《现代大学英语精读3-Lesson-11-Silent-Spring推荐课件》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《现代大学英语精读3-Lesson-11-Silent-Spring推荐课件(130页珍藏版)》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、Lesson11SilentSpring2021/8/2211.AbouttheAuthorvThe more clearly we can focus our attention on the wonders and realities of the universe about us,the less taste we shall have for destruction. - Rachel Carson 19542021/8/2222021/8/223vRachelCarsonvBIRTHDATE:May27,1907vBIRTHPLACE:Springdale,PAvEDUCATION
2、:v1925-enteredPennsylvaniaCollegeforWomen(nowChathamCollege)1929-graduatedwithhonors,earningascholarshiptocontinueherstudiesatJohnsHopkinsUniversityinBaltimore,MD.1932-M.A.inZoologyfromJohnHopkinsUniversity.vFAMILYBACKGROUND:Theyoungestofthreechildren,RachelCarsonhadaruggedupbringinginasimplefarmhou
3、seoutsidethewesternPennsylvaniarivertownofSpringdale.Shecreditedhermotherwithintroducinghertotheworldofnaturethatbecameherlifelongpassion.2021/8/224vDESCRIPTIONOFACCOMPLISHMENTS:Aftercompletinghereducation,CarsonjoinedtheU.S.BureauofFisheriesasthewriterofaradioshowentitledRomanceUndertheWaters,inwhi
4、chshewasabletoexplorelifeundertheseasandbringittolisteners.In1936,afterbeingthefirstwomantotakeandpassthecivilservicetest,theBureauofFisherieshiredherasafull-timejuniorbiologist,andoverthenext15years,sheroseintheranksuntilshewasthechiefeditorofallpublicationsfortheU.S.FishandWildlifeService.vDuringt
5、he1940s,Carsonbegantowritebooksonherobservationsoflifeunderthesea,aworldasyetunknowntothemajorityofpeople.Sheresignedfromhergovernmentpositionin1952inordertodevoteallhertimetowriting.Theideaforhermostfamousbook,Silent Spring,emerged,andshebeganwritingitin1957.Itwaspublishedin1962,andinfluencedPresid
6、entKennedy,whohadreadit,tocallfortestingofthechemicalsmentionedinthebook.Carsonhasbeencalledthemotherofthemodernenvironmentalmovement.2021/8/225vDATEOFDEATH:April14,1964vPLACEOFDEATH:HerhomeinSilverSpring,MDvPORTRAYEDBY:CelesteEarhartvWEBSITES:vRachelCarsonHomesteadRachelCarsonCouncilRachelCarsonNat
7、ionalWildlifeRefugeRachelCarsonForum-acenterfornewideasandopinionsaboutenvironmentalissuesfacingPennsylvania.FormerVice-PresidentAlGoresIntroductiontothe1994reissueofSilent SpringRachelCarsonisacharterinducteeintotheEcologyHallofFamevBIBLIOGRAPHY:v1941-Under the Sea Wind1943-Food From the Sea: Fish
8、and Shellfish of New England1944-Food From the Sea: Fish and Shellfish of the South Atlantic1951-The Sea Around Us1955-The Edge of the Sea1962-Silent Spring1965-The Sense of Wonder (posthumous)2021/8/226vRachelCarson,writer,scientist,andecologist,grewupsimplyintheruralrivertownofSpringdale,Pennsylva
9、nia.Hermotherbequeathedtoheralife-longloveofnatureandthelivingworldthatRachelexpressedfirstasawriterandlaterasastudentofmarinebiology.CarsongraduatedfromPennsylvaniaCollegeforWomen(nowChathamCollege)in1929,studiedattheWoodsHoleMarineBiologicalLaboratory,andreceivedherMAinzoologyfromJohnsHopkinsUnive
10、rsityin1932.2021/8/227vShewashiredbytheU.S.BureauofFisheriestowriteradioscriptsduringtheDepressionandsupplementedherincomewritingfeaturearticlesonnaturalhistoryfortheBaltimoreSun.Shebeganafifteen-yearcareerinthefederalserviceasascientistandeditorin1936androsetobecomeEditor-in-Chiefofallpublicationsf
11、ortheU.S.FishandWildlifeService.Shewrotepamphletsonconservationandnaturalresourcesandeditedscientificarticles,butinherfreetimeturnedhergovernmentresearchintolyricprose,firstasanarticleUndersea(1937,fortheAtlanticMonthly),andtheninabook,UndertheSea-Wind(1941).In1952shepublishedherprize-winningstudyof
12、theocean,TheSeaAroundUs,whichwasfollowedbyTheEdgeoftheSeain1955.ThesebooksconstitutedabiographyoftheoceanandmadeCarsonfamousasanaturalistandsciencewriterforthepublic.Carsonresignedfromgovernmentservicein1952todevoteherselftoherwriting.2021/8/228vShewroteseveralotherarticlesdesignedtoteachpeopleabout
13、thewonderandbeautyofthelivingworld,includingHelpYourChildtoWonder,(1956)andOurEver-ChangingShore(1957),andplannedanotherbookontheecologyoflife.EmbeddedwithinallofCarsonswritingwastheviewthathumanbeingswerebutonepartofnaturedistinguishedprimarilybytheirpowertoalterit,insomecasesirreversibly.2021/8/22
14、9vDisturbedbytheprofligateuseofsyntheticchemicalpesticidesafterWorldWarII,Carsonreluctantlychangedherfocusinordertowarnthepublicaboutthelongtermeffectsofmisusingpesticides.InSilent Spring(1962)shechallengedthepracticesofagriculturalscientistsandthegovernment,andcalledforachangeinthewayhumankindviewe
15、dthenaturalworld.2021/8/2210vCarsonwasattackedbythechemicalindustryandsomeingovernmentasanalarmist,butcourageouslyspokeouttoremindusthatweareavulnerablepartofthenaturalworldsubjecttothesamedamageastherestoftheecosystem.TestifyingbeforeCongressin1963,Carsoncalledfornewpoliciestoprotecthumanhealthandt
16、heenvironment.RachelCarsondiedin1964afteralongbattleagainstbreastcancer.Herwitnessforthebeautyandintegrityoflifecontinuestoinspirenewgenerationstoprotectthelivingworldandallitscreatures.2021/8/22112.AboutthetextSilent SpringbyRachelCarsonSketches from one of the Twentieth Centurys most important wor
17、ks2021/8/2212vA Fable for TomorrowvTherewasonceatownintheheartofAmericawherealllifeseemedtoliveinharmonywithitssurroundings.apastoralEdenofhardwoodforestsandbountifulwildlife.strangeblightcreptovertheareaandeverythingbegantochange.Everywherewasashadowofdeath.Itwasaspringwithoutvoices.Onthemorningsth
18、athadoncethrobbedwiththedawnchorusofrobins,catbirds,doves,jays,wrens,andscoresofotherbirdvoicestherewasnownosound;onlysilencelayoverthefieldsandwoodsandmarsh.Eventhestreamswerenowlifeless.Nowitchcraft,noenemyactionhadsilencedtherebirthofnewlifeinthisstrickenworld.Thepeoplehaddoneitthemselves.2021/8/
19、2213vMan, however much he may like to pretend, is part of nature.vThemostalarmingofallmansassaultsupontheenvironmentisthecontaminationofair,earth,rivers,andseawithdangerousandevenlethalmaterials.Thepoisonscirculatemysteriouslybyundergroundstreamsuntiltheyemergeand,throughthealchemyofairandsunlight,c
20、ombineintonewformsthatkillvegetation,sickencattle,andworkunknownharmonthosewhodrinkfromoncepurewells.Theytravelfromlinktolinkofthefoodchain.2021/8/2214vExterminism:Nonselectivechemicalsthathavethepowertokilleveryinsect,thegoodandthebad,tostillthesongofbirdsandtheleapingoffishinthestreams,tocoatthele
21、aveswithadeadlyfilm,andtolingeroninthesoil.Cananyonebelieveitispossibletolaydownsuchabarrageofpoisonsonthesurfaceoftheearthwithoutmakingitunfitforalllife?Theyshouldnotbecalledinsecticidesbutbiocides.2021/8/2215vThe insects are winning: Were on a pesticide treadmill.Theinsectsadapttotheparticularinse
22、cticideused.forcingustofindeverdeadliernewones.Thusthechemicalwarisneverwon,andalllifeiscaughtinitsviolentcrossfire.manychemicals,likeradiation,bringaboutgenemutations.Manyofthesesubstancesarepersistentandbio-accumulative.Healtheffectsdependonexposureovertime.Effectsaredelayed.Butthiscanlullus:theda
23、ngeriseasilyignored.It is human nature to shrug off what may seem to us a vague threat of future disaster.Some of these substances have toxic effects in very small quantities. In the ecology of our bodies, minute causes produce mighty effects.2021/8/2216vViolation of human rights:Wehavesubjectedenor
24、mousnumbersofpeopletocontactwiththesepoisons,withouttheirconsentandoftenwithouttheirknowledge.vSelf-endangerment:Thechiefpublichealththreathasceasedtobedisease;nowitisahazardweourselveshaveintroducedintoourworld.Indeed,wemaybetechnicallyincapableofdetectingthepresenceofsometoxins.Thelackofsufficient
25、lydelicatemethodstodetectinjurybeforesymptomsappearisoneofthegreatunsolvedproblemsinmedicine.2021/8/2217vWe are the subjects of a massive uncontrolled experiment:Ahumanbeing,unlikealaboratoryanimallivingunderrigidlycontrolledconditions,isneverexposedtoonechemicalalone.wearesubjecttomultipleexposures
26、.Thisisaproblemofecology,ofinterrelationships,ofinterdependence.vWhy have we done this? Carsondismissestheclaimthatincreasedfarmproductionnecessitatesthis;asfarasthatgoesoverproductionistherealproblem.Rather,thesourceliesinourmodernwayoflife,specifically:(1)agriculturalintensificationanditsuseoflarg
27、escalemonoculture(simplificationdestroysnatureschecksandbalances);and(2)themigrationofspecieswithhumans,bothdeliberatelyandaccidentally(nearlyhalfofthe180orsomajorinsectenemiesofplantsintheUnitedStatesareaccidentalimportsfromabroad).2021/8/2218vThe alternative: develop ecological knowledge and use i
28、t.Weneedthebasicknowledgeofanimalpopulationsandtheirrelationstotheirsurroundings,butweallowthechemicaldeathtofallasthoughtherewerenoalternative.Havewefallenintoamesmerizedstatethatmakesusacceptasinevitablethatwhichisinferioranddetrimental?.Thechoice,afterall,isourstomake.vIfoncewehaveatlastassertedo
29、urrighttoknow,wedecidethatwearebeingaskedtotakesenselessandfrighteningrisks,thenweshouldnolongeracceptthecounselofthosewhotellusthatwemustfillourworldwithpoisonouschemicals;weshouldlookaboutandseewhatothercourseisopentous.2021/8/2219vThe Story of Silent SpringHow a courageous woman took on the chemi
30、cal industry and raised important questions about humankinds impact on nature.vAlthoughtheirrolewillprobablyalwaysbelesscelebratedthanwars,marches,riotsorstormypoliticalcampaigns,itisbooksthathaveattimesmostpowerfullyinfluencedsocialchangeinAmericanlife.ThomasPainesCommon Sensegalvanizedradicalsenti
31、mentintheearlydaysoftheAmericanrevolution;Uncle Toms CabinbyHarrietBeecherStowerousedNorthernantipathytoslaveryinthedecadeleadinguptotheCivilWar;andRachelCarsonsSilent Spring,whichin1962exposedthehazardsofthepesticideDDT,eloquentlyquestionedhumanitysfaithintechnologicalprogressandhelpedsetthestagefo
32、rtheenvironmentalmovement.vCarson,arenownednatureauthorandaformermarinebiologistwiththeU.S.FishandWildlifeService,wasuniquelyequippedtocreatesostartlingandinflammatoryabook.AnativeofruralPennsylvania,shehadgrownupwithanenthusiasmfornaturematchedonlybyherloveofwritingandpoetry.Theeducationalbrochures
33、shewrotefortheFishandWildlifeService,aswellasherpublishedbooksandmagazinearticles,werecharacterizedbymeticulousresearchandapoeticevocationofhersubject.2021/8/2220vThings Go Out of KiltervCarsonwashappiestwritingaboutthestrengthandresilienceofnaturalsystems.HerbooksUnder the Sea Wind, The Sea Around
34、Us(whichstayedontheNew York Timesbestsellerlistfor86weeks),andThe Edge of The Seawerehymnstotheinter-connectednessofnatureandalllivingthings.Althoughsherarelyusedtheterm,Carsonheldanecologicalviewofnature,describinginpreciseyetpoeticlanguagethecomplexweboflifethatlinkedmolluskstosea-birdstothefishsw
35、immingintheoceansdeepestandmostinaccessiblereaches.vDDT,themostpowerfulpesticidetheworldhadeverknown,exposednaturesvulnerability.Unlikemostpesticides,whoseeffectivenessislimitedtodestroyingoneortwotypesofinsects,DDTwascapableofkillinghundredsofdifferentkindsatonce.Developedin1939,itfirstdistinguishe
36、ditselfduringWorldWarII,clearingSouthPacificislandsofmalaria-causinginsectsforU.S.troops,whileinEuropebeingusedasaneffectivede-lousingpowder.ItsinventorwasawardedtheNobelPrize.2021/8/2221vWhenDDTbecameavailableforcivilianusein1945,therewereonlyafewpeoplewhoexpressedsecondthoughtsaboutthisnewmiraclec
37、ompound.OnewasnaturewriterEdwinWayTeale,whowarned,AsprayasindiscriminateasDDTcanupsettheeconomyofnatureasmuchasarevolutionupsetssocialeconomy.Ninetypercentofallinsectsaregood,andiftheyarekilled,thingsgooutofkilterrightaway.AnotherwasRachelCarson,whowrotetotheReaders Digesttoproposeanarticleaboutaser
