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1、Francis-Bacon-Of-Francis-Bacon-Of-StudiesStudiesFrancis Bacon (1561-1626)Francis Bacon was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, Lawyer, jurist, orator, essayist, author and master of English.法理学家法理学家1. He entered Trinity College, Cambridge, on 5 April 1573 at the age of 12, living for three
2、 years there. Bacons education was conducted largely in Latin and followed the medieval curriculum. He was also educated at the University of Poitiers.(法国普瓦捷大学法国普瓦捷大学 a famous old university in France)2. It was at Cambridge that he first met Queen Elizabeth, who was impressed by his precocious intel
3、lect, and was accustomed to calling him The young lord keeper. (年轻的掌玺大臣年轻的掌玺大臣)Details: Life and Political CareerTrinity College, Cambridge.（剑桥大学（剑桥大学三一学院：三一学院：是剑桥大学中规模最大、财力最雄厚、名声最响亮的学院之一是剑桥大学中规模最大、财力最雄厚、名声最响亮的学院之一是由英国国王亨利八世于是由英国国王亨利八世于1546年所建，其前身是年所建，其前身是1324年建立年建立的迈克尔学院以及的迈克尔学院以及1317年建立的国王学堂。从三一学院
4、毕业的年建立的国王学堂。从三一学院毕业的著名毕业生的玉石雕像，包括了牛顿、培根、丁尼生等人。）著名毕业生的玉石雕像，包括了牛顿、培根、丁尼生等人。）In 1603, James I succeeded Elizabeth. After being knighted by the king, he swiftly ascended the ladder of state and from 1604-1618 filled a succession of high-profile advisory positions 1604 Appointed Kings Counsel. (31) 法律顾问法
5、律顾问 1607 Named Solicitor General. (34 )副检察长副检察长 1608 Appointed Clerk of the Chamber.(35 ) 1613 Appointed Attorney General. 总检察长检察长 (52) 1616 Made a member of the Privy Council. 枢密院司法委员会成员枢密院司法委员会成员 (55)1617 Appointed Lord Keeper of the Royal Seal (his fathers former office). 掌玺大臣掌玺大臣 1618 Made Lord
6、Chancellor. 英国大法官英国大法官In 1621 he was arrested and charged with bribery. Although the fine was later waived (cancelled ) and Bacon spent only four days in the Tower, he was never allowed to sit in Parliament or hold political office again. Baconspenthisremainingyearsworkingwithreneweddeterminationonh
7、islifelongproject:thereformoflearningandtheestablishmentofanintellectualcommunitydedicatedtothediscoveryofscientificknowledgeforthe“useandbenefitofmen.” 4. Bacon has been called the creator of empiricism(经验经验主义主义). His works established and popularized inductive methodologies for scientific inquiry,
8、 often called the Baconian method (培根法培根法) , or the scientific method - proper methodology still used today. (of reasoning; proceeding from particular facts to a general conclusion 归纳法归纳法 )5. Bacon was knighted in 1603 at the age of 32 (being the first scientist to receive a knighthood), and created
9、 Baron Verulam (维鲁拉姆男爵维鲁拉姆男爵) in 1618 and Viscount St. Alban at the age of 47 (子爵圣阿尔班子爵圣阿尔班) in 1621; as he died without heirs, both peerages became extinct upon his death. 6. He famously died by contracting pneumonia while studying the effects of freezing on the preservation of meat at the age of 6
10、5.7. After his death, he remained extremely influential through his works, especially as philosophical advocate and practitioner of the scientific method.(实践者实践者)Statue of Francis Bacon in the Library of Congress, Washington, D C. in the U.S.A.Memorial to Francis Bacon, in the chapel of Trinity Coll
11、ege, Cambridge Mottos by Bacon1.Knowledge is power . 2.To choose time is to save time .3. Virtue is like a rich stone, best plain set. ( 美德好比美德好比宝石石,在朴素背景的在朴素背景的衬托下反而更托下反而更华丽。) 4. There is no man that imparteth his joys to 4. There is no man that imparteth his joys to his friends, but that he joyeth
12、 the more; and his friends, but that he joyeth the more; and no man that imparteth his griefs to his friends, no man that imparteth his griefs to his friends, but he grieveth the less.but he grieveth the less.（与友分享欢乐者与友分享欢乐者与友分享欢乐者与友分享欢乐者, , , ,无不欢乐倍增无不欢乐倍增无不欢乐倍增无不欢乐倍增; ; ; ;与友分担哀伤者与友分担哀伤者与友分担哀伤者与友分
