、招聘广告1) titleJob vacancy / Wanted2 ) 正文( 1 ) 公司名称及职位( Corporation & Position)( 2 ) 对工作职位的描述(Job description)(3) Requirements & Qualifications( 4 ) 待 遇 (Treatments / Benefits)( 5 ) 公司的联系方式及地址(Contact way / Address)试 题 8Example:You must have a first degree in English.Answer: B1. You are free to choose when you will begin and end your workday.2. You should provide the names of two people who can give letters of recommendation.3. You must have the experience of working abroad. 4. You have to work every other Saturday.5. You should have successful working experience as a secretary.6. The job requires some experience as well as excellent qualifications.7. You need to be able to speak several languages.A.Salesperson is required for our new Portman Street Showroom to work a flexitime 30 - hour week,including alternate Saturdays. Fileco specialize in office furniture and equipment. The showroomdisplays our very latest in integrated office design and is intended to serve as our window on thebusiness world. Applicants should have some experience in business and fluency in a secondlanguage would be a distinct advantage.B.Eurofile, one of Europe's leading publishers is seeking a self-motivated Assistant Accountant tohelp run its busy accounts department. The successful candidate should possess excellentaccounting qualifications and have at least 2 years' accounting experience. S/he should also becomputer literate and able to carry out all essential day-to-day accounting tasks. Managementexperience and European languages are a definite advantage, Salary 15 - 17,000 p. a. Send CV toJoanna Jarvis, Eurofile, Stack Street, Manchester, MN8 4TX, quoting reference JAC/01/TN.C.The Bell Educational Trust seeks applications from teachers of English as a foreign language towork in China. Candidates should have:- -a degree plus a qualification in TEEL (PGCE or RSA) diploma— — a minimum of 3 years experience with at least one year overseas- -experience in preparation of materials and in teaching ESP / EAPApplications with full C. V. and the names of two referees, one of whom must be the most recentemployer, together with recent photograph of yourself, to Lewis Kerr, The Bell Educational Trust,Hillscross, 1 Red Cross Lane, Cambridge CB2 2QX.D.We are a major company with an international reputation with customers throughout Europe, theMiddle East and S. E. Asia.Qualifications:- -Proven secretarial skills- -Languages ( French, Gennan, Arabic Mandarin)— — Ability to work as part of team and on own initiativeNon-native speakers will have a fluent command of spoken and written English.Benefits include generous salary, 6 weeks' holiday, and promotion prospects.Send C. V. to Video Unlimited, Morecombe Gardens, Manchester.练习 4. Job Advertisements1. This work has something to do with people's mental health.2. How much the person earns will depend on his practical experience.3. This advertisement offers employees the prospect of getting promoted.4. If you get the job, you'll have to make business trips every now and then.5. This business needs a person with managerial experience and skills.6. Experience in advertising would be helpful in this job.7. This business provides a wide range of service items. A. ManagementDiversified service business seeking experienced (10 years plus) executive for top-level spot.Excellent salary, bonuses, and profit-sharing for person with proven problem-solving,marketing and people skills.B. CommunicationsMajor Southeastern chemical corporation requires a professional to fill a vacancy in theCommunications Department. Applications must have demonstrated experience in all phases ofpromotion, including: media, production, writing, trade shows, public relations and specialevent handling. Travel required. CBC preferred. Position can lead to Department Management.C. Technical sales representativeOur Pigment Division seeks a NJ based salesperson for the NJ, PA, MD, DE territory. Pigmentsales experience necessary. BS Chemistry or Physical Science degree preferred. Generous,immediate and free benefits package. Salary commensurate with experience.D. Psychiatric social workerPrivate mental-health clinic seeks 2 experienced certified Social Workers to provide individual,group and family psychotherapy to children, adolescents and adults. Function as a member ofmultidisciplined team. Excellent supervision; starting salary $ 30,988. Comprehensive medical,dental and pension benefits.E. Marketing executiveThis important position has recently been created by one of the country's leading clothesmanufacturers. It is an outstanding opportunity for a graduate with two years, experience in designor magazine publishing. The successful candidate will be given responsibility for a major, recentlylaunched brand. It would be an advantage to have experience of promotional activities. Excellentfringe benefits on offer.「 第三课时试 题10Example:The job offers perks in addition to the basic salary.Answer: D1. Experience in advertising would be helpful in this job.2. This job would probably suit somebody who has worked in the purchasing department of alarge chain of stores.3. Three years* experience would not be enough fbr this job.4. For this job it would be useful if you have studied how to carry out surveys into consumerattitudes.5. In this job you would take charge of a product which has been on the market for many years.6. To get this job it is not necessary to have work experience.7. Such a high-ranking position does not come up very often.Product ManagerThis company has at present about 30% of the market and a turnover of more than£500 million. The person appointed will have responsibility fbr a long-establishedproduct which is a household name. Experience in the insurance market is necessary and a background in accountancy would be helpful.Group Product ManagerThis is a rare opportunity to work at a senior level for a market leader in the foodindustry, located in the north of the country. The person appointed will report directlyto the Marketing Director and take full responsibility for a turnover in excess of £80million and a team of three managers. Applicants need to have a minimum of fiveyears' experience in product management. A market research qualification would bean advantage.CManagement TraineesFor this exciting position in the leisure industry we are seeking management traineesto develop excellent buying skills. Possibly a new graduate, the successful applicantmay have experience with a big national retailer, but must certainly possess excellentnegotiation and communication skills.DMarketing ExecutiveThis important position has recently been created by one of the country's leadingclothes manufacturers. It is an outstanding opportunity for a graduate with two years'experience in design or magazine publishing. The successful candidate will be givenresponsibility for a major, recently launched brand. It would be an advantage to haveexperience of promotional activities. Excellent fringe benefits on offer.3、招生广告试 题 5Example: You would learn about deductions from salaries.Key:C1. You need to have worked in an office before attending this course.2. You would learn something about preventing accidents at work.3. You would be able to sit an examination in typing.4. This course is useful if your job involves greeting people and dealing with enquiries.5. This course would suit someone with budgetary responsibility.6. You would get practice in helping people in a group to communicate.7. You would learn how to change the appearance of a letter or memo.A.Tuesday 13.00-15.00This course provides training in arranging meetings, conducting them effectively and makingtravel arrangements. The topics will include drawing up agendas, preparing for meetings,introducing speakers or participants, managing discussions successfully, keeping to an agreedtimetable, and writing fbllow-up reports. Previous experience of typing and general office workare essential for this course.B.Mon, Thu, Fri 10.00-12.00This courses is intended both for beginners and for those who have reached an elementary level in typewriting. You will have the opportunity to develop your skills on up-to-date electronicequipment, gaining experience of producing all kinds of typed material in a variety of modemlayouts. Students will be given ample opportunities for “hands on“ experience of word-processingon the latest personal computers. Typewriting tests can be taken fbr widely recognisedqualifications.C.Monday 9.00-11.00This course is designed to provide students with experience of operating a set of accounts,comparable with those of a small family firm, and of dealing with the more general financialaspects of running a small business. Topics will include profit and loss, maintaining recordsefficiently, cash payments, taxation, insurance and computerised accounting. Externalexaminations can be arranged.D.Friday 11.00-13.00Participants on this course will develop their telephone skills and reception techniques in practicalsituations. Other topics included in the course are dealing with correspondence, the latestdevelopment in fax equipment and photocopiers, and the advantages these new facilities offer. Thecourse also covers health and safety, including recent important changes in safety regulationsgoverning the workplace.试 题 9Example:This course will improve your typing skills.Answer: C1. Apply fbr this course if you are interested in running courses in office skills.2. This course will teach you how to repair computers.3. Applicants must give reasons fbr wanting to join this course.4. This course promises very quick results.5. You will be shown a range of teaching methods on this course.6. If you complete this course successfully, you may be given a job.7. The organisers will cover some of your costs while you are on this course.AIn te d iv Q TrAinin。
Euromoney Trainee SchemeStudents interested in creating or selling financial products are invited to apply fbr six-monthtraining schemes.An expenses allowance is paid monthly to each trainee. At the end of the six months, traineeswill be assessed on their aptitude and a selected number will be offered pennanent employmentin our central office.Students wishing to apply should send a CV plus a 200-word summary of why they think theyare suitable fbr this scheme.Applications to: Euromoney, Unit 3, Dearing Commercial Estate, SingaporeB Cercos High Technology CoursesRegardless of previous experience, if you are aged eighteen or over, Cercos1 professional sevenweek full-time training programme provides the gateway to employment in the rapidly expandingcomputer maintenance industry. Learn how to diagnose faults using the latest technological aidsand to deal effectively and efficiently with problem machinery and problem customers!Contact John Segarro on 0772 4313for application form and course contents.DWizard Training CoursesMany people are confused by the arrangement of letters on a computer keyboard and neverprogress beyond tapping slowly away with two fingers. Our courses concentrate on training thefingers to find all the letters on the keyboard. Easy, short drills with three-letter words help youmaster the skills of typing within a matter of days.Phone 34254422 for costs and further details.4、书评广告试 题6Example:The book offers some information about communication style.Answer: A1. It aims to train the students to become sensitive to different styles of writing.2. Students are expected to learn something about American society.3. Il mainly focuses on the development of your reading techniques.4. Students are encouraged to participate in group activities.5. Some useful information is offered on how to further your academic study.6. One chapter deals with different aspects of culture in America.7. The material chosen for the book is from the real life.A.This classic cross-culture book provides reading passages, culture notes, and discussion topicswhich focus on values, behavior, attitudes and communication styles. It features a chapter oncultural diversity in the US; an explanation of mainstream US values with examples which revealsome of the more hidden aspects of culture; examples of cross-cultural differences in a widevariety of cultures; and extensive readings and exercises.B.As a multi-stand course---organized according to functions, discussion techniques andcommunication concepts- this text develops the speaking skills of business professionals orbusiness students. It is easily adaptable to differing class sizes, student needs and interests. Aspecial feature of the course is its carefully staged discussion activities which structure andfacilitate group participation.C.This series is intended for students now ready to approach English literature. Each book deals withboth the literary and the language aspects of their texts. Some exercises focus on a personal response, others on discussing literary qualities such as style, character, imagery and ideas. Otherexercises concentrate on the development of language awareness in terms of grammar, vocabularyand different styles of writing.Authentic texts covering a wide range of topics provide a stimulating basis for a skills andstrategics approach to academic reading. Techniques of skimming and scanning, identifying mainideas, understanding text organization and guessing unknown vocabulary provide the basis fbreach unit. These are followed by more advanced strategies, such as analyzing a writer's use oftime, evaluating a writer's attitude and assessing the degree of certainty in arguments. Each unitends with discussion topics which lead to a writing task based on the reading texts.试 题12Example:It is the work of a successful writer.Answer: C1. It describes activities which have become increasingly popular.2. It gives important information as briefly as possible.3. It deals with an area that has received little attention previously.4. It describes methods that can help with team-building.5. It is suitable to people with varying degrees of commercial experience.6. It was previously published with a different title.7. It is written fbr people from different types of professional background.AThe Trainer's PocketbookFormerly known as The Instructor s Pocketbook, the eighth edition of this shortguide covers 'all the essentials of training', from creating the right learningenvironment to the use of audio-visual equipment. This 78-pagc book concentrateson presenting the key facts in summary form.BThe Handbook of Health and SafetyThis is a comprehensive guide intended fbr managers, union safety representativesand anyone teaching for Occupational Health & Safety examinations. Apart from theusual subjects of legal obligations and risk prevention, it focuses on a relativelyneglected issue, that of health concerns about computer use-particularly thoseassociated with keyboard work.Writing Effective AdvertisementsThis guide has been put together by best-selling author John Newton and looks atthe reasons why some advertisements are more successful than others. Ideal both forsomeone starting up in business and fbr the established business person, it containsuseful information on advertisement layout and content.DUsing Management GamesThis second edition, which reflects the growing trend to use management games as training tools, acts as a guide to exercises designed to increase group effectiveness.The writer explains the ways in which exercises, for example puzzles andcommunication games, can be used to improve group co-operation.财经类新闻( BusinessNews)练习 2. Business News1. Shareholders seemed to have a final say in top management.2. This news suggests bitter competition between computer giants.3. Some people would take advantage of this period of time to make money.4. The man would be detained on a foreign land for some time.5. The buy-out seemed to benefit both companies.6. The company hadn't entered into the American market before it was merged.7. The change in personnel has boosted shareholders9 confidence in the company.A. In a deal valued at more than $ 5 billion, Crown Cork, a leading American packaging companywith little presence in Europe, agreed to buy Camaud Metalbox of France, one of Europe9slargest packagers with little presence in America. A frenzy of dealing sent shares in bothsoaring around 15%.B. Another top French businessman was placed under investigation for corruption. The man isbeing questioned about a 1991 water-supply contract. Meanwhile, a Gennan businessman, whowent missing after his property empire collapsed last year, embarrassing the many banks thathad backed him, was arrested in Miami. Extradition could take months.C. Kmart, America's second-largest retailer, is to have a new boss to replace Joseph Antonini, whowas forced to step down earlier this year by unhappy shareholders. Shares soared on the newsthat Floyd Hall, former chief executive of Target Stores, a rival discounter, is to step intoAntonini's shoes.D. IBM tried to counter the growth of Microsoft, the world's largest software firm, by launching a$3.3 billion hostile bid for Lotus Development, a software company. The $ 60-a -share offerboosted the price of Lotus shares by 89%. IBM sees Lotus's Notes software as a passport intothe growing market for 'groupware9 programs that help networks of computers talk to eachother.E. The European Commission published a consultative paper on its promise single currency, inwhich it suggested that there would have to be four years between a final decision to launch thenew currency and its arrival in citizens9 pockets. It predicted that speculators would use theinterval to make destabilising bets on the final conversion rates of the old currencies. But thecommission is sticking to its deadline of January 1999 for economic and monetary union.第四课时Test 2READINGPARTONEQuestions 1-71 Sometimes it is necessary to insist on further explanation.2 You shouldn*t focus on your response while others are still speaking.3 People are reluctant to admit that they don't listen well.4 There are benefits in seeing things from the speaker's perspective. 