38、iesoftestsonDDTbeingconductednotfarfromwhereshelivedinMaryland.Themagazinerejectedtheidea.2021/8/2222vSilent SpringvThirteenyearslater,in1958,CarsonsinterestinwritingaboutthedangersofDDTwasrekindledwhenshereceivedaletterfromafriendinMassachusettsbemoaningthelargebirdkillswhichhadoccuredonCapeCodasth
39、eresultofDDTsprayings.TheuseofDDThadproliferatedgreatlysince1945andCarsonagaintried,unsuccessfully,tointerestamagazineinassigningherthestoryofitslessdesirableeffects.By1958Carsonwasabest-sellingauthor,andthefactthatshecouldnotobtainamagazineassignmenttowriteaboutDDTisindicativeofhowhereticalandcontr
40、oversialherviewsonthesubjectmusthaveseemed.Havingalreadyamassedalargequantityofresearchonthesubject,however,CarsondecidedtogoaheadandtackletheDDTissueinabook.2021/8/2223vSilent SpringtookCarsonfouryearstocomplete.ItmeticulouslydescribedhowDDTenteredthefoodchainandaccumulatedinthefattytissuesofanimal
41、s,includinghumanbeings,andcausedcancerandgeneticdamage.Asingleapplicationonacrop,shewrote,killedinsectsforweeksandmonths,andnotonlythetargetedinsectsbutcountlessmore,andremainedtoxicintheenvironmentevenafteritwasdilutedbyrainwater.CarsonconcludedthatDDTandotherpesticideshadirrevocablyharmedbirdsanda
42、nimalsandhadcontaminatedtheentireworldfoodsupply.Thebooksmosthauntingandfamouschapter,AFableforTomorrow,depictedanamelessAmericantownwherealllife-fromfishtobirdstoappleblossomstohumanchildren-hadbeensilencedbytheinsidiouseffectsofDDT.2021/8/2224vFirstserializedinThe New YorkerinJune1962,thebookalarm
43、edreadersacrossAmericaand,notsurprisingly,broughtahowlofindignationfromthechemicalindustry.IfmanweretofaithfullyfollowtheteachingsofMissCarson,complainedanexecutiveoftheAmericanCyanamidCompany,wewouldreturntotheDarkAges,andtheinsectsanddiseasesandverminwouldonceagaininherittheearth.Monsantopublished
44、anddistributed5,000copiesofabrochureparodyingSilent SpringentitledTheDesolateYear,relatingthedevastationandinconvenienceofaworldwherefamine,disease,andinsectsranamuckbecausechemicalpesticideshadbeenbanned.Someoftheattacksweremorepersonal,questioningCarsonsintegrityandevenhersanity.2021/8/2225vVindic
45、ationvHercarefulpreparation,however,hadpaidoff.Anticipatingthereactionofthechemicalindustry,shehadcompiledSilent Springasonewouldalawyersbrief,withnofewerthan55pagesofnotesandalistofexpertswhohadreadandapprovedthemanuscript.Manyeminentscientistsrosetoherdefense,andwhenPresidentJohnF.Kennedyorderedth
46、ePresidentsScienceAdvisoryCommitteetoexaminetheissuesthebookraised,itsreportthoroughlyvindicatedbothSilent Springanditsauthor.Asaresult,DDTcameundermuchclosergovernmentsupervisionandwaseventuallybanned.Thepublicdebatemovedquicklyfromwhetherpesticidesweredangeroustowhichpesticidesweredangerous,andthe
47、burdenofproofshiftedfromtheopponentsofunrestrainedpesticideusetothechemicalsmanufacturers.2021/8/2226vThemostimportantlegacyofSilent Spring,though,wasanewpublicawarenessthatnaturewasvulnerabletohumanintervention.RachelCarsonhadmadearadicalproposal:that,attimes,technologicalprogressissofundamentallya
48、toddswithnaturalprocessesthatitmustbecurtailed.Conservationhadneverraisedmuchbroadpublicinterest,forfewpeoplereallyworriedaboutthedisappearanceofwilderness.ButthethreatsCarsonhadoutlined-thecontaminationofthefoodchain,cancer,geneticdamage,thedeathsofentirespecies-weretoofrighteningtoignore.Forthefir
49、sttime,theneedtoregulateindustryinordertoprotecttheenvironmentbecamewidelyaccepted,andenvironmentalismwasborn.2021/8/2227vCarsonwaswellawareofthelargerimplicationsofherwork.AppearingonaCBSdocumentaryaboutSilent Springshortlybeforeherdeathfrombreastcancerin1964,sheremarked,Mansattitudetowardnatureist
50、odaycriticallyimportantsimplybecausewehavenowacquiredafatefulpowertoalteranddestroynature.Butmanisapartofnature,andhiswaragainstnatureisinevitablyawaragainsthimself?#91;Wearechallengedasmankindhasneverbeenchallengedbeforetoproveourmaturityandourmastery,notofnature,butofourselves.vOneofthelandmarkboo
51、ksofthe20thcentury,Silent Springsmessageresonatesloudlytoday,evenseveraldecadesafteritspublication.AndequallyinspiringistheexampleofRachelCarsonherself.Againstoverwhelmingdifficultiesandadversity,butmotivatedbyherunabashedloveofnature,sheroselikeagladiatorinitsdefense.2021/8/2228. . . to protect hum
52、an health and the environment3.AboutEnvironmentalProtection2021/8/2229Humboldt BayMaster Petroleums gold mining plan would take up to 190,000 gallons of water every day from Canyon Creek2021/8/2230Case summaries, legal briefs, and other infoCasesfiled-1997tothepresentCasesFiled1982-1996LegalHighligh
53、tssomeofEPICssuccessstories2021/8/2231vItsbeendecadessinceEPICfirstenteredthecourtroomtochallengethedegradationofpublictrustresourcesandthegovernmentscomplacencytoviolationsofenvironmentallaws.Sincethattimewehavefiledmorethan70lawsuitsonbehalfofthenativespeciesandwildlandsoftheNorthCoast.Althoughour
54、workisfocusedontheredwoodandDouglasfirecosystemsofnorthernCalifornia,manyofourcaseshavesetlegalprecedentstohelprestoreandprotectimperiledareasthroughouttheregion,stateandnation.EPICslegalactionstodayemployanumberofdifferentstrategiesandarefocusedonthreeprimaryprogramareas:industrialloggingonprivatea
55、ndstateland,NationalForestconservation,andactionstodefendHumboldtBay.2021/8/2232vBushs Abysmal RecordvUndertheBushAdministration,thenumberofnewspeciesaddedtotheendangeredlisthasdramaticallydeclined,butnotbecausethingshaveimprovedforimperiledfishandwildlife.Thisadministrationisthefirsttohavefailedtol
56、istasinglespeciesonitsowninitiative,andalsothefirsttodenylistingsmoretimesthanithasgrantedthem.vSinceBushJr.tookoffice,theFWShaslistedatotalofonly31species-fewerthaneithertheBushSr.orReaganAdministrationaveragedeachyearinoffice.2021/8/2233AverageNumberofSpeciesListedPerYearUnderClinton:65UnderBushSr
57、.:59UnderReagan:32UnderBushJr:9ThankstoCBDforprovidingthesestatistics2021/8/2234Environmental Protection in ChinavForeword China is a developing country. Now it is confronted with the dual task of developing the economy and protecting the environment. Proceeding from its national conditions, China h
58、as, in the process of promoting its overall modernization program, made environmental protection one of its basic national policies, regarded the realization of sustainable development as an important strategy and carried out throughout the country large-scale measures for pollution prevention and c
59、ontrol as well as ecological environment protection. Over the 18 years since its adoption of reform and opening to the outside world,2021/8/2235vChinas gross national product (GNP) has achieved a sustained annual growth of around 10 percent, while its environmental quality has basically steered clea
60、r of the outcome of corresponding deterioration. Practice has proved that the principle adopted by China of effecting coordinated development between the economy, the society and the environment has been effective.Asamemberoftheinternationalcommunity,China,whilemakinggreateffortstoprotectitsownenvir
61、onment,hastakenanactivepartininternationalenvironmentalaffairs,striventopromoteinternationalcooperationinthefieldofenvironmentalprotection,andearnestlyfulfilleditsinternationalobligations.AllthesehavegivenfullexpressiontothesincerityanddeterminationoftheChinesegovernmentandpeopletoprotecttheglobalen
62、vironment.vWhateffortshasChinamadetoprotectitsownenvironment?WhatisthesituationofenvironmentalprotectioninChina?OntheoccasionoftheannualWorldEnvironmentDay,whichfallsonJune5,hereisabriefaccount:2021/8/2236vI. The Choice of Implementing a Sustainable Development Strategy Chinas modernization drive ha
63、s been launched in the following conditions: The country has a large population base, its per-capita average of natural resources is low, and its economic development as well as scientific and technological level remain quite backward. Along with the growth of Chinas population, the development of t
64、he economy and the continuous improvement of the peoples consumption level since the 1970s, the pressure on resources, which were already in rather short supply, and on the fragile environment has become greater and greater. Which road of development to choose has turned out, historically, to be an
65、issue of paramount importance to the survival of the Chinese people as well as their posterity.2021/8/2237vTheChinesegovernmenthaspaidgreatattentiontotheenvironmentalissuesarisingfromthecountryspopulationgrowthandeconomicdevelopment,andhasmadeprotectingtheenvironmentanimportantaspectoftheimprovement
66、ofthepeopleslivingstandardsandqualityoflife.Inordertopromotecoordinateddevelopmentbetweentheeconomy,thesocietyandtheenvironment,Chinaenactedandimplementedaseriesofprinciples,policies,lawsandmeasuresforenvironmentalprotectioninthe1980s.v-MakingenvironmentalprotectiononeofChinasbasicnationalpolicies.T
67、hepreventionandcontrolofenvironmentalpollutionandecologicaldestructionandtherationalexploitationandutilizationofnaturalresourcesareofvitalimportancetothecountrysoverallinterestsandlong-termdevelopment.TheChinesegovernmentisunswervinglycarryingoutthebasicnationalpolicyofenvironmentalprotection.v-Form
68、ulatingtheguidingprinciplesofsimultaneousplanning,simultaneousimplementationandsimultaneousdevelopmentforeconomicconstruction,urbanandruralconstructionandenvironmentalconstruction,andcombiningtheeconomicreturnswithsocialeffectsandenvironmentalbenefits;andcarryingoutthethreemajorpoliciesofpreventionf
69、irstandcombiningpreventionwithcontrol,makingthecauserofpollutionresponsiblefortreatingitandintensifyingenvironmentalmanagement.2021/8/2238v-Promulgatingandputtingintoeffectlawsandregulationsregardingenvironmentalprotectionandplacingenvironmentalprotectiononalegalfooting,continuouslyimprovingthestatu
70、tesconcerningtheenvironment,formulatingstrictlaw-enforcementproceduresandincreasingtheintensityoflawenforcementsoastoensuretheeffectiveimplementationoftheenvironmentallawsandregulations.v-Persistinginincorporatingenvironmentalprotectionintotheplansfornationaleconomicandsocialdevelopment,introducingt
71、oitmacroregulationandmanagementunderstateguidance,andgraduallyincreasingenvironmentalprotectioninputsoastogivesimultaneousconsiderationtoenvironmentalprotectionandotherundertakingsandensuretheircoordinateddevelopment.v-Establishingandimprovingenvironmentalprotectionorganizationsundergovernmentsatall
72、levels,formingarathercompleteenvironmentalcontrolsystem,andbringingintofullplaythegovernmentsroleinenvironmentalsupervisionandadministration.2021/8/2239v-Acceleratingprogressinenvironmentalscienceandtechnology.Strengtheningresearchintobasictheories,organizingthetacklingofkeyscientificandtechnologica
73、lproblems,developingandpopularizingpraciticaltechnologyforenvironmentalpollutionpreventionandcontrol,fosteringthegrowthofenvironmentalprotectionindustries,andgivinginitialshapetoanenvironmentalprotectionscientificresearchsystem.v-Carryingoutenvironmentalpublicityandeducationtoenhancethewholenationsa
74、warenessoftheenvironment.Widelyconductingenvironmentalpublicitywork,graduallypopularizingenvironmentaleducationinsecondaryandprimaryschools,developingon-the-jobeducationinenvironimentalprotectionandvocationaleducation,andtrainingspecializedpersonnelinenvironmentalscienceandtechnologyaswellasenvironm
