现代大学英语精读3-Lesson-11-Silent-Spring推荐课件

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1、Lesson11SilentSpring2021/8/2211.AbouttheAuthorvThe more clearly we can focus our attention on the wonders and realities of the universe about us,the less taste we shall have for destruction. - Rachel Carson 19542021/8/2222021/8/223vRachelCarsonvBIRTHDATE:May27,1907vBIRTHPLACE:Springdale,PAvEDUCATION

2、:v1925-enteredPennsylvaniaCollegeforWomen(nowChathamCollege)1929-graduatedwithhonors,earningascholarshiptocontinueherstudiesatJohnsHopkinsUniversityinBaltimore,MD.1932-M.A.inZoologyfromJohnHopkinsUniversity.vFAMILYBACKGROUND:Theyoungestofthreechildren,RachelCarsonhadaruggedupbringinginasimplefarmhou

3、seoutsidethewesternPennsylvaniarivertownofSpringdale.Shecreditedhermotherwithintroducinghertotheworldofnaturethatbecameherlifelongpassion.2021/8/224vDESCRIPTIONOFACCOMPLISHMENTS:Aftercompletinghereducation,CarsonjoinedtheU.S.BureauofFisheriesasthewriterofaradioshowentitledRomanceUndertheWaters,inwhi

4、chshewasabletoexplorelifeundertheseasandbringittolisteners.In1936,afterbeingthefirstwomantotakeandpassthecivilservicetest,theBureauofFisherieshiredherasafull-timejuniorbiologist,andoverthenext15years,sheroseintheranksuntilshewasthechiefeditorofallpublicationsfortheU.S.FishandWildlifeService.vDuringt

5、he1940s,Carsonbegantowritebooksonherobservationsoflifeunderthesea,aworldasyetunknowntothemajorityofpeople.Sheresignedfromhergovernmentpositionin1952inordertodevoteallhertimetowriting.Theideaforhermostfamousbook,Silent Spring,emerged,andshebeganwritingitin1957.Itwaspublishedin1962,andinfluencedPresid

6、entKennedy,whohadreadit,tocallfortestingofthechemicalsmentionedinthebook.Carsonhasbeencalledthemotherofthemodernenvironmentalmovement.2021/8/225vDATEOFDEATH:April14,1964vPLACEOFDEATH:HerhomeinSilverSpring,MDvPORTRAYEDBY:CelesteEarhartvWEBSITES:vRachelCarsonHomesteadRachelCarsonCouncilRachelCarsonNat

7、ionalWildlifeRefugeRachelCarsonForum-acenterfornewideasandopinionsaboutenvironmentalissuesfacingPennsylvania.FormerVice-PresidentAlGoresIntroductiontothe1994reissueofSilent SpringRachelCarsonisacharterinducteeintotheEcologyHallofFamevBIBLIOGRAPHY:v1941-Under the Sea Wind1943-Food From the Sea: Fish

8、and Shellfish of New England1944-Food From the Sea: Fish and Shellfish of the South Atlantic1951-The Sea Around Us1955-The Edge of the Sea1962-Silent Spring1965-The Sense of Wonder (posthumous)2021/8/226vRachelCarson,writer,scientist,andecologist,grewupsimplyintheruralrivertownofSpringdale,Pennsylva

9、nia.Hermotherbequeathedtoheralife-longloveofnatureandthelivingworldthatRachelexpressedfirstasawriterandlaterasastudentofmarinebiology.CarsongraduatedfromPennsylvaniaCollegeforWomen(nowChathamCollege)in1929,studiedattheWoodsHoleMarineBiologicalLaboratory,andreceivedherMAinzoologyfromJohnsHopkinsUnive

10、rsityin1932.2021/8/227vShewashiredbytheU.S.BureauofFisheriestowriteradioscriptsduringtheDepressionandsupplementedherincomewritingfeaturearticlesonnaturalhistoryfortheBaltimoreSun.Shebeganafifteen-yearcareerinthefederalserviceasascientistandeditorin1936androsetobecomeEditor-in-Chiefofallpublicationsf

11、ortheU.S.FishandWildlifeService.Shewrotepamphletsonconservationandnaturalresourcesandeditedscientificarticles,butinherfreetimeturnedhergovernmentresearchintolyricprose,firstasanarticleUndersea(1937,fortheAtlanticMonthly),andtheninabook,UndertheSea-Wind(1941).In1952shepublishedherprize-winningstudyof

12、theocean,TheSeaAroundUs,whichwasfollowedbyTheEdgeoftheSeain1955.ThesebooksconstitutedabiographyoftheoceanandmadeCarsonfamousasanaturalistandsciencewriterforthepublic.Carsonresignedfromgovernmentservicein1952todevoteherselftoherwriting.2021/8/228vShewroteseveralotherarticlesdesignedtoteachpeopleabout

13、thewonderandbeautyofthelivingworld,includingHelpYourChildtoWonder,(1956)andOurEver-ChangingShore(1957),andplannedanotherbookontheecologyoflife.EmbeddedwithinallofCarsonswritingwastheviewthathumanbeingswerebutonepartofnaturedistinguishedprimarilybytheirpowertoalterit,insomecasesirreversibly.2021/8/22

14、9vDisturbedbytheprofligateuseofsyntheticchemicalpesticidesafterWorldWarII,Carsonreluctantlychangedherfocusinordertowarnthepublicaboutthelongtermeffectsofmisusingpesticides.InSilent Spring(1962)shechallengedthepracticesofagriculturalscientistsandthegovernment,andcalledforachangeinthewayhumankindviewe

15、dthenaturalworld.2021/8/2210vCarsonwasattackedbythechemicalindustryandsomeingovernmentasanalarmist,butcourageouslyspokeouttoremindusthatweareavulnerablepartofthenaturalworldsubjecttothesamedamageastherestoftheecosystem.TestifyingbeforeCongressin1963,Carsoncalledfornewpoliciestoprotecthumanhealthandt

16、heenvironment.RachelCarsondiedin1964afteralongbattleagainstbreastcancer.Herwitnessforthebeautyandintegrityoflifecontinuestoinspirenewgenerationstoprotectthelivingworldandallitscreatures.2021/8/22112.AboutthetextSilent SpringbyRachelCarsonSketches from one of the Twentieth Centurys most important wor

17、ks2021/8/2212vA Fable for TomorrowvTherewasonceatownintheheartofAmericawherealllifeseemedtoliveinharmonywithitssurroundings.apastoralEdenofhardwoodforestsandbountifulwildlife.strangeblightcreptovertheareaandeverythingbegantochange.Everywherewasashadowofdeath.Itwasaspringwithoutvoices.Onthemorningsth

18、athadoncethrobbedwiththedawnchorusofrobins,catbirds,doves,jays,wrens,andscoresofotherbirdvoicestherewasnownosound;onlysilencelayoverthefieldsandwoodsandmarsh.Eventhestreamswerenowlifeless.Nowitchcraft,noenemyactionhadsilencedtherebirthofnewlifeinthisstrickenworld.Thepeoplehaddoneitthemselves.2021/8/

19、2213vMan, however much he may like to pretend, is part of nature.vThemostalarmingofallmansassaultsupontheenvironmentisthecontaminationofair,earth,rivers,andseawithdangerousandevenlethalmaterials.Thepoisonscirculatemysteriouslybyundergroundstreamsuntiltheyemergeand,throughthealchemyofairandsunlight,c

20、ombineintonewformsthatkillvegetation,sickencattle,andworkunknownharmonthosewhodrinkfromoncepurewells.Theytravelfromlinktolinkofthefoodchain.2021/8/2214vExterminism:Nonselectivechemicalsthathavethepowertokilleveryinsect,thegoodandthebad,tostillthesongofbirdsandtheleapingoffishinthestreams,tocoatthele

21、aveswithadeadlyfilm,andtolingeroninthesoil.Cananyonebelieveitispossibletolaydownsuchabarrageofpoisonsonthesurfaceoftheearthwithoutmakingitunfitforalllife?Theyshouldnotbecalledinsecticidesbutbiocides.2021/8/2215vThe insects are winning: Were on a pesticide treadmill.Theinsectsadapttotheparticularinse

22、cticideused.forcingustofindeverdeadliernewones.Thusthechemicalwarisneverwon,andalllifeiscaughtinitsviolentcrossfire.manychemicals,likeradiation,bringaboutgenemutations.Manyofthesesubstancesarepersistentandbio-accumulative.Healtheffectsdependonexposureovertime.Effectsaredelayed.Butthiscanlullus:theda

23、ngeriseasilyignored.It is human nature to shrug off what may seem to us a vague threat of future disaster.Some of these substances have toxic effects in very small quantities. In the ecology of our bodies, minute causes produce mighty effects.2021/8/2216vViolation of human rights:Wehavesubjectedenor

24、mousnumbersofpeopletocontactwiththesepoisons,withouttheirconsentandoftenwithouttheirknowledge.vSelf-endangerment:Thechiefpublichealththreathasceasedtobedisease;nowitisahazardweourselveshaveintroducedintoourworld.Indeed,wemaybetechnicallyincapableofdetectingthepresenceofsometoxins.Thelackofsufficient

25、lydelicatemethodstodetectinjurybeforesymptomsappearisoneofthegreatunsolvedproblemsinmedicine.2021/8/2217vWe are the subjects of a massive uncontrolled experiment:Ahumanbeing,unlikealaboratoryanimallivingunderrigidlycontrolledconditions,isneverexposedtoonechemicalalone.wearesubjecttomultipleexposures

26、.Thisisaproblemofecology,ofinterrelationships,ofinterdependence.vWhy have we done this? Carsondismissestheclaimthatincreasedfarmproductionnecessitatesthis;asfarasthatgoesoverproductionistherealproblem.Rather,thesourceliesinourmodernwayoflife,specifically:(1)agriculturalintensificationanditsuseoflarg

27、escalemonoculture(simplificationdestroysnatureschecksandbalances);and(2)themigrationofspecieswithhumans,bothdeliberatelyandaccidentally(nearlyhalfofthe180orsomajorinsectenemiesofplantsintheUnitedStatesareaccidentalimportsfromabroad).2021/8/2218vThe alternative: develop ecological knowledge and use i

28、t.Weneedthebasicknowledgeofanimalpopulationsandtheirrelationstotheirsurroundings,butweallowthechemicaldeathtofallasthoughtherewerenoalternative.Havewefallenintoamesmerizedstatethatmakesusacceptasinevitablethatwhichisinferioranddetrimental?.Thechoice,afterall,isourstomake.vIfoncewehaveatlastassertedo

29、urrighttoknow,wedecidethatwearebeingaskedtotakesenselessandfrighteningrisks,thenweshouldnolongeracceptthecounselofthosewhotellusthatwemustfillourworldwithpoisonouschemicals;weshouldlookaboutandseewhatothercourseisopentous.2021/8/2219vThe Story of Silent SpringHow a courageous woman took on the chemi

30、cal industry and raised important questions about humankinds impact on nature.vAlthoughtheirrolewillprobablyalwaysbelesscelebratedthanwars,marches,riotsorstormypoliticalcampaigns,itisbooksthathaveattimesmostpowerfullyinfluencedsocialchangeinAmericanlife.ThomasPainesCommon Sensegalvanizedradicalsenti

31、mentintheearlydaysoftheAmericanrevolution;Uncle Toms CabinbyHarrietBeecherStowerousedNorthernantipathytoslaveryinthedecadeleadinguptotheCivilWar;andRachelCarsonsSilent Spring,whichin1962exposedthehazardsofthepesticideDDT,eloquentlyquestionedhumanitysfaithintechnologicalprogressandhelpedsetthestagefo

32、rtheenvironmentalmovement.vCarson,arenownednatureauthorandaformermarinebiologistwiththeU.S.FishandWildlifeService,wasuniquelyequippedtocreatesostartlingandinflammatoryabook.AnativeofruralPennsylvania,shehadgrownupwithanenthusiasmfornaturematchedonlybyherloveofwritingandpoetry.Theeducationalbrochures