5 Keen observation of the speaker can support our listening skills.6 It is risky to think about a different issue while someone is speaking.7 People do not mind hearing their own views summarised.Good listener, better managerAToo often we accuse others of not listening, pretending that we ourselves are faultless, yet in ourhearts we know that many of the mistakes we make come about because we haven't listenedcarefully enough. We get things wrong because we haven't quite understood what someone meantwhen they were talking to us. Anyone who has ever taken the minutes of a long meeting will knowhow hard it is to remember - despite the benefit of notes - exactly what everyone said. But successdepends on getting things right - and that means listening.BListening is not the same thing as hearing; it is not an effortless activity. It demands attention andconcentration. It may mean quizzing the speaker for additional information or for clarification - itis always better to ask than to continue regardless and get things wrong. However, if you allowyour mind to wander onto something else, even for a few minutes, you'll miss what the speaker issaying - probably at the very moment when he or she is saying something critical. And not havingheard, you won*t know you*ve missed anything until it*s too late.CThe most common bad habit we have is to start thinking of what we are going to say about thesubject long before the other speaker has finished. We then stop listening. Even worse, this oftenadds rudeness to inattentiveness, as once you have decided what to say there is a fair chance youwill interrupt to say it. Good listeners don*t interrupt. In fact it is often worth explaining the mainidea of what you have just been told before going on to make your own points. Nobody isoffended by this and it shows that you have listened well.DAbove all be patient and accept that many people are not very good communicators. It*s helpful toremember that the ways people move and position themselves while they are speaking can reveala great deal about what they are saying. Equally importantly you should put yourself in the otherperson's place, both intellectually and emotionally; it will help you to understand what they aregetting at and form a response. But don*t be too clever. Faced with a know-all, many people keepquiet because they see no point in continuing.Test 3READINGPARTONEQuestions 1-71 Listen to what your boss tells you about how well you are working.2 Realise that your boss will occasionally need to be left alone.3 Comment on your boss's work in a positive spirit.4 Try to impress your boss with your thoroughness.5 Do not hesitate to involve your boss if you have difficulties with your work.6 Show your boss that you are capable of working at a higher level.7 Speak to your boss, even about matters not directly related to your work. MANAGE YOUR BOSSAdvice from four top business people on how you should treat your bossAThe ConsultantNo boss likes nasty surprises. Thinking you can solve a serious problem before he or she finds outis a doomed strategy. Much better to inform your boss about the situation early on, together withyour suggested solution. Also, remember that bosses like praise as much as any employee. Do thiswithout making it obvious, if only to earn the right to criticise (constructively, of course).Consideration' is the key word. Treat bosses as you hope to be treated - it should help you to moveup to the next level.BThe DirectorOf course there are all the formal things in managing your boss - ensuring that you come tomeetings well prepared, that you have a good eye for detail, and so on. But you also need todistinguish effectively between things that are important and things that are merely small details.Bosses like it if you can see 'the big picture* because they want to be able to delegate. So it*s allabout psychology, as well as performance.CThe ChairmanBosses want people to understand their objectives, their way of working and the pressures they areunder. If you can understand what sort of individual your boss is, it is easier to appreciate whycertain reactions might arise, and thus avoid problems. Also, keep the lines o f communicationwith your boss open. You need to receive ongoing feedback on whether your work is effective,asking about what you do not understand, and, if necessary, discussing personal issues fromoutside the workplace. When the gap between you is reduced. so are the difficulties.DThe Chief ExecutiveUnderstand that a boss will want to take the glory when things go well. After all, they takeultimate responsibility, so they deserve some of the credit. Also, find out about your boss*s outsideinterests, as this can help to improve the relationship. You may find you have an interest incommon. Similarly, recognise that everyone is human, and there are times when a request fromyou may be unwelcome. Get to know your boss's Personal Assistant, who can advise you when itis a good time to talk to him or her.Part 2练习 2. Japanese McDonald'sIf you always thought of McDonald's as an all-American company it, may surprise you tolearn that the king of McDonald's franchises is named Fujita and that he doesn't eat hamburgers.____I By ignoring many of the customs of both his native and his parent company, Fujita hasmade McDonald's the top fast-food business in Japan and has changed the face of franchising.McDonald's came to Japan in 1970 searching for a Japanese partner with whom to create aJapanese McDonald's. Fiyita was far from the richest potential candidate interviewed, but he wasan eager entrepreneur who seemed willing to devote his energies to the new v e n t u r e .2Almost immediately, however, Fujita began going his own way. The parent companyrecommended opening the first Japanese McDonald's in the suburbs, where most American fast-food stores are located. Fujita had his own i d e a s . 3 He got his way, opened the firstJapanese McDonald's in a department store in Tokyo, didn't spend anything on advertising.4McDonald's learned its lesson from Fujita and has since opened inner-city restaurant aroundthe w o r l d . 5 While the Japanese seem fascinated with western styles and tastes, theyoften don't think of themselves as consumers of American products. So Fujita's McDonald'sfranchises play down their American origins, to the point where, according to Fujita, someJapanese who visit the United States are surprised to find that we have 4Makudonarudo,, as theJapanese say it, in America too.A. In fact, Fujita is unusual in many respects, and his uniqueness has made him very rich.B. McDonald's took a chance and chose him.C. Fujita and McDonald's continue to benefit from each other.D. Other companies might learn from the way Fujita marketed McDonald's in Japan.E. Fujita likes to take credit for a rise in the average weight of his people.F. And within a year he had broken McDonald's world record for one-day sales: 514,000.G. He thought the young pedestrians of Japan's cities were more likely to give up Japan fish-and-rice diet for a hamburger than were the more traditional suburban dwellers.H. But Fujita himself prefers noodles to Big Macs.I. And the Tokyo McDonald's that once caused an argument is now one of 500 that Fujita ownsin Japan.答案：1. A； 2. B； 3.G； 4. F； 5. D练习 3. Banks and Banking : Other Bank ServicesA modern bank provides many services other than checking a c c o u n t s .1If you went to a bank to open a savings account, you would go through almost the sameprocedures followed in applying for a checking a c c o u n t .2____Then you would be given apassbook in which your initial deposit would be recorded. All deposits and withdrawals from youraccount are entered into your p a s s b o o k .3 With a regular passbook savings account, youwould be able to withdraw money wherever you needed it. All you would have to do is fill out awithdrawal order and present it, along with your passbook to the teller.All banks pay interest on savings a c c o u n ts .4 Banks also pay interest at differenttimes.____5 Suppose, for example, that on January 1, you deposited $ 1,000 in a bank thatpaid 4 1/2 percent interest semiannually. By July l,you would have earned $ 22.50 interest. Thisinterest would automatically be credited to your account; and of you left it in the bank, along withyour original deposit, you would receive interest on $ 1,022.50 for the next six-month period. Thatis, your interest would be compounded.A. But the majority of them pay semiannually, that is, every six months.B. The interest rate varies from bank to bank, but the general range is from 4 1/2 to 6 percent.C. This means that passbook contains an actual record of all transactions made and that youknow the exact amount of savings you have at any one time.D. One of these is checking accounts.E. First you would be asked to fill out a signature card.F. But most banks pay interest at the end of a year.G. One of the most important of these is regular passbook savings.H. One can withdraw money whenever necessary. 答案：1.； 2. ； 3. ； 4. B； 5. A试 题 1PART TWOQuestions 8-12• Read this letter to the editor of The Economist.• Choose the best sentence frotn the list A-1 to fill each of the blanks.• For each bland (8-12) mark one letter (A-1) on your Answer Sheet.• Do not mar4 any letter twice.• One answer has been given as an example.Sir,You state on February 13 th that New Mexico has “ffew natural resources”,____example____ In 1991New Mexico ranked fourth in the United States in production of natural gas, seventh in oil and tenth innon-fiiel minerals____8____Non-fuel minerals contributed about $ 1 billion and coal $ 509 million.Taxes from production of fuels and minerals, and lease payments on state lands have been setaside by legislative acts to endow two permanent funds worth about $ 5.65 billion,____9 Inaddition, during fiscal year 1991 , payments to New Mexico from taxes on federal lands were S108 million, all earmarked for public education.1 () About $566 million came from taxes and permanent-fund earnings attributable to oiland gas production. ____11 Tourism is an important industry in Mew Mexico, yet itseconomic impact on the public sector is dwarfed by that of mineral production.New Mexico came through the recent recession in much better shape than most other states. Itdoes not have a deficit.____12____ States that rely primarily on a sales tax or on an income taxhave big problems during economic downturns. Income growth per head in New Mexico averaged6.1/00 in the year to October 1992-one if the fastest growth rates in the United States.Charles ChapinExample: CA. That it has a broadly based tax structure is an important point.B. In 1992 it produced more oil than Colorado and Kansas combined.C. However, the extractive mineral industry in New Mexico is one of the state's strongesteconomic forces.D. During fiscal year 1992 New Mexico raised permanent funds worth about $6.1 billion.E. The combined value of oil and gas production was $ 2.8 billion.F. Some 16,000 employees work in the extractive industries and their wages are among thehighest of any major industry.G. The $39 million earned by these funds in 1991 was used to finance education and otherpublic services.H. Only S 25 million came from agricultural taxes.I. New Mexico's extractive mineral industries contribute about a third of the state's $ 1.9 billiongeneral-fund income in fiscal year 1991.答案：8.E 9.G 10.1 11.F 12.A试 题 7PART TWOQuestions 8-12• Read the following text. • Choose the best sentence from the list on page 52 to fill each of the gaps.• For each gap 8-1 2 mark one letter A - 1 on your Answer Sheet.• Do not mark any letter twice.The Cash-free SocietyImagine a society in which cash no longer exists, Instead, 44 cash “ is electronic, as in bank-cardSystems. Currency and coin are abandoned.e x a m p l e . Theft of cash would become impossible. Bank robberies and cash-registerrobberies would simply cease to occur____( 8 ). Purse snatchings would become a thing ofthe past. Urban streets would become s a f e r ( 9 ) ____. Security costs and insurance rateswould fall. Property values would rise. Neighbourhoods would improve.Drug traffickers and their clients, burglars and receives of stolen property, arsonists for hire, andbribe-takers would no longer have the advantage of using untraceable c u r r e n c y .( 10 ) ____These prosecutions, in turn, would inhibit further crimes.In a society devoid of physical money, a change from cash to recorded electronic money would beaccompanied by a flow of previously unpaid income-tax revenues running in the tens of billions ofd o l l a r s . (11)Cash has been the root of much social and economic evil. ( 1 2 ) Eighty percent ofAmericans regularly use credit cards. The development of a federal system to handle the country's300 billion annual cash transactions in the United States electronically is within reach.Example: H.A. A national electronic-money system would operate as a debit-card system.B. Retail shops in once dangerous areas could operate in safety.C. As a result, income tax rates could be lowered or the national debt reduced.D. The use of cash has diminished substantially since World War II.E. Attacks on shopkeepers, taxi drivers, and cashiers would all end.F. The emergence of electronic fiinds-transfer technology makes it possible to change the natureof money and to divorce it from evil.G. Almost every present-day cash transaction can be duplicated electronically.H. The immediate benefits would be profound and fundamental.I. Electronic “money“ would leave incriminating trails of data, resulting in more arrests andconvictions.答案：Questions 8-12: E, B, I, C, F第五课时练习 3. Banks and Banking : Other Bank ServicesA modem bank provides many services other than checking a c c o u n t s .1If you went to a bank to open a savings account, you would go through almost the sameprocedures followed in applying for a checking a c c o u n t .2 Then you would be given apassbook in which your initial deposit would be recorded. All deposits and withdrawals from youraccount are entered into your p a s s b o o k .3 With a regular passbook savings account, youwould be able to withdraw money wherever you needed it. All you would have to do is fill out awithdrawal order and present it, along with your passbook to the teller.All banks pay interest on savings accounts. 4 Banks also pay interest at different t i me s . 5 Suppose, for example, that on January 1, you deposited $ 1,000 in a bank thatpaid 4 1/2 percent interest semiannually. By July l,you would have earned $ 22.50 interest. Thisinterest would automatically be credited to your account; and of you left it in the bank, along withyour original deposit, you would receive interest on $ 1,022.50 for the next six-month period. Thatis, your interest would be compounded.A. But the majority of them pay semiannually, that is, every six months.B. The interest rate varies from bank to bank, but the general range is from 4 1/2 to 6percent.C. This means that passbook contains an actual record of all transactions made and that youknow the exact amount of savings you have at any one time.D. One of these is checking accounts.E. First you would be asked to fill out a signature card.F. But most banks pay interest at the end of a year.G. One of the most important of these is regular passbook savings.H. One can withdraw money whenever necessary.答案：LG； 2. ； 3. ； 4. B； 5. A试 题 11PART TWOQuestions 8-12• Read the text below about the management of documents.• Choose the best sentence from the list on the opposite page to fill each of the gaps.• For each gap 8-12, mark one letter (A-1) on your Answer Sheet.• Do not use any letter more than once How do you improve white collar productivity?For many years, technological development was thought to be the key to improving productivityin the office. In the 1980s cheap small computers first appeared on desktops, (example)The power of personal computers has increased dramatically, and the uses of software haveexpanded too. Companies both large and small have spent large sums of money on improvingoffice computer facilities.(8) .It seems that business has failed to apply thedevelopments in technology to greater effect, to increase the amount of time which officeworkers have available for non-routine tasks. To do this, we need to understand how informationis processed in business ventures.Typically, information is first gathered, then processed, and finally produced in its changed formas o u t p u t . ( 9 ) . Increasingly complex programs have been invented, to feed ever morepowerful processing systems.But what about output? A recent study by an American management institute shows that theprocessing of documents takes up 60% of office workers5 time, 40% of labour costs and up to10% of business income.(lO) . In fact, the international companies studied for theresearch show that this breakdown is true world-wide, wherever the company operates.Taking these findings into account, the management of documents has become extremelyimportant. Documents support nearly all business transactions. They are increasingly the way tocommunicate with customers, suppliers and employees. It is therefore upon document output anddistribution that we should focus. (11)Unfortunately, technological developments in equipment for document management seem moreimpressive than they really a r e . ( 1 2 ) N e w technological solutions are needed to tacklethe problem, to help drive businesses forward to improve their productivity and output.Only now are we beginning to study business objectives and to structure technology to suit them.Our company is attempting to understand how people use technology and how it can be appliedto business problems.A. These new methods of handling paperwork have already greatly improved efficiency.B. This would be a key way of improving white collar productivity.C. It will help them to make better use of all office employees.D. However, this enormous investment has not improved productivity as expected.E. Laser printers have many limitations, and photocopiers have few applications.F. Most technology has concentrated its attention on the first two of these stages.G. These figures are hardly surprising since documents convey nine-tenths of all information.H. Nevertheless, it is an important way to improve business processes and workflow.I. Since then, these machines have caused a revolution in the way we work in the office.答案：8.D 9.F 10.G ll.B 12.E试 题3 PART TWOQuestions 8-12• Read this text about electrical power in Canada.• Choose the best sentence from the list A-I to fill each of the blanks.• For each blank (8 - 12) mark one letter (A - 1) on your Answer Sheet.• De not mark any letter twice.• One answer has been given as an example.ELECTRICITY: WEALTH, MONEY, POWERCanadian industries have prospered fbr more than a century on the country's abundance of cheap,reliable electrical p o w e r.e x a m p le ____. In fact, Canada consumes more electricity on a perperson basis than any country except fbr Norway 8Electricity is a significant source of export income fbr C a n a d a . 9 But in the 1970s ,Canadian exports rose sharply to address the U. S. demand fbr cheaper and more reliable.In 1985, exports of Canadian electrical power reached 1,400 million US d o l l a r s . 10___ .Net electricity exports account fbr more than 60% of Canada's balance of trade.Domestically, Canada continues to generate electrical power, primarily from water 11____Exports of electricity are now subject to forces far beyond the control of utility managers 12Example: BA. Besides, electricity from coal and nuclear is 50% to 75% cheaper than many other industrialnations.B. Generated primarily by water, our power supplies have attracted and supportedenergy-intensive industries such as mining.C. It also ranks among the top three electricity producers in the world, behind the U. S. andRussia.D. Next to electricity, Canadian paper exports came to 900 million US dollars every year in the1960s.E. Two large nuclear power plants began to generate electricity.F. Since then, electricity, exports have declined but they have continued to exceed 700 millionUS dollars.G. Environmental and trade policies all influence electrical production and trade.H. Canada and the U. S. imported and exported power in almost equal measures after 1901.I. Therefore, the Canadian government has little influence on these forces.答案：8. C 9. H 10. F 11. A 12. G试 题 11PART TWOQuestions 8-12• Read the text below about the management of documents.• Choose the best sentence from the list on the opposite page to fill each of the gaps.• For each gap 8-12, mark one letter (A-1) on your Answer Sheet.• Do not use any letter more than once. How do you improve white collar productivity?For many years, technological development was thought to be the key to improving productivityin the office. In the 1980s cheap small computers first appeared on desktops, (example)The power of personal computers has increased dramatically, and the uses of software haveexpanded too. Companies both large and small have spent large sums of money on improvingoffice computer facilities.