75、entaladministration.2021/8/2240v-Promotinginternationalcooperationinthefieldofenvironmentalprotection.Activelyexpandingexchangesandcooperationconcerningtheenvironmentanddevelopmentwithothercountriesandinternationalorganizations,earnestlyimplementinginternationalenvironmentalconventions,andseekingsco
76、peforChinasroleinglobalenvironmentalaffairs.vSincethebeginningofthe1990stheinternationalcommunityandvariouscountrieshavemadeanimportantstepforwardinexploringsolutionstoproblemsoftheenvironmentanddevelopment.TheUnitedNationsConferenceonEnvironmentandDevelopment,heldinJune1992,madesustainabledevelopme
77、ntthestrategyforcommondevelopmentinthefuture,andthiswonwideacclaimfromthegovernmentsofallcountriesrepresentedattheconference.vInAugust1992,shortlyafterthatconference,theChinesegovernmentputforwardtenmajormeasuresChinawastoadopttoenhanceitsenvironmentanddevelopment,clearlypointingoutthattheroadofsust
78、ainabledevelopmentwasalogicalchoiceforChinanowandinthefuture.2021/8/2241vInMarch1994theChinesegovernmentapprovedandpromulgatedChinasAgenda21-WhitePaperonChinasPopulation,Environment,andDevelopmentinthe21stCentury.Thisdocument,proceedingfromthecountrysspecificnationalconditionsinthesethreerespects,pu
79、tforwardChinasoverallstrategy,measuresandprogramofactionforsustainabledevelopment.Thevariousdepartmentsandlocalitiesalsoworkedouttheirrespectiveplansofactiontoimplementthestrategyforsustainabledevelopment.vAtitsFourthSessioninMarch1996ChinasEighthNationalPeoplesCongressexaminedandadoptedtheNinthFive
80、-YearPlanofthePeoplesRepublicofChinaforNationalEconomicandSocialDevelopmentandtheOutlineoftheLong-TermTargetfortheYear2010.BoththePlanandOutlinetakesustainabledevelopmentasanimportantstrategyformodernization,thusmakingitpossiblefortheimplementationofthestrategyofsustainabledevelopmentinthecourseofCh
81、inaseconomicconstructionandsocialdevelopment.2021/8/2242vII. Improving the Legal and Administrative Systems Step by Step China pays great attention to environmental legislative work and has now established an environmental statutory framework that takes the Constitution of the Peoples Republic of Ch
82、ina as the foundation and the Environmental Protection Law of the Peoples Republic of China as the main body.TheConstitutionofthePeoplesRepublicofChinastipulates,Thestateprotectsandimprovesthelivingenvironmentandtheecologicalenvironment,andpreventsandremediespollutionandotherpublichazards,andThestat
83、eensurestherationaluseofnaturalresourcesandprotectsrareanimalsandplants.Theappropriationordamageofnaturalresourcesbyanyorganizationorindividualbywhatevermeansisprohibiited.2021/8/2243vTheEnvironmentalProtectionLawofthePeoplesRepublicofChinaisthecardinallawforenvironmentalprotectioninChina.Thelawhase
84、stablishedthebasicprincipleforcoordinateddevelopmentbetweeneconomicconstruction,socialprogressandenvironmentalprotection,anddefinedtherightsanddutiesofgovernmentsatalllevels,allunitsandindividualsasregardsenvironmentalprotection.vChinahasenactedandpromulgatedmanyspeciallawsonenvironmentalprotectiona
85、swellaslawsonnaturalresourcesrelatedtoenvironmentalprotection.TheyincludetheLawonthePreventionandControlofWaterPollution,LawonthePreventionandControlofAirPollution,LawonthePreventionandControlofEnvironmentalPollutionbySolidWastes,MarineEnvironmentProtectionLaw,ForestryLaw,GrasslandLaw,FisheriesLaw,M
86、ineralResourcesLaw,LandAdministrationLaw,WaterResourcesLaw,LawontheProtectionofWildAnimals,LawonWaterandSoilConservation,andAgricultureLaw.2021/8/2244vTheChinesegovernmenthasalsoenactedmorethan30administrativedecreesregardingenvironmentalprotection,includingtheRegulationsforthePreventionandControlof
87、NoisePollution,RegulationsonNatureReserves,RegulationsonthePreventionofandProtectionAgainstRadiationfromRadioIsotopesandRadioactiveDevice,RegulationsontheSafeAdministrationofChemicalsandOtherDangerousMaterials,ProvisionalRegulationsonthePreventionandControlofWaterPollutionintheHuaiheRiverDrainageAre
88、a,RegulationsGoverningEnvironmentalProtectionAdministrationinOffshoreOilExplorationandDevelopment,RegulationsontheControlofMarineWastesDumping,RegulationsfortheImplementationoftheProtectionofTerrestrialWildlife,ProivisionalRegulationsontheAdministrationofNationalParks,RegulationsontheProtectionofBas
89、icFarmland,andRegulationsonUrbanAfforestation.Inaddition,departmentsconcernedhavealsoissuedanumberofadministrativerulesanddecreesonenvironmentalprotection.2021/8/2245vToimplementthestatesenvironmentalprotectionlawsandregulations,peoplescongressesandpeoplesgovernmentsatlocallevels,proceedingfromspeci
90、ficconditionsintheirownareas,haveenactedandpromulgatedmorethan600locallawsonenvironmentalprotection.vEnvironmentalstandardsareanimportantcomponentofChinasenvironmentalstatutoryframework.Theyincludeenvironmentalqualitystandards,pollutantdischargeoremissionstandards,basicenvironmentalcriteria,criteria
91、forsamples,andcriteriaformethodology.Theenvironmentalqualitystandardsandpollutantdischargeoremissionstandardsaredividedintostatestandardsandlocalstandards.Bytheendof1995,Chinahadpromulgatedstateenvironmentalstandardson364items.AsstipulatedinChineselaw,theenvironmentalqualitystandardsandpollutantdisc
92、hargestandardsarecompulsorystandards,andthosewhoviolatethesecompulsoryenvironmentalstandardsmustbearthecorrespondinglegalresponsibility.2021/8/2246vIntheprocessofestablishingandimprovingtheenvironmentalstatutoryframework,Chinaattachesequalimportancetoenvironmentallawenforcementandenvironmentallegisl
93、ation.Forfouryearsinarow,Chinahasconductednationwidechecksontheenforcementofenvironmentallegislationtoseriouslydealwithactsofpollutinganddamagingtheenvironmentandseverelypunishenvironmentallawviolations.Chinapaysgreatattentiontosupervisionexercisedbythepeopleandmediaoverlaw-breakingactivitiesregardi
94、ngtheenvironment-ithasopenedchannelsforthemassesofpeopletoreportonenvironmentalproblemsandadoptedmeasuresforthemediatoexposeenvironmentallaw-breakingactivities.vButitshouldbepointedoutthatChinasenvironmentallegislativeworkneedstobefurtherimproved.Forinstance,someareasstillremainuncovered,somecontent
95、sareyettobeamendedorrevisedandtherearestillthephenomenaofnotfullyobservingorenforcinglaws.Therefore,tomakecontinuouseffortstostrengthenenvironmentallegislativeworkremainsanimportantstrategictask.2021/8/2247vChinaattachesequalimportancetotheestablishmentofanenvironmentaladministrativesystem.Ithasesta
96、blishedasysteminwhichtheNationalPeoplesCongressenactsthelaws,governmentsatdifferentlevelstakeresponsibilityfortheirenforcement,theadministrativedepartmentsinchargeofenvironmentalprotectionexerciseoverallsupervisionandadministrationandthevariousdepartmentsconcernedexercisesupervisionandadministration
97、accordingtothestipulationsofthelaw.vTheNationalPeoplesCongresshasestablishedanEnvironmentandResourcesProtectionCommittee,whoseworkitistoorganizetheformulationandexaminationofdraftedlawsrelatedtoenvironmentalandresourcesprotectionandpreparethenecessaryreports,exercisesupervisionovertheenforcementofla
98、wsgoverningenvironmentalandresourcesprotection,putforwardmotionsrelatedtotheissueofenvironmentalandresourcesprotection,andconductexchangeswithparliamentsinothercountriesinthefieldofenvironmentalandresourcesprotection.Thepeoplescongressesofsomeprovincesandcitieshavealsoestablishedcorrespondingenviron
99、mentalandresourcesprotectionorganizations.2021/8/2248vTheEnvironmentalProtectionCommitteeundertheStateCouncilismadeupofleadersofvariousrelatedministriesundertheStateCouncil.ItistheStateCouncilsconsultancyandcoordinationagencyforenvironmentalprotectionwork.Itsmajortasksarestudyingandexaminingtheprinc
100、iples,policiesandmeasuresrelatingtocoordinativedevelopmentofthecountryseconomyandenvironmentalprotection,givingguidancetoandcoordinatingeffortsintacklingmajorenvironmentalproblems,exercisingsupervisionoverandconductingchecksontheimplementationoftheenvironmentalprotectionlawsandregulationsbyvariouslo
101、calitiesanddepartments,andpromotingthedevelopmentofenvironmentalprotectionundertakingsthroughoutthecountry.Thepeoplesgovernmentsattheprovincial,cityandcountylevelshavealsoestablishedcorrespondingenvironmentalprotectioncommittees.2021/8/2249vTheNationalEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyisthecompetentenvir
102、onmentalprotectionadministrationagencyundertheStateCouncil,whosetaskitistoexerciseoverallsupervisionandadministrationoverthecountrysenvironimentalprotectionwork.Thepeoplesgovernmentsattheprovincial,cityandcountylevelshavealsosuccessivelyestablishedenvironmentalprotectionadministrationdepartmentstoca
103、rryoutoverallsupervisionandadministrationoftheenvironimentalprotectionworkintheirlocalities.Atpresent,therearenationwidemorethan2,500environmentalprotectionadministrationdepartmentsabovethecountylevelwithatotalstaffof88,000engagedinenvironmentaladministration,monitoring,inspectionandcontrol,statisti
104、cscollection,scientificresearch,pubilicityandeducation.2021/8/2250vEnvironmentalprotectionorganizationshavealsobeenestablishedincomprehensiveadministrationdepartments,resourcesadministrationdepartmentsandindustrialdepartmentsundergovernmentsatvariouslevelstotakechargeofrelatedenvironmentalandresourc
105、esprotectionwork.MostofChinaslargeandmedium-sizedenterpriseshavealsosetupenvironmentalprotectionorganizationsresponsiblefortheirownanti-pollutionworkandthepromotionofcleanerproduction.Atpresent,thetotalnumberofvarioustypesofenvironmentalprotectionworkersemployedbythevariousdepartmentsandenterprisese
106、xceeds200,000.2021/8/2251vIII. The Prevention and Control of Industrial Pollution and the Comprehensive Improvement of the Urban Environment The Chinese government regards prevention and control of industrial pollution as the focal point of environmental protection. Thanks to unremitting efforts ove
107、r the past 20-odd years, China has made great progress in this regard.2021/8/2252v-Changesinthestrategyforthepreventionandcontrolofindustrialpollutionhavebeeneffected.Inthe1970seffortstopreventandcontrolindustrialpollutioninChinamainlyconcentratedonthecontrolofpointsources.Inthe1980sChinacarriedoutp
108、reventionandcontrolofindustrialpollutioninacomprehensivewaythroughthereadjustmentofirrationalindustrialdistribution,theoverallindustrialstructureandtheproductmixincombinationwithtechnicaltransformation,strengthenedenvironmentalmanagementandotherpoliciesandmeasures.Inthecourseoffoundingthesocialistma
109、rketeconomicsysteminthe1990sChinahaschangeditstraditionaldevelopmentstrategy,promotedcleanproductionandembarkedonthesustainabledevelopmentroad.Inguidingconceptforthepreventionandcontrolofindustrialpollution,threechangeshavebeendecidedupon,i.e.,regardingbasicstrategy,Chinawillgraduallychangeitsstrate
110、gyofend-of-pipepollutioncontrolintopollutioncontrolduringthewholeprocessofindustrialproduction;withrespecttothecontrolofpollutantdischarge,concentrationcontrolwillbereplacedbyacombinationofthecontrolofconcentrationandthatoftotalquantity;andwithregardtopollutioncontrolmethods,focusonthecontrolofscatt
111、eredpointsourceswillbereplacedbyacombinationofcentralizedandscatteredcontrols.2021/8/2253v-Policyandlegislationforpreventingandcontrollingindustrialpollutionhavetakeninitialshapeasacoherentsystem.Inordertoeffectivelypreventandcontrolindustrialpollution,theChinesegovernmenthasdrawnupthreemajorpolicie