33、shewrotefortheFishandWildlifeService,aswellasherpublishedbooksandmagazinearticles,werecharacterizedbymeticulousresearchandapoeticevocationofhersubject.2021/8/2220vThings Go Out of KiltervCarsonwashappiestwritingaboutthestrengthandresilienceofnaturalsystems.HerbooksUnder the Sea Wind, The Sea Around

34、Us(whichstayedontheNew York Timesbestsellerlistfor86weeks),andThe Edge of The Seawerehymnstotheinter-connectednessofnatureandalllivingthings.Althoughsherarelyusedtheterm,Carsonheldanecologicalviewofnature,describinginpreciseyetpoeticlanguagethecomplexweboflifethatlinkedmolluskstosea-birdstothefishsw

35、immingintheoceansdeepestandmostinaccessiblereaches.vDDT,themostpowerfulpesticidetheworldhadeverknown,exposednaturesvulnerability.Unlikemostpesticides,whoseeffectivenessislimitedtodestroyingoneortwotypesofinsects,DDTwascapableofkillinghundredsofdifferentkindsatonce.Developedin1939,itfirstdistinguishe

36、ditselfduringWorldWarII,clearingSouthPacificislandsofmalaria-causinginsectsforU.S.troops,whileinEuropebeingusedasaneffectivede-lousingpowder.ItsinventorwasawardedtheNobelPrize.2021/8/2221vWhenDDTbecameavailableforcivilianusein1945,therewereonlyafewpeoplewhoexpressedsecondthoughtsaboutthisnewmiraclec

37、ompound.OnewasnaturewriterEdwinWayTeale,whowarned,AsprayasindiscriminateasDDTcanupsettheeconomyofnatureasmuchasarevolutionupsetssocialeconomy.Ninetypercentofallinsectsaregood,andiftheyarekilled,thingsgooutofkilterrightaway.AnotherwasRachelCarson,whowrotetotheReaders Digesttoproposeanarticleaboutaser

38、iesoftestsonDDTbeingconductednotfarfromwhereshelivedinMaryland.Themagazinerejectedtheidea.2021/8/2222vSilent SpringvThirteenyearslater,in1958,CarsonsinterestinwritingaboutthedangersofDDTwasrekindledwhenshereceivedaletterfromafriendinMassachusettsbemoaningthelargebirdkillswhichhadoccuredonCapeCodasth

39、eresultofDDTsprayings.TheuseofDDThadproliferatedgreatlysince1945andCarsonagaintried,unsuccessfully,tointerestamagazineinassigningherthestoryofitslessdesirableeffects.By1958Carsonwasabest-sellingauthor,andthefactthatshecouldnotobtainamagazineassignmenttowriteaboutDDTisindicativeofhowhereticalandcontr

40、oversialherviewsonthesubjectmusthaveseemed.Havingalreadyamassedalargequantityofresearchonthesubject,however,CarsondecidedtogoaheadandtackletheDDTissueinabook.2021/8/2223vSilent SpringtookCarsonfouryearstocomplete.ItmeticulouslydescribedhowDDTenteredthefoodchainandaccumulatedinthefattytissuesofanimal

41、s,includinghumanbeings,andcausedcancerandgeneticdamage.Asingleapplicationonacrop,shewrote,killedinsectsforweeksandmonths,andnotonlythetargetedinsectsbutcountlessmore,andremainedtoxicintheenvironmentevenafteritwasdilutedbyrainwater.CarsonconcludedthatDDTandotherpesticideshadirrevocablyharmedbirdsanda

42、nimalsandhadcontaminatedtheentireworldfoodsupply.Thebooksmosthauntingandfamouschapter,AFableforTomorrow,depictedanamelessAmericantownwherealllife-fromfishtobirdstoappleblossomstohumanchildren-hadbeensilencedbytheinsidiouseffectsofDDT.2021/8/2224vFirstserializedinThe New YorkerinJune1962,thebookalarm

43、edreadersacrossAmericaand,notsurprisingly,broughtahowlofindignationfromthechemicalindustry.IfmanweretofaithfullyfollowtheteachingsofMissCarson,complainedanexecutiveoftheAmericanCyanamidCompany,wewouldreturntotheDarkAges,andtheinsectsanddiseasesandverminwouldonceagaininherittheearth.Monsantopublished

44、anddistributed5,000copiesofabrochureparodyingSilent SpringentitledTheDesolateYear,relatingthedevastationandinconvenienceofaworldwherefamine,disease,andinsectsranamuckbecausechemicalpesticideshadbeenbanned.Someoftheattacksweremorepersonal,questioningCarsonsintegrityandevenhersanity.2021/8/2225vVindic

45、ationvHercarefulpreparation,however,hadpaidoff.Anticipatingthereactionofthechemicalindustry,shehadcompiledSilent Springasonewouldalawyersbrief,withnofewerthan55pagesofnotesandalistofexpertswhohadreadandapprovedthemanuscript.Manyeminentscientistsrosetoherdefense,andwhenPresidentJohnF.Kennedyorderedth

46、ePresidentsScienceAdvisoryCommitteetoexaminetheissuesthebookraised,itsreportthoroughlyvindicatedbothSilent Springanditsauthor.Asaresult,DDTcameundermuchclosergovernmentsupervisionandwaseventuallybanned.Thepublicdebatemovedquicklyfromwhetherpesticidesweredangeroustowhichpesticidesweredangerous,andthe

47、burdenofproofshiftedfromtheopponentsofunrestrainedpesticideusetothechemicalsmanufacturers.2021/8/2226vThemostimportantlegacyofSilent Spring,though,wasanewpublicawarenessthatnaturewasvulnerabletohumanintervention.RachelCarsonhadmadearadicalproposal:that,attimes,technologicalprogressissofundamentallya

48、toddswithnaturalprocessesthatitmustbecurtailed.Conservationhadneverraisedmuchbroadpublicinterest,forfewpeoplereallyworriedaboutthedisappearanceofwilderness.ButthethreatsCarsonhadoutlined-thecontaminationofthefoodchain,cancer,geneticdamage,thedeathsofentirespecies-weretoofrighteningtoignore.Forthefir

49、sttime,theneedtoregulateindustryinordertoprotecttheenvironmentbecamewidelyaccepted,andenvironmentalismwasborn.2021/8/2227vCarsonwaswellawareofthelargerimplicationsofherwork.AppearingonaCBSdocumentaryaboutSilent Springshortlybeforeherdeathfrombreastcancerin1964,sheremarked,Mansattitudetowardnatureist

50、odaycriticallyimportantsimplybecausewehavenowacquiredafatefulpowertoalteranddestroynature.Butmanisapartofnature,andhiswaragainstnatureisinevitablyawaragainsthimself?#91;Wearechallengedasmankindhasneverbeenchallengedbeforetoproveourmaturityandourmastery,notofnature,butofourselves.vOneofthelandmarkboo

51、ksofthe20thcentury,Silent Springsmessageresonatesloudlytoday,evenseveraldecadesafteritspublication.AndequallyinspiringistheexampleofRachelCarsonherself.Againstoverwhelmingdifficultiesandadversity,butmotivatedbyherunabashedloveofnature,sheroselikeagladiatorinitsdefense.2021/8/2228. . . to protect hum

52、an health and the environment3.AboutEnvironmentalProtection2021/8/2229Humboldt BayMaster Petroleums gold mining plan would take up to 190,000 gallons of water every day from Canyon Creek2021/8/2230Case summaries, legal briefs, and other infoCasesfiled-1997tothepresentCasesFiled1982-1996LegalHighligh

53、tssomeofEPICssuccessstories2021/8/2231vItsbeendecadessinceEPICfirstenteredthecourtroomtochallengethedegradationofpublictrustresourcesandthegovernmentscomplacencytoviolationsofenvironmentallaws.Sincethattimewehavefiledmorethan70lawsuitsonbehalfofthenativespeciesandwildlandsoftheNorthCoast.Althoughour

54、workisfocusedontheredwoodandDouglasfirecosystemsofnorthernCalifornia,manyofourcaseshavesetlegalprecedentstohelprestoreandprotectimperiledareasthroughouttheregion,stateandnation.EPICslegalactionstodayemployanumberofdifferentstrategiesandarefocusedonthreeprimaryprogramareas:industrialloggingonprivatea

55、ndstateland,NationalForestconservation,andactionstodefendHumboldtBay.2021/8/2232vBushs Abysmal RecordvUndertheBushAdministration,thenumberofnewspeciesaddedtotheendangeredlisthasdramaticallydeclined,butnotbecausethingshaveimprovedforimperiledfishandwildlife.Thisadministrationisthefirsttohavefailedtol

56、istasinglespeciesonitsowninitiative,andalsothefirsttodenylistingsmoretimesthanithasgrantedthem.vSinceBushJr.tookoffice,theFWShaslistedatotalofonly31species-fewerthaneithertheBushSr.orReaganAdministrationaveragedeachyearinoffice.2021/8/2233AverageNumberofSpeciesListedPerYearUnderClinton:65UnderBushSr

57、.:59UnderReagan:32UnderBushJr:9ThankstoCBDforprovidingthesestatistics2021/8/2234Environmental Protection in ChinavForeword China is a developing country. Now it is confronted with the dual task of developing the economy and protecting the environment. Proceeding from its national conditions, China h

58、as, in the process of promoting its overall modernization program, made environmental protection one of its basic national policies, regarded the realization of sustainable development as an important strategy and carried out throughout the country large-scale measures for pollution prevention and c

59、ontrol as well as ecological environment protection. Over the 18 years since its adoption of reform and opening to the outside world,2021/8/2235vChinas gross national product (GNP) has achieved a sustained annual growth of around 10 percent, while its environmental quality has basically steered clea

60、r of the outcome of corresponding deterioration. Practice has proved that the principle adopted by China of effecting coordinated development between the economy, the society and the environment has been effective.Asamemberoftheinternationalcommunity,China,whilemakinggreateffortstoprotectitsownenvir

61、onment,hastakenanactivepartininternationalenvironmentalaffairs,striventopromoteinternationalcooperationinthefieldofenvironmentalprotection,andearnestlyfulfilleditsinternationalobligations.AllthesehavegivenfullexpressiontothesincerityanddeterminationoftheChinesegovernmentandpeopletoprotecttheglobalen

62、vironment.vWhateffortshasChinamadetoprotectitsownenvironment?WhatisthesituationofenvironmentalprotectioninChina?OntheoccasionoftheannualWorldEnvironmentDay,whichfallsonJune5,hereisabriefaccount:2021/8/2236vI. The Choice of Implementing a Sustainable Development Strategy Chinas modernization drive ha

63、s been launched in the following conditions: The country has a large population base, its per-capita average of natural resources is low, and its economic development as well as scientific and technological level remain quite backward. Along with the growth of Chinas population, the development of t

64、he economy and the continuous improvement of the peoples consumption level since the 1970s, the pressure on resources, which were already in rather short supply, and on the fragile environment has become greater and greater. Which road of development to choose has turned out, historically, to be an

65、issue of paramount importance to the survival of the Chinese people as well as their posterity.2021/8/2237vTheChinesegovernmenthaspaidgreatattentiontotheenvironmentalissuesarisingfromthecountryspopulationgrowthandeconomicdevelopment,andhasmadeprotectingtheenvironmentanimportantaspectoftheimprovement

66、ofthepeopleslivingstandardsandqualityoflife.Inordertopromotecoordinateddevelopmentbetweentheeconomy,thesocietyandtheenvironment,Chinaenactedandimplementedaseriesofprinciples,policies,lawsandmeasuresforenvironmentalprotectioninthe1980s.v-MakingenvironmentalprotectiononeofChinasbasicnationalpolicies.T

67、hepreventionandcontrolofenvironmentalpollutionandecologicaldestructionandtherationalexploitationandutilizationofnaturalresourcesareofvitalimportancetothecountrysoverallinterestsandlong-termdevelopment.TheChinesegovernmentisunswervinglycarryingoutthebasicnationalpolicyofenvironmentalprotection.v-Form

68、ulatingtheguidingprinciplesofsimultaneousplanning,simultaneousimplementationandsimultaneousdevelopmentforeconomicconstruction,urbanandruralconstructionandenvironmentalconstruction,andcombiningtheeconomicreturnswithsocialeffectsandenvironmentalbenefits;andcarryingoutthethreemajorpoliciesofpreventionf