(8) .It seems that business has failed to apply thedevelopments in technology to greater effect, to increase the amount of time which officeworkers have available for non-routine tasks. To do this, we need to understand how infbnnationis processed in business ventures.Typically, information is first gathered, then processed, and finally produced in its changed formas o u t p u t . ( 9 ) . Increasingly complex programs have been invented, to feed ever morepowerful processing systems.But what about output? A recent study by an American management institute shows that theprocessing of documents takes up 60% of office workers' time, 40% of labour costs and up to10% of business income.(lO) . In fact, the international companies studied for theresearch show that this breakdown is true world-wide, wherever the company operates.Taking these findings into account, the management of documents has become extremelyimportant. Documents support nearly all business transactions. They are increasingly the way tocommunicate with customers, suppliers and employees. It is therefore upon document output anddistribution that we should focus. (11)Unfortunately, technological developments in equipment for document management seem moreimpressive than they really a r e . ( 1 2 ) N e w technological solutions are needed to tacklethe problem, to help drive businesses forward to improve their productivity and output.Only now are we beginning to study business objectives and to structure technology to suit them.Our company is attempting to understand how people use technology and how it can be appliedto business problems.A. These new methods of handling paperwork have already greatly improved efficiency.B. This would be a key way of improving white collar productivity.C. It will help them to make better use of all office employees.D. However, this enonnous investment has not improved productivity as expected.E. Laser printers have many limitations, and photocopiers have few applications.F. Most technology has concentrated its attention on the first two of these stages.G. These figures are hardly surprising since documents convey nine-tenths of all information.H. Nevertheless, it is an important way to improve business processes and workflow.I. Since then, these machines have caused a revolution in the way we work in the office.答案：8.D 9.F 10.G ll.B 12.E试 题 9PART TWOQuestions 8-12 • Read this advertisement about business hook reviews.• Choose the best sentence from the opposite page to fill each of the gaps.• For each gap 8 - 12, mark one letter A - 1 on your Answer Sheet.• Do not mark any letter twice.Special Introductory Offer!Gain a working knowledge of the topBusiness books - rapidly and easilyNow you can read the best business books - in just 15 minutes each!Ifs the executive dilemma of the Nineties: information overload. ____( e x a m p le ) .Thereshould be a simpler way to keep track of the latest ideas. And there is.A systematic solution:Suppose you had an assistant who screened and selected only the quality books fbr you.( 8) . So you could obtain a working knowledge of the book's contents in a fraction of thetime. Now you can have that assistant with Executive Book Summaries. Every month, youreceive quick-reading, time-saving summaries of the best new business b o o k s . ( 9) .This means that rather than taking five to ten hours to read, it takes just 15 minutes!How you * 1 1 benefit.Executive Book Summaries, designed fbr the busy executive, are a solution to the growingmanagement problem of too much to read and too little lime to do it.• Improve your business confidence.You gain a real understanding of the key points of the best new business books.• Learn more, remember more.We've taken account of extensive research into the memory functions of the human brain—(10)—.• Get ideas you can use.____(11)____. In a summary, these ideas are more accessible and 4actionable9.• Cut hundreds of hours off your reading load.How often have you opened a new book with great expectations - only to find it a hugedisappointment?____(12)The books we summarise cover just about every subject you need to know, from managementtechniques to guidance on your career.A) These introductory texts are the most important books and using them can pay big dividends.B) Discover practical tips and techniques you can apply without delay.C) In order to avoid this problem, we select fbr you only the truly worthwhile titles and rejectthe rest.D) According to studies published in psychology journals, you retain the content of a summarybetter than a book.E) He or she would take the most important ideas from each one, and compile them into a neatexecutive summary.F) With the breadth and depth of knowledge gained from books, it is less likely that you'll becaught off guard. G) Each contains all the key points in the original book, but instead of 200 to 500 pages there areonly eight pages.H) There*s a sample of the superb business titles that we summarise for you.I) With all the reading you have to do in the normal course of your work, you find it impossibleto keep up with all the new business books.答案：8.E 9.G 10.D ll.B 12.C试 题 1PART TWOQuestions 8-12• Read this letter to the editor of The Economist.• Choose the best sentence from the list A-I to fill each of the blanks.• For each bland (8-12) mark one letter (A-1) on your Answer Sheet.• Do not mar4 any letter twice.• One answer has been given as an example.Sir,You state on February 13 th that New Mexico has t4few natural resources”, ____example____ In 1991New Mexico ranked fourth in the United States in production of natural gas, seventh in oil and tenth innon-fiiel minerals____8____Non-fuel minerals contributed about $ 1 billion and coal $ 509 million.Taxes from production of fuels and minerals, and lease payments on state lands have been setaside by legislative acts to endow two permanent funds worth about $ 5.65 billion,____9 Inaddition, during fiscal year 1991 , payments to New Mexico from taxes on federal lands were S108 million, all earmarked for public education._10 About $566 million came from taxes and permanent-fund earnings attributable to oiland gas production. 11 Tourism is an important industry in Mew Mexico, yet itseconomic impact on the public sector is dwarfed by that of mineral production.New Mexico came through the recent recession in much better shape than most other states. Itdoes not have a deficit.____12____ States that rely primarily on a sales tax or on an income taxhave big problems during economic downturns. Income growth per head in New Mexico averaged6.1/00 in the year to October 1992-one if the fastest growth rates in the United States.Charles ChapinExample: CA. That it has a broadly based tax structure is an important point.B. In 1992 it produced more oil than Colorado and Kansas combined.C. However, the extractive mineral industry in New Mexico is one of the state's strongesteconomic forces.D. During fiscal year 1992 New Mexico raised pennanent funds worth about $6.1 billion.E. The combined value of oil and gas production was $ 2.8 billion.F. Some 16,000 employees work in the extractive industries and their wages are among thehighest of any major industry.G. The $39 million earned by these funds in 1991 was used to finance education and otherpublic services.H. Only S 25 million came from agricultural taxes.I. New Mexico's extractive mineral industries contribute about a third of the state's $ 1.9 billiongeneral-fund income in fiscal year 1991. 答案：8. E9.G 10.111. F 12. A试 题 2PART TWOQuestions 8-12• Read this proposal about the CPT Word Processor.• Choose the best sentence from the list A-1 to fill each of the blanks.• For each blank (8-12) mark one letter (A-1) on your Answer Sheet.• De not mark any letter twice.• One answer has been given as an example.15 June 1993Ms. Martha WestonWord Processing SupervisorABC CompanyPost Office Box 107228 King's Street LondonDear Ms. Weston,Performance of the CPT EquipmentI'm Pleased to tell you about our experience with the CPT Word Processor as you requestedrecently____example____ I assume you have looked at several machines and have narroweddown your choices.Here are my observations.An approach to adopting word processorsEighteen months ago we adopted CPT equipment on limited scale with the idea in mind that wecould gradually get rid of electric typewriters as we became familiar with the word processor.8 The stations are actually in pairs so each pair can share a common printer 9We use the equipment as dedicated word processors, although we do have the ability to link upwith our computer installation.The step-at-a-time development of our word-processing center has, we think, saved us money andtraining t i me . 10PerformanceIn terms of performance, the CPT equipment is excellent. ____11____ Moreover our servicecontract and warranty have covered all maintenance costs.We have software packages that check spelling and signal when a mistake occurs. 12_Using both printers, we recently prepared 1200 individually typed form letter mailings a underfour hours. We have no complaint about our preparation of executive reports.Example: IA. So it works very well and has so many different functions.B. Also it has reduced the confusion that exists about buying software packages.C. The train stops at each station for only fifteen minutes.D. We began with two work stations and now have four.E. Our routine letters are prepared from disc-stored masters.F. The Rotary W printer with a speed of 45 characters a second can easily handle two input stations.G. In contrast, its size and weight are ideal for carrying.H. We have not yet experienced mechanical problems so far.I. We are pleased with its performance and multi-functions.8. D 9. F 10.B 11. H 12. EPART TWOQuestions 8-12• Read this text on Dave s dream.• Choose the best sentence from the Opposite page 68 to fill each of the gaps.• For each gap 8-12, mark one letter A - 1 on your Answer Sheet.• Do not mark any letter twice.Icon Acoustics: Bypassing TraditionLike most entrepreneurs, Dave Fokos dreams a lot. He imagines customers eagerly phoning IconAcoustics in Billerica, Massachusetts, to order his latest, custom-made stereo peakers____example____Like most entrepreneurs, Dave has taken a long time to develop his d r e a m . ( 8) Davediscovered that he had a strong interest in studio engineering, He took independent-study coursesin this area and by graduation had designed and built a pair of marketable stereo speakers.Following graduation, Dave pursued his interest in audio engineering. He landed a job as aloudspeaker designer with Conrad-Johnson, a high-end audio-equipment manufacturerheadquarters in Fairfax, V i r g i n i a (9)____Dave identified a market niche that he felt other speaker firms had overlooked_(10)_ These affluent, well-educated customers are genuinely obsessed with their stereoequipment. 'They'd rather buy a new set of speakers than eat/ Dave observes.Dave faced one major problem- how to distribute Icon's products. He had learned fromexperience at Conrad-Johnson that most manufacturers distribute their equipment primarilythrough stereo dealers. Dave did not hold a high opinion of most such dealers; he felt that they toooften played hardball with manufacturers, forcing them to accept thin m a r g i n s .( 1 1 ) Thiskept those finns that offered more customized products from gaining access to the market.Perhaps most disturbing, Dave felt that the established dealers often sold not what was best fbrcustomers, but whatever they had in inventory that month.Dave dreamed of offering high-end stereo loudspeakers directly to the audio-obsessed, bypassingthe established dealer network. ____(12)____ "My vision fbr the future is one where allmanufacturers sell their products directly to end user. In this way, even the audiophiles in DeadHorse, Alaska, can have access to all that the audio-manufacturing community has to offer.”Example: I.A. At the age of 28, Dave set out to turn his dreams into reality.B. Furthennore, the dealers concentrated on only a handful of well-known producersC. Who provided mass-produced models.D. The firms tend to plow their money in to developing their products and have little left over tomarket them.E. Within four years, Dave had designed 13 speaker models and decided to start his owncompany.F. To serve the audio-addicts segment, Dave offers only the highest-quality speakers. G. It all began while majoring in electrical engineering at Cornell.By going directly to the customers, Dave could avoid the dealer markups and offer top-qualityproducts and service at reasonable price.H. This niche consisted of “audio-addicts”—— people who love to listen to music and appreciatefirst-rate stereo equipment.I. He sees sales climbing , cash flowing, and hundreds of happy workersStriving to produce top-quality products that delight Icon's customers.答案：Questions 8- 12:F,D, H, B, G试 题 9PART TWOQuestions 8-12• Read this advertisement about business book reviews.• Choose the best sentence from the opposite page to fill each of the gaps.• For each gap 8-12, mark one letter A - 1 on your Answer Sheet.• Do not mark any letter twice.Special Introductory Offer!Gain a working knowledge of the topBusiness books - rapidly and easilyNow you can read the best business books - in just 15 minutes each!Ifs the executive dilemma of the Nineties: information overload. ____(example).____ Thereshould be a simpler way to keep track of the latest ideas. And there is.A systematic solution:Suppose you had an assistant who screened and selected only the quality books for you.( 8) . So you could obtain a working knowledge of the book's contents in a fraction of thetime. Now you can have that assistant with Executive Book Summaries. Every month, youreceive quick-reading, time-saving summaries of the best new business books. ____( 9) .This means that rather than taking five to ten hours to read, it takes just 15 minutes!How you'll benefit.Executive Book Summaries, designed for the busy executive, are a solution to the growingmanagement problem of too much to read and too little lime to do it.• Improve your business confidence.You gain a real understanding of the key points of the best new business books.• Learn more, remember more.We've taken account of extensive research into the memory functions of the human brain—(10)—.• Get ideas you can use.(11)____. In a summary, these ideas are more accessible and 'actionable'.• Cut hundreds of hours off your reading load.How often have you opened a new book with great expectations - only to find it a hugedisappointment?____(12)The books we summarise cover just about every subject you need to know, from managementtechniques to guidance on your career. A) These introductory texts are the most important books and using them can pay big dividends.B) Discover practical tips and techniques you can apply without delay.C) In order to avoid this problem, we select for you only the truly worthwhile titles and rejectthe rest.D) According to studies published in psychology journals, you retain the content of a summarybetter than a book.E) He or she would take the most important ideas from each one, and compile them into a neatexecutive summary.F) With the breadth and depth of knowledge gained from books, it is less likely that you'll becaught off guard.G) Each contains all the key points in the original book, but instead of 200 to 500 pages there areonly eight pages.H) There's a sample of the superb business titles that we summarise fbr you.I) With all the reading you have to do in the normal course of your work, you find it impossibleto keep up with all the new business books.答案：8.E 9.G 10.D ll.B 12.C试 题 13PART TWOQuestions 8-12• Read the text below about career planning.• Choose the best sentence from the list on the opposite page to fill each of the gaps.• For each gap 8-12, mark one letter (A-1) on your Answer sheet.• Do not use any letter more than once.Career PlanningFor many employees, automatic promotion up the ranks of a company is becomingincreasingly rare. A new study suggests that, in response, employers need to considerhow they can help staff develop their carers.Employers need to rethink their approach to career management completely, according to thelatest research by the Institute of Employment Studies. The new study finds that in fact there islittle opportunity fbr individual career development in many large organisations,(example)____.The Institute of Employment Studies makes it clear that it is not good practice fbrcompanies to hand over career development to individual employees and then simply leave themto get on with it. ( 8) .So how should employers help their staff develop a career? Most employees have come to acceptthat career development is not always the same thing as upward promotion and a higher salary. (9).They must also ensure that these opportunities are extended to all their staff and not just toselected individuals.Nick Bridges, who is Director of Human Resources Policy at the Bank of Eastern England,believes there is more talk than action in this area. (10)____. One way, he believes, fbr companiesto show how serious they are about individual learning is to make it an official part of companypractice, as the Bank of Eastern England has done. ( 1 1 ) . This document, he points out, hasmade the role of managers clear, and the company has also invested huge amounts of moneyeducating managers so that they can then train their staff.Another company, British Chemicals, has contracted an independent organisation to help staff with confidential career advice. According to John Yates, the head of Individual Learning andDevelopment at British Chemicals, there is an important role for outside agencies to play in thecareer management process. He adds that it is company policy for managers to give all staff'roadmaps' which show possible career routes within the company structure. ( 1 2 ) . This hasworked especially well, he says, for staff who are used to depending on their line managers forguidance.Many large organisations now recognise that career development cannot be regarded in isolation,and must be part of an overall business strategy. Human Resources has a real role to play inbuilding a strong workforce which meets a company's long-term business needs and makes itmore competitive.A Its policy statement says that by 2006, eighty per cent of its staff will have a professionalqualification.B His recommendations go even further than that, and he has called for a national debate on theissue of what should be regarded as a career in the future.C This change of attitude means employers need to place more emphasis on giving staff thechance to develop a range of skills through horizontal job moves.D It points out that employees need to know what the overall company vision is in order toachieve many of these.E The problem that often arises is that, while they are increasingly encouraged to manage theirown careers, they are not provided with the knowledge and training to do this.F They are able to see that, contrary to expectations, jobs in different fields are similar, andthey can also see how it is possible to cross over to other areas.G Its employees are no longer motivated by these factors alone, and the problem today ismatching a person's motivation with the right job.H He argues that while Human Resources managers are saying the way forward is throughself-managed learning and self^development, they are still failing to provide adequatelearning resources.I The main reasons for this, it concludes, are the recent cuts in the number ofmiddle-management posts, and the changes that have taken place in the responsibilities ofpersonnel departments.答案：8.E 9.C 10.H ll.A 12.D试 题 8PART TWOQuestions 8-12• Read the following text.• Choose the best sentence from the list on page 36 to fill each of the gaps.• For each gap 8 -1 2 mark one letter A - 1 on your Answer Sheet.