112、sforenvironmentalprotection,i.e.,puttingpreventionfirstandcombiningpreventionwithcontrol,makingthecauserofpollutionresponsiblefortreatingitandintensifyingenvironmentalmanagement.Inaddition,ithasdrawnupthepolicyonthecomprehensiveutilizationofresources,thepolicyonpreventingandcontrollingindustrialpoll
113、utionincombinationwithtechnicaltransformation,thepolicyonoveriallimprovementoftheurbanenvironment,thepolicyonenvironmentalprotectiontechnology,andthepolicyonenvironmentalprotectionindustries.Thelawsandregulationsonenvironmentalprotectionthathavebeenpromulgatedincludeexplicitprovisionsontheprevention
114、andcontrolofindustrialpollution.Localgovernmentsatalllevelshaveworkedoutlocalpoliciesonthepreventionandcontrolofindustrialpollutioninaccordancewiththeiractualconditions.2021/8/2254v-Enterpriseenvironmentsupervisionandmanagementhavebeenreinforced.TheChinesegovernmenthaspromotedtheenforcementoftheenvi
115、ronmentalimpactassessmentsystemandthethree-at-the-same-timesystem(i.e.,facilitiesforpreventingandcontrollingenvironmentalpollutionanddestructionshallbeplanned,constructedandputintouseatthesametimeasthemainproductionprojects).Thesestepshaveplayedremarkablerolesincontrollingnewpollutionsources.Thenati
116、onsenvironmentalimpactassessmentrateofconstructionprojectsabovethecountylevelandtheimplementationrateofthethree-at-the-same-timesystemhavereached,respectively,60.8percentand87.3percent.Bytheendof1995,480citiesand77,000enterpriseshadmadepollutiondischargedeclarationsandregistrations;240citieshadissue
117、datotalof16,000pollutantdischargelicencesto14,000enterprises.Since1979Chinahascollected24.7billionyuaninpollutantdischargefees.2021/8/2255v-Measuresforpreventingandcontrollingindustrialpollutionhavegraduallybeenperfected.First,Chinahascompletedagreatnumberofpollution-controlprojectsthroughthereadjus
118、tmentoftheindustrialstructureandproductmix,andpromotedcleanproductionthroughtechnicaltransformation.Chemical,metallurgical,light,machine-building,powerandconstructionmaterialsindustrieshaveactivelyadoptedcleanproduction,speededuptechnicaltransformationandfirmlyeliminatedalargeamountofequipmentandpro
119、ductscharacterizedbyheavypollutionandhighconsumptionofenergyandmaterials.Consequently,industrialproductionhasincreasedforseveralyearsrunning,thedischargeofpollutantshasdeclinedsteadilyandtheeconomicreturnsofenterpriseshavegoneupyearbyyear.TheJilinChemicalIndustrialCompanyisanoldenterprise,butformany
120、yearsithasreliedonprogressinscienceandtechnologytocarryouttechnicaltransformationofitsproductionequipmentwhichusedtocauseaseriouswasteofresourcesandproducedalargeamountofpollution.Asaresult,ithasfundamentallyeliminated2021/8/2256vpollutionfromvariouschemicals.Second,incombinationwiththecomprehensive
121、improvementoftheurbanenvironmentandregionalreconstruction,anumberofenterprisesfeaturedbyheavypollutionhavebeencloseddown,movedawayorotherwiseputundercontrol,thusalleviatingthetrendofpollutioninsomeregions.TheBeijingMunicipalGovernmentcloseddowntheheavilypollutingsouthsectionoftheSpecialSteelFactoryo
122、ftheCapitalIronandSteelCompany,eliminatingalargepollutionsourceinthecityproper.ShanghaihasstrengthenedthepreventionandcontrolofpollutionintheupperreachesoftheSuzhouandHuangpuriversandinmajorurbandistricts,sothatpollutioninsomeofthedistrictshasbeenbroughtundercontrol.Third,thedynamicsofsettingdeadlin
123、esforeliminatingpollutionhavebeenreinforced.Since1978theChinesegovernmenthasannouncedtwogroupsofscheduledpollution-controlprojects,totaling367,andlocalgovernmentshavedesignated220,000pollution-controlprojects,whichhave2021/8/2257vbasicallybeencompleted.Fourth,thepreventionandcontrolofpollutionisdeve
124、lopingtowardregionalandrivervalleycomprehensiveimprovement.Sincethelate1980stheChinesegovernmenthasadoptedmeasurestocomprehensivelyalleviateairpollutioninBenxiandBaotoucities,andwaterpollutionintheBaiyangdianLakeandHuaiheRiverdrainagebasins.In1995theChinesegovernmentpromulgatedtheProivisionalRegulat
125、ionsonthePreventionandControlofWaterPollutionintheHuaiheRiverDrainageArea,andtheworkisbeingactivelycarriedoutinaccordancewiththeplan.Fifth,effortshavebeensteppeduptosaveenergyandreduceconsumption.Thecapabilitytotreatwastegas,wastewaterandindustrialresidue(thethreewastes)hasbeenenhancedandthecomprehe
126、nsiveutilizationrateofthesematerialshasbeenincreased.DuringtheEighthFive-YearPlanperiod(1991-95)energyconsumptionforeverytenthousandyuanworthof2021/8/2258vthegrossdomesticproduct(GDP)decreasedfrom5.3tonsofthestandardcoalin1990to3.94tonsin1995,savingagrandtotalof358milliontonsofthestandardcoal,oranan
127、nualavergeeconomizationrateof5.8percent.In1995thewastewatertreatmentrateoftheindustrialenterprisesabovethecountylevelalloverthecountryreached76.8percent;thesmokeanddustremovalrateofwastegasfromburningfuel,88.2percent;wastegaspurificationratefromproductionprocesses,68.9percent;andthecomprehensiveutil
128、izationrateofindustrialsolidwaste,43percent.Outputvalueattainedthroughthecomprehensiveutilizationoftheindustrialthreewastescameto19billionyuan.Startingin1983,LiShuangiliang,aretiredworkeroftheTaiyuanIronandSteelCompany,and20otherretiredworkersspent10yearsremovingahugeslagheap,thuseliminatingaserious
129、,long-standingpollutionsourceoftheTaiyuanIronandSteelCompany.Theslagwasutilizedinacomprehensiveway,with900,000tonsofwasteironandsteelworth160millionyuanrecovered.2021/8/2259vChinaisacountrywithcoalasitsmainenergysource.Seventypercentofthesmokeanddustintheairand90percentofthesulfurdioxideemissioncome
130、fromburningcoal.Asaresult,thecitieswithconcentratedindustriesandpopulationssufferfromseriousairpollution.Acidrainhasoccurred,andthesituationhasgonefrombadtoworseinsomeregionsandcities.TheChinesegovernmenthasadoptedsomemeasures,suchasdevelopingcleancoaltechnologyandclean-combustiontechnology,andcolle
131、ctingsulfurdioxideemissionfees,tocontrolacidrain.Along-termstudybyChineseexpertsontheissueofacidrainprovesthattheprecursorsofacidraingeneratedfromtheemissionsourceinChinesemainlandaremainlytransportedwithinChineseterritory,andtheacidrainismainlyintheareassouthoftheYangtzeRiver,inregionseastoftheQing
132、hai-TibetPlateau,andintheSichuanBasin.2021/8/2260vLikeotherdevelopingcountries,Chinaspercapitaenergyconsumptionlevelandtheemittedsulfurdioxidearemuchlowerthantheworldaveragelevelatpresent,anditwillremainsobytheendofthiscentury.AccordingtotheFrameworkConventiononClimaticChanges,Chinaisundernospecific
133、obligationtolimittheemissionofcarbondioxide.However,mindfulofitsresponsibilityforprotectionoftheglobalclimate,Chinafollowstheprincipleofattachingequalimportancetoeconomizationonenergyandexpansionoftheenergyindustry,strivingtoraiseitsenergyutilizationefficiencyandtoreadjustitsenergystructure.Whileapp
134、ropriatelydevelopingnuclearpower,Chinasparesnoefforttodevelophydroelectricpowerandtostrengthenresearchintoandexploitationofgeothermalpower,solarenergy,windenergy,oceanicenergyandothernewenergysources,soastoreducethegreen-housegasemission.2021/8/2261vSincetheinitiationofthepoliciesofreformandopeningt
135、otheoutsideworld,ChinasGNPhasquadrupled,butthegrowthoftheemissionofpollutantsisclearlyslowerthantheeconomicgrowth.Someenvironmentalqualityindicesofsomeregionsandcitieshavebasicallyremainedstable,andsomelocalitieshavemadeimprovementstoacertainextent.Inspiteofthis,Chinasindustrializationisstillinthepr
136、imarystageofdevelopment,withalowlevelofmodernizedmanagement.Itsindustrialdistributionandstructureneedtobefurtherreadjusted.Withcomparativelybackwardequipmentandproductiontechnology,thepreiventionandcontrolofindustrialpollutionremainanarduoustaskofenvironmentalprotectioninChina.2021/8/2262vTheChinese
137、governmenthasalwaysconsideredthecitiesaskeypointsinenvironmentalprotectionwork.Inthepast10-oddyearsChinahasspeededupurbanization.In1980theurbanpopulationinChinatotaled191.4million,afigurewhichroseto351.71millionin1995.In1980Chinahad223administrativelydesignatedcities,whichwentupto640in1995.Theurbani
138、zationlevelincreasedfrom19.39percentin1980to28.85percentin1995.Justlikeothercountries,theissueofenvironmentalpollutionhasalsoappearedinthecourseofChinasurbanization.ThereforetheChinesegovernmenthasadoptedeffectivemeasurestocontrolenvironmentalpollutionanddoneitsbesttoimprovethequalityoftheurbanenvir
139、onment.2021/8/2263v-Drawingupoverallcityplansandreadjustingthelayoutofurbanfunctions.Bytheendof1995eachofthe640citiesinChinahadworkedoutitsownoverallcityplan.Sohadeachofthe31,559administrativelydesignatedtowns.InaccordancewiththeLawonCityPlanning,whileworkingoutanoverallcityplan,thecitymustincludein
140、theplandetailsofenvironmentalprotection,suchasprotectingandimprovingthecitysecologicalenvironment,andpreventingandcontrollingpollutionandotherpublichazards.Inlightoftherequirementsoftheoverallplanning,manycities,whiletransformingtheoldareasanddevelopingnewones,have,inaccordancewiththecitysfunctionzo
141、ning,readjustedtheindustriallayout,strengthenedthepreventionandcontrolofindustrialpollution,changedthesituationinwhichfactoriesandresidentssharethesameareas,controlledurbanenvironmentalpollutioncausedbyproductionandinpeoplesdailylives,andconstructedalargenumberofresidentialquarterswithreasonablelayo
142、utandcompletesocialservices.Inaddition,Chinahasdesignated52keyenvironmentalprotectioncities,andput99leadingnational-levelhistoricalandculturalcitiesunderspecialprotection.2021/8/2264v-Strengtheningtheconstructionofinfrastructureandimprovingthecapabilitytopreventandcontrolpollution.Atpresent,68.4perc
143、entofurbanresidentsinChinausegasforfuelandheating;thecentralizeddisposalrateofurbansewageis20percent;theinnocurityrateofurbangarbageandfecaldisposalis45.4percent;andtheafforestationrateis23.8percent.In1994Beijinginvested15.13billionyuanintheconstructionofurbaninfrastructure,ofwhichoverfivebillionyua
144、nwasusedtoconstructenvironmentalimprovementfacilities.ItbuilttheGaobeidianSewageTreatmentPlant,withadailyhandlingcapacityof500,000tons,andthelarge-scaleDatunGarbageTransferStationandAhsuweisanitarylandll,thusgreatlyimprovingBeijingsenvironmentoverall.2021/8/2265v-Comprehensiveimprovementoftheurbanen
145、vironmentandimprovingthequalityoftheurbanenvironment.Since1989theChinesegovernmenthaspromotedtheurbanenvironmentcomprehensiveimprovementexaminationsystemthroughoutthecountry.Thestateandthegovernmentsattheprovinciallevelhavecarriedoutexaminationsin37keycitiesandother330-pluscities.Theimplementationof
146、thissystemhasenhancedthesenseofresponsibilityofleadersatalllevelsforurbanenvironmentalprotection,andsuchexaminationshavebeenincludedinthegovernmentsworkagendas.Henceamanagementsystemandoperationmechanismforthecomprehensiveimprovementoftheurbanenvironmentundertheunifiedleadershipofmayors,carriedoutby
147、differentdepartmentsaccordingtotheirrespectivedivisionsofresponsibilityandactivelyparticipatedinbythebroadmasses2021/8/2266vofthepeoplehavetakeninitialshape.AllcitiesinChinahaveincreasedtheirinvestmentinenvironmentalimprovementandspeededuprelevantconstruction.Obviousresultshavebeenachieved.By1995Chi
148、nahadconstructed11,333sqkmofsmoke-and-dustcontrolzones,and1,800sqkmofup-to-standardnoise-controlzones,andincreasedpubliclawnsby490millionsquaremeters.Alargenumberofurbanwaterways,suchastheZhongdongRiverinHangzhou,theFunanRiverinChengdu,theHaiheRiverinTianjin,theSuzhouRiverinShanghai,theQinhuaiRiveri