13、担哀伤者, , , ,无无无无不哀伤减半。）不哀伤减半。）不哀伤减半。）不哀伤减半。）Men fear death as children fear to go in the dark; and as that natural fear in children is increased with tales, so is the other.成人畏惧死亡犹如儿童怕进黑暗；儿童对黑暗之天然成人畏惧死亡犹如儿童怕进黑暗；儿童对黑暗之天然惧怕因妄言传闻而增长，成人对死亡之畏怯恐惧亦复惧怕因妄言传闻而增长，成人对死亡之畏怯恐惧亦复如此。如此。 5.Age appears to be best in f
14、our things-old wood best to burn, old wine to drink, old friends to trust, and old authors to read.6.Readingmakethafullman,conference areadyman,andwritinganexact man. 7. If you ask the most important in life skills? Then answer is: first, fearless; Second, fearless; The third, or fearless.8. A wise
15、man will make more opportunities than he finds.Of Truth (1625)Of Death (1612, enlarged 1625)Of Unity in Religion/Of Religion (1612, rewritten 1625)Of Revenge (1625)Of Adversity (1625)Of Simulation and Dissimulation (1625)Of Parents and Children (1612, enlarged 1625)Of Marriage and Single Life (1612,
16、 slightly enlarged 1625)Of Envy (1625)Of Love (1612, rewritten 1625)Of Great Place (1612, slightly enlarged 1625)Of Boldness (1625)Of Goodness and Goodness of Nature (1612, enlarged 1625)Of Nobility (1612, rewritten 1625)Of Seditions and Troubles (1625)Of Atheism (1612, slightly enlarged 1625)Of Sup
17、erstition (1612, slightly enlarged 1625)Of Travel (1625)Of Empire (1612, much enlarged 1625)Of Counsels (1612, enlarged 1625)Of Delays (1625)Of Cunning (1612, rewritten 1625)Of Wisdom for a Mans Self (1612, enlarged 1625)Of Innovations (1625)Of Dispatch (1612) 处决处决Of Seeming Wise (1612)Of Friendship
18、 (1612, rewritten 1625)OfExpense(1597,enlarged1612,again1625) Of the True Greatness of Kingdoms and Estates (1612, enlarged 1625)Of Regimen of Health (1597, enlarged 1612, again 1625)养生保健养生保健Of Suspicion (1625)Of Discourse (1597, slightly enlarged 1612, again 1625) 演说演说Of Plantations (1625)Of Riches
19、 (1612, much enlarged 1625)Of Prophecies (1625)Of Ambition (1612, enlarged 1625)Of Masques and Triumphs (1625) 假面剧和胜利假面剧和胜利Of Nature in Men (1612, enlarged 1625) Of Custom and Education (1612, enlarged 1625)Of Fortune (1612, slightly enlarged 1625)Of Usury (1625) 高利贷高利贷Of Youth and Age (1612, slight
20、ly enlarged 1625)Of Beauty (1612, slightly enlarged 1625)Of Deformity (1612, somewhat altered 1625) 畸型畸型Of Building (1625)Of Gardens (1625)Of Negotiating (1597, enlarged 1612, very slightly altered 1625)Of Followers and Friends 追随者和朋友追随者和朋友(1597, slightly enlarged 1625)Of Suitors (1597, enlarged 162
21、5) 追求者追求者Of Studies (1597, enlarged 1625)Of Faction (1597, much enlarged 1625)Of Ceremonies and Respects (1597, enlarged 1625)Of Praise (1612, enlarged 1625)Of Vain Glory (1612) 虚荣虚荣Of Honor and Reputation (1597, omitted 1612, republished 1625)Of Judicature (1612)Of Anger (1625)Of Vicissitude of Thi
22、ngs (1625) 变迁变迁A Fragment of an Essay of FameOf the Colors of Good and Evil 善与恶的颜色善与恶的颜色Bacons essays are famous for their brevity, compactness and powerfulness. Yet there is an obvious stylistic change in the Essays.The sentences in the first edition are charged and crowded with symmetries. They ar
23、e composed in a rather affected way. However, the final edition not only enlarges the range of theme , but also brings forth the looser and more persuasive style.The essays are well-arranged and enriched by Biblical allusions, metaphors and cadence.抑扬顿挫抑扬顿挫The first English essayistthe first collect
24、ion of essays in the English language; and Bacon has been regarded as the first English essayist; first published in 1597, including10 essays; expanded into a collection of 38 in 1612, and then into a total of 58 in 1625;What Is Essay?Any short composition in prose that undertakes to discuss a matte