69、irstandcombiningpreventionwithcontrol,makingthecauserofpollutionresponsiblefortreatingitandintensifyingenvironmentalmanagement.2021/8/2238v-Promulgatingandputtingintoeffectlawsandregulationsregardingenvironmentalprotectionandplacingenvironmentalprotectiononalegalfooting,continuouslyimprovingthestatu

70、tesconcerningtheenvironment,formulatingstrictlaw-enforcementproceduresandincreasingtheintensityoflawenforcementsoastoensuretheeffectiveimplementationoftheenvironmentallawsandregulations.v-Persistinginincorporatingenvironmentalprotectionintotheplansfornationaleconomicandsocialdevelopment,introducingt

71、oitmacroregulationandmanagementunderstateguidance,andgraduallyincreasingenvironmentalprotectioninputsoastogivesimultaneousconsiderationtoenvironmentalprotectionandotherundertakingsandensuretheircoordinateddevelopment.v-Establishingandimprovingenvironmentalprotectionorganizationsundergovernmentsatall

72、levels,formingarathercompleteenvironmentalcontrolsystem,andbringingintofullplaythegovernmentsroleinenvironmentalsupervisionandadministration.2021/8/2239v-Acceleratingprogressinenvironmentalscienceandtechnology.Strengtheningresearchintobasictheories,organizingthetacklingofkeyscientificandtechnologica

73、lproblems,developingandpopularizingpraciticaltechnologyforenvironmentalpollutionpreventionandcontrol,fosteringthegrowthofenvironmentalprotectionindustries,andgivinginitialshapetoanenvironmentalprotectionscientificresearchsystem.v-Carryingoutenvironmentalpublicityandeducationtoenhancethewholenationsa

74、warenessoftheenvironment.Widelyconductingenvironmentalpublicitywork,graduallypopularizingenvironmentaleducationinsecondaryandprimaryschools,developingon-the-jobeducationinenvironimentalprotectionandvocationaleducation,andtrainingspecializedpersonnelinenvironmentalscienceandtechnologyaswellasenvironm

75、entaladministration.2021/8/2240v-Promotinginternationalcooperationinthefieldofenvironmentalprotection.Activelyexpandingexchangesandcooperationconcerningtheenvironmentanddevelopmentwithothercountriesandinternationalorganizations,earnestlyimplementinginternationalenvironmentalconventions,andseekingsco

76、peforChinasroleinglobalenvironmentalaffairs.vSincethebeginningofthe1990stheinternationalcommunityandvariouscountrieshavemadeanimportantstepforwardinexploringsolutionstoproblemsoftheenvironmentanddevelopment.TheUnitedNationsConferenceonEnvironmentandDevelopment,heldinJune1992,madesustainabledevelopme

77、ntthestrategyforcommondevelopmentinthefuture,andthiswonwideacclaimfromthegovernmentsofallcountriesrepresentedattheconference.vInAugust1992,shortlyafterthatconference,theChinesegovernmentputforwardtenmajormeasuresChinawastoadopttoenhanceitsenvironmentanddevelopment,clearlypointingoutthattheroadofsust

78、ainabledevelopmentwasalogicalchoiceforChinanowandinthefuture.2021/8/2241vInMarch1994theChinesegovernmentapprovedandpromulgatedChinasAgenda21-WhitePaperonChinasPopulation,Environment,andDevelopmentinthe21stCentury.Thisdocument,proceedingfromthecountrysspecificnationalconditionsinthesethreerespects,pu

79、tforwardChinasoverallstrategy,measuresandprogramofactionforsustainabledevelopment.Thevariousdepartmentsandlocalitiesalsoworkedouttheirrespectiveplansofactiontoimplementthestrategyforsustainabledevelopment.vAtitsFourthSessioninMarch1996ChinasEighthNationalPeoplesCongressexaminedandadoptedtheNinthFive

80、-YearPlanofthePeoplesRepublicofChinaforNationalEconomicandSocialDevelopmentandtheOutlineoftheLong-TermTargetfortheYear2010.BoththePlanandOutlinetakesustainabledevelopmentasanimportantstrategyformodernization,thusmakingitpossiblefortheimplementationofthestrategyofsustainabledevelopmentinthecourseofCh

81、inaseconomicconstructionandsocialdevelopment.2021/8/2242vII. Improving the Legal and Administrative Systems Step by Step China pays great attention to environmental legislative work and has now established an environmental statutory framework that takes the Constitution of the Peoples Republic of Ch

82、ina as the foundation and the Environmental Protection Law of the Peoples Republic of China as the main body.TheConstitutionofthePeoplesRepublicofChinastipulates,Thestateprotectsandimprovesthelivingenvironmentandtheecologicalenvironment,andpreventsandremediespollutionandotherpublichazards,andThestat

83、eensurestherationaluseofnaturalresourcesandprotectsrareanimalsandplants.Theappropriationordamageofnaturalresourcesbyanyorganizationorindividualbywhatevermeansisprohibiited.2021/8/2243vTheEnvironmentalProtectionLawofthePeoplesRepublicofChinaisthecardinallawforenvironmentalprotectioninChina.Thelawhase

84、stablishedthebasicprincipleforcoordinateddevelopmentbetweeneconomicconstruction,socialprogressandenvironmentalprotection,anddefinedtherightsanddutiesofgovernmentsatalllevels,allunitsandindividualsasregardsenvironmentalprotection.vChinahasenactedandpromulgatedmanyspeciallawsonenvironmentalprotectiona

85、swellaslawsonnaturalresourcesrelatedtoenvironmentalprotection.TheyincludetheLawonthePreventionandControlofWaterPollution,LawonthePreventionandControlofAirPollution,LawonthePreventionandControlofEnvironmentalPollutionbySolidWastes,MarineEnvironmentProtectionLaw,ForestryLaw,GrasslandLaw,FisheriesLaw,M

86、ineralResourcesLaw,LandAdministrationLaw,WaterResourcesLaw,LawontheProtectionofWildAnimals,LawonWaterandSoilConservation,andAgricultureLaw.2021/8/2244vTheChinesegovernmenthasalsoenactedmorethan30administrativedecreesregardingenvironmentalprotection,includingtheRegulationsforthePreventionandControlof

87、NoisePollution,RegulationsonNatureReserves,RegulationsonthePreventionofandProtectionAgainstRadiationfromRadioIsotopesandRadioactiveDevice,RegulationsontheSafeAdministrationofChemicalsandOtherDangerousMaterials,ProvisionalRegulationsonthePreventionandControlofWaterPollutionintheHuaiheRiverDrainageAre

88、a,RegulationsGoverningEnvironmentalProtectionAdministrationinOffshoreOilExplorationandDevelopment,RegulationsontheControlofMarineWastesDumping,RegulationsfortheImplementationoftheProtectionofTerrestrialWildlife,ProivisionalRegulationsontheAdministrationofNationalParks,RegulationsontheProtectionofBas

89、icFarmland,andRegulationsonUrbanAfforestation.Inaddition,departmentsconcernedhavealsoissuedanumberofadministrativerulesanddecreesonenvironmentalprotection.2021/8/2245vToimplementthestatesenvironmentalprotectionlawsandregulations,peoplescongressesandpeoplesgovernmentsatlocallevels,proceedingfromspeci

90、ficconditionsintheirownareas,haveenactedandpromulgatedmorethan600locallawsonenvironmentalprotection.vEnvironmentalstandardsareanimportantcomponentofChinasenvironmentalstatutoryframework.Theyincludeenvironmentalqualitystandards,pollutantdischargeoremissionstandards,basicenvironmentalcriteria,criteria

91、forsamples,andcriteriaformethodology.Theenvironmentalqualitystandardsandpollutantdischargeoremissionstandardsaredividedintostatestandardsandlocalstandards.Bytheendof1995,Chinahadpromulgatedstateenvironmentalstandardson364items.AsstipulatedinChineselaw,theenvironmentalqualitystandardsandpollutantdisc

92、hargestandardsarecompulsorystandards,andthosewhoviolatethesecompulsoryenvironmentalstandardsmustbearthecorrespondinglegalresponsibility.2021/8/2246vIntheprocessofestablishingandimprovingtheenvironmentalstatutoryframework,Chinaattachesequalimportancetoenvironmentallawenforcementandenvironmentallegisl

93、ation.Forfouryearsinarow,Chinahasconductednationwidechecksontheenforcementofenvironmentallegislationtoseriouslydealwithactsofpollutinganddamagingtheenvironmentandseverelypunishenvironmentallawviolations.Chinapaysgreatattentiontosupervisionexercisedbythepeopleandmediaoverlaw-breakingactivitiesregardi

94、ngtheenvironment-ithasopenedchannelsforthemassesofpeopletoreportonenvironmentalproblemsandadoptedmeasuresforthemediatoexposeenvironmentallaw-breakingactivities.vButitshouldbepointedoutthatChinasenvironmentallegislativeworkneedstobefurtherimproved.Forinstance,someareasstillremainuncovered,somecontent

95、sareyettobeamendedorrevisedandtherearestillthephenomenaofnotfullyobservingorenforcinglaws.Therefore,tomakecontinuouseffortstostrengthenenvironmentallegislativeworkremainsanimportantstrategictask.2021/8/2247vChinaattachesequalimportancetotheestablishmentofanenvironmentaladministrativesystem.Ithasesta

96、blishedasysteminwhichtheNationalPeoplesCongressenactsthelaws,governmentsatdifferentlevelstakeresponsibilityfortheirenforcement,theadministrativedepartmentsinchargeofenvironmentalprotectionexerciseoverallsupervisionandadministrationandthevariousdepartmentsconcernedexercisesupervisionandadministration

97、accordingtothestipulationsofthelaw.vTheNationalPeoplesCongresshasestablishedanEnvironmentandResourcesProtectionCommittee,whoseworkitistoorganizetheformulationandexaminationofdraftedlawsrelatedtoenvironmentalandresourcesprotectionandpreparethenecessaryreports,exercisesupervisionovertheenforcementofla

98、wsgoverningenvironmentalandresourcesprotection,putforwardmotionsrelatedtotheissueofenvironmentalandresourcesprotection,andconductexchangeswithparliamentsinothercountriesinthefieldofenvironmentalandresourcesprotection.Thepeoplescongressesofsomeprovincesandcitieshavealsoestablishedcorrespondingenviron

99、mentalandresourcesprotectionorganizations.2021/8/2248vTheEnvironmentalProtectionCommitteeundertheStateCouncilismadeupofleadersofvariousrelatedministriesundertheStateCouncil.ItistheStateCouncilsconsultancyandcoordinationagencyforenvironmentalprotectionwork.Itsmajortasksarestudyingandexaminingtheprinc

100、iples,policiesandmeasuresrelatingtocoordinativedevelopmentofthecountryseconomyandenvironmentalprotection,givingguidancetoandcoordinatingeffortsintacklingmajorenvironmentalproblems,exercisingsupervisionoverandconductingchecksontheimplementationoftheenvironmentalprotectionlawsandregulationsbyvariouslo

101、calitiesanddepartments,andpromotingthedevelopmentofenvironmentalprotectionundertakingsthroughoutthecountry.Thepeoplesgovernmentsattheprovincial,cityandcountylevelshavealsoestablishedcorrespondingenvironmentalprotectioncommittees.2021/8/2249vTheNationalEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyisthecompetentenvir

102、onmentalprotectionadministrationagencyundertheStateCouncil,whosetaskitistoexerciseoverallsupervisionandadministrationoverthecountrysenvironimentalprotectionwork.Thepeoplesgovernmentsattheprovincial,cityandcountylevelshavealsosuccessivelyestablishedenvironmentalprotectionadministrationdepartmentstoca

103、rryoutoverallsupervisionandadministrationoftheenvironimentalprotectionworkintheirlocalities.Atpresent,therearenationwidemorethan2,500environmentalprotectionadministrationdepartmentsabovethecountylevelwithatotalstaffof88,000engagedinenvironmentaladministration,monitoring,inspectionandcontrol,statisti