149、nNanjingandtheHaoheRiverinNantong,havebeencleaneduponalargescale.Hence,theurbanwaterenvironmenthasbeenimproved.2021/8/2267vThankstocomprehensiveurbanenvironmentalimprovementandecologicalconstruction,BenxiCityinLiaoningProvincehasclearedup21smokedragons,17pollutedspringsandtwomoundsofindustrialresidu
150、ewhichwerenotorioussourcesofpollution.Ithasalsoconstructedaround-the-cityforestparkwithanareaof220sqkm.Consequently,Benxi,whichusedtobeknownasoneofthecitiesonearthwhichcouldnotbeseenfromasatellitebecauseofairpollution,hasmadearemarkableimprovementinitsenvironment.2021/8/2268vIV. Territorial Control
151、and Rural Environmental Protection Territorial control forms part of Chinas work in implementing the sustainable development strategy. Since the start of the reform and opening-up era, the Chinese government has carried out territorial control on a large scale.2021/8/2269v-Newprogresshasbeenmadeinte
152、rritorialcontrolplanning.InthisworktheChinesegovernmenthasformulatedasequenceofnational,trans-provincialandkey-regionalterritorialcontrolplans,suchastheNationalProgramforOverallLandUsePlanning,theNationalProgramforAfforestation,theNationalPlanforMarineDevelopment,theNationalProgramforWaterandSoilCon
153、servation,theComprehensivePlanforChinasSevenMajorRiverValleys,thePlanforEconomicDevelopmentintheThreeGorgesArea,theEconomicPlanfortheYangtzeRiverDeltaandAreasAlongtheRiver,KeyPointsoftheEconomicPlanforNorthwesternAreas,andtheResourcesDevelopmentandEnvironmentProtectionPlanfortheJunctureofShanxi,Shaa
154、nxiandInnerMongolia.Someprovincesandcitieshavealsodrawnuporrevisedlocalterritorialcontrolplansandtheoverallplanforlanduse.Bytheendof1995theoverallplanforlandusehadbeen60percentcompletedattheprovinciallevel,69percentatthecity(prefectural)leveland63percentatthecountylevel.2021/8/2270v-Manyachievements
155、havebeenmadeinresearchonterritorialcontrol.TohelpformulatetheNinthFive-YearPlanforNationalEconomicandSocialDevelopmentandtheOutlineoftheLong-TermTargetfortheYear2010,theChinesegovernment,proceedingfromrealizingcoordinationandsustainabledevelopmentoftheeconomy,society,population,resourcesandenvironme
156、nt,hasorganizedresearchonvitalissuessuchasthedevelopmentofterritorialresourcesandenvironmentalcontrol,theoverallplanforthenationalterritory,andhowwellmineralresourcescansatisfythedemandsofthenationaleconomy.IthasalsocompletedtheMajorIssuesontheDevelopmentofNationalTerritorialResourcesandEnvironmenta
157、lControlDuring1996-2010andotherresearchreportsonspecialsubjects.Thegovernmenthaslaiddowntheoverallframeworkofoptimizingthedevelopmentandcontrolofterritorialresources,theregionaldevelopmentstrategyanddistributionofterritorialresourcesexploitation,aswellasthetargetsandmeasuresofterritorialcontrolanden
158、vironmentalprotection.2021/8/2271vNotablesuccesseshavebeenattainedintheharnessingofmainriversandlakes.SincethefoundationofNewChinain1949theChinesegovernmenthastakencomprehensiveexploitationandcontrolofmajorriversandlakes,withemphasisonthepreventionandcontroloffloodandwaterlogging,asanimportanttaskof
159、waterconservancyconstruction.DuringtheEighthFive-YearPlanperiod,onthemiddleandlowerreachesoftheYangtzeRiver,thelowerreachesoftheYellowRiver,andontheHuaihe,Haihe,SonghuaandLiaoheriversandLakeTaihu,themaindikeswereheightenedandreinforced,waterwayswerecleanedup,andflooddiversionprojectswerebuilt.Thecon
160、structionofagroupofkeyprojectsforwatercontrolandotheruseswerecompletedorstarted.Tocompensateforlackofwaterresourcesinnorthernareas,theChinesegovernmentvigorouslypromotedtheplanningandconstructionofwater-diversionprojectsbetweendifferentdrainagebasins.InNovember1995itsponsoredanoverallfeasibilitystud
161、yofthemiddle,easternandwesternlinesprojectsfordivertingwaterfromsouthtonorth.2021/8/2272vTheThreeGorgesProjectisagigantic,trans-centuryprojectforharnessinganddevelopingtheYangtzeRiver.Whenitiscompleted,floodsontheupperreacheswillbeeffectivelycontrolledandareasonthemiddleandlowerreacheswillbeabletoim
162、provetheiranti-floodcapability,thuslesseningtheharmfuleffectsontheecologicalenvironment.Hydroelectricity,whichwillbetheenergydischargedbytheproject,causesmuchlesspollutionthancoal-burningpowerplants.ThegovernmenthasorganizedexpertstoworkouttheReportontheImpactoftheThreeGorgesProjectontheEcologyandEn
163、vironment,andCountermeasures,andhasapprovedtheEnvironmentalImpactStatementoftheThreeGorgesProject.ThegovernmentwilladoptasequenceofmeasurestominimizetheunfavorableeffectsontheecologyandtheenvironmentthatcouldbecausedbytheThreeGorgesProject.2021/8/2273v-Landpreservation,exploitationandcontrolhavebeen
164、promotedonafullscale.Inordertoputcultivatedlandunderproperprotection,basicfarmlandpreservationareashavebeendelimitedalloverthecountry,inaccordancewiththeRegulationsontheProtectionofBasicFarmland.Bytheendof1995,2,100unitsatthecountylevelhadfinishedthework,withwellover70percentoffarmlandputundereffect
165、ualprotection.Plannedmanagementofthelandtobeusedforconstructionhasbeenstrengthened,puttingthetotalareaandmakeupofsuchlandunderpropercontrol.Randomoccupationoffarmlandhasbeencurbedtosomeextent.In1995,farmlandusedforconstructionwas20.8percentlessthanthepreviousyear.Inrecentyears,thegovernmenthasformul
166、atedtheKeyPointsofNationalPlanningforDeserticationControlDuring1991-2000tospeedupthedesertificationpreventionandcontrolproject.Itisplannedthat6.667millionhectaresofdesertified2021/8/2274vlandwillbetreatedovertenyears.Thedevelopmentof20keycounties,nineexperimentalareasand22demonstrationbasesofthenati
167、onaldesertificationpreventionandcontrolprojecthasbeenbroughtintolinewiththedevelopmentplanofthenationaleconomy.DuringtheEighthFive-YearPlanperiod3.759millionhectaresofdesertifiedlandweretackledinacomprehensiveway.TheChinesegovernmentalsodevotesmuchattentiontowaterandsoilconservation.Ithaseffectively
168、preventedsoilerosionandimprovedtheecologicalenvironmentandagriculturalconditions.Atpresent,25keysoilerosioncontrolareashavebeenestablishedatthenationallevel.Waterandsoilconservationprojectsarecarriedoutinsevenbigrivervalleys.Inmorethan10,000smallrivervalleyswithserioussoilerosion,problemsconcerningm
169、ountains,rivers,farmlandandforestsaretackledinacomprehensiveway.Soilerosionhasbeencheckedinatotalareaof67millionhectares,andagreatnumberofwaterandsoilconservationprojectshavebeencompleted,makingerodedsoildecreaseby1.1billiontonseveryyearandwaterconservationcapacity2021/8/2275vincreaseby18billioncubi
170、cmeters.InthecomprehensivesoilerosioncontrolareaintheLoessPlateau,atotalof15millionhectaresoflandhavebeentreated-30percentofthesoilerosionarea-withover300milliontonslesssiltflowingintotheYellowRivereveryyear.SincethepublicationoftheRegulationsonLandReclamation,mostoftheprovincesandcitieshaveworkedou
171、tproceduresforimplementationoftheseregulationsandsomedozenprovincesandautonomousregionshaveputintoeffectproceduresforraisingfundsforlandreclamationandfortheuseandadministrationofthesefunds.Asaresult,remarkableprogresshasbeenmadeinthecountrysreclamationofdiscardedland.From1987to1995atotalofabout3.5mi
172、llionhectaresoflandwerereclaimed,amongwhich600,000hectareshadbeenwasteland.In1989theexperimentalworkoflandreclamationwascarriedoutinmajormineral-producingprovinces.In1995constructionofthreenational-levelreclamationdemonstrationzoneswasstartedinsunkenareasofcoalfields,whilethenationalreclamationtechn
173、icalstandardswerestipulated.TongshanCountyinJiangsuProvinceinvested56millionyuantoreclaim6,600hectaresofland,basicallybalancinglandreclamationwithlanduse.2021/8/2276v-Theabilitytocombatnaturaldisastershasbeenimproved.TheChinesepeoplehaveaccumulatedabundantexperienceintheirprotractedstrugglesagainstn
174、aturaldisasters,inwhichtheylaiddownprincipleslikeputtingpreventionfirstandcombiningpreventionandcontrol,andcombiningpreiventionandrescue.Aworkingsystemhasbeenprimarilyestablishedtoavertallkindsofnaturaldisasters,andacontingentofexperiencedscientistsandresearchersofvariousdisciplineshasbeenorganizeda
175、ndmonitoringstationsandnetworksformainnaturaldisastershavetakeninitialshape.vChinahastraditionallybeenanagriculturalcountry.Indevelopingagriculturalproduction,thegovernmentattachesgreatimportancetoruralenvironmentalprotection.2021/8/2277v-Achievementshavebeenmadeineco-agriculture.Thegovernmenthastak
176、enthedevelopmentofeco-agricultureasanimportantmeanstorealizethecoordinateddevelopmentoftheenvironmentandtheeconomy.Atpresent,the50eco-agriculturalexperimentalcountiesdesignatedbythestateareplayingpositiveandexemplaryrolesinthecountry,spurringdevelopmentofeco-agriculturein10prefecturesandover100count
177、ies.Accordingtostatistics,thetotaloutputofgrainoftheexperimentalcountieshasincreasedby15percent,outputpermubyupwardsof10percent,andtheincomepercapitais12percenthigherthantheaveragelevelofthesurroundingareas.Thepracticeofeco-agriculturehasbroughtaboutstrikingimprovementsintheagriculturalecologicalenv
178、ironment-barrenhillsgreened,forestacreagegreatlyraised,soilerosioncontrolledtosomeextent,organicmattercontentofthesoilincreased,andtheabilityoftheagriculturalecologicalsystemtowardoffnaturaldisastersimproved.Inthemeantime,inordertopromoteregionalsustainabledevelopment,constructionofsome100ecological
179、demonstrationareas,mainlyatthecountylevel,hasbeenstartedinanall-roundway.2021/8/2278v-Furtherdevelopmentofruralenergyconstruction.Energyconstructioninruralareasisanimportantmeasureforprotectingandimprovingtheruralecologicalenvironment.In1991comprehensiveenergyconstructioninruralareaswasstartedin100c
180、ounties.Asaresult,acapacityequivalentto10.8milliontonsmoreofstandardcoalwasaddedeveryyearand11.37milliontonsweresaved.In1995fuel-savingstoves,methane,solar,windandgeothermalenergysourcesandsmallhydropowerstationsbegantodevelopandwerepopularizedinruralareasthroughoutthecountry.Inthisway,annually80mil
181、liontonsofstandardcoalequivalentcanbesavedandadditionallyproduced.Methane-generatingpitsforagriculturaluseweredugtobenefit5.69millionhouseholdsandfuel-savingstoveswereinusein170millionhouseholds.2021/8/2279v-Pollutionpreventionandcontrolintownshipenterpriseshavebeenstrengthened.Townshipenterprisesar
182、eastrongmainstayoftheChineseruraleconomyandanimportantsectorofthenationaleconomy.Becauseoftheirrapiddevelopment,theenvironmentalproblemstheycausedattractedtheseriousattentionoftheChinesegovernmentandpeople.Inthepastdecade,environmentalmanagementandpollutionpreventionandcontrolintownshipenterprisesha
183、vemadesomeprogress.Inareasalongtheeasterncoast,thetechnicalandequipmentlevelsoftownshipenterpriseshavebeengraduallyraised.Centralizedpollutioncontrolhasbeencarriedout,alongwithconstructionofsmalltowns,townshipenterpriseszonesandeconomicdevelopmentzones.Allthesestepshaveseen2021/8/2280vcertainoutcome
184、s.ZhangjiagangCityinJiangsuProvinceisspurringitseconomytodeveloprapidlywhilepayingdueattentiontopreventionofenvironmentalpollutionbytownshipenterprises.Ithasthusrealizedacoordinateddevelopmentofboththeenvironmentandtheeconomy.Inthecentralandwesternareastownshipenterpriseshavebeenactivelyguided,aided
185、andsupervisedtopreventenvironmentalpollutionspreading.Itshouldbepointedoutthatenvironmentalprotectioninareasoftownshipenterprisesisstillanarduoustask,andthatthegovernmentwillkeepguidingthemtodevelopinahealthyway,preventingandalleviatingenvironmentalpollutionthroughreinforcedenvironmentalmanagement.2