• Do not mark any letter twice.MarketingIn the past, the concept of marketing emphasised sales. The producer or manufacturer made aproduct he wanted to sell. example ____ . Basically, selling the product would beaccomplished by sales promotion, which included advertising and personal selling____(8) _Distribution consisted of transportation, storage, and related services such as financing, standardisation and grading, and the related risks.The modem marketing concept encompasses all of the activities mentioned, but it is based on adifferent set of p r in c i p le s ( 9) In other words, goods should be produced only if they canbe sold. Therefore, the producer should consider who is going to buy the product------or whatthe market for the product is -■- before production begins.Marketing now involves first deciding what the customer wants, and designing and producing aproduct that satisfies these wants at a profit to the c o m p a n y ( 1 1 ) This is much moredifficult since it involves human b e h a v io u r .( 1 2 ) Thus, demand and market forces arestill an important aspect of modern marketing, but they are considered prior to the productionprocess.Example: CA. It subscribes to the notion that production can be economically justified only by consumption.B. Marketing was the task of figuring out how to sell the product.C. Marketing is as important in today's economy as the production of goods and services.D. Production, on the other hand, is mostly an engineering problem.E. Such markets must be created and stimulated by managers.F. This is very different from making a product and then thinking about how to sell it.G. More than half the cost of consumer goods can be traced to marketing activities.H. In addition to sales promotion, marketing also involved the physical distribution of theproduct to the places where it was actually sold.I. Instead of concentrating solely on production, the company must consider the desires of theconsumer.答案：Questions 8 - 12: H, A, F, I, D试题9PART TWOQuestions 8-12• Read this advertisement about business hook reviews.• Choose the best sentence from the opposite page to fill each of the gaps.• For each gap 8 - 12, mark one letter A - 1 on your Answer Sheet. • Do not mark any letter twice.Special Introductory Offer!Gain a working knowledge of the topBusiness books - rapidly and easilyNow you can read the best business books - in just 15 minutes each!It*s the executive dilemma of the Nineties: information overload. (e x a m p le ). Thereshould be a simpler way to keep track of the latest ideas. And there is.A systematic solution:Suppose you had an assistant who screened and selected only the quality books fbr you.( 8) . So you could obtain a working knowledge of the book's contents in a fraction of thetime. Now you can have that assistant with Executive Book Summaries. Every month, youreceive quick-reading, time-saving summaries of the best new business books. ( 9) .This means that rather than taking five to ten hours to read, it takes just 15 minutes!How you'll benefit.Executive Book Summaries, designed fbr the busy executive, are a solution to the growingmanagement problem of too much to read and too little lime to do it.• Improve your business confidence.You gain a real understanding of the key points of the best new business books.• Learn more, remember more.We've taken account of extensive research into the memory fimctions of the human brain—(10)—.• Get ideas you can use.(11)____. In a summary, these ideas are more accessible and 'actionable'.• Cut hundreds of hours off your reading load.How often have you opened a new book with great expectations - only to find it a hugedisappointment?____(12)____The books we summarise cover just about every subject you need to know, from managementtechniques to guidance on your career.A) These introductory texts are the most important books and using them can pay big dividends.B) Discover practical tips and techniques you can apply without delay.C) In order to avoid this problem, we select fbr you only the truly worthwhile titles and rejectthe rest.D) According to studies published in psychology journals, you retain the content of a summarybetter than a book.E) He or she would take the most important ideas from each one, and compile them into a neatexecutive summary.F) With the breadth and depth of knowledge gained from books, it is less likely that you*ll becaught off guard.G) Each contains all the key points in the original book, but instead of 200 to 500 pages there areonly eight pages.H) There's a sample of the superb business titles that we summarise fbr you. I) With all the reading you have to do in the normal course of your work, you find it impossibleto keep up with all the new business books.答案：8.E 9.G 10.D 11.B 12.C试 题 13PART TWOQuestions 8-12• Read the text below about career planning.• Choose the best sentence from the list on the opposite page to fill each of the gaps.• For each gap 8-12, mark one letter (A-1) on your Answer sheet.• Do not use any letter more than once.Career PlanningFor many employees, automatic promotion up the ranks of a company is becomingincreasingly rare. A new study suggests that, in response, employers need to considerhow they can help staff develop their careers.Employers need to rethink their approach to career management completely, according to thelatest research by the Institute of Employment Studies. The new study finds that in fact there islittle opportunity for individual career development in many large organisations,(ex am p le).T h e Institute of Employment Studies makes it clear that it is not good practice forcompanies to hand over career development to individual employees and then simply leave themto get on with it. ( 8) .So how should employers help their staff develop a career? Most employees have come to acceptthat career development is not always the same thing as upward promotion and a higher salary. (9)____.They must also ensure that these opportunities are extended to all their staff and not just toselected individuals.Nick Bridges, who is Director of Human Resources Policy at the Bank of Eastern England,believes there is more talk than action in this area. ( 1 0 ) . One way, he believes, for companiesto show how serious they are about individual learning is to make it an official part of companypractice, as the Bank of Eastern England has done. ( 1 1 ) . This document, he points out, hasmade the role of managers clear, and the company has also invested huge amounts of moneyeducating managers so that they can then train their staff.Another company, British Chemicals, has contracted an independent organisation to help staffwith confidential career advice. According to John Yates, the head of Individual Learning andDevelopment at British Chemicals, there is an important role for outside agencies to play in thecareer management process. He adds that it is company policy for managers to give all staff'roadmaps' which show possible career routes within the company structure. ( 1 2 ) . This hasworked especially well, he says, fbr staff who are used to depending on their line managers forguidance.Many large organisations now recognise that career development cannot be regarded in isolation,and must be part of an overall business strategy. Human Resources has a real role to play inbuilding a strong workforce which meets a company's long-term business needs and makes itmore competitive.A Its policy statement says that by 2006, eighty per cent of its staff will have a professionalqualification.B His recommendations go even further than that, and he has called fbr a national debate on the issue of what should be regarded as a career in the future.C This change of attitude means employers need to place more emphasis on giving staff thechance to develop a range of skills through horizontal job moves.D It points out that employees need to know what the overall company vision is in order toachieve many of these.E The problem that often arises is that, while they are increasingly encouraged to manage theirown careers, they are not provided with the knowledge and training to do this.F They are able to see that, contrary to expectations, jobs in different fields are similar, andthey can also see how it is possible to cross over to other areas.G Its employees are no longer motivated by these factors alone, and the problem today ismatching a person's motivation with the right job.H He argues that while Human Resources managers are saying the way forward is throughself-managed learning and self:development, they are still failing to provide adequatelearning resources.I The main reasons for this, it concludes, are the recent cuts in the number ofmiddle-management posts, and the changes that have taken place in the responsibilities ofpersonnel departments.答案：8.E 9.C 10.H ll.A 12.D试 题 4PART TWOQuestions 8-12• Read this memorandum.• Choose the best sentence from the list A -1 to fill each of the blanks.• For each blank (8 - 12) mark one letter (A - 1) on your Answer Sheet.• De not mark any letter twice.• One answer has teen given as an example.MEMORANDUMTo: Filma Williams, school of ArchitectureFrom: Ram S. Johnson, Physical Plant OperationsSubject: Air-conditioning Installation Costs for East Hall.Date: 4.4.94As you requested in your memo of March 15, we have studied the costs of installing airconditioning for the seven offices and two studio classrooms in East Hall ExampleOffice and Classroom installationEstimates were obtained from three contractors on the costs of covering the offices and classrooms____8 ____ The work would take about three weeks.Because the central unit would be installed on the roof, some noise problems might occur during afour-or five-day period____9 Sheet metal work to build out lest in the classes could be dineon weekends, and the overtime labour costs of about $ 1,500 have been included in the estimates.Arrangements were not made to do the office space installation on weekends ... 10 ...Additional InstallationBecause a larger installation, including a more powerful central unit, would be necessary to handlethe halls and stairways, an additional $6,000 would be required for the e q u ip m e n t.11 If this additional work were delayed until a later time, a new central unit would be required alongwith changes in the pipe way 12SummaryThe total job fbr the building would be about $ 35,000 if done at one time. A two-stage installationwould cost about $55,000.1 can get official bids at your request.Example: AA. As you suggested, we also sought information on the additional cost of air conditioning in theentrance halls and stairways.B. All these three were in the $ 20,000 to $ 25,000 range.C. This later installation would cost about $20,000.D. However, class interruption should be minimal.E. In the same way, each of these three would take at least one month.F. Therefore, the total cost was this $6,000 plus another $5,000.G. Labour costs would be an additional S 5,000, bringing the total cost of the addition to$11,000.H. Each faculty member could expect to have workers in office fbr about one day.I. So faculty members can continue their office work as usual.答案：8. B 9. D 10. H 11. G 12. C试 题10PART TWOQuestions 8-12• Read the text below about work uniforms.• Choose the best sentence from the opposite page to fill each of the gaps.• For each gap 8-12, mark one letter A-I on your Answer Sheet. Do not use any letter more than once.Altered ImagesWe have teamed up with The Career and Workwear Show to find the best-dressedorganization. Two hotel groups and a management center have made it to the shortlistUniforms project an instant image about a business, as well as creating a team spirit amongstaff. Choose the wrong workwear and you risk upsetting your customers and employees.Three entrants have been shortlisted in the competition to find the best-dressed business:Country Hotel Group, Goring Residential Management College and Major Hotels, (example)A detailed entry form set out to discover the thought processes the entrants had used beforethey selected their new uniforms. ( 8) . In addition to price and style the judges wanted toknow how the organisation introduced the new look and what lessons it had learnt.The Country Hotel Group was looking for a uniform that was comfortable to wear andpresented a relaxed country image to guests. The firm admits to placing a great emphasis onthe clothing and appearance of its staff. (9) . A brief was issued to a number ofcompanies who then had to present their ideas in a fashion show format to 50 employees.After the design was chosen, one hotel tried out the uniform for three months. (10)The aim of the new unifbnn at Goring Residential Management College was to make staffinstantly recognisable to course participants. The chosen design from Classy Rags establisheda clear corporate image at the college. There were many different outfits but only threefabrics had been used throughout the range and therefore the uniform was easilyrecognisable. One of the judges in the competition, fashion journalist Sally Bain, was alsoimpressed with the value for money aspect of the uniforms. (11)____At Major Hotels a new uniform was needed to replace the old one which was considered tobe 'old-fashioned and unattractive/ The new design was well received by the reception staffof the hotel chain. ( 1 2 ) . The new bottle-green uniforms were selected from RaynerCorporate Clothing. It was felt that it was a functional choice of colour and made a pleasantchange from the more traditional black.A. Feedback was then collected from staff at the hotel and minor changes were made before theuniform was introduced across all hotels.B. The award will be presented to the competition winners at The Career and Workwear Showwhich will be held at Business Design Centre in London.C. They all believe that its introduction has led to a modern, more professional corporate imageand greater confidence among them.D. One entry predicted that uniform fabrics would incorporate security aids which are read bysensors on doors and only allow access to authorised personnel. E. In her opinion this had been achieved at half the cost of the other entries, with the averagecost per person being £201 ,and each unifbnn being expected to last two years.F. It asked why the uniform was introduced, who it was designed to be worn by, and how thefirm went about selecting a supplier.G. She felt that the head receptionist at the hotel should be asked to put forward the views andpreferences of the team.H. In its entry it said: f Substantial investment has been made in this uniform because uniformsare seen as a very important area/I) One reason fbr this is that all three proved to the judges that they had thoroughly researchedtheir choice of new unifbnns.答案：8.F 9.H 10.A ll.E 12.C练习 3. Banks and Banking : Other Bank ServicesA modern bank provides many services other than checking a c c o u n ts .1If you went to a bank to open a savings account, you would go through almost the sameprocedures followed in applying for a checking a c c o u n t .2 Then you would be given apassbook in which your initial deposit would be recorded. All deposits and withdrawals from youraccount are entered into your p a s s b o o k .3 With a regular passbook savings account, youwould be able to withdraw money wherever you needed it. All you would have to do is fill out awithdrawal order and present it, along with your passbook to the teller.All banks pay interest on savings a c c o u n ts .4____Banks also pay interest at differentt i me s . 5 Suppose, fbr example, that on January 1, you deposited $ 1,000 in a bank thatpaid 4 1/2 percent interest semiannually. By July l,you would have earned $ 22.50 interest. Thisinterest would automatically be credited to your account; and of you left it in the bank, along withyour original deposit, you would receive interest on $ 1,022.50 for the next six-month period. Thatis, your interest would be compounded.A. But the majority of them pay semiannually, that is, every six months.B. The interest rate varies from bank to bank, but the general range is from 4 1/2 to 6 percent.C. This means that passbook contains an actual record of all transactions made and that youknow the exact amount of savings you have at any one time.D. One of these is checking accounts.E. First you would be asked to fill out a signature card.F. But most banks pay interest at the end of a year.G. One of the most important of these is regular passbook savings.H. One can withdraw money whenever necessary.答案：答案：1 .G； 2. E； 3. ； 4. B； 5. A第六课时练习 1. Problems at Southford PlanDear MR Ballard,You asked fbr a brief report concerning the recent events at the South ford Plant.We have consulted the files and spoken to relevant members of the higher management andthus are able to provide an explanation fbr the breakdown reported in the press on 17 May of this year.1____ The handling equipment used to deliver the components to the assembly line hasbeen known to be in need of an overhaul fbr the past six months. The plant has been working tofull capacity to finish the American orders according to schedule.As you know, we had commissioned a study by Industrial Research Consultants.____2In it they warned that there was not enough space available to store sufficient components____3____Wc had decided to install Hilly automated robot system. However, at the same time it wasclear to our production director that given the present maintenance staff, we would not havesufficient staff available if big problems were to arise 4 But we were still only working atwo-shift system so the machines were not getting the necessary cover.We all agree that the breakdown was extremely unfortunate and yet we must admit that,under the circumstance, it was not entirely unexpected.We now believe that we have managed to sort out the major problems which we had beenhaving with the conveyor equipment 5 Added to this is the fact that personneldepartment has been successful in recruiting some highly qualified maintenance staff who makesus confident that a repetition of the 16 May now seems entirely unlikely.A. They also recommended expanding the present two-shift system to a three-shift one.B. And also when the new robots are installed in September, we feel certain that such problemswill become a thing of the past.C. Unfortunately, as you know, there has been a major problem with recognizing the maintenanceschedule.D. The wide range of machine we operate is not fully supervised at all times.E. The cause of the breakdown was very simple.F. They submitted their report on April 5.G. There have been a number of delays and breakdowns in production recently which have beenreported in the press.H. The firm has been advertising fbr maintenance engineers fbr some weeks.I. All the facilities in the plant will be coordinated to enable the workers to step up production ofthe new range of machines.答案：l.E ； 2. F； 3. A； 4. H； 5.B试 题 14PART TWOQuestions 8-12• Read the article below about job interviews.• Choose the best sentence from the list on the opposite page to fill each of the gaps.• For each gap 8-12 mark one letter (A-1) on your Answer Sheet.• Do not use any letter more than once.How to Succeed at InterviewsThe aim of a job interview is to establish whether you are likely to do well in a particular job in aspecific organisation. This is not only a matter of having the necessary technical knowledge andskills. You must also have the motivation, the ability to adapt to new ways of working and to anew work environment, and the personality to do the job and fit into a new team, (e x a m p le ).These include getting on with people, oral and written communication, teamworking, problem solving and good time management.Most people think that interviewers know what they are looking for and will recognise it whenthey see it. ( 8) . This applies to recruiters as much as anyone else. In fact a former head ofselection at one big firm used to say that “some interviewers are so poor they would do better torely on chance”.In companies which recognise this, various methods are used to try to find the right person (9). Research has shown that this approach is more reliable than the ordinary job interview,though not as effective as using personality tests or assessment centres.In a structured interview the interviewer groups the qualities listed in the job specification undervarious headings. There are two well-established structures for this: the National Institute ofIndustrial Psychology's Seven-Point Plan and the Five-Fold Grading System. Both these systemscover factors such as physical appearance, qualifications, general intelligence, motivation andprevious experience.(lO)____.However, they should not give equal weight to each one. Some factors are more important in onejob than another. For example, physical appearance and manner will be more important in a salesposition than in a researcher who works behind the scenes. It is also a fact that the impact thecandidate makes in the first three of four minutes of an interview is of major importance。