104、cscollection,scientificresearch,pubilicityandeducation.2021/8/2250vEnvironmentalprotectionorganizationshavealsobeenestablishedincomprehensiveadministrationdepartments,resourcesadministrationdepartmentsandindustrialdepartmentsundergovernmentsatvariouslevelstotakechargeofrelatedenvironmentalandresourc

105、esprotectionwork.MostofChinaslargeandmedium-sizedenterpriseshavealsosetupenvironmentalprotectionorganizationsresponsiblefortheirownanti-pollutionworkandthepromotionofcleanerproduction.Atpresent,thetotalnumberofvarioustypesofenvironmentalprotectionworkersemployedbythevariousdepartmentsandenterprisese

106、xceeds200,000.2021/8/2251vIII. The Prevention and Control of Industrial Pollution and the Comprehensive Improvement of the Urban Environment The Chinese government regards prevention and control of industrial pollution as the focal point of environmental protection. Thanks to unremitting efforts ove

107、r the past 20-odd years, China has made great progress in this regard.2021/8/2252v-Changesinthestrategyforthepreventionandcontrolofindustrialpollutionhavebeeneffected.Inthe1970seffortstopreventandcontrolindustrialpollutioninChinamainlyconcentratedonthecontrolofpointsources.Inthe1980sChinacarriedoutp

108、reventionandcontrolofindustrialpollutioninacomprehensivewaythroughthereadjustmentofirrationalindustrialdistribution,theoverallindustrialstructureandtheproductmixincombinationwithtechnicaltransformation,strengthenedenvironmentalmanagementandotherpoliciesandmeasures.Inthecourseoffoundingthesocialistma

109、rketeconomicsysteminthe1990sChinahaschangeditstraditionaldevelopmentstrategy,promotedcleanproductionandembarkedonthesustainabledevelopmentroad.Inguidingconceptforthepreventionandcontrolofindustrialpollution,threechangeshavebeendecidedupon,i.e.,regardingbasicstrategy,Chinawillgraduallychangeitsstrate

110、gyofend-of-pipepollutioncontrolintopollutioncontrolduringthewholeprocessofindustrialproduction;withrespecttothecontrolofpollutantdischarge,concentrationcontrolwillbereplacedbyacombinationofthecontrolofconcentrationandthatoftotalquantity;andwithregardtopollutioncontrolmethods,focusonthecontrolofscatt

111、eredpointsourceswillbereplacedbyacombinationofcentralizedandscatteredcontrols.2021/8/2253v-Policyandlegislationforpreventingandcontrollingindustrialpollutionhavetakeninitialshapeasacoherentsystem.Inordertoeffectivelypreventandcontrolindustrialpollution,theChinesegovernmenthasdrawnupthreemajorpolicie

112、sforenvironmentalprotection,i.e.,puttingpreventionfirstandcombiningpreventionwithcontrol,makingthecauserofpollutionresponsiblefortreatingitandintensifyingenvironmentalmanagement.Inaddition,ithasdrawnupthepolicyonthecomprehensiveutilizationofresources,thepolicyonpreventingandcontrollingindustrialpoll

113、utionincombinationwithtechnicaltransformation,thepolicyonoveriallimprovementoftheurbanenvironment,thepolicyonenvironmentalprotectiontechnology,andthepolicyonenvironmentalprotectionindustries.Thelawsandregulationsonenvironmentalprotectionthathavebeenpromulgatedincludeexplicitprovisionsontheprevention

114、andcontrolofindustrialpollution.Localgovernmentsatalllevelshaveworkedoutlocalpoliciesonthepreventionandcontrolofindustrialpollutioninaccordancewiththeiractualconditions.2021/8/2254v-Enterpriseenvironmentsupervisionandmanagementhavebeenreinforced.TheChinesegovernmenthaspromotedtheenforcementoftheenvi

115、ronmentalimpactassessmentsystemandthethree-at-the-same-timesystem(i.e.,facilitiesforpreventingandcontrollingenvironmentalpollutionanddestructionshallbeplanned,constructedandputintouseatthesametimeasthemainproductionprojects).Thesestepshaveplayedremarkablerolesincontrollingnewpollutionsources.Thenati

116、onsenvironmentalimpactassessmentrateofconstructionprojectsabovethecountylevelandtheimplementationrateofthethree-at-the-same-timesystemhavereached,respectively,60.8percentand87.3percent.Bytheendof1995,480citiesand77,000enterpriseshadmadepollutiondischargedeclarationsandregistrations;240citieshadissue

117、datotalof16,000pollutantdischargelicencesto14,000enterprises.Since1979Chinahascollected24.7billionyuaninpollutantdischargefees.2021/8/2255v-Measuresforpreventingandcontrollingindustrialpollutionhavegraduallybeenperfected.First,Chinahascompletedagreatnumberofpollution-controlprojectsthroughthereadjus

118、tmentoftheindustrialstructureandproductmix,andpromotedcleanproductionthroughtechnicaltransformation.Chemical,metallurgical,light,machine-building,powerandconstructionmaterialsindustrieshaveactivelyadoptedcleanproduction,speededuptechnicaltransformationandfirmlyeliminatedalargeamountofequipmentandpro

119、ductscharacterizedbyheavypollutionandhighconsumptionofenergyandmaterials.Consequently,industrialproductionhasincreasedforseveralyearsrunning,thedischargeofpollutantshasdeclinedsteadilyandtheeconomicreturnsofenterpriseshavegoneupyearbyyear.TheJilinChemicalIndustrialCompanyisanoldenterprise,butformany

120、yearsithasreliedonprogressinscienceandtechnologytocarryouttechnicaltransformationofitsproductionequipmentwhichusedtocauseaseriouswasteofresourcesandproducedalargeamountofpollution.Asaresult,ithasfundamentallyeliminated2021/8/2256vpollutionfromvariouschemicals.Second,incombinationwiththecomprehensive

121、improvementoftheurbanenvironmentandregionalreconstruction,anumberofenterprisesfeaturedbyheavypollutionhavebeencloseddown,movedawayorotherwiseputundercontrol,thusalleviatingthetrendofpollutioninsomeregions.TheBeijingMunicipalGovernmentcloseddowntheheavilypollutingsouthsectionoftheSpecialSteelFactoryo

122、ftheCapitalIronandSteelCompany,eliminatingalargepollutionsourceinthecityproper.ShanghaihasstrengthenedthepreventionandcontrolofpollutionintheupperreachesoftheSuzhouandHuangpuriversandinmajorurbandistricts,sothatpollutioninsomeofthedistrictshasbeenbroughtundercontrol.Third,thedynamicsofsettingdeadlin

123、esforeliminatingpollutionhavebeenreinforced.Since1978theChinesegovernmenthasannouncedtwogroupsofscheduledpollution-controlprojects,totaling367,andlocalgovernmentshavedesignated220,000pollution-controlprojects,whichhave2021/8/2257vbasicallybeencompleted.Fourth,thepreventionandcontrolofpollutionisdeve

124、lopingtowardregionalandrivervalleycomprehensiveimprovement.Sincethelate1980stheChinesegovernmenthasadoptedmeasurestocomprehensivelyalleviateairpollutioninBenxiandBaotoucities,andwaterpollutionintheBaiyangdianLakeandHuaiheRiverdrainagebasins.In1995theChinesegovernmentpromulgatedtheProivisionalRegulat

125、ionsonthePreventionandControlofWaterPollutionintheHuaiheRiverDrainageArea,andtheworkisbeingactivelycarriedoutinaccordancewiththeplan.Fifth,effortshavebeensteppeduptosaveenergyandreduceconsumption.Thecapabilitytotreatwastegas,wastewaterandindustrialresidue(thethreewastes)hasbeenenhancedandthecomprehe

126、nsiveutilizationrateofthesematerialshasbeenincreased.DuringtheEighthFive-YearPlanperiod(1991-95)energyconsumptionforeverytenthousandyuanworthof2021/8/2258vthegrossdomesticproduct(GDP)decreasedfrom5.3tonsofthestandardcoalin1990to3.94tonsin1995,savingagrandtotalof358milliontonsofthestandardcoal,oranan

127、nualavergeeconomizationrateof5.8percent.In1995thewastewatertreatmentrateoftheindustrialenterprisesabovethecountylevelalloverthecountryreached76.8percent;thesmokeanddustremovalrateofwastegasfromburningfuel,88.2percent;wastegaspurificationratefromproductionprocesses,68.9percent;andthecomprehensiveutil

128、izationrateofindustrialsolidwaste,43percent.Outputvalueattainedthroughthecomprehensiveutilizationoftheindustrialthreewastescameto19billionyuan.Startingin1983,LiShuangiliang,aretiredworkeroftheTaiyuanIronandSteelCompany,and20otherretiredworkersspent10yearsremovingahugeslagheap,thuseliminatingaserious

129、,long-standingpollutionsourceoftheTaiyuanIronandSteelCompany.Theslagwasutilizedinacomprehensiveway,with900,000tonsofwasteironandsteelworth160millionyuanrecovered.2021/8/2259vChinaisacountrywithcoalasitsmainenergysource.Seventypercentofthesmokeanddustintheairand90percentofthesulfurdioxideemissioncome

130、fromburningcoal.Asaresult,thecitieswithconcentratedindustriesandpopulationssufferfromseriousairpollution.Acidrainhasoccurred,andthesituationhasgonefrombadtoworseinsomeregionsandcities.TheChinesegovernmenthasadoptedsomemeasures,suchasdevelopingcleancoaltechnologyandclean-combustiontechnology,andcolle

131、ctingsulfurdioxideemissionfees,tocontrolacidrain.Along-termstudybyChineseexpertsontheissueofacidrainprovesthattheprecursorsofacidraingeneratedfromtheemissionsourceinChinesemainlandaremainlytransportedwithinChineseterritory,andtheacidrainismainlyintheareassouthoftheYangtzeRiver,inregionseastoftheQing

132、hai-TibetPlateau,andintheSichuanBasin.2021/8/2260vLikeotherdevelopingcountries,Chinaspercapitaenergyconsumptionlevelandtheemittedsulfurdioxidearemuchlowerthantheworldaveragelevelatpresent,anditwillremainsobytheendofthiscentury.AccordingtotheFrameworkConventiononClimaticChanges,Chinaisundernospecific

133、obligationtolimittheemissionofcarbondioxide.However,mindfulofitsresponsibilityforprotectionoftheglobalclimate,Chinafollowstheprincipleofattachingequalimportancetoeconomizationonenergyandexpansionoftheenergyindustry,strivingtoraiseitsenergyutilizationefficiencyandtoreadjustitsenergystructure.Whileapp

134、ropriatelydevelopingnuclearpower,Chinasparesnoefforttodevelophydroelectricpowerandtostrengthenresearchintoandexploitationofgeothermalpower,solarenergy,windenergy,oceanicenergyandothernewenergysources,soastoreducethegreen-housegasemission.2021/8/2261vSincetheinitiationofthepoliciesofreformandopeningt

135、otheoutsideworld,ChinasGNPhasquadrupled,butthegrowthoftheemissionofpollutantsisclearlyslowerthantheeconomicgrowth.Someenvironmentalqualityindicesofsomeregionsandcitieshavebasicallyremainedstable,andsomelocalitieshavemadeimprovementstoacertainextent.Inspiteofthis,Chinasindustrializationisstillinthepr

136、imarystageofdevelopment,withalowlevelofmodernizedmanagement.Itsindustrialdistributionandstructureneedtobefurtherreadjusted.Withcomparativelybackwardequipmentandproductiontechnology,thepreiventionandcontrolofindustrialpollutionremainanarduoustaskofenvironmentalprotectioninChina.2021/8/2262vTheChinese

137、governmenthasalwaysconsideredthecitiesaskeypointsinenvironmentalprotectionwork.Inthepast10-oddyearsChinahasspeededupurbanization.In1980theurbanpopulationinChinatotaled191.4million,afigurewhichroseto351.71millionin1995.In1980Chinahad223administrativelydesignatedcities,whichwentupto640in1995.Theurbani

138、zationlevelincreasedfrom19.39percentin1980to28.85percentin1995.Justlikeothercountries,theissueofenvironmentalpollutionhasalsoappearedinthecourseofChinasurbanization.ThereforetheChinesegovernmenthasadoptedeffectivemeasurestocontrolenvironmentalpollutionanddoneitsbesttoimprovethequalityoftheurbanenvir