186、021/8/2281v-Developmentofgreenandorganicfoodsiswelcomed.Inordertomeetthepeoplesincreasingdemandsforhigh-qualityfood,andtoprotectagriculturalnaturalresourcesandtheecologicalenvironment,relevantdepartmentsbeganin1990todevelopgreenfood,featuringpollution-free,safe,high-qualityandnutritiouscontents.Byth
187、eendof1995atotalof568sortsofgreenfoodhadbeendeveloped,manyofthembecomingwell-knownproducts.Sincethestartofthedevelopmentofgreenfood,1.13millionhectaresoflandhavebeenwellprotected.In1995agovernmentdepartmentpublishedtheProceduresontheAdministrationofOrganic(Natural)FoodLabelling.Organic(natural)foodu
188、npollutedbychemicalfertilizersandfarmchemicalshasnowappearedinChina.2021/8/2282vV. Protection of the Ecological Environment and Biodiversity The Chinese government regards ecological environmental protection as the focal point of its environmental protection work. Through protracted efforts the coun
189、try has made outstanding achievements in the protection and nurturing of the ecological environment.2021/8/2283v-Achievementshavebeenmadeinafforestation.Sincethe1950stheChinesegovernmenthasorganizedlarge-scaletreeplantingactivitiesandsteppedupeffortsforthefostering,protectionandmanagementofforestres
190、ourcesandconsequentlyhasmadegreatprogressinrationalutilizationofforestresources.Sincethereformandopeninguptheafforestationeffortshavebeenquickened,withthequantityincreasedannuallyandthequalityimprovedcontinuously,thusbasicallyeliminatingthedeficitinforestreserveswhichhadexistedforalongperiod,whileth
191、egrowthofforestshasbeguntoexceedconsumption.Asaresult,theeraofincreasebothinforestacreageandreservehasdawnedonthecountry.Currently,Chinasforestareatotals134millionhectares,whichbringsthecountrysforestcoverupto13.92percent.Artificialafforestationcovers33.79millionhectares.Volunteershavecontributedato
192、talof4.4billionperson-timestoplanting23billiontrees.Once-barrenmountainssuitablefortreeplantingin12provincesandautonomousregionsarenowclothedwithgreenery.2021/8/2284vThegovernmenthaspaidspecialattentiontotheconstructionofforestecologicalprojects.Since1978Chinahasestablishedtenforestecologicalproject
193、s,withascheduledafforestationareaof120millionhectares-aimedmainlyatprotectingandimprovingthenaturaleco-environmentandrealizingthesustainableuseofnaturalresources.Theseprojectsare:thethreenorthsshelterbelts(thewesternareaofNortheast,andthenorthernpartsofNorthandNorthwestChina),theshelterbeltsalongthe
194、upperandmiddlereachesoftheYangtzeRiver,thecoastalshelterbelts,theplainfarmlandshelterbelts,theTaihangMountainsafforestationproject,theanti-desertificationproject,theshelterbeltsforcomprehensivecontrolintheHuaiheRiverandTaihuLakebasins,theshelterbeltsforcomprehensivecontrolinthePearlRiverbasin,theshe
195、lterbeltsforcomprehensivecontrolintheLiaoheRiverbasin,andtheshelterbeltsalongthemiddlereachesoftheYellowRiver.Currently,thethreenorthsshelterbeltsprojecthasfinisheditsfirstandsecondphases,resultinginanewlyafforestedareaof18.51millionhectaresandincreasingtheforestcoverfrom5.05to8.2percent.Thisproject
196、hasturned2021/8/2285vmorethan40,000sqkmofbarrenlandintogreenlandandmorethan1.3millionhectaresofdesertlandintofarmland,pasturesandorchards.Twelvepercentofthetotaldesertifiedlandhasbeenworkedon,and10percentofithasbeenbroughtundercontrol,morethan11millionhectaresoffarmlandhavebeenprotectedbyforestnetwo
197、rks,while8.93millionhectaresofgrasslandhavebeenrestored,resultingina20-oddpercentincreaseingrassoutput.Theagriculturaleco-environmentinonethirdofthecountiescoveredbythethreenorthsprojecthasenteredabenigncircle.TheshelterbeltsprojectalongtheupperandmiddlereachesoftheYangtzeRiverhasyieldedatotalofmore
198、than5.46millionhectaresofnewlyplantedforestinsevenyears.Agrandtotalof1.6millionhectaresofforesthasappearedsincecoastalshelterbeltsprojectwaslaunchedinanall-roundwayin1991,whichbasicallycoversthe18,000-kilometer-longcoastline.Atotalof769countiesorcitiescoveredbytheplainfarmlandshelterbeltshavereached
199、theirtree-plantinggoals,accountingfor84percentofthetotal918countiesintheplainareas.TheTaihangMountainsafforestationprojecthasalreadyproducedatotalof1.02millionhectaresofafforestedareasinceitwaslaunchedin1994.Theabovelarge-scaleeco-systemconstructionprojectshavegraduallyimprovedtheeco-environmentinac
200、onsiderablenumberofareas.2021/8/2286v-Grasslandconstructionhasmadeprogressinthephasalsense.TheprotectionandmanagementofgrasslandresourcesisreinforcedbygovernmentsatalllevelsinlinewiththeGrasslandLaw,andactivitiessuchasunauthorizedreclamation,excessivediggingandovergrazingareforbidden.Withthecombined
201、effortsofthestate,thecollectiveandindividiuals,grasslandconstructionandcontrolovergrasslanddesertificationanddeteriorationhavebeenstrengthened.Accordingtostatistics,thetotalareaofartificiallysowngrassandimprovedmeadowshasreached11.757millionhectares,andthatoffencedmeadows,8.333millionhectares.The49k
202、eycomprehensivedemonstrationprojectsforgrasslandstockbreedingconstructedbythestatehavemadegreatachievements.Bytheendof1994atotalof5.638millionhectaresofartificiallysowngrasshadbeencompleted,whichhasblazedanewtrailfordevelopinganimalhusbandryandecologicalenvironmentalprotectionintheareaswitharidandde
203、sertifiedlandandthosewithserioussoilerosion.2021/8/2287v-Marineenvironmentalprotectionhasbeenstrengthened.MarineenvironmentalprotectionisamajorcomponentofChinasenvironmentalprotectionefforts,asthecountryhasavastmaritimeterritory.Aseriesoflawsandregulationsconcerningmarineenvironmentalprotectionhasbe
204、enpublished,andanationwidemarineenvironmentmonitoringnetworkhasbeensetup.Coastalwatershavebeendividedupintozonesforadministrationandeffectiveenvironmentalmanagementispracticedforoffshoreconstructionprojects,offshorepetroleumexploitationandwastesdisposalsothatmarinepollutionandresourcesdestructionare
205、takenwellinhand,andeffortshavebeenmadetopreventredtideandprotectoffshorefisheryresources.Bytheendof199514national-levelmarinenaturereserveshadbeensetup.ThewaterqualityinmostofChinasmaritimezonesandthesurroundingecologicalenvironmenthavebeenbasicallykeptingoodcondition.2021/8/2288vTheChinesegovernmen
206、thasforalongtimemadeunremittingeffortsforbiodiversityconservation,formulatingtheChinaProgramforNatureConservationandChinasActionPlanfortheConservationofBiodiversiity,containingthepolicy,strategyandkeyfieldsandpriorityprojectsforbiodiversityconservation.vChinahasadoptedtheon-siteconservationandoff-si
207、tepreservationmethodstoprotectbiodiversity.Currently,thereare612national-levelrareandendangeredspeciesoffloraandfaunalistedaskeyprotectionspecies,including258speciesofwildanimalsand354speciesofplants.Artificialreproductionhasbeensuccessfullyimplementedformorethan60speciesofrareandendangeredwildanima
208、ls,andthroughpropagation,suchspeciesasDavidsdeer,wildhorseandsaigatataricahavebeenre-introduced.2021/8/2289vEstablishingnaturereservesisthemosteffectivemethodfortheinsituconservationofwildplantsandanimals.Bytheendof1995799naturereservesofratherdiversifiedtypes,coveringatotalareaof71.85millionhectare
209、s(or7.19percentofChinasterritory)hadbeenestablishedinChina.Thereare99national-levelreserves,ofwhichten-JilinsChangbaiMountains,SichuansWolong,GuizhousFanjingMountains,HubeisShennongjia,FujiansWuyiMountains,XinjiangsMt.Bogda,GuangdongsDinghuMountains,InnerMongoliasXilingol,JiangsusYanchengandYunnansX
210、ishuangbanna-havebeenlistedintheInternationalNetworkofMenandBiosphereReserves.Anothersixnaturereserves-ZhalonginHeilongjiang,XianghaiinJilin,BoyangLakeinJiangxi,East2021/8/2290vDongtingLakeinHunan,BirdIslandinQinghaiandDongzhaiHarborinHainan-havebeenincludedinthelistoftheworldsimportantwetlands.Atpr
211、esent,atotalof512historicandscenicsiteshasbeendesignated,ofwhich119areatthenationallevel,256attheprovincialleveland137atthecityorcountylevel,coveringatotalareaof9.6millionhectares.Forestparkstotal710,ofwhich248areatthenationallevel.ScenicspotsatHuangshanMountain,Wulingyuan,JiuzhaigouandHuanglongarel
212、istedaspartsoftheworldnaturalandculturalheritagebytheUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization.Theestablishmentofnaturereserveshasputanumberofrepresentativeandtypicalnaturaleco-systemswithscientificresearchvalueaswellasrareandendangeredspeciesundereffectiveprotection.2021/8/2291vEst
213、ablishingzoologicalgardens,botanicalgardensandvariousartificialbreedingcentersisaneffectivemethodforoff-sitepreservationofvariousspeciesofwildanimalsandplants.Bytheendof1995Chinahadsetup175zoologicalgardensandzoologicalexhibitionsitesinpublicparks,227artificialbreedingcentersforwildanimals,morethan6
214、0largebotanicalgardensand255wildplantgeneandcellbankstoensurethecontinuationofrareandendangeredspeciesofplantsandanimals,includingthegiantpanda,Chinesealligator,Chinesesturgeon,white-flagdolphin,Manchuriantiger,crestedibis,Cathaysilverfir,dovetree,Cycasrevolutaandcamelliachrysanthatuyama.Inaddition,
215、Chinahasestablishedsomedozenspecimencenters,onegenebankandtwocellbanksforwildanimals,whichhavehelpedgeneticpolymorphismresearchandpreservationwork.Themedicinaluseofandtradeinrhinoceroshornandtigerbonearestrictlyprohibitedbythegovernment,andtheillegalhuntingofrarewildanimalsisseverelypunishedbylaw.20
216、21/8/2292vThegovernmenthasplacedmuchstressonthepreservationofthegeneticmaterialsfromdomesticanimalsandfowls,aswellasgermplasmaresourcesfromcrops.Thereare596speciesoflivestockandpoultryinChina,ofwhichover70percentarenativespecies.Thegovernmenthasappropriatedspecialfundsforpreservationofsomeendangered
217、orsharplydiminishingspeciesoflivestockandpoultryandestablishedagermplasmagenebankforlivestockforagegrass.Chinahadinitiallyformedapreservationsystemforgermplasmaresourcesfromcrops,includingonenationalgermplasmabankforlong-termpreservationandaduplicateone,23localgermplasmabanksformid-termpreservation,
218、and25nationalgermplasmanurseries,ofwhichtwoarefortest-tubeculture.ThegermplasmaresourcesofmostagriculturalplantsinChinaarepreserved,including330,000specimensofgermplasmaforvariousspeciesofcrops,ofwhich300,000haveduplicates.2021/8/2293vThegovernmentalsoattachesgreatimportancetotheenvironmentalprotect
219、ionoftheTibetAutonomousRegion.TheenvironmentalqualityinTibettodayhasbeenkeptinanexcellentcondition.Theatmosphericenvironmenttherehasattainedthestatesfirst-levelqualityandthewaterqualityofmajorriversandlakesisalsohigherthanthenationalstandardforthesurfacewatersenvironmentalquality.Forestsandgrassland
220、sareundereffectivepreservation.TheforestareainTibettotals7.17millionhectaresandthestumpage,2.084billioncubicmeters.Thetotalgrasslandareaamountsto82.07millionhectares,ofwhich70.77millionhectaresareusable.Withanelevationof4,700meters,NamcoLakehasbecomeanaturalhabitatforrarewaterbirdslikeswans,egretsan
221、dsandbirds.2021/8/2294vViewedoverall,however,manyproblemsstillexist-theshortageoftheforestarea,grasslanddegradation,soilerosion,desertificationanddifficultiesintheprotectionofrareandendangeredspeciesofwildanimalsandplants.Thus,thefurtherstrengtheningofthepreservationoftheecologicalenvironmentandbiod
222、iversityremainsanimportanttaskfortheChinesegovernmenttotackle.2021/8/2295vVI. Environmental Science and Technology, and Environmental Publicity and Education Through adopting the strategy of relying on science and education to rejuvenate the nation, China has made certain achievements in actively ac