1).A decision not to hire is often made during those first few minutes.It is not always possible to tell whether structured interview techniques are being used. Ifinterviewers ask questions systematically, using some kind of checklist, and occasionally make abrief note, they probably are. On the other hand, if the interviewer goes through your applicationform to confirm what you have already said, or asks irrelevant questions, or jumps from one topicto another the interview is unlikely to be structured. Before you attend any interview, look again atthe job description and the personal specification. ( 1 2 ) . If you already have a mental list ofthe key points that you need to mention, you are unlikely to waste time giving irrelevantinformation or to omit important points in your favour.A Study them closely and assess what your interviewer will be looking for.B However, people are actually not very good at assessing one anothe匚C A number of skills are common to most of these interviewing situations.D Although a favourable impression may be reversed later in the interview, a negativeimpression is rarely changed.E The most common is the structured interview.F The effectiveness of the interviewer can be improved by training.G For each of these areas the interviewers score candidates against how well they fit the jobspecification.H The ability to cope with stress and get on with people is essential.I But there are other personal skills that affect your success in a job.答案：8.B 9.E 10.G ll.D 12.AFinding the right peopleWhen a small company grows, managers must take on many new roles. Besides theday-to-day running of the business, they find themselves responsible fbr, among other things, relations with outside investors, increased levels of cashflow and, hardest of all, recruitment.For most managers of small and medium-sized enterprises, the job of searching fbr,interviewing and selecting staff is difficult and time-consuming.___(0) G___. Interviewing, fbrexample, is a highly skilled activity in itself.“We have found the whole process very hard,“ says Dan Baker, founding partner of a PRcompany. t4In seven years we have grown from five to eighteen staff, but we have not found iteasy to locate and recruit the right people.,, ___(8)___. As Dan Baker explains, fctWe went to onefbr out first recruitment drive, but they took a lot of money in advance and didn't put forwardanybody suitable. In the end we had to do it ourselves.^^Most recruitment decisions are based on a pile of CVs, a couple of short interviews and twocautious references. David Rowe, a business psychologist, studied how appointments were madein five small companies. He claims that selection was rarely based in clear criteria.___(9)___.This kind of approach to recruitment often has unhappy consequences fbr both employers and newrecruits.Small companies often know what kind of person they are looking fbr. ___(10)___.According to David Rowe, this means that small company managers themselves have to devotemore time and energy to recruitment. It shouldn't be something that is left to the evenings orweekends.Many companies start the recruitment process with over-optimistic ideas about the type ofperson that will fit into their team. "It's very easy to say you must have the best people in the toppositions,says Alex Jones, managing partner of an executive recruitment company. "Butsomeone who is excellent in one company may not do so well in another environment.___(11)___.You can never guarantee a successful transfer of skills.^^Whatever the candidate's qualifications, their personal qualities are just as important sincethey will have to integrate with existing members of staff. This is where, the recruitment industryargues, they can really help.According to Alex Jones, “a good recruitment agency will visit your company and ask a lotof questions.___(12)___. They can ask applicants all sorts of you with a shortlist of people whonot only have the skills, but who are likely to fit in with your company's way of doing things.^^A. A finance director in a big company, fbr example, will often make a terrible small companyfinance director because he or she is used to having a team doing the day-to-day jobs.B. More often than not, the people making the choice prioritized different qualities in candidatesor relied on guesswork.C. Recruitment would seem an obvious task to outsource, but the company's experience ofrecruitment agencies was not encouraging.D. They need paying for that, of course, but you will have them working fbr you and not fbr thecandidate.E. They are usually in very specific markets and the problem they face is that recruitmentagencies may not really understand the sector.F. This means that companies cannot spend more than the standard ten minutes interviewingeach applicant.G. Yet few are trained and competent fbr ail aspects of the task.答案：8.C； 9.B； 10.E； ll.A ； 12.D Part 3作业:Part 3Exercise 1Questions 1-6Read the article below about public relations.For each question 1-6, mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet, for the answer youchoose.Public RelationsA company does not function in a vacuum, but rather as part of a society. That society consists ofthe people who work for it, the people and companies that do business with it, the public at large,and the government that regulates and taxes it. These groups are known as a company's "publics.”In order for a company to deal with these publics effectively, a relationship of trust must exist.Employees will not cooperate with or put forth their best efforts for a company that they do nottrust or that they feel is taking advantage of them. The public will not buy products or servicesfrom a company that, in their view, is not responsible or trustworthy. And the government, as theprotector of the society it governs, is especially vigilant in dealing with a company that it regardsas not operating in the public interest. Given these circumstances, every business, whether it is agiant corporation or a small factory, a five-star hotel or a roadside tavern, needs to give somethought to the relationship it has with all the various publics it interacts with. The techniques that acompany uses to improve these relationships are known as “public relations", also called PR.The goal of public relations is usually to improve the climate or atmosphere in which a companyoperates. Here are some results a company might expect from a successful public relations campaign:Its products and services are better known.Its relationship with employees has improved.Its public reputation has improved.A successful public relations campaign can get people to do something that will help a company,stop them from doing something that might hurt it, or at least allow the company to proceed with acourse of action without criticism. 4tAn organization with good public relations has a favourableimage or reputation, perhaps as a result of public relations activities.^^ Says Richard Weiner, anoted and award-winning public relations counselor. In developing and implementing publicrelations plans, companies often use a simple five-step process: research or fact finding, planning,action, communication, and evaluation.A classic example of public relations at work is McDonald's. It has always been important toMcDonald's to be known as a company that values cleanliness. Indeed, founder Ray Krocemphasized cleanliness a long with quality, service, and value as being the four most importantthings in any McDonald's operation. For that reason, Kroc instructed the first McDonald'sfranchisees to pick up all litter within a two block radius of their stores, whether it wasMcDonald's litter or not. The company also did many other things to help protect the environment.In 1990, it announced a program called McRecycle in which McDonald's committed itself to buy$100 million in recycled materials for use in building and remodeling its restaurants. It isimportant to understand the role public relations has played in all the company's decisions.McDonald's has always been socially responsible and extremely concerned about its image. Thesetwo facts are part and parcel of its public relationships. To McDonald's, public relationships activities go much deeper than simply sending out press releases and having corporate officersserve on various charitable boards. The company understands that real public relations meanstaking significant action first, then announcing them to the public. Without the first step, thesecond would be meaningless. Many companies do not understand this basic principle: If youwant to make news, you must first do something newsworthy.1. According to the passage, a company's publics refer toA. people in a societyB. employees and employers within a companyC. people and organization in and outside a companyD. the company and the government2. A good public relationship is based onA. mutual understandingB. mutual familiarityC. mutual attractionD. mutual trust3. The aim of public relations is toA. improve a company's operating environmentB. make a company's products known to the publicC. make a company's name known to the publicD. establish a good relationship with employees4. The passage tells us that a good reputation of a company mostly comes fromA. its high quality productsB. the fame of its executivesC. its public relation activitiesD. its relationship with the government5. According to the text, how many steps are usually adopted to implement public relations plans?A. Three.B. Five.C. Eight.D. Not mentioned.6. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?A. Public relations first, business second.B. Actions speak louder than words.C. It is easier said than done.D. One should seek truth from facts.PART THREEQuestions 13-18• Read the article below about business meetings and the questions on the opposite page.• For each question 13-18, mark one letter (A,B,C or D) on your Answer Sheet far the answeryou choose.GETTING THE MOST OUT OF MEETINGOne aspect of business life which many managers are unhappy with is the need to attend meetings.Research indicates that managers will spend between a third and a half of their working lives in meetings. Although most managers would agree that it is hard to think of an alternative tomeetings, as a means of considering information and making collective decisions, their length andfrequency can cause problems with the workload of even the best-organised executives.Meetings work best if they take place only when necessary and not as a matter of routine. Oneexample of this is the discussion of personal or career matters between members of staff and theirline and personnel managers. Another is during the early stages of a project when the teammanaging it need to learn to understand and trust one another.Once it has been decided that a meeting is necessary, decisions need to be taken about who willattend and about the location and length of the meeting. People should only be invited to attend ifthey are directly involved in the matters under discussion and the agenda should be distributedwell in advance. An agenda is vital because it acts as a road map to keep discussion focused andwithin the time limited allocated. This is also the responsibility of the person chairing the meeting,who should encourage those who say little to speak and stop those who have a great deal to sayfrom talking too much.At the end of a well organised meeting, people will feel that the meeting has been a success and bepleased they were invited. They will know not only what decisions were made but also the reasonsfor these decisions. Unfortunately, at the end of a badly organised meeting those present will leavefeeling that they have wasted their time and that nothing worthwhile has been achieved.Much together has been given over the years to ways of keeping meeting short. One man who hasno intention of spending half his working life in meeting is Roland Winterson, chief executive of alarge manufacturing company. He believes that meetings should be short, sharp and infrequent.try to hold no more than two or three meetings a week, attended by a maximum of three people forno longer than half an hour,^^ he says. "They are clearly aimed at achieving a specific objective,such as making a decision or planning a strategy, and are based on careful preparation. I draw upthe agenda for every meeting and circulate it in advance; those attending are expected to study itcarefully and should be prepared to both ask and answer questions. Managers are best employedcarrying out tasks directly connected with their jobs not attending endless meetings. In business,time is money and spending it in needless meetings that don't achieve anything can be very costly.Executives should follow the example of lawyers and put a cost on each hour of their time andthen decide whether attending a long meeting really is the best way to spend their time.”13. What do most managers think about meetings?A. Meetings take up most of their working life.B. Meetings allow them to monitor decision-making.C. Meetings prevent them from establishing a routine.D. Meetings are the only way they know of achieving certain objectives.14. According to the writer, an example of a valuable meeting is one whichA. allows colleagues to achieve a better working relationship.B. requires managers to discuss staffing needs with personnel.C. selects a suitable group of people to work together as a team.D. encourages staff to present ideas on improvements in management.15. According to the writer the agenda is important because itA. is seen by everybody before the meeting.B. helps to give direction to the discussions.C. contains items of interest to all those present. D. shows who should speak at each stage of the meeting.16. The writer says that people leaving a well organised meeting will understandA. the reason fbr their invitation to attend.B. how the decisions taken were relevant to them.C. the importance of proposals under discussion.D. why certain courses of action were agreed upon.17. What does Roland Winterson say about the meetings that he organises?A. He aims to hold them on a regular basis.B. He ensures they have a definite purpose.C. He requires his managers to draw up the agenda.D. He uses them to make decisions about strategy.18. What is Roland Winteson's opinion about meetings?A. They ban be a bad use of a manager's time.B. Their importance is often underestimated.C. They frequently result in wrong decisions.D. Their effectiveness could be improved with better planning.答案：13.D； 14.A； 15.B； 16.D； 17.B； 18. APART THREEQuestions 13-18• Read the article below about how to avoid working long hours and the questions on theopposite page• For each question 13-18, mark one letter (A,B,C or D) on your Answer Sheet, for the answeryou choose.Morning, noon and night The long-hours culture at workWorking an eight-hour day is a luxury fbr most professional people. Nowadays, the only way toguarantee an eight-hour working day is to have the kind of job where you clock on and ofF. Thoseprofessionals who have managed to limit their hours to what was, 20 years ago, the average do notwish to identify themselves, "I can quite easily achieve my work within a nonnal day, but I don'tlike to draw attention to it,“ says one sales manager. "'People looked at me when I left at 5 o'clock.Now, I put paperwork in my bag. People assume I'm doing extra hours at home.”But more typical is Mark, who works as an account manager. He says, “My contract says I workfrom 9 until 5 with extra hours as necessary. It sounds as if the extra hours are exceptional. Infact,my job would be enough not only fbr me, but also for someone else part-time. The idea of aneight-hour day makes me laugh!” He says he has thought about going freelance but realises thatthis doesn't guarantee better working hours.Professors Cary Cooper, occupational psychologist at the University of Manchester, is the authorof the annual Quality of Working Life survey. The most recent survey found that 77% of managersin Britain work more than their contracted hours, and that this is having a damaging effect on theirhealth, relationships and productivity. Professor Cooper is critical of the long-hours culture. Hesays that while bosses believe long hours lead to greater efficiency, there is no evidence to supportthis. 4tIn fact, the evidence shows that long hours make youThere are, he says, steps that can be taken. One is to accept that the in-tray will never be empty.“There are always things to do. You just have to make the nile that on certain days you go homeearly." Prioritising work and doing essential tasks first helps, he says. He also thinks it's time to criticize bad employers and unreasonable terms of employment. uBy all means, show commitmentwhere necessary but when expectations are too high, people have to begin saying openly that theyhave a life outside of work.”Personal development coach Mo Shapiro agrees that communication is important. StafF need totalk to managers about the working practices within a company. Both parties should feel that theexpectations are realistic and allow them to have responsibilities and interests outside work. Sherecongnises, however, that in many organizations the response might well be, “If you want moreinterests outside work, then find another job7,She believes that senior staff have a duty to set an example. "I recently worked for a firm ofsolicitors where the partners started at 7.30am. What kind of message is that to send to the staff?”She believes there is no shame in working sensible hours - in fact quite the reserve. "Some peoplemight be in at 7.30am but will be doing very little. You can work really hard from 9 to 5 andachieve the same. If you find it difficult to achieve an eight-hour day, there is, as a last resort, theold trick of leaving your jacket on your chair and your computers switched on, even after you haveleft the building.