139、onment.2021/8/2263v-Drawingupoverallcityplansandreadjustingthelayoutofurbanfunctions.Bytheendof1995eachofthe640citiesinChinahadworkedoutitsownoverallcityplan.Sohadeachofthe31,559administrativelydesignatedtowns.InaccordancewiththeLawonCityPlanning,whileworkingoutanoverallcityplan,thecitymustincludein

140、theplandetailsofenvironmentalprotection,suchasprotectingandimprovingthecitysecologicalenvironment,andpreventingandcontrollingpollutionandotherpublichazards.Inlightoftherequirementsoftheoverallplanning,manycities,whiletransformingtheoldareasanddevelopingnewones,have,inaccordancewiththecitysfunctionzo

141、ning,readjustedtheindustriallayout,strengthenedthepreventionandcontrolofindustrialpollution,changedthesituationinwhichfactoriesandresidentssharethesameareas,controlledurbanenvironmentalpollutioncausedbyproductionandinpeoplesdailylives,andconstructedalargenumberofresidentialquarterswithreasonablelayo

142、utandcompletesocialservices.Inaddition,Chinahasdesignated52keyenvironmentalprotectioncities,andput99leadingnational-levelhistoricalandculturalcitiesunderspecialprotection.2021/8/2264v-Strengtheningtheconstructionofinfrastructureandimprovingthecapabilitytopreventandcontrolpollution.Atpresent,68.4perc

143、entofurbanresidentsinChinausegasforfuelandheating;thecentralizeddisposalrateofurbansewageis20percent;theinnocurityrateofurbangarbageandfecaldisposalis45.4percent;andtheafforestationrateis23.8percent.In1994Beijinginvested15.13billionyuanintheconstructionofurbaninfrastructure,ofwhichoverfivebillionyua

144、nwasusedtoconstructenvironmentalimprovementfacilities.ItbuilttheGaobeidianSewageTreatmentPlant,withadailyhandlingcapacityof500,000tons,andthelarge-scaleDatunGarbageTransferStationandAhsuweisanitarylandll,thusgreatlyimprovingBeijingsenvironmentoverall.2021/8/2265v-Comprehensiveimprovementoftheurbanen

145、vironmentandimprovingthequalityoftheurbanenvironment.Since1989theChinesegovernmenthaspromotedtheurbanenvironmentcomprehensiveimprovementexaminationsystemthroughoutthecountry.Thestateandthegovernmentsattheprovinciallevelhavecarriedoutexaminationsin37keycitiesandother330-pluscities.Theimplementationof

146、thissystemhasenhancedthesenseofresponsibilityofleadersatalllevelsforurbanenvironmentalprotection,andsuchexaminationshavebeenincludedinthegovernmentsworkagendas.Henceamanagementsystemandoperationmechanismforthecomprehensiveimprovementoftheurbanenvironmentundertheunifiedleadershipofmayors,carriedoutby

147、differentdepartmentsaccordingtotheirrespectivedivisionsofresponsibilityandactivelyparticipatedinbythebroadmasses2021/8/2266vofthepeoplehavetakeninitialshape.AllcitiesinChinahaveincreasedtheirinvestmentinenvironmentalimprovementandspeededuprelevantconstruction.Obviousresultshavebeenachieved.By1995Chi

148、nahadconstructed11,333sqkmofsmoke-and-dustcontrolzones,and1,800sqkmofup-to-standardnoise-controlzones,andincreasedpubliclawnsby490millionsquaremeters.Alargenumberofurbanwaterways,suchastheZhongdongRiverinHangzhou,theFunanRiverinChengdu,theHaiheRiverinTianjin,theSuzhouRiverinShanghai,theQinhuaiRiveri

149、nNanjingandtheHaoheRiverinNantong,havebeencleaneduponalargescale.Hence,theurbanwaterenvironmenthasbeenimproved.2021/8/2267vThankstocomprehensiveurbanenvironmentalimprovementandecologicalconstruction,BenxiCityinLiaoningProvincehasclearedup21smokedragons,17pollutedspringsandtwomoundsofindustrialresidu

150、ewhichwerenotorioussourcesofpollution.Ithasalsoconstructedaround-the-cityforestparkwithanareaof220sqkm.Consequently,Benxi,whichusedtobeknownasoneofthecitiesonearthwhichcouldnotbeseenfromasatellitebecauseofairpollution,hasmadearemarkableimprovementinitsenvironment.2021/8/2268vIV. Territorial Control

151、and Rural Environmental Protection Territorial control forms part of Chinas work in implementing the sustainable development strategy. Since the start of the reform and opening-up era, the Chinese government has carried out territorial control on a large scale.2021/8/2269v-Newprogresshasbeenmadeinte

152、rritorialcontrolplanning.InthisworktheChinesegovernmenthasformulatedasequenceofnational,trans-provincialandkey-regionalterritorialcontrolplans,suchastheNationalProgramforOverallLandUsePlanning,theNationalProgramforAfforestation,theNationalPlanforMarineDevelopment,theNationalProgramforWaterandSoilCon

153、servation,theComprehensivePlanforChinasSevenMajorRiverValleys,thePlanforEconomicDevelopmentintheThreeGorgesArea,theEconomicPlanfortheYangtzeRiverDeltaandAreasAlongtheRiver,KeyPointsoftheEconomicPlanforNorthwesternAreas,andtheResourcesDevelopmentandEnvironmentProtectionPlanfortheJunctureofShanxi,Shaa

154、nxiandInnerMongolia.Someprovincesandcitieshavealsodrawnuporrevisedlocalterritorialcontrolplansandtheoverallplanforlanduse.Bytheendof1995theoverallplanforlandusehadbeen60percentcompletedattheprovinciallevel,69percentatthecity(prefectural)leveland63percentatthecountylevel.2021/8/2270v-Manyachievements

155、havebeenmadeinresearchonterritorialcontrol.TohelpformulatetheNinthFive-YearPlanforNationalEconomicandSocialDevelopmentandtheOutlineoftheLong-TermTargetfortheYear2010,theChinesegovernment,proceedingfromrealizingcoordinationandsustainabledevelopmentoftheeconomy,society,population,resourcesandenvironme

156、nt,hasorganizedresearchonvitalissuessuchasthedevelopmentofterritorialresourcesandenvironmentalcontrol,theoverallplanforthenationalterritory,andhowwellmineralresourcescansatisfythedemandsofthenationaleconomy.IthasalsocompletedtheMajorIssuesontheDevelopmentofNationalTerritorialResourcesandEnvironmenta

157、lControlDuring1996-2010andotherresearchreportsonspecialsubjects.Thegovernmenthaslaiddowntheoverallframeworkofoptimizingthedevelopmentandcontrolofterritorialresources,theregionaldevelopmentstrategyanddistributionofterritorialresourcesexploitation,aswellasthetargetsandmeasuresofterritorialcontrolanden

158、vironmentalprotection.2021/8/2271vNotablesuccesseshavebeenattainedintheharnessingofmainriversandlakes.SincethefoundationofNewChinain1949theChinesegovernmenthastakencomprehensiveexploitationandcontrolofmajorriversandlakes,withemphasisonthepreventionandcontroloffloodandwaterlogging,asanimportanttaskof

159、waterconservancyconstruction.DuringtheEighthFive-YearPlanperiod,onthemiddleandlowerreachesoftheYangtzeRiver,thelowerreachesoftheYellowRiver,andontheHuaihe,Haihe,SonghuaandLiaoheriversandLakeTaihu,themaindikeswereheightenedandreinforced,waterwayswerecleanedup,andflooddiversionprojectswerebuilt.Thecon

160、structionofagroupofkeyprojectsforwatercontrolandotheruseswerecompletedorstarted.Tocompensateforlackofwaterresourcesinnorthernareas,theChinesegovernmentvigorouslypromotedtheplanningandconstructionofwater-diversionprojectsbetweendifferentdrainagebasins.InNovember1995itsponsoredanoverallfeasibilitystud

161、yofthemiddle,easternandwesternlinesprojectsfordivertingwaterfromsouthtonorth.2021/8/2272vTheThreeGorgesProjectisagigantic,trans-centuryprojectforharnessinganddevelopingtheYangtzeRiver.Whenitiscompleted,floodsontheupperreacheswillbeeffectivelycontrolledandareasonthemiddleandlowerreacheswillbeabletoim

162、provetheiranti-floodcapability,thuslesseningtheharmfuleffectsontheecologicalenvironment.Hydroelectricity,whichwillbetheenergydischargedbytheproject,causesmuchlesspollutionthancoal-burningpowerplants.ThegovernmenthasorganizedexpertstoworkouttheReportontheImpactoftheThreeGorgesProjectontheEcologyandEn

163、vironment,andCountermeasures,andhasapprovedtheEnvironmentalImpactStatementoftheThreeGorgesProject.ThegovernmentwilladoptasequenceofmeasurestominimizetheunfavorableeffectsontheecologyandtheenvironmentthatcouldbecausedbytheThreeGorgesProject.2021/8/2273v-Landpreservation,exploitationandcontrolhavebeen

164、promotedonafullscale.Inordertoputcultivatedlandunderproperprotection,basicfarmlandpreservationareashavebeendelimitedalloverthecountry,inaccordancewiththeRegulationsontheProtectionofBasicFarmland.Bytheendof1995,2,100unitsatthecountylevelhadfinishedthework,withwellover70percentoffarmlandputundereffect

165、ualprotection.Plannedmanagementofthelandtobeusedforconstructionhasbeenstrengthened,puttingthetotalareaandmakeupofsuchlandunderpropercontrol.Randomoccupationoffarmlandhasbeencurbedtosomeextent.In1995,farmlandusedforconstructionwas20.8percentlessthanthepreviousyear.Inrecentyears,thegovernmenthasformul

166、atedtheKeyPointsofNationalPlanningforDeserticationControlDuring1991-2000tospeedupthedesertificationpreventionandcontrolproject.Itisplannedthat6.667millionhectaresofdesertified2021/8/2274vlandwillbetreatedovertenyears.Thedevelopmentof20keycounties,nineexperimentalareasand22demonstrationbasesofthenati

167、onaldesertificationpreventionandcontrolprojecthasbeenbroughtintolinewiththedevelopmentplanofthenationaleconomy.DuringtheEighthFive-YearPlanperiod3.759millionhectaresofdesertifiedlandweretackledinacomprehensiveway.TheChinesegovernmentalsodevotesmuchattentiontowaterandsoilconservation.Ithaseffectively

168、preventedsoilerosionandimprovedtheecologicalenvironmentandagriculturalconditions.Atpresent,25keysoilerosioncontrolareashavebeenestablishedatthenationallevel.Waterandsoilconservationprojectsarecarriedoutinsevenbigrivervalleys.Inmorethan10,000smallrivervalleyswithserioussoilerosion,problemsconcerningm

169、ountains,rivers,farmlandandforestsaretackledinacomprehensiveway.Soilerosionhasbeencheckedinatotalareaof67millionhectares,andagreatnumberofwaterandsoilconservationprojectshavebeencompleted,makingerodedsoildecreaseby1.1billiontonseveryyearandwaterconservationcapacity2021/8/2275vincreaseby18billioncubi

170、cmeters.InthecomprehensivesoilerosioncontrolareaintheLoessPlateau,atotalof15millionhectaresoflandhavebeentreated-30percentofthesoilerosionarea-withover300milliontonslesssiltflowingintotheYellowRivereveryyear.SincethepublicationoftheRegulationsonLandReclamation,mostoftheprovincesandcitieshaveworkedou

171、tproceduresforimplementationoftheseregulationsandsomedozenprovincesandautonomousregionshaveputintoeffectproceduresforraisingfundsforlandreclamationandfortheuseandadministrationofthesefunds.Asaresult,remarkableprogresshasbeenmadeinthecountrysreclamationofdiscardedland.From1987to1995atotalofabout3.5mi