25、r, express a point of view, persuade us to accept a thesis on any subject, or simply to entertain.Essays has been recognized as an important landmark in the development of English prose.FeaturesofBaconsessaysconciseness;simplicity;forcefulness;traces of stiffness and over-formality in sentence const
26、ruction;numerous quotations from ancient Greek and Roman writers.Major Literary WorksFeatures of His EssaysHis Position in English Literature3 groups: 1) philosophical works2) literary works 3) professional works The Advancement of Learning (1605) 论学术的进展The Novum Organum (1620) （新工具most important am
27、ong his philosophical works）De Augmentis Scientiarum (1623) （Latin name for the extended edition of The Advancement of Learning) His literary works are his essays. Noted for their style and striking observations about life. First true English prose classics. Essays（随笔集）: most important of his litera
28、ry works; containing 58 essays; final edition published in 1625The Advancement of Learning 论学术的进展论学术的进展 A great treatise on education According to Francis Bacon, knowledge can be divided into two kinds: one is obtained from the Divine Revelation, the other is the knowledge from the workings of human
29、 mind. Mans understanding consists of three parts; history to mans memory, poetry to mans imagination and creation, and philosophy to mans reason.神的启示神的启示, 活动方式活动方式Novum Organum 新工具新工具A successful treatise written in Latin on methodology, which is the most impressive display of Bacons intellect.The
30、use of inductive method of reasoning in scientific study.Bacon shows the new empirical attitudes towards truth about nature and bravely challenges the medieval scholarsEssays Montaigne(法国思想家、散文作家）蒙田法国思想家、散文作家）蒙田, the first great modern essayist, is the predecessor of Bacon. The term “ essay” was bor
31、rowed from Montaignes Essais which appeared from 1580 to 1588.Of studies is the most popular of Bacons 58 essays. It analyzes what studies chiefly serve for, the different way adopted by different people to pursue studies, and how studies exert influence over human character. Forceful and persuasive
32、, compact and precise, Of Studies reveals to us Bacons mature attitude towards learning.1.Maxims of the Law法律原理 2. Reading on the Statute of Uses法令使用读本.3.Of studiesFive Parts: 1. purpose of reading 2. attitudes towards study 3. principles of studies4. study method5. study develop your character/effe
33、ct of study on human characterStyle of “Of Studies”1. The arguments are well arranged in unity and coherence in each paragraph.2.the conciseness of expressions and phrases presents a plain style as well as his simple language.3.The simple metaphors have deep implications.4.The omission makes the ess
34、ay concise, clear and coherent.5.The natural flow of parallels makes his logic and philosophical argument convincing and forceful. OfStudiesOfStudies is the most popular of Bacons 58 essays. It analyzes what studies chiefly serve for, the different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies,
35、 and how studies exert influence over human character. Forceful and persuasive, compact and precise, Of Studies reveals to us Bacons mature attitude towards learning. 王佐良王佐良王佐良，王佐良，1916年年2月月12日生，诗人、翻译家、日生，诗人、翻译家、教授、英国文学研究专家，浙江上虞人。教授、英国文学研究专家，浙江上虞人。1995年年1月月19日，于北京去世。日，于北京去世。1929年至年至1934年，在武昌文华中学读书。年
36、，在武昌文华中学读书。1939年毕业于西南联合大学外语系年毕业于西南联合大学外语系(原清华大原清华大学外语系学外语系)，留校任教，留校任教，1947年赴英国牛津大年赴英国牛津大学为攻读英国文学研究生。学为攻读英国文学研究生。1949年回国后，历任北京外国语学院教授、年回国后，历任北京外国语学院教授、英语系主任、副院长。英语系主任、副院长。著作著作王佐良先生专于英国文学的研究。王佐良先生专于英国文学的研究。著有英国十七世纪剧作家韦勃斯特的文学声誉（英文）、著有英国十七世纪剧作家韦勃斯特的文学声誉（英文）、英国文学论文集，英国文学论文集，英语文体学论文集和风格和风格的背后等，英语文体学论文集和风格