^^13. What does the writer say in the first paragraph about people who work an eight-hour day?A. They are reluctant to admit to this.B. They are disliked by their colleagues.C. They are limited to certain professions.D. They often catch up on work in the evenings.14. What does Mark say about his work?A. His main concern is job security.B. Too much of his time at work is wasted.C. The tenns of his contract are misleading.D. He objects to being given other people's work.15. What does Cary Cooper say about recent trends in the workplace?A. He believes that a long working day is counter-productive.B. He has doubts about the results of the Quality of Working Life survey.C. He says that employers should accept the link between working hours and safety.D. He argues that further research is needed into the relationship between work and health.16. How does Cary Cooper think people should deal with the requirements of the workplace?A. Obtain help in negotiating terms of employment.B. Let people know when demands are unreasonable.C. Delegate the less important work to other staff.D. Accept that the modem workplace is a competitive place.17. What does Mo Shapiro see as a problem for employees today?A. They lack the communication skills that modern business requires.B. Many employers would not regard requests for shorter hours favourably.C. Most employers do not want to be responsible fbr the professional development of staff.D. They have difficulties adapting to the rapid changes occurring in working practices.18. What does Mo Shapiro think about present working hours?A. In many companies senior staff need to work a long day.B. The best staff are efficient enough to finish their work within eight hours.C. There are too many staff deceiving employers about their hours of work. D. Top executives should use their influence to change the long-hours culture.答案：13.A； 14.C； 15.A； 16.B； 17.B； 18.DPART THREEQuestions 13-18• Read the article below about managing a small business and the questions on the oppositepage.• For each question 13-18, mark one letter (A,B,C or D) on your Answer Sheet, for the answeryou choose.The Difficulties Of Managing A Small BusinessRonald Meers asks who chief executives of entrepreneurial orsmall businesses can turn to for advice.“The organisational weaknesses that entrepreneurs have to deal with every day would cause themanagers of a mature company to panic, “ Andrew Bidden wrote recently in Boston BusinessReview. This seems to suggest that the leaders of entrepreneurial or small businesses must beunlike other managers, or the problems faced by such leaders must be the subject of a specialisedbody of wisdom, or possibly both. Unfortunately, neither is true. Not much worth reading aboutmanaging the entrepreneurial or small business has been written, and the leaders of suchbusinesses are made of flesh and blood, like the rest of us.Furthermore, little has been done to address the aspects of entrepreneurial or small businesses thatare so difficult to deal with and so different from the challenges faced by management in bigbusiness. In part this is because those involved in gathering expertise about business and in sellingadvice to businesses have historically been more interested in the needs of big business. In part, inthe UK at least, it is also because small businesses have always preferred to adapt to changingcircumstances.The organisational problems of entrepreneurial or small businesses are thus forced upon theindividuals who lead them. Even more so than for bigger businesses, the old saying is true - thatpeople, particularly those who make the important decisions, are a business's most important asset.The research that does exist shows that neither money nor the ability to access more of it is themajor factor determining growth. The main reason an entrepreneurial business stops growing isthe lack of management and leadership resource available to the business when it matters. Give anentrepreneur an experienced, skilled team and he or she will find the funds every time. Getting theteam, though, is the difficult bit.Part of the problem for entrepreneurs is the speed of change that affects their businesses. Theyhave to cope with continuous change yet have always been suspicious about the latest"management solution". They regard the many offerings from business schools as out of date evenbefore they leave the planning board and have little faith in the recommendations of consultantswhen they arrive in the hands of young., inexperienced graduates. But such impatience with''management solutions,^ does not mean that problems can be left to solve themselves. However,the leaders of growing businesses are still left with the problem of who to turn to for advice.The answer is horribly simple: leaders of small businesses can ask each other. The collectiveknowledge of a group of leaders can prove enormously helpful in solving the specific problems ofindividuals. One leader's problems have certainly been solved already by someone else. There isan organisation called KITE which enables those responsible for small businesses to meet. Itsmembers, all of whom are chief executives, go through a demanding selection process, and then join a small group of other chief executives. They come from a range of business sectors and eachoffers a different corporate history. Each group is led by a “moderator”, an independently selectedbusinessman or woman who has been specially trained to head the group. Each member takes it inturn to host a meeting at his or her business premises and, most important of all, group discussionsare kept strictly confidential. This encourages a free sharing of problems and increase thepossibility of solutions being discovered.13. What does the writer say about entrepreneurs in the first paragraph?A. It is wrong to assume that they are different from other managers.B. The problems they have to cope with are specific to small businesses.C. They find it difficult to attract staff with sufficient expertise.D. They could learn from the organisational skills of managers in large companies.14. According to the second paragraph, what has led to a lack of support for entrepreneurs?A. Entrepreneurs have always preferred to act independently.B. The requirements of big businesses have always taken priority.C. It is difficult to find solutions to the problems faced by entrepreneurs.D. Entrepreneurs are reluctant to provide information about their businesses.15. What does the writer say about the expansion of small businesses?A. Many small businesses do not produce enough profits to finance growth.B. Many employees in small businesses have problems working as part of a team.C. Being able to recruit the right people is the most important factor affecting growth.D. Leaders of small businesses lack the experience to make their companies a success.16. What does the writer say is an additional problem for entrepreneurs in the fourth paragraph?A. They rely on management systems that are out of date.B. They will not adopt measures that provide long-term solutions.C. They have little confidence in the business advice that is available.D. They do not take market changes into account when drawing up business plans.17. What does the writer say the members of the KITE organisation provide?A. Advice no how to select suitable staff.B. A means of contacting potential clients.C. A simple checklist for analyzing problems.D. Direct experience of a number of industries.18. The writer says that KITE groups are likely to succeed becauseA. members are able to elect their leader.B. the leaders have received extensive training.C. members are encouraged to adopt a critical approach.D. information is not passed on to non-members答案：13.A； 14.B； 15.C； 16.C； 17.D； 18.D讲解：Part 3Exercise 1Questions 1-6Read the article below about public relations.For each question 1-6, mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet, for the answer youchoose. Public RelationsA company does not Rmction in a vacuum, but rather as part of a society. That society consists ofthe people who work for it, the people and companies that do business with it, the public at large,and the government that regulates and taxes it. These groups arc known as a company's "publics.”In order for a company to deal with these publics effectively, a relationship of trust must exist.Employees will not cooperate with or put forth their best efforts for a company that they do nottrust or that they feel is taking advantage of them. The public will not buy products or servicesfrom a company that, in their view, is not responsible or trustworthy. And the government, as theprotector of the society it governs, is especially vigilant in dealing with a company that it regardsas not operating in the public interest. Given these circumstances, every business, whether it is agiant corporation or a small factory, a five-star hotel or a roadside tavern, needs to give somethought to the relationship it has with all the various publics it interacts with. The techniques that acompany uses to improve these relationships are known as “public relations”, also called PR.The goal of public relations is usually to improve the climate or atmosphere in which a companyoperates. Here are some results a company might expect from a successful public relations campaign:Its products and services arc better known.Its relationship with employees has improved.Its public reputation has improved.A successful public relations campaign can get people to do something that will help a company,stop them from doing something that might hurt it, or at least allow the company to proceed with acourse of action without criticism. "An organization with good public relations has a favourableimage or reputation, perhaps as a result of public relations activities.^^ Says Richard Weiner, anoted and award-winning public relations counselor. In developing and implementing publicrelations plans, companies often use a simple five-step process: research or fact finding, planning,action, communication, and evaluation.A classic example of public relations at work is McDonald's. It has always been important toMcDonald's to be known as a company that values cleanliness. Indeed, founder Ray Krocemphasized cleanliness a long with quality, service, and value as being the four most importantthings in any McDonald's operation. For that reason, Kroc instructed the first McDonald'sfranchisees to pick up all litter within a two block radius of their stores, whether it wasMcDonald's litter or not. The company also did many other things to help protect the environment.In 1990, it announced a program called McRccycle in which McDonald's committed itself to buy$100 million in recycled materials fbr use in building and remodeling its restaurants. It isimportant to understand the role public relations has played in all the company's decisions.McDonald's has always been socially responsible and extremely concerned about its image. Thesetwo facts are part and parcel of its public relationships. To McDonald's, public relationshipsactivities go much deeper than simply sending out press releases and having corporate officersserve on various charitable boards. The company understands that real public relations meanstaking significant action first, then announcing them to the public. Without the first step, thesecond would be meaningless. Many companies do not understand this basic principle: If youwant to make news, you must first do something newsworthy.1. According to the passage, a company's publics refer toA. people in a societyB. employees and employers within a company C. people and organization in and outside a companyD. the company and the government2. A good public relationship is based onA. mutual understandingB. mutual familiarityC. mutual attractionD. mutual trust3. The aim of public relations is toA. improve a company's operating environmentB. make a company's products known to the publicC. make a company's name known to the publicD. establish a good relationship with employees4. The passage tells us that a good reputation of a company mostly comes fromA. its high quality productsB. the fame of its executivesC. its public relation activitiesD. its relationship with the government5. According to the text, how many steps are usually adopted to implement public relations plans?A. Three.B. Five.C. Eight.D. Not mentioned.6. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?A. Public relations first, business second.B. Actions speak louder than words.C. It is easier said than done.D. One should seek truth from facts.第七课时PART THREEQuestions 13-18• Read the article below about business meetings and the questions on the opposite page.• For each question 13-18, mark one letter (A,B,C or D) on your Answer Sheet for the answeryou choose.GETTING THE MOST OUT OF MEETINGOne aspect of business life which many managers are unhappy with is the need to attend meetings.Research indicates that managers will spend between a third and a half of their working lives inmeetings. Although most managers would agree that it is hard to think of an alternative tomeetings, as a means of considering information and making collective decisions, their length andfrequency can cause problems with the workload of even the best-organised executives.Meetings work best if they take place only when necessary and not as a matter of routine. Oneexample of this is the discussion of personal or career matters between members of staff and their line and personnel managers. Another is during the early stages of a project when the teammanaging it need to learn to understand and trust one another.Once it has been decided that a meeting is necessary, decisions need to be taken about who willattend and about the location and length of the meeting. People should only be invited to attend ifthey are directly involved in the matters under discussion and the agenda should be distributedwell in advance. An agenda is vital because it acts as a road map to keep discussion focused andwithin the time limited allocated. This is also the responsibility of the person chairing the meeting,who should encourage those who say little to speak and stop those who have a great deal to sayfrom talking too much.At the end of a well organised meeting, people will feel that the meeting has been a success and bepleased they were invited. They will know not only what decisions were made but also the reasonsfor these decisions. Unfortunately, at the end of a badly organised meeting those present will leavefeeling that they have wasted their time and that nothing worthwhile has been achieved.Much together has been given over the years to ways of keeping meeting short. One man who hasno intention of spending half his working life in meeting is Roland Winterson, chief executive of alarge manufacturing company. He believes that meetings should be short, sharp and infrequent. €4Itry to hold no more than two or three meetings a week, attended by a maximum of three people forno longer than half an hour,^^ he says. "They are clearly aimed at achieving a specific objective,such as making a decision or planning a strategy, and are based on careful preparation. I draw upthe agenda for every meeting and circulate it in advance; those attending are expected to study itcarefully and should be prepared to both ask and answer questions. Managers are best employedcarrying out tasks directly connected with their jobs not attending endless meetings. In business,time is money and spending it in needless meetings that don't achieve anything can be very costly.Executives should follow the example of lawyers and put a cost on each hour of their time andthen decide whether attending a long meeting really is the best way to spend their time.”13. What do most managers think about meetings?A. Meetings take up most of their working life.B. Meetings allow them to monitor decision-making.C. Meetings prevent them from establishing a routine.D. Meetings are the only way they know of achieving certain objectives.14. According to the writer, an example of a valuable meeting is one whichA. allows colleagues to achieve a better working relationship.B. requires managers to discuss staffing needs with personnel.C. selects a suitable group of people to work together as a team.D. encourages staff to present ideas on improvements in management.15. According to the writer the agenda is important because itA. is seen by everybody before the meeting.B. helps to give direction to the discussions.C. contains items of interest to all those present.D. shows who should speak at each stage of the meeting.16. The writer says that people leaving a well organised meeting will understandA. the reason for their invitation to attend.B. how the decisions taken were relevant to them.C. the importance of proposals under discussion. D. why certain courses of action were agreed upon.17. What does Roland Winterson say about the meetings that he organises?A. He aims to hold them on a regular basis.B. He ensures they have a definite purpose.C. He requires his managers to draw up the agenda.D. He uses them to make decisions about strategy.18. What is Roland Winteson's opinion about meetings?A. They ban be a bad use of a manager's time.B. Their importance is often underestimated.C. They frequently result in wrong decisions.D. Their effectiveness could be improved with better planning.答案：13.D； 14.A； 15.B； 16.D； 17.B； 18. APART THREEQuestions 13-18• Read the article below about how to avoid working long hours and the questions on theopposite page• For each question 13-18, mark one letter (A,B,C or D) on your Answer Sheet, far the answeryou choose.Morning, noon and night The long-hours culture at workWorking an eight-hour day is a luxury for most professional people. Nowadays, the only way toguarantee an eight-hour working day is to have the kind of job where you clock on and off. Thoseprofessionals who have managed to limit their hours to what was, 20 years ago, the average do notwish to identify themselves. UI can quite easily achieve my work within a normal day, but I don'tlike to draw attention to it J says one sales manager. t4Pcople looked at me when I left at 5 o'clock.Now, I put paperwork in my bag. People assume I'm doing extra hours at home.^^But more typical is Mark, who works as an account manager. He says, “My contract says I workfrom 9 until 5 with extra hours as necessary. It sounds as if the extra hours are exceptional. Infact,my job would be enough not only for me, but also for someone else part-time. The idea of aneight-hour day makes me laugh!,, He says he has thought about going freelance but realises thatthis doesn't guarantee better working hours.Professors Cary Cooper, occupational psychologist at the University of Manchester, is the authorof the annual Quality of Working Life survey. The most recent survey found that 77% of managersin Britain work more than their contracted hours, and that this is having a damaging effect on theirhealth, relationships and productivity. Professor Cooper is critical of the long-hours culture. Hesays that while bosses believe long hours lead to greater efficiency, there is no evidence to supportthis. "In fact, the evidence shows that long hours make youThere are, he says, steps that can be taken. One is to accept that the in-tray will never be empty.“There are always things to do. You just have to make the rule that on certain days you go homeearly.^^ Prioritising work and doing essential tasks first helps, he says. He also thinks ifs time tocriticize bad employers and unreasonable terms of employment. t4By all means, show commitmentwhere necessary but when expectations are too high, people have to begin saying openly that theyhave a life outside of work.”Personal development coach Mo Shapiro agrees that communication is important. Staff need totalk to managers about the working practices within a company. Both parties should feel that the expectations are realistic and allow them to have responsibilities and interests outside work. Sherecongnises, however, that in many organizations the response might well be, "If you want moreinterests outside work, then find another job7,She believes that senior staff have a duty to set an example. "I recently worked for a firm ofsolicitors where the partners started at 7.30am. What kind of message is that to send to the staff?”She believes there is no shame in working sensible hours - in fact quite the reserve. "Some peoplemight be in at 7.30am but will be doing very little. You can work really hard from 9 to 5 andachieve the same. If you find it difficult to achieve an eight-hour day, there is, as a last resort, theold trick of leaving your jacket on your chair and your computers switched on, even after you haveleft the building.