172、llionhectaresoflandwerereclaimed,amongwhich600,000hectareshadbeenwasteland.In1989theexperimentalworkoflandreclamationwascarriedoutinmajormineral-producingprovinces.In1995constructionofthreenational-levelreclamationdemonstrationzoneswasstartedinsunkenareasofcoalfields,whilethenationalreclamationtechn

173、icalstandardswerestipulated.TongshanCountyinJiangsuProvinceinvested56millionyuantoreclaim6,600hectaresofland,basicallybalancinglandreclamationwithlanduse.2021/8/2276v-Theabilitytocombatnaturaldisastershasbeenimproved.TheChinesepeoplehaveaccumulatedabundantexperienceintheirprotractedstrugglesagainstn

174、aturaldisasters,inwhichtheylaiddownprincipleslikeputtingpreventionfirstandcombiningpreventionandcontrol,andcombiningpreiventionandrescue.Aworkingsystemhasbeenprimarilyestablishedtoavertallkindsofnaturaldisasters,andacontingentofexperiencedscientistsandresearchersofvariousdisciplineshasbeenorganizeda

175、ndmonitoringstationsandnetworksformainnaturaldisastershavetakeninitialshape.vChinahastraditionallybeenanagriculturalcountry.Indevelopingagriculturalproduction,thegovernmentattachesgreatimportancetoruralenvironmentalprotection.2021/8/2277v-Achievementshavebeenmadeineco-agriculture.Thegovernmenthastak

176、enthedevelopmentofeco-agricultureasanimportantmeanstorealizethecoordinateddevelopmentoftheenvironmentandtheeconomy.Atpresent,the50eco-agriculturalexperimentalcountiesdesignatedbythestateareplayingpositiveandexemplaryrolesinthecountry,spurringdevelopmentofeco-agriculturein10prefecturesandover100count

177、ies.Accordingtostatistics,thetotaloutputofgrainoftheexperimentalcountieshasincreasedby15percent,outputpermubyupwardsof10percent,andtheincomepercapitais12percenthigherthantheaveragelevelofthesurroundingareas.Thepracticeofeco-agriculturehasbroughtaboutstrikingimprovementsintheagriculturalecologicalenv

178、ironment-barrenhillsgreened,forestacreagegreatlyraised,soilerosioncontrolledtosomeextent,organicmattercontentofthesoilincreased,andtheabilityoftheagriculturalecologicalsystemtowardoffnaturaldisastersimproved.Inthemeantime,inordertopromoteregionalsustainabledevelopment,constructionofsome100ecological

179、demonstrationareas,mainlyatthecountylevel,hasbeenstartedinanall-roundway.2021/8/2278v-Furtherdevelopmentofruralenergyconstruction.Energyconstructioninruralareasisanimportantmeasureforprotectingandimprovingtheruralecologicalenvironment.In1991comprehensiveenergyconstructioninruralareaswasstartedin100c

180、ounties.Asaresult,acapacityequivalentto10.8milliontonsmoreofstandardcoalwasaddedeveryyearand11.37milliontonsweresaved.In1995fuel-savingstoves,methane,solar,windandgeothermalenergysourcesandsmallhydropowerstationsbegantodevelopandwerepopularizedinruralareasthroughoutthecountry.Inthisway,annually80mil

181、liontonsofstandardcoalequivalentcanbesavedandadditionallyproduced.Methane-generatingpitsforagriculturaluseweredugtobenefit5.69millionhouseholdsandfuel-savingstoveswereinusein170millionhouseholds.2021/8/2279v-Pollutionpreventionandcontrolintownshipenterpriseshavebeenstrengthened.Townshipenterprisesar

182、eastrongmainstayoftheChineseruraleconomyandanimportantsectorofthenationaleconomy.Becauseoftheirrapiddevelopment,theenvironmentalproblemstheycausedattractedtheseriousattentionoftheChinesegovernmentandpeople.Inthepastdecade,environmentalmanagementandpollutionpreventionandcontrolintownshipenterprisesha

183、vemadesomeprogress.Inareasalongtheeasterncoast,thetechnicalandequipmentlevelsoftownshipenterpriseshavebeengraduallyraised.Centralizedpollutioncontrolhasbeencarriedout,alongwithconstructionofsmalltowns,townshipenterpriseszonesandeconomicdevelopmentzones.Allthesestepshaveseen2021/8/2280vcertainoutcome

184、s.ZhangjiagangCityinJiangsuProvinceisspurringitseconomytodeveloprapidlywhilepayingdueattentiontopreventionofenvironmentalpollutionbytownshipenterprises.Ithasthusrealizedacoordinateddevelopmentofboththeenvironmentandtheeconomy.Inthecentralandwesternareastownshipenterpriseshavebeenactivelyguided,aided

185、andsupervisedtopreventenvironmentalpollutionspreading.Itshouldbepointedoutthatenvironmentalprotectioninareasoftownshipenterprisesisstillanarduoustask,andthatthegovernmentwillkeepguidingthemtodevelopinahealthyway,preventingandalleviatingenvironmentalpollutionthroughreinforcedenvironmentalmanagement.2

186、021/8/2281v-Developmentofgreenandorganicfoodsiswelcomed.Inordertomeetthepeoplesincreasingdemandsforhigh-qualityfood,andtoprotectagriculturalnaturalresourcesandtheecologicalenvironment,relevantdepartmentsbeganin1990todevelopgreenfood,featuringpollution-free,safe,high-qualityandnutritiouscontents.Byth

187、eendof1995atotalof568sortsofgreenfoodhadbeendeveloped,manyofthembecomingwell-knownproducts.Sincethestartofthedevelopmentofgreenfood,1.13millionhectaresoflandhavebeenwellprotected.In1995agovernmentdepartmentpublishedtheProceduresontheAdministrationofOrganic(Natural)FoodLabelling.Organic(natural)foodu

188、npollutedbychemicalfertilizersandfarmchemicalshasnowappearedinChina.2021/8/2282vV. Protection of the Ecological Environment and Biodiversity The Chinese government regards ecological environmental protection as the focal point of its environmental protection work. Through protracted efforts the coun

189、try has made outstanding achievements in the protection and nurturing of the ecological environment.2021/8/2283v-Achievementshavebeenmadeinafforestation.Sincethe1950stheChinesegovernmenthasorganizedlarge-scaletreeplantingactivitiesandsteppedupeffortsforthefostering,protectionandmanagementofforestres

190、ourcesandconsequentlyhasmadegreatprogressinrationalutilizationofforestresources.Sincethereformandopeninguptheafforestationeffortshavebeenquickened,withthequantityincreasedannuallyandthequalityimprovedcontinuously,thusbasicallyeliminatingthedeficitinforestreserveswhichhadexistedforalongperiod,whileth

191、egrowthofforestshasbeguntoexceedconsumption.Asaresult,theeraofincreasebothinforestacreageandreservehasdawnedonthecountry.Currently,Chinasforestareatotals134millionhectares,whichbringsthecountrysforestcoverupto13.92percent.Artificialafforestationcovers33.79millionhectares.Volunteershavecontributedato

192、talof4.4billionperson-timestoplanting23billiontrees.Once-barrenmountainssuitablefortreeplantingin12provincesandautonomousregionsarenowclothedwithgreenery.2021/8/2284vThegovernmenthaspaidspecialattentiontotheconstructionofforestecologicalprojects.Since1978Chinahasestablishedtenforestecologicalproject

193、s,withascheduledafforestationareaof120millionhectares-aimedmainlyatprotectingandimprovingthenaturaleco-environmentandrealizingthesustainableuseofnaturalresources.Theseprojectsare:thethreenorthsshelterbelts(thewesternareaofNortheast,andthenorthernpartsofNorthandNorthwestChina),theshelterbeltsalongthe

194、upperandmiddlereachesoftheYangtzeRiver,thecoastalshelterbelts,theplainfarmlandshelterbelts,theTaihangMountainsafforestationproject,theanti-desertificationproject,theshelterbeltsforcomprehensivecontrolintheHuaiheRiverandTaihuLakebasins,theshelterbeltsforcomprehensivecontrolinthePearlRiverbasin,theshe

195、lterbeltsforcomprehensivecontrolintheLiaoheRiverbasin,andtheshelterbeltsalongthemiddlereachesoftheYellowRiver.Currently,thethreenorthsshelterbeltsprojecthasfinisheditsfirstandsecondphases,resultinginanewlyafforestedareaof18.51millionhectaresandincreasingtheforestcoverfrom5.05to8.2percent.Thisproject

196、hasturned2021/8/2285vmorethan40,000sqkmofbarrenlandintogreenlandandmorethan1.3millionhectaresofdesertlandintofarmland,pasturesandorchards.Twelvepercentofthetotaldesertifiedlandhasbeenworkedon,and10percentofithasbeenbroughtundercontrol,morethan11millionhectaresoffarmlandhavebeenprotectedbyforestnetwo

197、rks,while8.93millionhectaresofgrasslandhavebeenrestored,resultingina20-oddpercentincreaseingrassoutput.Theagriculturaleco-environmentinonethirdofthecountiescoveredbythethreenorthsprojecthasenteredabenigncircle.TheshelterbeltsprojectalongtheupperandmiddlereachesoftheYangtzeRiverhasyieldedatotalofmore

198、than5.46millionhectaresofnewlyplantedforestinsevenyears.Agrandtotalof1.6millionhectaresofforesthasappearedsincecoastalshelterbeltsprojectwaslaunchedinanall-roundwayin1991,whichbasicallycoversthe18,000-kilometer-longcoastline.Atotalof769countiesorcitiescoveredbytheplainfarmlandshelterbeltshavereached

199、theirtree-plantinggoals,accountingfor84percentofthetotal918countiesintheplainareas.TheTaihangMountainsafforestationprojecthasalreadyproducedatotalof1.02millionhectaresofafforestedareasinceitwaslaunchedin1994.Theabovelarge-scaleeco-systemconstructionprojectshavegraduallyimprovedtheeco-environmentinac

200、onsiderablenumberofareas.2021/8/2286v-Grasslandconstructionhasmadeprogressinthephasalsense.TheprotectionandmanagementofgrasslandresourcesisreinforcedbygovernmentsatalllevelsinlinewiththeGrasslandLaw,andactivitiessuchasunauthorizedreclamation,excessivediggingandovergrazingareforbidden.Withthecombined

201、effortsofthestate,thecollectiveandindividiuals,grasslandconstructionandcontrolovergrasslanddesertificationanddeteriorationhavebeenstrengthened.Accordingtostatistics,thetotalareaofartificiallysowngrassandimprovedmeadowshasreached11.757millionhectares,andthatoffencedmeadows,8.333millionhectares.The49k

202、eycomprehensivedemonstrationprojectsforgrasslandstockbreedingconstructedbythestatehavemadegreatachievements.Bytheendof1994atotalof5.638millionhectaresofartificiallysowngrasshadbeencompleted,whichhasblazedanewtrailfordevelopinganimalhusbandryandecologicalenvironmentalprotectionintheareaswitharidandde

203、sertifiedlandandthosewithserioussoilerosion.2021/8/2287v-Marineenvironmentalprotectionhasbeenstrengthened.MarineenvironmentalprotectionisamajorcomponentofChinasenvironmentalprotectionefforts,asthecountryhasavastmaritimeterritory.Aseriesoflawsandregulationsconcerningmarineenvironmentalprotectionhasbe

204、enpublished,andanationwidemarineenvironmentmonitoringnetworkhasbeensetup.Coastalwatershavebeendividedupintozonesforadministrationandeffectiveenvironmentalmanagementispracticedforoffshoreconstructionprojects,offshorepetroleumexploitationandwastesdisposalsothatmarinepollutionandresourcesdestructionare

205、takenwellinhand,andeffortshavebeenmadetopreventredtideandprotectoffshorefisheryresources.Bytheendof199514national-levelmarinenaturereserveshadbeensetup.ThewaterqualityinmostofChinasmaritimezonesandthesurroundingecologicalenvironmenthavebeenbasicallykeptingoodcondition.2021/8/2288vTheChinesegovernmen

206、thasforalongtimemadeunremittingeffortsforbiodiversityconservation,formulatingtheChinaProgramforNatureConservationandChinasActionPlanfortheConservationofBiodiversiity,containingthepolicy,strategyandkeyfieldsandpriorityprojectsforbiodiversityconservation.vChinahasadoptedtheon-siteconservationandoff-si