223、celerating the development of environmental science and technology, as follows:2021/8/2296v-Theresearchspectrumofenvironmentalscienceandtechnologyhasbeensteadilybroadened.ResearchintoenvironmentalscienceandtechnologyinChinabeganinthe1970s.Asanimportantpartofscientificandtechnologicalwork,itisputinap
224、ositionofimportancebythegovernment.ForsomemajorenvironmentalresearchsubjectstheChinesegovernmenthasformulatedcorrespondingresearchprogramsandplansforenvironmentalprotectionwhileorganizingforcestotacklekeyscientificandtechnologicalproblems.Besides,Chinahasexpandeditsresearchintocomprehensivepreventio
225、nandcontrolofregionalenvironmentalpollution,environmentalbackgroundvaluesandenvironmentalcapacity,pollutioncontroltechnologyandglobalenvironmentalproblems.Asaresult,thecountryhasmadesubstantialscientificandtechnologicalachievementsinsomeresearchareas,suchasthecomprehensivepreventionandcontrolofBeiji
226、ngs2021/8/2297venvironmentalpollution,thecapacityoftheatmosphericenvironment,thebackgroundvalueandenvironmentalcapacityofthenationsmajorsoils,aciddepositionanditsimpactandcontrol,theforecastingandmonitoringoftheinfluenceofthechangesintheglobalclimateandcorrespondingcountermeasures,thedepollutionofco
227、al,andthecontrolofairpollution.Chinahasalsodevelopedresearchinsuchfieldsasregionalenvironimentalimpactassessment,environmentalmanagementandenvironmentaleconomy,environmentalmonitoringtechnologyandequipment,theprotectionofnaturalecology,andtherelationshipbetweentheenvironmentandpeopleshealth.Thisprov
228、idesscientificbasisandtechnologicalsupportforenvironmentalmanagement,thepreventionandcontrolofpollution,andecologicalprotection.2021/8/2298v-Thenumbersofresearchinstitutesandpersonnelengagedinenvironmentalprotectionhavebeensteadilyincreased.Bytheendof1995some390scientificresearchbodiesengagedinenvir
229、onmentalprotectionhadbeenestablishednationwide,staffedbymorethan20,000researchandmanagerialpersonnel.AcomprehensivescientificresearchsystemcomposedoftheChineseAcademyofSciences,competentdepartmentsofdifferenttrades,collegesanduniversities,andtheenvironmentalprotectiondepartmentsisbasicallyinplace.20
230、21/8/2299v-Workregardingthescreening,evaluationandpopularizationoftheoptimumandpracticaltechnologyforenvironmentalprotectionhasbeenorganized.Thepopularizationoftheoptimumandpracticaltechnologyisanimportantmeasuretoexpeditethetransformationofenvironmentalscientificandtechnologicalachievementsintothec
231、apabilityofactualpollutionpreventionandcontrol.DuringtheEighthFive-YearPlanperiod,1,316kindsofpracticaltechnologywererecommendednationwide,and438ofthemwereappraisedastheoptimumitemsofpracticaltechnology.Amongthem,385kindshavebeenputintousein140,000units,resultinginreducedemissionofthethreewastesande
232、xcellenteconomicreturns.2021/8/22100v-Thedevelopmentoftheenvironmentalprotectionindustryhasbeenfostered.Thisnewlyemergingindustryinvolvesthedevelopmentoftechnology,manufacturingofproducts,circulationofcommodities,utilizationofresources,provisionofinformation,andundertakingofcontractedprojects.Chinag
233、ivesprioritytothedevelopmentoftheenvironmentalprotectionindustry,withtheguidelinesofactivelyfostering,adjustingthestructure,relyingonscienceandtechnology,improvingquality,orientingtothemarketandprovidingexcellentservices.Preferentialpoliciesaregiventoinvestment,prices,taxes,etc.,toencouragethedevelo
234、pmentoftheenvironmentalprotectionindustry.Ageneralsurveyofthenationsenvironmentalprotectionindustry,theresultsofwhichweremadepublicinMay1996,showsthatthereare8,651unitsengagedintheenvironmentalprotectionindustry,whichisstaffedby1.882millionpeopleandboasts45.011billionyuanworthoffixedassets,anannualo
235、utputvalueof31.148billionyuanand4.091billionyuaninprofits.2021/8/22101v-Thedevelopmentofenvironmentallabelshasenteredthestageofimplementation.InMarch1993Chinabegantocarryoutaplanforenvironmentlabelling.ByApril1996theenvironmentallabelcertificationworkhadbeendevelopedin11categoriesofproducts,and35kin
236、dsofproductsfrom21enterpriseshadbeenawardedenvironmentallabels.Astheenvironmentally-labelledproductsentermillionsofhouseholdstheenvironmentallabelwillexertagrowinginfluenceinsociety.vTheChinesegovernmentregardsitastrategictasktoactivelydevelopenvironmentalpublicityandeducationandtoraisethenationscon
237、sciousnessabouttheimportanceofenvironmentalprotection.2021/8/22102v-Chinastrivestopopularizeenvironmentalprotectionknowledgeamongthepeopleandraisetheirconsciousnessaboutenvironmentalprotectionandgraduallytocultivatefineenvironmentalethicsandcodesofconduct.Asearlyasinthe1970s,popularsciencetextbookso
238、nenvironmentalprotectionwerecompiledortranslatedintoChinesetowidelyintroduceenvironmentalprotectionknowledgeandenlightenthepeopleonsuchknowledge.Sincethe1980slarge-scalepublicityactivitieshavebeenorganizedalloverthecountryeveryyearonWorldEnvironmentDay,TreePlantingDay,LovetheBirdsWeek,etc.Inrecentye
239、arstheChinesemediahasbeenfurtherpromotingpublicityandreportsonenvironmentalprotection.Virtuallyallnewspapers,radioandTVstationsfrequentlyofferenvironmental2021/8/22103vprotectionprograms,and,inparticular,themediapaysspecialattentiontoseverelypollutedareasandunits.Since1993themediasChinaTrans-century
240、EnvironmentalProtectionInspectionCampaign,centeredonnewsaboutenvironmentallawenforcement,hasarousedanationwideresponceandacceleratedthesolutiontoanumberofmajorenvironmentalproblems.Meanwhile,thevariousprovincesandcitieshavealsodevelopedsuchactivities.Inthepastthreeyears,1,500journalistsfrom750newsun
241、itshaveparticipatedintheseactivities,engenderingmorethan10,000newsarticles.Ofthese,televisionnewsitemsaloneaccountedfor1,600.2021/8/22104vIn1983Chinaestablishedthefirstnational-levelprofessionalnewspaperonenvironmentalprotectionintheworld-theChinaEnvironmentNews,withanannualcirculationofnearly300,00
242、0copies.In1980theChinaEnvironmentalSciencePresswasestablished.By1995ithadpublishedoverfivemillioncopiesofbooksof860titlesontheenvironment.Since1990theChinaEnvironmentYearbookhasbeenpublished,anditsEnglishversionalsopublishedsince1994.Besides,therearemorethan30localenvironmentalnewspapersandseveralhu
243、ndredprofessionalperiodicals.2021/8/22105vTheChinesegovernmentencouragesthewholeofsocietytoparticipateinenvironmentalpublicityandeducationactivities.Inrecentyearstheenvironmentalprotectiondepartments,educationaldepartments,culturaldepartments,newsunits,organizationsforwomenandyouth,scientificassocia
244、tionsandacademicsocietieshavealldevelopedtheirownenvironmentalpublicityandeducationalactivities,highlightedbythefollowingaspects:2021/8/22106v-Highereducationhasprovidedagreatnumberofscientific,technologicalandmanagerialpersonnelforenvironimentalprotectionwork.Atotalof140collegesanduniversities,incl
245、udingBeijingUniversity,QinghuaUniversity,thePeoplesUniversityofChina,BeijingNormalUniversity,NanjingUniversity,TongjiUniversityandWuhanUniversity,allhavedepartmentsoformajorsinenvironmentalstudies,withatotalof206unitshavingtheauthorityofawardingbachelorsdegrees.ApprovedbytheAcademicDegreesCommitteeu
246、ndertheStateCouncil,thereare223unitsgrantingmastersdegreesin51majorsconcerningtheenvironment,77unitsgrantingdoctoratesin39majors,andseveralpostdoctoratepositions.Furthermore,morethan40specializedsecondaryschoolsandover100vocationalhighschoolsalsoofferenvironmentalcourses.Overthepast20years,largenumb
247、ersofspecialiststrainedbyChinasprofessionalenvironmentaleducationhavebecomeasignificantforceintheenvironmentalprotectionfield.2021/8/22107v-On-the-jobtraininghasenhancedthequalityofenvironmentalmanagerialpersonnel.In1981theEnvironmentalAdministrativePersonnelTrainingCollegewasestablishedforthepurpos
248、eofofferingon-the-jobtraining,continuingeducationandacademic-leveleducationtoadministrativepersonnelintheenvironmentalprotectiondepartmentsthroughoutthecountry.Bytheendof1995over5,200traineeshadcompletedcoursesthere.Theseskill-enhancedtraineesareplayinganimportantroleinpromotingthenationsenvironment
249、alprotectionwork.Moreover,proceedingfromtheactualneeds,varioustypesofenvironmentaltrainingclassesandsymposiumshavebeenheldbyvariouslocalitiesanddepartmentsconcerned.Statisticsshowthatoverthepastdecade,morethan10,000trainingclasseshavebeenheldattendedbyover400,000persons.2021/8/22108v-Basicenvironmen
250、taleducationhascultivatedandenhancedyoungpeoplesenvironmentalconsciousness.Inrecentyears,environmentaleducationhasbeenofferedinhighschools,primaryschoolsandkindergartensthroughoutthecountrytocultivatethechildrensloving-the-naturequalityandsenseofresponsibilityforenvironmentalprotection.vChinaisapopu
251、louscountrywithunderdevelopededucationandthenationsconsciousnessabouttheenvironmentremainstobefurtherenhanced.Therefore,itwillbealong-term,arduoustasktodowellinenvironmentalpublicityandeducationinChina.2021/8/22109vVII. Taking Vigorous Action to Promote International Cooperation in Environmental Pro
252、tection China consistently holds that economic development should be coordinated with environmental protection; protection of the environment is a common task for mankind, but the economically developed countries should take more responsibility in this respect. It always maintains that the strengthe
253、ning of international cooperation should be based on respecting national sovereignty, the protection of the environment and the spurring of development can not be done without peace and stability in the world, and both practical interests of various countries and long-term interests of the world sho
254、uld be considered in handling environmental problems.2021/8/22110vWhileaseriesofmeasuresforsolvingitsownenvironmentalproblemsarebeingtakenChinahasparticipated,activelyandinapracticalmanner,ininternationalcooperationintheenvironmentalprotectionfieldandmadesustainedeffortstopromoteglobalenvironmentalp
255、rotectionasacommontaskofmankind.vChinasupportsandactivelyparticipatesintheenvironmentalactivitieslaunchedbytheUNorganizations.ChinahasbeenamemberstateofthesuccessiveUNEnvironmentProgramGoverningCouncilandfruitfulcooperationhasbeencarriedoutbetweenChinaandtheUNEP.In1979ChinajoinedtheUNEPsGlobalEnviro
256、nmentMonitoringSystem,InternationalRegistryofPotentiallyToxicChemicalsandInternationalEnvironmentalInformationSystem.In1987ahead-officeforresearchandtrainingininternationaldesertificationcontrolwasestablishedbytheUNEPinLanzhou,capitalofnorthwestChinasGansuProvince.Chinahaspasseditsexperiencesandtech
257、niquesoncontrollingdesertification2021/8/22111vandbuildingecologicalagricultureontomanycountriesthroughtheUNEP.By1996atotalof18unitsorpersonsinChinahadwontheGlobal500titleawardedbytheUNEP.GoodcooperativerelationshipshavebeenforgedbetweenChinaandtheUNDevelopmentProgram,theWorldBank,theAsianDevelopmen
258、tBankandotherinternationalorganizations.Atpresent,aneffectivemodeofcooperationfortheuseandmanagementofmultilateralfundsoftheMontrealProtocolonSubstancesThatDepletetheOzoneLayerandtheGlobalEnvironmentalFacilityaswellasloansfromtheWorldBankandtheAsianDevelopmentBankhasbeenestablished.Thishasplayedanac
259、tiveroleinpromotingpreventionandcontrolofChinaspollutionandinimprovingenvironmentalmanagementability.ChinaisamemberoftheUNCommitteeonSustainableDevelopment,setupin1993,andhasplayedaconstructiveroleinthishigh-levelpoliticalforumontheglobalenvironmentanddevelopment.Chinahaskeptaclosecooperativerelatio