^^13. What does the writer say in the first paragraph about people who work an eight-hour day?A. They are reluctant to admit to this.B. They are disliked by their colleagues.C. They are limited to certain professions.D. They often catch up on work in the evenings.14. What does Mark say about his work?A. His main concern is job security.B. Too much of his time at work is wasted.C. The terms of his contract are misleading.D. He objects to being given other people's work.15. What does Cary Cooper say about recent trends in the workplace?A. He believes that a long working day is counter-productive.B. He has doubts about the results of the Quality of Working Life survey.C. He says that employers should accept the link between working hours and safety.D. He argues that further research is needed into the relationship between work and health.16. How does Cary Cooper think people should deal with the requirements of the workplace?A. Obtain help in negotiating terms of employment.B. Let people know when demands are unreasonable.C. Delegate the less important work to other staff.D. Accept that the modem workplace is a competitive place.17. What does Mo Shapiro see as a problem for employees today?A. They lack the communication skills that modem business requires.B. Many employers would not regard requests for shorter hours favourably.C. Most employers do not want to be responsible for the professional development of staff.D. They have difficulties adapting to the rapid changes occurring in working practices.18. What does Mo Shapiro think about present working hours?A. In many companies senior staff need to work a long day.B. The best staff are efficient enough to finish their work within eight hours.C. There are too many staff deceiving employers about their hours of work.D. Top executives should use their influence to change the long-hours culture.答案：13.A； 14.C； 15.A； 16.B； 17.B； 18.DPART THREEQuestions 13-18• Read the article below about managing a small business and the questions on the opposite page• For each question 13-18, mark one letter (A,B,C or D) on your Answer Sheet, for the answeryou choose.The Difficulties Of Managing A Small BusinessRonald Meers asks who chief executives of entrepreneurial orsmall businesses can turn to for advice.“The organisational weaknesses that entrepreneurs have to deal with every day would cause themanagers of a mature company to panic, “ Andrew Bidden wrote recently in Boston BusinessReview. This seems to suggest that the leaders of entrepreneurial or small businesses must beunlike other managers, or the problems faced by such leaders must be the subject of a specialisedbody of wisdom, or possibly both. Unfortunately, neither is true. Not much worth reading aboutmanaging the entrepreneurial or small business has been written, and the leaders of suchbusinesses are made of flesh and blood, like the rest of us.Furthermore, little has been done to address the aspects of entrepreneurial or small businesses thatare so difficult to deal with and so different from the challenges faced by management in bigbusiness. In part this is because those involved in gathering expertise about business and in sellingadvice to businesses have historically been more interested in the needs of big business. In part, inthe UK at least, it is also because small businesses have always preferred to adapt to changingcircumstances.The organisational problems of entrepreneurial or small businesses are thus forced upon theindividuals who lead them. Even more so than for bigger businesses, the old saying is true - thatpeople, particularly those who make the important decisions, are a business's most important asset.The research that does exist shows that neither money nor the ability to access more of it is themajor factor determining growth. The main reason an entrepreneurial business stops growing isthe lack of management and leadership resource available to the business when it matters. Give anentrepreneur an experienced, skilled team and he or she will find the funds every time. Getting theteam, though, is the difficult bit.Part of the problem for entrepreneurs is the speed of change that affects their businesses. Theyhave to cope with continuous change yet have always been suspicious about the latest''management solution^^. They regard the many offerings from business schools as out of date evenbefore they leave the planning board and have little faith in the recommendations of consultantswhen they arrive in the hands of young., inexperienced graduates. But such impatience with"management solutions^^ does not mean that problems can be left to solve themselves. However,the leaders of growing businesses are still left with the problem of who to turn to for advice.The answer is horribly simple: leaders of small businesses can ask each other. The collectiveknowledge of a group of leaders can prove enormously helpful in solving the specific problems ofindividuals. One leader's problems have certainly been solved already by someone else. There isan organisation called KITE which enables those responsible for small businesses to meet. Itsmembers, all of whom are chief executives, go through a demanding selection process, and thenjoin a small group of other chief executives. They come from a range of business sectors and eachoffers a different corporate history. Each group is led by a "moderator”, an independently selectedbusinessman or woman who has been specially trained to head the group. Each member takes it inturn to host a meeting at his or her business premises and, most important of all, group discussionsare kept strictly confidential. This encourages a free sharing of problems and increase the possibility of solutions being discovered.13. What does the writer say about entrepreneurs in the first paragraph?A. It is wrong to assume that they are different from other managers.B. The problems they have to cope with are specific to small businesses.C. They find it difficult to attract staff with sufficient expertise.D. They could learn from the organisational skills of managers in large companies.14. According to the second paragraph, what has led to a lack of support fbr entrepreneurs?A. Entrepreneurs have always preferred to act independently.B. The requirements of big businesses have always taken priority.C. It is difficult to find solutions to the problems faced by entrepreneurs.D. Entrepreneurs are reluctant to provide information about their businesses.15. What does the writer say about the expansion of small businesses?A. Many small businesses do not produce enough profits to finance growth.B. Many employees in small businesses have problems working as part of a team.C. Being able to recruit the right people is the most important factor affecting growth.D. Leaders of small businesses lack the experience to make their companies a success.16. What does the writer say is an additional problem fbr entrepreneurs in the fourth paragraph?A. They rely on management systems that are out of date.B. They will not adopt measures that provide long-term solutions.C. They have little confidence in the business advice that is available.D. They do not take market changes into account when drawing up business plans.17. What does the writer say the members of the KITE organisation provide?A. Advice no how to select suitable staff.B. A means of contacting potential clients.C. A simple checklist fbr analyzing problems.D. Direct experience of a number of industries.18. The writer says that KITE groups are likely to succeed becauseA. members are able to elect their leader.B. the leaders have received extensive training.C. members are encouraged to adopt a critical approach.D. information is not passed on to non-members答案：13.A； 14.B； 15.C； 16.C； 17.D； 18.D第八课时PART THREEQuestions 13-18• Read the article below about managing a small business and the questions on the oppositepage-• For each question 13-18, mark one letter (A,B,C or D) on your Answer Sheet, far the answeryou choose.The Difficulties Of Managing A Small BusinessRonald Meers asks who chief executives of entrepreneurial orsmall businesses can turn to for advice. “The organisational weaknesses that entrepreneurs have to deal with every day would cause themanagers of a mature company to panic, “ Andrew Bidden wrote recently in Boston BusinessReview. This seems to suggest that the leaders of entrepreneurial or small businesses must beunlike other managers, or the problems faced by such leaders must be the subject of a specialisedbody of wisdom, or possibly both. Unfortunately, neither is true. Not much worth reading aboutmanaging the entrepreneurial or small business has been written, and the leaders of suchbusinesses are made of flesh and blood, like the rest of us.Furthermore, little has been done to address the aspects of entrepreneurial or small businesses thatare so difficult to deal with and so different from the challenges faced by management in bigbusiness. In part this is because those involved in gathering expertise about business and in sellingadvice to businesses have historically been more interested in the needs of big business. In part, inthe UK at least, it is also because small businesses have always preferred to adapt to changingcircumstances.The organisational problems of entrepreneurial or small businesses are thus forced upon theindividuals who lead them. Even more so than for bigger businesses, the old saying is true - thatpeople, particularly those who make the important decisions, are a business's most important asset.The research that does exist shows that neither money nor the ability to access more of it is themajor factor determining growth. The main reason an entrepreneurial business stops growing isthe lack of management and leadership resource available to the business when it matters. Give anentrepreneur an experienced, skilled team and he or she will find the funds every time. Getting theteam, though, is the difficult bit.Part of the problem for entrepreneurs is the speed of change that affects their businesses. Theyhave to cope with continuous change yet have always been suspicious about the latest“management solution”. They regard the many offerings from business schools as out of date evenbefore they leave the planning board and have little faith in the recommendations of consultantswhen they arrive in the hands of young., inexperienced graduates. But such impatience with"management solutions^^ does not mean that problems can be left to solve themselves. However,the leaders of growing businesses are still left with the problem of who to turn to for advice.The answer is horribly simple: leaders of small businesses can ask each other. The collectiveknowledge of a group of leaders can prove enormously helpful in solving the specific problems ofindividuals. One leader's problems have certainly been solved already by someone else. There isan organisation called KITE which enables those responsible for small businesses to meet. Itsmembers, all of whom are chief executives, go through a demanding selection process, and thenjoin a small group of other chief executives. They come from a range of business sectors and eachoffers a different corporate history. Each group is led by a “moderator"， an independently selectedbusinessman or woman who has been specially trained to head the group. Each member takes it inturn to host a meeting at his or her business premises and, most important of all, group discussionsare kept strictly confidential. This encourages a free sharing of problems and increase thepossibility of solutions being discovered.13. What does the writer say about entrepreneurs in the first paragraph?A. It is wrong to assume that they are different from other managers.B. The problems they have to cope with are specific to small businesses.C. They find it difficult to attract staff with sufficient expertise.D. They could learn from the organisational skills of managers in large companies. 14. According to the second paragraph, what has led to a lack of support for entrepreneurs?A. Entrepreneurs have always preferred to act independently.B. The requirements of big businesses have always taken priority.C. It is difficult to find solutions to the problems faced by entrepreneurs.D. Entrepreneurs are reluctant to provide information about their businesses.15. What does the writer say about the expansion of small businesses?A. Many small businesses do not produce enough profits to finance growth.B. Many employees in small businesses have problems working as part of a team.C. Being able to recruit the right people is the most important factor affecting growth.D. Leaders of small businesses lack the experience to make their companies a success.16. What does the writer say is an additional problem fbr entrepreneurs in the fourth paragraph?A. They rely on management systems that are out of date.B. They will not adopt measures that provide long-term solutions.C. They have little confidence in the business advice that is available.D. They do not take market changes into account when drawing up business plans.17. What does the writer say the members of the KITE organisation provide?A. Advice no how to select suitable staff.B. A means of contacting potential clients.C. A simple checklist fbr analyzing problems.D. Direct experience of a number of industries.18. The writer says that KITE groups are likely to succeed becauseA. members are able to elect their leader.B. the leaders have received extensive training.C. members are encouraged to adopt a critical approach.D. information is not passed on to non-membersPARTFOURQuestions 21-35• Read the text below, which gives advice about job interviews.• Choose the best work from A, B, C or D on the opposite page to fill each gap.• For each question 21-35, mark one letter A, B, C or D on your Answer Sheet. Success often (example)---------on your performance at an interview. For those who are wellprepared, it can be a positive 2 1 ---------but for others it can be a terrifying time. Love them orhate them, though, your 2 2 ------prospects are largely dependent on your interview 2 3 --------- .Ifs not unusual for a company to have fifty or sixty applicants for a job, so if you are asked to2 4 ---------an interview, you arc a serious contender being seriously considered for the post.Usually companies give you at least a day's 2 5 ---------of an interview, so use that time toprepare yourself well Read through the job 2 6 ---------and any other information sent to you,and 2 7 ---------answers to as many questions as you can think of.At the interview try to present a 'pleasant' version of yourself. You need to 2 8 --------- theemployer that you can do the job, but you mustn't 2 9 ---------over-confident. Being pleasant,however, doesn't mean that you should agree with everything that the interviewer says. Mostcompanies want to 3 0 ---------someone with his or her own opinions.It's also important to make 3 1 ---------that you really listen to what is being asked. In yourpreparation you will have rehearsed answers to a number of imaginary questions, but you musttailor your response to 3 2 ---------the question.It's worthwhile spending a few moments after the interview analysing your 3 3 ---------.You cando this best before you know the 3 4 ---------. What aspects of the interview went well? What doyou need to 3 5 ---------? What would you do differently next time?Interview Success21.A.practiceB.experienceC .knowledgeD.happening22.A.jobB.occupationC .positionD.profession23.A.craftB.proficiencyc.qualificationsD.skills24.A.visitBeD.attend25.A.cautionB.newsc.noticeD.advice26.A.descriptionB.accountc.recordD.explanation27.A.makeB.preparec.bringD.arrange28.A.proveB.confirmc.convinceD.guarantee28.A.showB.revealc.displayD.appear30.A.placeBmissionD.elect31.A.clearB.definitec.sureD.positive32.A.suitB.agreec.correspondD.belong33.A.performanceB.productionc.managementD.transaction34.A.achievementB.resultc.effectD.judgement35.A.advanceB.encouragec.improveD.progressPART FOURQuestion 21-35• Read the letter below. • Choose the best word from A, B, C or D on the opposite page to fill each gap.• For each question 21-35, mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet.Dear Miss Brown,Thank you for your letter of 5 October, concerning (example)------goods purchased in our storein Basingstoke.I am very sorry indeed that you were not satisfied with the celebration chocolates that you boughtfrom our store. I can 2 1 ------your disappointment when you discovered that the chocolates werenot as shown on the 2 2 ------and were, in 2 3 ------, all the same shape.Our company is always trying to improve the 2 4 ------of its merchandise, and we are veryunhappy when one of our products does not 2 5 ------satisfaction.The manufacturers of our chocolates have 2 6 ------guidelines for production, which should 27 —--instances such as this from happening. Obviously our checking and packing procedures werenot 2 8 ------, and we will discuss this with the manufacturers.In the 2 9 ------, I regret the disappointment you were 3 0 ------. As a gesture of goodwill, I havepleasure in refunding the 3 1 ------of the chocolates, and enclose a gift voucher that you can 32 —--in our Basingstoke branch.Thank you for bringing this matter to our 3 3 ------. I hope any future purchases you may 3 4 ------at our stores will be up to our 3 5 ------high standards.Yours sincerely,A N FergusonA N FergusonCustomer Relations21.A.knowB.distinguishC .understandD.recognise22.A.packagingB.layerC .parcelD.envelope23.A.pointB.factc.honestyD.detail24.A.worthB.goodnessc.qualityD.grade25.A.meetB.supplyc.presentD.give26.A.straightB.purec.immediateD.clear27.A.preventB.avoidc.forbidD.contain28.A.followedB.admittedc.confirmedD.engaged29.A.whileB.meantimec.periodD.space30.A.broughtB.causedc.effectedD.produced31.A.costB.moneyc.amountD.bill32.A.employB.operatec.applyD.use33.A.viewB.attentionc.sightD.regard34.A.moveB.havec.makeD.do35.A.ordinaryBmonD.natural 第九课时PART FOURQuestions 21-35• Read the letter below.• Choose the correct word A, B, C or D on the opposite page to fill each gap.RICHMAN RINGInternational MoversOur ref: F/2/J21st March 1998• For each question 21-35, mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet.Dear Mr. Ratanara,Re: Removal of business equipment from Singapore to Hong KongThank you for your telephone enquiry. I am (example)---------to provide you with the quotationthat you requested. 