207、tepreservationmethodstoprotectbiodiversity.Currently,thereare612national-levelrareandendangeredspeciesoffloraandfaunalistedaskeyprotectionspecies,including258speciesofwildanimalsand354speciesofplants.Artificialreproductionhasbeensuccessfullyimplementedformorethan60speciesofrareandendangeredwildanima

208、ls,andthroughpropagation,suchspeciesasDavidsdeer,wildhorseandsaigatataricahavebeenre-introduced.2021/8/2289vEstablishingnaturereservesisthemosteffectivemethodfortheinsituconservationofwildplantsandanimals.Bytheendof1995799naturereservesofratherdiversifiedtypes,coveringatotalareaof71.85millionhectare

209、s(or7.19percentofChinasterritory)hadbeenestablishedinChina.Thereare99national-levelreserves,ofwhichten-JilinsChangbaiMountains,SichuansWolong,GuizhousFanjingMountains,HubeisShennongjia,FujiansWuyiMountains,XinjiangsMt.Bogda,GuangdongsDinghuMountains,InnerMongoliasXilingol,JiangsusYanchengandYunnansX

210、ishuangbanna-havebeenlistedintheInternationalNetworkofMenandBiosphereReserves.Anothersixnaturereserves-ZhalonginHeilongjiang,XianghaiinJilin,BoyangLakeinJiangxi,East2021/8/2290vDongtingLakeinHunan,BirdIslandinQinghaiandDongzhaiHarborinHainan-havebeenincludedinthelistoftheworldsimportantwetlands.Atpr

211、esent,atotalof512historicandscenicsiteshasbeendesignated,ofwhich119areatthenationallevel,256attheprovincialleveland137atthecityorcountylevel,coveringatotalareaof9.6millionhectares.Forestparkstotal710,ofwhich248areatthenationallevel.ScenicspotsatHuangshanMountain,Wulingyuan,JiuzhaigouandHuanglongarel

212、istedaspartsoftheworldnaturalandculturalheritagebytheUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization.Theestablishmentofnaturereserveshasputanumberofrepresentativeandtypicalnaturaleco-systemswithscientificresearchvalueaswellasrareandendangeredspeciesundereffectiveprotection.2021/8/2291vEst

213、ablishingzoologicalgardens,botanicalgardensandvariousartificialbreedingcentersisaneffectivemethodforoff-sitepreservationofvariousspeciesofwildanimalsandplants.Bytheendof1995Chinahadsetup175zoologicalgardensandzoologicalexhibitionsitesinpublicparks,227artificialbreedingcentersforwildanimals,morethan6

214、0largebotanicalgardensand255wildplantgeneandcellbankstoensurethecontinuationofrareandendangeredspeciesofplantsandanimals,includingthegiantpanda,Chinesealligator,Chinesesturgeon,white-flagdolphin,Manchuriantiger,crestedibis,Cathaysilverfir,dovetree,Cycasrevolutaandcamelliachrysanthatuyama.Inaddition,

215、Chinahasestablishedsomedozenspecimencenters,onegenebankandtwocellbanksforwildanimals,whichhavehelpedgeneticpolymorphismresearchandpreservationwork.Themedicinaluseofandtradeinrhinoceroshornandtigerbonearestrictlyprohibitedbythegovernment,andtheillegalhuntingofrarewildanimalsisseverelypunishedbylaw.20

216、21/8/2292vThegovernmenthasplacedmuchstressonthepreservationofthegeneticmaterialsfromdomesticanimalsandfowls,aswellasgermplasmaresourcesfromcrops.Thereare596speciesoflivestockandpoultryinChina,ofwhichover70percentarenativespecies.Thegovernmenthasappropriatedspecialfundsforpreservationofsomeendangered

217、orsharplydiminishingspeciesoflivestockandpoultryandestablishedagermplasmagenebankforlivestockforagegrass.Chinahadinitiallyformedapreservationsystemforgermplasmaresourcesfromcrops,includingonenationalgermplasmabankforlong-termpreservationandaduplicateone,23localgermplasmabanksformid-termpreservation,

218、and25nationalgermplasmanurseries,ofwhichtwoarefortest-tubeculture.ThegermplasmaresourcesofmostagriculturalplantsinChinaarepreserved,including330,000specimensofgermplasmaforvariousspeciesofcrops,ofwhich300,000haveduplicates.2021/8/2293vThegovernmentalsoattachesgreatimportancetotheenvironmentalprotect

219、ionoftheTibetAutonomousRegion.TheenvironmentalqualityinTibettodayhasbeenkeptinanexcellentcondition.Theatmosphericenvironmenttherehasattainedthestatesfirst-levelqualityandthewaterqualityofmajorriversandlakesisalsohigherthanthenationalstandardforthesurfacewatersenvironmentalquality.Forestsandgrassland

220、sareundereffectivepreservation.TheforestareainTibettotals7.17millionhectaresandthestumpage,2.084billioncubicmeters.Thetotalgrasslandareaamountsto82.07millionhectares,ofwhich70.77millionhectaresareusable.Withanelevationof4,700meters,NamcoLakehasbecomeanaturalhabitatforrarewaterbirdslikeswans,egretsan

221、dsandbirds.2021/8/2294vViewedoverall,however,manyproblemsstillexist-theshortageoftheforestarea,grasslanddegradation,soilerosion,desertificationanddifficultiesintheprotectionofrareandendangeredspeciesofwildanimalsandplants.Thus,thefurtherstrengtheningofthepreservationoftheecologicalenvironmentandbiod

222、iversityremainsanimportanttaskfortheChinesegovernmenttotackle.2021/8/2295vVI. Environmental Science and Technology, and Environmental Publicity and Education Through adopting the strategy of relying on science and education to rejuvenate the nation, China has made certain achievements in actively ac

223、celerating the development of environmental science and technology, as follows:2021/8/2296v-Theresearchspectrumofenvironmentalscienceandtechnologyhasbeensteadilybroadened.ResearchintoenvironmentalscienceandtechnologyinChinabeganinthe1970s.Asanimportantpartofscientificandtechnologicalwork,itisputinap

224、ositionofimportancebythegovernment.ForsomemajorenvironmentalresearchsubjectstheChinesegovernmenthasformulatedcorrespondingresearchprogramsandplansforenvironmentalprotectionwhileorganizingforcestotacklekeyscientificandtechnologicalproblems.Besides,Chinahasexpandeditsresearchintocomprehensivepreventio

225、nandcontrolofregionalenvironmentalpollution,environmentalbackgroundvaluesandenvironmentalcapacity,pollutioncontroltechnologyandglobalenvironmentalproblems.Asaresult,thecountryhasmadesubstantialscientificandtechnologicalachievementsinsomeresearchareas,suchasthecomprehensivepreventionandcontrolofBeiji

226、ngs2021/8/2297venvironmentalpollution,thecapacityoftheatmosphericenvironment,thebackgroundvalueandenvironmentalcapacityofthenationsmajorsoils,aciddepositionanditsimpactandcontrol,theforecastingandmonitoringoftheinfluenceofthechangesintheglobalclimateandcorrespondingcountermeasures,thedepollutionofco

227、al,andthecontrolofairpollution.Chinahasalsodevelopedresearchinsuchfieldsasregionalenvironimentalimpactassessment,environmentalmanagementandenvironmentaleconomy,environmentalmonitoringtechnologyandequipment,theprotectionofnaturalecology,andtherelationshipbetweentheenvironmentandpeopleshealth.Thisprov

228、idesscientificbasisandtechnologicalsupportforenvironmentalmanagement,thepreventionandcontrolofpollution,andecologicalprotection.2021/8/2298v-Thenumbersofresearchinstitutesandpersonnelengagedinenvironmentalprotectionhavebeensteadilyincreased.Bytheendof1995some390scientificresearchbodiesengagedinenvir

229、onmentalprotectionhadbeenestablishednationwide,staffedbymorethan20,000researchandmanagerialpersonnel.AcomprehensivescientificresearchsystemcomposedoftheChineseAcademyofSciences,competentdepartmentsofdifferenttrades,collegesanduniversities,andtheenvironmentalprotectiondepartmentsisbasicallyinplace.20

230、21/8/2299v-Workregardingthescreening,evaluationandpopularizationoftheoptimumandpracticaltechnologyforenvironmentalprotectionhasbeenorganized.Thepopularizationoftheoptimumandpracticaltechnologyisanimportantmeasuretoexpeditethetransformationofenvironmentalscientificandtechnologicalachievementsintothec

231、apabilityofactualpollutionpreventionandcontrol.DuringtheEighthFive-YearPlanperiod,1,316kindsofpracticaltechnologywererecommendednationwide,and438ofthemwereappraisedastheoptimumitemsofpracticaltechnology.Amongthem,385kindshavebeenputintousein140,000units,resultinginreducedemissionofthethreewastesande

232、xcellenteconomicreturns.2021/8/22100v-Thedevelopmentoftheenvironmentalprotectionindustryhasbeenfostered.Thisnewlyemergingindustryinvolvesthedevelopmentoftechnology,manufacturingofproducts,circulationofcommodities,utilizationofresources,provisionofinformation,andundertakingofcontractedprojects.Chinag

233、ivesprioritytothedevelopmentoftheenvironmentalprotectionindustry,withtheguidelinesofactivelyfostering,adjustingthestructure,relyingonscienceandtechnology,improvingquality,orientingtothemarketandprovidingexcellentservices.Preferentialpoliciesaregiventoinvestment,prices,taxes,etc.,toencouragethedevelo

234、pmentoftheenvironmentalprotectionindustry.Ageneralsurveyofthenationsenvironmentalprotectionindustry,theresultsofwhichweremadepublicinMay1996,showsthatthereare8,651unitsengagedintheenvironmentalprotectionindustry,whichisstaffedby1.882millionpeopleandboasts45.011billionyuanworthoffixedassets,anannualo

235、utputvalueof31.148billionyuanand4.091billionyuaninprofits.2021/8/22101v-Thedevelopmentofenvironmentallabelshasenteredthestageofimplementation.InMarch1993Chinabegantocarryoutaplanforenvironmentlabelling.ByApril1996theenvironmentallabelcertificationworkhadbeendevelopedin11categoriesofproducts,and35kin

236、dsofproductsfrom21enterpriseshadbeenawardedenvironmentallabels.Astheenvironmentally-labelledproductsentermillionsofhouseholdstheenvironmentallabelwillexertagrowinginfluenceinsociety.vTheChinesegovernmentregardsitastrategictasktoactivelydevelopenvironmentalpublicityandeducationandtoraisethenationscon

237、sciousnessabouttheimportanceofenvironmentalprotection.2021/8/22102v-Chinastrivestopopularizeenvironmentalprotectionknowledgeamongthepeopleandraisetheirconsciousnessaboutenvironmentalprotectionandgraduallytocultivatefineenvironmentalethicsandcodesofconduct.Asearlyasinthe1970s,popularsciencetextbookso

238、nenvironmentalprotectionwerecompiledortranslatedintoChinesetowidelyintroduceenvironmentalprotectionknowledgeandenlightenthepeopleonsuchknowledge.Sincethe1980slarge-scalepublicityactivitieshavebeenorganizedalloverthecountryeveryyearonWorldEnvironmentDay,TreePlantingDay,LovetheBirdsWeek,etc.Inrecentye

239、arstheChinesemediahasbeenfurtherpromotingpublicityandreportsonenvironmentalprotection.Virtuallyallnewspapers,radioandTVstationsfrequentlyofferenvironmental2021/8/22103vprotectionprograms,and,inparticular,themediapaysspecialattentiontoseverelypollutedareasandunits.Since1993themediasChinaTrans-century

240、EnvironmentalProtectionInspectionCampaign,centeredonnewsaboutenvironmentallawenforcement,hasarousedanationwideresponceandacceleratedthesolutiontoanumberofmajorenvironmentalproblems.Meanwhile,thevariousprovincesandcitieshavealsodevelopedsuchactivities.Inthepastthreeyears,1,500journalistsfrom750newsun