37、和风格的背后等，译有英彭斯诗选，译有英彭斯诗选，中译英雷雨（曹禺著），中译英雷雨（曹禺著），中外文学之间，中外文学之间，论契合比较文学研究集，论契合比较文学研究集，照澜集。照澜集。王佐良先生是诗人，讲诗、评诗、译诗得心应手。王佐良先生是诗人，讲诗、评诗、译诗得心应手。他的不少著述是讲诗的：他的不少著述是讲诗的：英国诗史英国诗史、英国浪漫主义诗歌史英国浪漫主义诗歌史、苏格兰诗选苏格兰诗选、英诗的境界英诗的境界、英国诗选英国诗选、英国诗文选译集英国诗文选译集、读穆旦的诗读穆旦的诗，英国文学名篇选注英国文学名篇选注等。等。上中学时，他已在报刊上发表诗作多首。在西南联大写的两首上中学时，他已在报刊上发
38、表诗作多首。在西南联大写的两首诗被闻一多先生选入他的诗被闻一多先生选入他的现代诗钞现代诗钞。上世纪。上世纪4040年代是他写年代是他写诗的旺盛时期，写了诗的旺盛时期，写了春天，想起了莎士比亚春天，想起了莎士比亚、异体十四异体十四行诗八首行诗八首、去国行，去国行，19471947、伦敦夜景伦敦夜景、巴黎码头巴黎码头边边、19481948年圣诞节年圣诞节等诗作。等诗作。 当然，他最广为流传的篇作是翻译培根随笔集其中的当然，他最广为流传的篇作是翻译培根随笔集其中的论学习论学习等，该译作的语言精炼优美传神，被广大读者视为是最权威等，该译作的语言精炼优美传神，被广大读者视为是最权威的版本。的版本。 Fr
39、ancis Bacon “Of Studies” Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition(arrangement or management) of business. 读书足以怡情，足以读书足以怡情，足以傅彩傅彩，足以，足以长才长才。
40、其怡情也，最见于独处。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见幽居之时；其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。于处世判事之际。(增添光彩增添光彩) (优异的才能优异的才能)For expert can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels (strategy), and the plots and marshalling ( arrangement or planning) of affairs come best f
41、rom those that are learned. 练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹，全局策划，统筹，全局策划， 则数好学深思者莫属。则数好学深思者莫属。Tospendtoomuchtimeinstudiesissloth(laziness);tousethemtoomuchforornamentisaffectation(posing);tomakejudgmentwhollybytheirrulesisthehumor(mannerism)ofascholar.读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文读书费时过多易惰，
42、文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。断事乃学究故态。Someonesmannerismsarethegesturesorwaysofspeakingwhichareverycharacteristicofthem,andwhichtheyoftenuse.习惯习惯They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience, for natural abilities are like natural plants that need proyning by study; and studies themselves do give forth
43、 directions too much at large, except they be bounded(limited or checked) in by experience. 读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接，而书中所示，如不以经验然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接，而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当。范之，则又大而无当。(large but impractical)Proyn: When you prune a tree or bush, you cut off some of
44、 the branches so that it will grow better the next year. 修剪修剪Craftymencontemn(lookdownon)studies,simplemenadmirethem,andwisemenusethem;fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawisdomwithoutthem,andabovethem,wonbyobservation.有一技之长者鄙视读书，无知者羡读书，唯明智之士用书，然有一技之长者鄙视读书，无知者羡读书，唯明智之士用书，然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观
45、察书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。得之。Readnottocontradictandconfute;nortobelieveandtakeforgranted;nortofindtalkanddiscourse;buttoweighandconsider.读书时不可存心诘难作者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻读书时不可存心诘难作者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。章摘句，而应推敲细思。责问责问Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed
46、 and digested: that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. 书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有换言之，有只需读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须只需读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。全神贯注，孜孜不倦。Som
47、e books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books; else distilled books are, like common distilled waters, flashy things.书亦可请人代读，取其所作摘要书亦可请人代读，取其所作摘要，但只限题材较次或价，但只限题材较次或价值不高者，否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏，淡而无味。
48、值不高者，否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏，淡而无味。代表代表, 摘录摘录, 低劣的低劣的, 浮华的浮华的 Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little，he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunni
49、ng, to seem to know that (= what) he doth not. 读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。因此不常做笔。因此不常做笔记者须记忆力特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺记者须记忆力特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。世有术，始能无知而显有知。maketh: make 的第三人称用法的第三人称用法 ready: 即即 ready-witted ，指敏于思考的能力。，指敏于思考的能力。 doth: do 的第三人称单数用法的第三人称单数用法诡计诡计Histories make m
50、en wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle, natural philosophy deep, moral grave, logic and rhetoric able to contend. Abeunt studia in morse. 读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩善辩；凡有所学，皆成性凡有所学，皆成性格。格。Nay there is no stond (difficulty) or imped
51、iment in the wit but may be wrought out by fit studies, like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises. 人之才智但有滞碍，无不可读适当之书使之顺畅，一如身体百人之才智但有滞碍，无不可读适当之书使之顺畅，一如身体百病，皆可借相宜之运动除之。病，皆可借相宜之运动除之。竞争竞争,阻碍阻碍, 排除排除Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walki
52、ng for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like.滚球利胆肾，射箭利胸肺，慢步利肠胃，骑术利头脑，滚球利胆肾，射箭利胸肺，慢步利肠胃，骑术利头脑，诸如此类。诸如此类。胆囊胆囊,肾脏肾脏 So if a mans wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again. If his wit be not apt to dist
53、inguish or find differences, let him study the schoolmen; for they are Cymini sectores. If he be not apt to beat over( investigate) matters, and to call up( think of) one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers cases. So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.智力
54、不集中，可令读数学，盖演题需全神贯注，稍有分散即须重智力不集中，可令读数学，盖演题需全神贯注，稍有分散即须重演演；如不能辩异，可令读经院哲学，盖是辈皆吹毛求疵之人；如不能辩异，可令读经院哲学，盖是辈皆吹毛求疵之人；如如不善求同，不善以一物阐证另一物，可令读律师之案卷。不善求同，不善以一物阐证另一物，可令读律师之案卷。如此头脑中凡有缺陷，皆有特效可医。如此头脑中凡有缺陷，皆有特效可医。缺点缺点, 处方处方Thecentralthoughtthe right use and wrong use (abuse) of studies;the proper and improper ways to p
55、ursue ones studies;the effect of different kinds of studies upon human character.Majorfiguresofspeechusedparallelism;contrast;analogy:natural abilities & natural plants;reading books & eating;removal of stond or impediment in the human mind & removal of diseases of the human bodyBacons EssaysHis Ess
56、ays is the first example of that genre in English literature, which has been recognized as an important landmark in the development of English prose. Bacons essays are famous for their brevity, compactness and powerfulness. And the neatness, the preciseness, the gravity, and the weightiness are the
57、essential qualities of his writings.Balance and opposition are the most common strategies he uses to achieve both the appearance of balance and the concealment of his own opinions under the cloak of the opposing alternatives. FeaturesofHisEssays Noted for clearness, brevity and force of expression;E
58、xpress thought with clearness and in as few words as possible;Sentences are short, pointed, incisive (cutting) and of balanced structure;Full of wisdom, so many of them have become wise old sayings.CharacteristicsofBaconsEssaysCompactLogicalPowerfulElegantParallelsentencesAntithesisBiblicalallusions
59、MetaphorsCadenceComments on BaconFrancis Bacon was a key figure in the transition from the intellectual world of the late Middle Ages to that of modern Europe. His career and character reveal him to be a man of various qualities. Alexander Pope called him, the wisest, brightest, and the meanest of m
60、ankind, while Ben Jonson declare him to be “one of the greatest man and most worthy of admiration that had been in many ages.”BaconsImportancetoLiteratureHe was the first English writer to pay attention to the audience to whom he was writing. He wrote the greatest tracts (essay) on education in the English language, Advancement of Learning. 论学术的进展论学术的进展He and Newton represent the advancement of science during the 17th century. In fact, Bacon devised the inductive method of doing research. He introduced the essay as a literary form into the English language. 结束语结束语谢谢大家聆听！谢谢大家聆听！56