21---------addition to this, I am including further details of our service. Theprice is 22---------on the items that you mentioned in your phone cal and will, of course, vary ifyou decide to add extra items or 2 3 --some.In order to keep the cost as low as 24---------, we will move your equipment when it is mostconvenient for us. We will try to 25--------- your move with those of other clients who ask us totransport goods at around the same time. I am sure you will 26-------- that if we were to make aspecial trip just for your equipment the cost would be much 27--------. This means that 28--you requested a move on 23 June, this precise date may not be possible. However, weregularly transport goods 29---------Singapore and Hong Kong, and we would 30--------- to beable to move your equipment within two or three days of your requested date.The 31--------- does not include packing. I understand that you prefer to 32---------out your ownpacking since 33-------- -of your equipment is quite fragile.I hope that these initial details meet with your 34--------- , and ask that you do not hesitate to 35- 一------u s if yOU require any further advice.Yours sincerely,Dave RingDave RingTransport Manager21.A.InB.WithC.OnD.By22.A.builtB.createdC.basedD.made23.A.decreaseB.preventc.omitD.reduce24.A.realisticB.possiblec.probableD.desired 25.A.associateB.gatherC .mixD.combine26.A.appreciateB.satisfyC .wishD.consider27.A.appreciatedB.higherc.heavierD.superior28.A.stillB.evenc.despiteD.although29.A.amongB.besidec.betweenD.along30.A.forecastB.thinkc.chooseD.expect31.A.guessB.valuec.estimateD.judgement32.A.endB.carryc.bringD.take33.A.partB.sectionc.pieceD.bit34.A.kindnessB.approvalc.pennissionD.allowance35.A.dialB.connectc.reachD.contactPART FIVESection AQuestions 36 - 40• Read this book review.• In most of the lines 36 - 40 there is one extra word which does not fit. One or tyvo lines,however, are correct.• If the line is correct, put a tick ( in the space on your Answer Sheet.• If there is an extra word in the Une, write that word in the space on your Answer Sheet.Example:Most of the world's business in marine insurance is centred ...” ...in London though whatever there are other important markets ...whatever...Where and How to Raise FinancebyA J McKeonThe search for capital often begins and ends with a bank manager, but36. it doesn't need to be that way. A visit to the bank may be the first37. step in a difficult hunt but it shouldn*t to be the only one. Funding38. arrangements are developing constantly and the number of sources39. is growing up. This book is a comprehensive guide written in an40. accessible format with the lists of possible sources and how to make the most of them.PART FIVESection AQuestions 36-40• Read the text below about a conference.• In most of the lines 36-40 there is one extra word which does not fit. One or two lines,however, are correct.• If a Une is correct, put a tick Z) in the space on your Answer Sheet.• If there is an extra word in the line, write that word in the space on your Answer Sheet.Examples: In order to meet the requirements of our customers and our Finance.......« ........Department, we have introduced to a new pricing policy.......to .........September 18-20:Russian Capital Markets and Investor Conference (Moscow)A three-day conference has been arranged by Dow Jones Telerate and36 the Wall Street Journal Europe. It will be look at the latest developments37 in capital markets of the Russian Federation and prospects for38 investment in key sectors and regions. Presentations that will be39 given by government ministers, including the Deputy Prime Minister40 of the Russian Federation, as well as too representatives fromthe Central Bank, and Russian investment bankers.PART FIVESection AQuestions 36-40• Read the advertisement below far a global telephone card.• In most of the lines 36-40 there is one extra word which does not fit in. One or two lines,however, are correct.• If a line is correct, put a tick ( V) in the space on your Answer Sheet.• If there is an extra word in the line, write that word in the space on your Answer Sheet.Example:Phoning is even the cheaper with our Global Calling Card....the...For further information call 0171 563879. …“…Executives traveling internationally know all about the horrors of phoning36 to home from abroad. They will be familiar with large hotel phone bills37 and the problems involved in trying to find the right local coins38 for the payphone or trying to communicate with foreign operators.39 World Telecom knows all about these problems so it has been introduced40 a charge card especially for to keep business travellers, costs down.Call costs are far lower than with competitors, and the card is simple to use.PART FIVESection AQuestions 36-40• Read the short article below.• In most of the lines 36-40 there is one extra word which does not fit. One or two lines,however, are correct.• If a line is correct, write CORRECT on your Answer Sheet.• If there is an extra word in the line, write the extra word in CAPITAL LETTERS on yourAnswer Sheet. Examples:0 Manufacturing the pens and pencils is becoming a truly global0回 向 目 □ □ □ □ □ □00 business, and the profits that can be made are enormous.叵 ］ © 回国回回© 回口□Hamson Bell yesterday announced a range of new products which36 it hopes will make it to the world's leading pencil manufacturer by37 the year of 2010. The company is currently in third position in38 terms of market share, behind KPX and Unipen. Achieving its goal39 of number one position might be difficult, according to opinions40 market analysts, because its competitors are also workingextremely hard to increase their market share.试 题 15Candidate Name Centre Number Candidate NumberUNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE LOCAL EXAMINATIONS SYNDICATEExaminations in English as a Foreign LanguageBUSINESS ENGLISH CERTIFICATE 0352/1VantageTest of Reading Test 022Saturday 1 JUNE 2002 Morning 1 hourAdditional materials:Answer SheetTIME 1 hourINSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATEDo not open this paper until you are told to do so.Write your name, Center number and candidate number in the spaces at the top of this page.Write these details in pencil on your Answer Sheet if these are not already printed.Write all your answers in pencil on your Answer Sheet——no extra time is allowed for this.Read carefully the instructions for each part and the instructions for completing your AnswerSheet.Try to answer all the questions.At the end of the examination hand in both this question paper and your Answer Sheet. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDTESThere are forty-five questions on this question paper. This question paper consists of 10 printed pages and 2 blank pages.SP(SLC) S22086/3UCLES 2002Turn OverPART ONEQuestions 1-7• Look at the statements below and the book reviews on the opposite page.• Which book (A, B, C or D) does each statement 1 - 7 refer to?• For each statement 1 - 7, mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet.• You will need to use some of these letters more than once.Example:0 It includes studies of a number of companies around the world.0ABC D1 1 1 1 1 11 It looks at how business organizations can affect the environment.2 It contains practical advice fbr people involved in data collection.3 It claims that earlier analyses of this aspect of organizations were too simplistic.4 It examines contrasting approaches to staff, selection.5 It gives a better explanation of the issues than other books on the subject.6 It draws on the personal experience of the writers.7 It looks at how external influences can impact on the effectiveness of managers.AMANAGERS IN THE MAKINGAs examples of 'organizational' and 'market' approaches to society, Japan and Britain provide auseful contrast, showing the national and cultural factors which affect the performance ofexecutives. There is extensive research data behind this book, and key areas of comparisonbetween the two countries include their different systems of recruitment and their diverse attitudesboth to management control and the work environment.BAnalyzing OrganizationsThis book provides support fbr managers who need to plan organizational research with astep-by-step, 4how-to, guide. The authors describe each part of the process, the advantages anddisadvantages that result from many of the choices that must be made, and the lessons they havelearnt from years spent designing and conducting surveys. The sections on research intorecruitment and employment relationships are particularly informative.CThe Culture Of OrganizationsThis book looks at the culture of business organizations and the writers suggest that this is morecomplex and diverse than had previously been recognized. A variety of different andnon-traditional research settings across industries are represented, including a car plant in Slovenia,a US software developer and a Korean electronics company. DImages Of OrganizationsThis book shows how organizations can be managed and designed in new ways. There arechapters on the complexity of corporate culture, and on how managers can deal with the negativeimpact organizations may have on society and the natural world. No other publication covers thearguments so clearly while developing the implications for management with such force.PART TWOQuestions 8-12• Read the article below about a recruitment company.• Choose the best sentence from the opposite page to fill each of the gaps.• For each gap 8-12, mark one letter (A-G) on your Answer Sheet.• Do not use any letter more than once.• There is an example at the beginning. (0).PROSPECTS ARE GROWINGJane Woodford, head of Prospects recruitment group, talks about how the company is set to grow.How many jobs have managing directors reading this article had already? Five? More than ten?Well, Jane Woodford, head of the Prospects recruitment group, has had an amazing seventeen jobs.Woodford has kept a careful count of jobs, which include working in fast food, at a theatre and asa dress-maker. (0)....... In February of this year, after several years as a partner in the business,she became the managing director of the Prospects group.Prospects was started in 1988 as the Job Shop group, by Hilary Marks. A fbnner estate agent,she decided to go it alone and launched the company in a three-metre by three-metre office, after adownturn in the property market. (8) ....... ‘I don't think she believed she could find anybodywho cared as much about her 'baby' as she did,' says Woodford.Surely it must have been difficult for Marks when Woodford became the MD and she becamemarketing director? Yes, Woodford agrees it was: 4It was extremely hard for Hilary, becauseoriginally she had been her own boss. But how to manage changes in the company wassomething we all had to learn about/ (9).......Some benefited from this opportunity while othersdidn't, though the company has only lost two of its long-serving managers.The change in the head of the company happened at the same time as the company's namechanged. A brainstorming session between Woodford, Marks and their accountant produced thename Prospects. The company now has three separate trading divisions, each with its owninternal management structure. One of Prospects , operations, New Directions, provides ITtraining for clients and courses about employment affairs for students, teachers and educationaladvisers. (10).......'We need to be closely involved with the educational system/ she says.Always looking to encourage and motivate staffs Prospects has appointed team leaders, givingthem extra responsibility for dealing with the company's accounts, budgeting and day-to-dayoperations. (11)....... 'We accept that they may go on to become directors of other companies/Woodford explains.So, what are Woodford's own ambitions for Prospects? T d like to consolidate all the work wehave already done and continue to build up a good team of people/ she replies simply. (12).......'When a recruiter has been with us fbr three years we offer financial bonuses towards the cost of opening his or her own Prospects branch/ she says.Example:0ABcDEFG1 11 11 11 1[ J1 1AThe reasoning behind this decision was that these people will help the company to progress, andyet their own careers will benefit at the same time.BOriginally, she wasn't looking fbr a business partner at all.CShe joined the company in 1995 as business development manager, and became a shareholder in1996 and a director in 1997 before taking on her current position.DWoodford sees this activity as particularly important fbr Prospects because recruitment isn'tsomething she believes should stand on its own.EShe is also keen fbr her trusted consultants, as she calls them, to share in the company's successthrough its internal reward scheme.FDiscussion group were set up to help staff at every level make necessary adjustments.GThis very wide experience of working life has without a doubt helped her as a highly successfulrecruiter.第十课时PART THREEQuestions 13-18• Read the article below about Smithson s, a British department store, and the questions on theopposite page.• For each question 13-18, mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet for the answeryou choose.Department Store MagicFor most of the 20th century Smithson's was one of Britain's most successful department stores,but by the mid-1990s, it had become dull. Still profitable, thanks largely to a series of successfuladvertising campaigns, but decidedly boring. The famous were careful not to be seen there, andits sales staff didn't seem to have changed since the store opened in 1908. Worst of all, itscustomers were buying fewer and fewer of its own-brand products, the major part of its business,and showing a preference fbr more fashionable brands.But now all this has changed, thanks to Rowena Baker, who became Smithson's first woman ChiefExecutive three years ago. Since then, while most major retailers in Britain have been losingmoney, Smithson's profits have been rising steadily. When Baker started, a lot of improvementshad just been made to the building, without having any effect on sales, and she took the bolddecision to invite one of Europe's most exciting interior designers to develop the fashion area, the heart of the store. This very quickly led to rising sales, even before the good on display werechanged. And as sales grew, so did profits.Baker had ambitious plans for the store from the start. 'We're playing a big game, to provewe're up there with the leaders in our sector, and we have to make sure people get that message.Smithson's had fallen behind the competition. It provided a traditional service targeted atmiddle-aged, middle-income customers, who'd been shopping there for years, and the customerbase was gradually contracting. Our idea is to sell such an exciting variety of goods thateveryone will want to come in, whether they plan to spend a little or a lot/ Baker's vision for thestore is clear, but achieving it is far from simple. At first, many employees resisted herimprovements because they just wouldn't be persuaded that there was anything wrong with theway they'd always done things, even if they accepted that the store had to overtake its competitors.It took many long meetings, involving the entire workforce, to win their support. It helped whenthey realized that Baker was a very different kind of manager from the ones they had known.Baker's staff policies contained more surprises. The uniform that had hardly changed since dayone has now disappeared. Moreover, teenagers now get young shop assistants, and staff in thesports departments are themselves sports fans in trainers. As Baker explains, "How can you selljeans if you're wearing a black suit? Smithson's has a new identity, and this needs to be madeclear to the customers/ She's also given every sales assistant responsibility for ensuringcustomer satisfaction, even if it means occasionally breaking company rules in the hope that thiswill help company profits.Rowena Baker is proving successful, but the City's big investors haven't been persuaded.According to retail analyst, John Matthews, 'Money had already been invested in refurbishment ofthe store and in fact that led to the boost in sales. She took the credit, but hadn't done anythingto achieve it. And in my view the company's shareholders are not convinced. The fact is thatunless she opens several more stores pretty soon, Smithson's profits will start to fall becauseturnover at the existing store will inevitably start to decline/13. According to the writer, in the mid-1990s Smithson's department storeA. was making a lossB. had a problem keeping staffC. was unhappy with its advertising agencyD. mostly sold goods under the Smithson's name14. According to the writer, Smithson's profits started rising three years ago because ofA. an improvement in the retailing sectorB. the previous work done on the storeC. Rowena Baker's choice of designerD. a change in the products on sale15. According to Rowena Baker, one problem which Smithson's faced when she joined was thatA. the number of people using the store was failing slowly.B. its competitors offered a more specialized range of products.C. the store's prices were set at the wrong level.D. customers were unhappy with the service provided.16. According to the writer, many staff opposed Baker's plans becauseA. they were unwilling to change their way of working.B. they disagreed with her goals for the store. C. they felt they were not consulted enough about the changes.D. they were unhappy with her style of management.17 Baker has changed staff policies because she believes thatA. the corporate image can be improved through staff uniforms.B. the previous rules were not fair to customers.C. customers should be able to identify with the staff serving them.D. employees should share in company profits.18 . What problem does John Matthews think Smithson's is facing?A. More money needs to be invested in the present store.B. The company's profits will only continue to rise if it expands.C. The refurbishment of the store is proving unpopular with customers.D. Smithson's shareholders expect a quick return on their investments.PART FOURQuestions 19-33• Read the advice below abut how to make meetings more effective.• Choose the best word to fill each gap from A, B, C or D on the opposite page.• For each question 19-33, mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet.• There is an example at the beginning, (0).GETTING THE BEST OUT OF MEETINGSMany people feel that meetings are a complete (0).......of time and try to avoid them. However,they don't have to be, as long as a few rules are (19).......Meetings are very rarely held without at least one day's (20).......This is because the first rules isthat all the participants need to (21) ....... for the meeting, not just the Chair. Being asked to(22).......a meeting means you are seen as having something to (23)......... , so make sure this isthe case. You should also ensure that any item you want to discuss is put on the agenda. If youare planning to (24)....... an issue you know is difficult, find out before the meeting if you haveany (25).......for your point of view.If you are the Chair, there are three other (26) ....... rules. Firstly, respect your participants bybeing punctual, always starting and ending on time. If you don't, they'll spend the (27).......meeting looking at their watches and wondering how late you're going to (28) ....... them.Secondly, (29).......a meeting only when it is absolutely necessary. Look closely at what youwant to (30)....... in the meeting. If your aim is to complete a task that requires (31).......or nodiscussion, ask yourself whether e-mail or the phone could do the job. Finally, invite only asmany people as are needed to get the job done. Don't, however, exclude people who may be ableto (32).......the best ideas, just because of their (33).........in the organization. Example:A. e.tcessB.surplus C.rubbishD. waste0ABCD1 11 1 1 119.A. observedB. watchedC.seenD. copied20.A. instructionB. directionC. noticeD. advice21.A. prepareB. arrangeC. orderD. manage22.A. occupyB. placeC. attendD. enter23.A. sendB. transferC. passD. offer24.A. launchB. raiseC. bringD. lift25.A. assistanceB. protectionC. confirmationD. support26.A. chiefB. keyC. topD. high27.A. entireB. absoluteC. majorD. contain28.A. restrictB. limitC. keepD. contain29.A. tellB. doC. makeD. call30.A. acquireB. achieveC.reachD. possess31.A. smallB. littleC. tinyD. short32.A. contributeB. subscribeC. insertD. serve33.A. scaleB. degreeC. rankD. priority 。