260、nshipwiththeUNEconomicandSocialCommissionforAsiaandthePacificandotherrelevantorganizations,andhasmadecontributionstoenvironmentalcausesandthedevelopmentoftheAsianandPacificregionsthroughparticipatingintheNortheastAsiaenvironmentalcooperation,theNorthwestPacificActionPlan,andtheRegionalCoordinatingUn
261、itfortheEastAsianSeasActionPlan.2021/8/22112vChinahasactivelydevelopedbilateralcooperationinthefieldofenvironmentalprotection.Overthepastten-oddyearsChinahassuccessivelysignedbilateralenvironmentalprotectioncooperationagreementsandmemorandumsofunderstandingwiththeUnitedStates,theDemocraticPeoplesRep
262、ublicofKorea,Canada,India,theRepublicofKorea,Japan,Mongolia,Russia,Germany,Australia,Ukraine,Finland,Norway,Denmark,andtheNetherlands.Exchangesandcooperationhavebeencarriedoutinenvironmentalplanningandmanagement,globalenvironmentproblems,pollutioncontrolandpreivention,protectionofforestsandwildanima
263、lsandplants,marineenvironment,climatechange,airpollution,acidrainandsewagedisposalandimportantachievementshavebeenmadeintheserespects.ChinahasalsotakenpartintheGlobalLearningandObservationtoBenefittheEnvironment,asproposedbytheUnitedStates.2021/8/22113vInordertopromotefurtherinternationalcooperation
264、intheenvironmentanddevelopmentfield,ChinasetuptheChinaCouncilforInternationalCooperationonEnvironmentandDevelopmentinApril1992,composedofmorethan40leadingspecialistsandwell-knownpublicfiguresfromChinaandothercountries,toberesponsibleforsubmittingpropoisalsandadvisoryopinionstotheChinesegovernment.Th
265、eCouncilhasputforwardvaluableconcreteproposalsonenergyandtheenvironment,biodiversityprotection,ecologicalagriculture,resourcesaccountingandthepricingsystem,publicparticipationandtheimplementationoftheenvironmentlawsandregulations,whichhavearousedtheattentionandresponseoftheChinesegovernment.2021/8/2
266、2114vChinatookanactivepartinthepreparationsforandinattendingtheUNConferenceonEnvironmentandDevelopment.ItmadegreateffortsforthesmoothconveningoftheConference.ChinahastakenpartinallthepreparatorymeetingsoftheConferenceandplayedaconstructiveroleindiscussionsandnegotiationsconcerninginternationalenviro
267、nmentconventions.InJune1991theMinisterialConferenceofDevelopingCountriesonEnvironmentandDevelopment,proposedbyChinaandheldinBeijing,wasparticipatedinby41developingcountries,andtheBeijingDeclarationpublishedbyitsetforththeprincipledstandofthedevelopingcountriesonenvironmentanddevelopment,makingsubsta
268、ntialcontributionstothepreparationoftheUNConference.InlinewiththerequirementsofthefirstmeetingofthePreparatoryCommitteefortheUNConferenceonEnvironmentandDevelopment,ChinaworkedouttheReportontheEnvironmentandDevelopmentofthePeoplesRepublicofChina,whichgaveanoverallexpositiononthecurrentsituationofChi
269、nasenvironmentanddevelopment,putforwardstrategicmeasuresforcoordinateddevelopmentofChinasenvironmentandeconomyandsetforthChinasprincipledstandontheproblemsoftheglobalenvironment,whichhavereceivedfavorablecommentsfromthe2021/8/22115vinternationalcommunity.InJune1992SongJian,statecounciloranddirectoro
270、ftheEnvironmentalProtectionCommissionoftheStateCouncil,ledadelegationfromtheChinesegovernmenttotheUNConferenceonEnvironmentandDevelopment.ChinasPremierLiPengwaspresentatthesummitmeetingoftheConferenceandmadeanimportantspeechproposingthestrengtheningofinternationalcooperationinthefieldofenvironmentan
271、ddevelopment,winningpositivecommentsfromtheinternationalcommunity.OnbehalfoftheChinesegovernment,LiPengtooktheleadinsigningtheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeandtheConventiononBiologicalDiverisity,exertingapositiveinfluenceonthemeeting.2021/8/22116vSince1979Chinahassignedaseriesofinte
272、rnationalenvironmentalconventionsandagreements,includingtheConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpeciesofWildFaunaandFlora,InternationalConventionfortheRegulationofWhaling,ViennaConventionfortheProtectionoftheOzoneLayer,BaselConventiononControlofTransboundaryMovementsofHazardousWastesandTheirDi
273、sposal,MontrealProtocolonSubstancesThatDepletetheOzoneLayer(revisedversion),FrameworkConventiononClimateChange,ConventiononBiologicalDiversity,ConventiononCombatingDesertification,ConventiononWetlandsofInternationalImportanceEspeciallyasWaterfowlHabitat,and1972LondonConvention.2021/8/22117vChinaalwa
274、ysconscientiouslycarriesoutitsresponsibilitiesforinternationalenvironmentalconventionsandagreementswhichithassigned,approvedorjoined.UndertheguidanceofChinasAgenda21,inordertoconscientiouslyundertakeitspromiseddutiesChinahasworkedoutsomeimportantdocumentsandstateprogramsoractionplans,includingthe21s
275、tCenturyAgendaonEnvironmentalProtection,ActionPlanfortheConservationofBiodiversity,ActionPlanforForestryinthe21stCenturyAgenda,andthe21stCenturyMarineAgenda.TheChinesegovernmentapprovedtheStatePlanforGraduallyEliminatingSubistancesThatDepletetheOzoneLayerwhichputforwardaplanandpolicyframeworkforelim
276、inatingcontrolledmaterialsaswellasmeasuresforcontrollingorbanningtheproductionandextensiveuseofsubstanceswhichdepletetheozonelayer.InJuly1994,withthesupportoftheUNDevelopmentProgram,theChinesegovernmentsuccessfullyheldinBeijingtheHigh-levelInternationalRound-TableConferenceonAgenda21,whichcontribute
277、dtothepromotionofthenationssustainabledevelopment.Toprovidelegalbasisforpreventingenvironmentalpollutionbytheimportationofwastes,inNovember1995ChinapublishedtheEmergencyAnnouncementonStrictlyControllingTrans-BoundaryMovementofWastestoChina,andinMarch1996itpublishedtheProvisionalRegulationsonEnvironm
278、entalProtectionandManagementofWastesImportation.2021/8/22118vChinaEnvironmentaIProtectionFoundation(CEPF)wasfoundedonApril27,1993.ItisthefirstNon-govermentFoundationdedicatedtoenvironmentalprotectioninChina.Prof.QuGeping,theFirstAdministrationforChinaNationalEnvir-onmentalProtectionAgency(NEPA),andt
279、hePresidentfortheEnvironmentalProtectionAndNaturalResourcesConservationCommitteeOfTheChinaNationaIPeopIesCongress,isthePresidentfortheBoardofDirectorsofChinaEnvironmentaIPro-tectionFoundation.TheUnitedNationsawardedProf.QuGepingtheEnvironmentalPrizeforhisoutstandingContributionandleadershipforChinas
280、environmentaIprotectionattheUNCon-ferenceonEnvironmentandDevelopmentheIsinRiodeJaneiro,BrazilIn1992.AfterReceivingtheprizeofUSdoIler100,000,Prof.QuGepingdecidedtodonatethewholemoneyandproposedtoestablishtheChinaEnvironmentalProtectionFoundation.Thisproposalhadbeenwidelysupported.Mr.WanLi,formerChair
281、manoftheStandingCommitteeoftheChinaNationalPeoplesCongr-ess,andMr.HuangHua,formerVice-PremieroftheStateCouncilandForeignMinisteraretheHonoraryPresidentsofCEPF.Anumberofexperts,schoIarsandceIebritiesfromChinaandabroadwereappointedtobetheCEPFspeciaIadvisors.2021/8/22119vThesupremeorganoftheCEPFistheBo
282、ardofDirectors,whichiscomposedofcelebritiesofbothChinaandabroad,andreprese-ntativesfromgovemments,socialorganizationsandenteprises.UndertheleadershipoftheBoardofDirectors,CEPFhassetupstrictrulesforfundraising,managementanduse.Alloftheseactivitieshavetocomplywiththestatelawsandregulations,andshoudbes
283、ubjecttothesupervisionbytherelevantgovemmentagencies,donorsandtheindividualsbothChinaandabroad.lnaccordancewiththeprincipleoffromthepeople,forthepeopleandthebenefitsthemankind,theCEPFgivesthegreateffortstoraisefundthroughdifferentmeansandchanneIsforencourag-ingandcommendingtheorganizationsandindivid
284、ualswhohavemadeoutstandingcontinuecontributionstoenvironmentalprotection,tosponsorvariousactivitiesandprojects,andtopromoteacademicandtechnicalexchangeandcooperationwithothercountriesinthefieIdofenvironmentprotectionandecosystemconservationinChina.2021/8/22120vEnvironmentalprotectionisapubliccauseof
285、far-reachingsignifi-cance.Whileeveryoneisentitledtoabeautifulenvironment,suchanenvironmentneedspubliccareandprotection.TheCEPFdesiretohavefriendlyexchangesandcollaborationwithsocialorganiza-tionsandindividuaIsbothathomeandabroad,setuprelationshipsofmutualsupportandcooperation,andworktogetherwiththem
286、forenvironmentalpretectiononwhichthemankinddependsforsurvivaI,2021/8/22121首届中华环境奖颁奖仪式中华绿色版图工程启动仪式时间:2001年9、18地点:北京人大会堂中华绿色版图工程纪念活动及东西部环保启动活动2002、8、25陕西西安2021/8/22122中华绿色版图工程送一片绿色到密云水库,还一波清水给北京城区人民2002、4、14北京密云中华绿色版图工程珠江流域采水行2002、3、6珠江流域中华绿色版图工程粤黔百校环保活动2002、3、12广州市2021/8/22123v4.DetailsinthetextvWhyd
287、idRachelCarsonwritetheSilentSpring?Whatsthecontentofit?BecauseshefeltthatthewondersofNaturearepreciousandpermanent,andmuchofNaturewasforeverbeyondthedestructionofman.Butthenshediscoveredshewaswrong.ShelearnedwithsadnessthatlittleinNatureistrulybeyondthetamperingreachofman.Then,ShewrotethebookSilentS
288、pringtosoundastartlingwarmingtomankindandthebookshowedquiteclearlythatmanwasendangeringhimselfandeverythingelseonthisplanetbyhisindiscriminateuseofchemicalpesticides.Ashertitlesuggests,MissCarsonwassayingthattheremightcomeaspringtimethatwouldindeedbesilentbecausethebirds,aswellasothercreatures,andpl
289、antswouldhavebeendestroyedbytheman-madepoisonsusedtokillcrop-threatedinginsects.2021/8/22124vOutline:vPara.1-Para8DescriptionofatypicalAmericantownwhichisextremelybeautifuluntilitisdestroyedbychemicals.vPara9-Para25WhattheauthorthinksitisthatcausesthechangevVocabularyandGrammar1.Thetownlayinthemidst
290、ofprosperousfarms,where,inspring,whitecloudsofbloomdriftedabovethegreenfields.vWhitecloudsofbloom:whiteflow-shapedclouds/whitecloudsthatlookedlikeflowers2.Inautumn,oakandmapleandbirthsetupablazeofcolorthatflamedandflickeredacrossabackgroundofpines.vAblazeofcolor:animpressiveandnoticeableshowofcolors
291、.2021/8/22125v3.WhenthefloodofmigrantswaspouringthroughvPourthrough:tocomeorgosomewherecontinuouslyinlargenumbers.v3.thensomeevilspellsettledonthecommunity:mysteriousdiseasesswepttheflocksofchickens;thecattleandsheepsickenedanddied.vAflockofchicken/sheep/tourists;aherdofcattle/elephantsvP332.5v4.Can
292、anyonebelieveitispossibletolaydownsuchalargenumberofpoisonsonthesurfaceoftheearthwithoutmakingitunfitforalllife?vThisisarhetoricalquestionv5.thewholeprocessofsprayingseemscaughtupinanendlessspiralvbecaughtupin:tobecomeinvolvedin,oftenagainstyourwishes,e.gvanendlessspiral:aprocessofnever-ending,conti
293、nuousupwardmovement2021/8/22126v6.DarwinsprincipleofthesurvivalofthefittestvInhisOntheOriginofSpecies,Darwindevelopedhistheoryofevolution.Accordingtothistheory,plantsandanimalsthatarenaturallysuitableforlifeintheirenvironmentwillcontinuetoliveanddevelop,whileplantsandanimalsthatdonothavethesequaliti
294、esgraduallydisappear.Thisprocessiscallednaturalselection.“survivalofthefittest”isaquotefrom“PrincipleofBiology”bytheEnglishphilosophyHerbertSpencer.Todaythephraseisoftenusedtorefertoanysituationinwhichunsuccessfulcompetitorsarequicklydestroyedordefeated.Thephraseissometimesusedhumorouslyinotherways,
295、remarkablesurvivalofthequickest.2021/8/221277.Obviouslythen,aninsectthatlivesonwheatcanbuildupitspopulationtomuchhigherlevelsonafarmdevotedtowheatthanononeinwhichwheatisintermingledwithothercropstowhichtheinsectisnotadapted.vLiveonsth:toeataparticulartypeoffoodtolivevBuildupsth:toincrease,strengthen
296、,developtowardvBedevotedtosth:tobegivento,togrowcompletelyvBeintermingledwithsth:tobemixedtogethervAdaptto:tochangeinsuchawaythatsth/sbhasbecomesuitableforanewsituation2021/8/22128v8.dampdown:tocontrolandreduce;tosuppressv9.subjestsb/sth:tomakesb/sthexperience,sufferorbeaffectedbysth,usuallysthunpleasantvExercises:P3293translationvP3326wordsinproperformsvP3352prepositionvP3364“such”and“so”2021/8/22129 刚才的发言,如刚才的发言,如有不当之处请多指有不当之处请多指正。谢谢大家!正。谢谢大家!2021/8/22130