241、itshaveparticipatedintheseactivities,engenderingmorethan10,000newsarticles.Ofthese,televisionnewsitemsaloneaccountedfor1,600.2021/8/22104vIn1983Chinaestablishedthefirstnational-levelprofessionalnewspaperonenvironmentalprotectionintheworld-theChinaEnvironmentNews,withanannualcirculationofnearly300,00

242、0copies.In1980theChinaEnvironmentalSciencePresswasestablished.By1995ithadpublishedoverfivemillioncopiesofbooksof860titlesontheenvironment.Since1990theChinaEnvironmentYearbookhasbeenpublished,anditsEnglishversionalsopublishedsince1994.Besides,therearemorethan30localenvironmentalnewspapersandseveralhu

243、ndredprofessionalperiodicals.2021/8/22105vTheChinesegovernmentencouragesthewholeofsocietytoparticipateinenvironmentalpublicityandeducationactivities.Inrecentyearstheenvironmentalprotectiondepartments,educationaldepartments,culturaldepartments,newsunits,organizationsforwomenandyouth,scientificassocia

244、tionsandacademicsocietieshavealldevelopedtheirownenvironmentalpublicityandeducationalactivities,highlightedbythefollowingaspects:2021/8/22106v-Highereducationhasprovidedagreatnumberofscientific,technologicalandmanagerialpersonnelforenvironimentalprotectionwork.Atotalof140collegesanduniversities,incl

245、udingBeijingUniversity,QinghuaUniversity,thePeoplesUniversityofChina,BeijingNormalUniversity,NanjingUniversity,TongjiUniversityandWuhanUniversity,allhavedepartmentsoformajorsinenvironmentalstudies,withatotalof206unitshavingtheauthorityofawardingbachelorsdegrees.ApprovedbytheAcademicDegreesCommitteeu

246、ndertheStateCouncil,thereare223unitsgrantingmastersdegreesin51majorsconcerningtheenvironment,77unitsgrantingdoctoratesin39majors,andseveralpostdoctoratepositions.Furthermore,morethan40specializedsecondaryschoolsandover100vocationalhighschoolsalsoofferenvironmentalcourses.Overthepast20years,largenumb

247、ersofspecialiststrainedbyChinasprofessionalenvironmentaleducationhavebecomeasignificantforceintheenvironmentalprotectionfield.2021/8/22107v-On-the-jobtraininghasenhancedthequalityofenvironmentalmanagerialpersonnel.In1981theEnvironmentalAdministrativePersonnelTrainingCollegewasestablishedforthepurpos

248、eofofferingon-the-jobtraining,continuingeducationandacademic-leveleducationtoadministrativepersonnelintheenvironmentalprotectiondepartmentsthroughoutthecountry.Bytheendof1995over5,200traineeshadcompletedcoursesthere.Theseskill-enhancedtraineesareplayinganimportantroleinpromotingthenationsenvironment

249、alprotectionwork.Moreover,proceedingfromtheactualneeds,varioustypesofenvironmentaltrainingclassesandsymposiumshavebeenheldbyvariouslocalitiesanddepartmentsconcerned.Statisticsshowthatoverthepastdecade,morethan10,000trainingclasseshavebeenheldattendedbyover400,000persons.2021/8/22108v-Basicenvironmen

250、taleducationhascultivatedandenhancedyoungpeoplesenvironmentalconsciousness.Inrecentyears,environmentaleducationhasbeenofferedinhighschools,primaryschoolsandkindergartensthroughoutthecountrytocultivatethechildrensloving-the-naturequalityandsenseofresponsibilityforenvironmentalprotection.vChinaisapopu

251、louscountrywithunderdevelopededucationandthenationsconsciousnessabouttheenvironmentremainstobefurtherenhanced.Therefore,itwillbealong-term,arduoustasktodowellinenvironmentalpublicityandeducationinChina.2021/8/22109vVII. Taking Vigorous Action to Promote International Cooperation in Environmental Pro

252、tection China consistently holds that economic development should be coordinated with environmental protection; protection of the environment is a common task for mankind, but the economically developed countries should take more responsibility in this respect. It always maintains that the strengthe

253、ning of international cooperation should be based on respecting national sovereignty, the protection of the environment and the spurring of development can not be done without peace and stability in the world, and both practical interests of various countries and long-term interests of the world sho

254、uld be considered in handling environmental problems.2021/8/22110vWhileaseriesofmeasuresforsolvingitsownenvironmentalproblemsarebeingtakenChinahasparticipated,activelyandinapracticalmanner,ininternationalcooperationintheenvironmentalprotectionfieldandmadesustainedeffortstopromoteglobalenvironmentalp

255、rotectionasacommontaskofmankind.vChinasupportsandactivelyparticipatesintheenvironmentalactivitieslaunchedbytheUNorganizations.ChinahasbeenamemberstateofthesuccessiveUNEnvironmentProgramGoverningCouncilandfruitfulcooperationhasbeencarriedoutbetweenChinaandtheUNEP.In1979ChinajoinedtheUNEPsGlobalEnviro

256、nmentMonitoringSystem,InternationalRegistryofPotentiallyToxicChemicalsandInternationalEnvironmentalInformationSystem.In1987ahead-officeforresearchandtrainingininternationaldesertificationcontrolwasestablishedbytheUNEPinLanzhou,capitalofnorthwestChinasGansuProvince.Chinahaspasseditsexperiencesandtech

257、niquesoncontrollingdesertification2021/8/22111vandbuildingecologicalagricultureontomanycountriesthroughtheUNEP.By1996atotalof18unitsorpersonsinChinahadwontheGlobal500titleawardedbytheUNEP.GoodcooperativerelationshipshavebeenforgedbetweenChinaandtheUNDevelopmentProgram,theWorldBank,theAsianDevelopmen

258、tBankandotherinternationalorganizations.Atpresent,aneffectivemodeofcooperationfortheuseandmanagementofmultilateralfundsoftheMontrealProtocolonSubstancesThatDepletetheOzoneLayerandtheGlobalEnvironmentalFacilityaswellasloansfromtheWorldBankandtheAsianDevelopmentBankhasbeenestablished.Thishasplayedanac

259、tiveroleinpromotingpreventionandcontrolofChinaspollutionandinimprovingenvironmentalmanagementability.ChinaisamemberoftheUNCommitteeonSustainableDevelopment,setupin1993,andhasplayedaconstructiveroleinthishigh-levelpoliticalforumontheglobalenvironmentanddevelopment.Chinahaskeptaclosecooperativerelatio

260、nshipwiththeUNEconomicandSocialCommissionforAsiaandthePacificandotherrelevantorganizations,andhasmadecontributionstoenvironmentalcausesandthedevelopmentoftheAsianandPacificregionsthroughparticipatingintheNortheastAsiaenvironmentalcooperation,theNorthwestPacificActionPlan,andtheRegionalCoordinatingUn

261、itfortheEastAsianSeasActionPlan.2021/8/22112vChinahasactivelydevelopedbilateralcooperationinthefieldofenvironmentalprotection.Overthepastten-oddyearsChinahassuccessivelysignedbilateralenvironmentalprotectioncooperationagreementsandmemorandumsofunderstandingwiththeUnitedStates,theDemocraticPeoplesRep

262、ublicofKorea,Canada,India,theRepublicofKorea,Japan,Mongolia,Russia,Germany,Australia,Ukraine,Finland,Norway,Denmark,andtheNetherlands.Exchangesandcooperationhavebeencarriedoutinenvironmentalplanningandmanagement,globalenvironmentproblems,pollutioncontrolandpreivention,protectionofforestsandwildanima

263、lsandplants,marineenvironment,climatechange,airpollution,acidrainandsewagedisposalandimportantachievementshavebeenmadeintheserespects.ChinahasalsotakenpartintheGlobalLearningandObservationtoBenefittheEnvironment,asproposedbytheUnitedStates.2021/8/22113vInordertopromotefurtherinternationalcooperation

264、intheenvironmentanddevelopmentfield,ChinasetuptheChinaCouncilforInternationalCooperationonEnvironmentandDevelopmentinApril1992,composedofmorethan40leadingspecialistsandwell-knownpublicfiguresfromChinaandothercountries,toberesponsibleforsubmittingpropoisalsandadvisoryopinionstotheChinesegovernment.Th

265、eCouncilhasputforwardvaluableconcreteproposalsonenergyandtheenvironment,biodiversityprotection,ecologicalagriculture,resourcesaccountingandthepricingsystem,publicparticipationandtheimplementationoftheenvironmentlawsandregulations,whichhavearousedtheattentionandresponseoftheChinesegovernment.2021/8/2

266、2114vChinatookanactivepartinthepreparationsforandinattendingtheUNConferenceonEnvironmentandDevelopment.ItmadegreateffortsforthesmoothconveningoftheConference.ChinahastakenpartinallthepreparatorymeetingsoftheConferenceandplayedaconstructiveroleindiscussionsandnegotiationsconcerninginternationalenviro

267、nmentconventions.InJune1991theMinisterialConferenceofDevelopingCountriesonEnvironmentandDevelopment,proposedbyChinaandheldinBeijing,wasparticipatedinby41developingcountries,andtheBeijingDeclarationpublishedbyitsetforththeprincipledstandofthedevelopingcountriesonenvironmentanddevelopment,makingsubsta

268、ntialcontributionstothepreparationoftheUNConference.InlinewiththerequirementsofthefirstmeetingofthePreparatoryCommitteefortheUNConferenceonEnvironmentandDevelopment,ChinaworkedouttheReportontheEnvironmentandDevelopmentofthePeoplesRepublicofChina,whichgaveanoverallexpositiononthecurrentsituationofChi

269、nasenvironmentanddevelopment,putforwardstrategicmeasuresforcoordinateddevelopmentofChinasenvironmentandeconomyandsetforthChinasprincipledstandontheproblemsoftheglobalenvironment,whichhavereceivedfavorablecommentsfromthe2021/8/22115vinternationalcommunity.InJune1992SongJian,statecounciloranddirectoro

270、ftheEnvironmentalProtectionCommissionoftheStateCouncil,ledadelegationfromtheChinesegovernmenttotheUNConferenceonEnvironmentandDevelopment.ChinasPremierLiPengwaspresentatthesummitmeetingoftheConferenceandmadeanimportantspeechproposingthestrengtheningofinternationalcooperationinthefieldofenvironmentan

271、ddevelopment,winningpositivecommentsfromtheinternationalcommunity.OnbehalfoftheChinesegovernment,LiPengtooktheleadinsigningtheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeandtheConventiononBiologicalDiverisity,exertingapositiveinfluenceonthemeeting.2021/8/22116vSince1979Chinahassignedaseriesofinte

272、rnationalenvironmentalconventionsandagreements,includingtheConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpeciesofWildFaunaandFlora,InternationalConventionfortheRegulationofWhaling,ViennaConventionfortheProtectionoftheOzoneLayer,BaselConventiononControlofTransboundaryMovementsofHazardousWastesandTheirDi

273、sposal,MontrealProtocolonSubstancesThatDepletetheOzoneLayer(revisedversion),FrameworkConventiononClimateChange,ConventiononBiologicalDiversity,ConventiononCombatingDesertification,ConventiononWetlandsofInternationalImportanceEspeciallyasWaterfowlHabitat,and1972LondonConvention.2021/8/22117vChinaalwa

274、ysconscientiouslycarriesoutitsresponsibilitiesforinternationalenvironmentalconventionsandagreementswhichithassigned,approvedorjoined.UndertheguidanceofChinasAgenda21,inordertoconscientiouslyundertakeitspromiseddutiesChinahasworkedoutsomeimportantdocumentsandstateprogramsoractionplans,includingthe21s

275、tCenturyAgendaonEnvironmentalProtection,ActionPlanfortheConservationofBiodiversity,ActionPlanforForestryinthe21stCenturyAgenda,andthe21stCenturyMarineAgenda.TheChinesegovernmentapprovedtheStatePlanforGraduallyEliminatingSubistancesThatDepletetheOzoneLayerwhichputforwardaplanandpolicyframeworkforelim

276、inatingcontrolledmaterialsaswellasmeasuresforcontrollingorbanningtheproductionandextensiveuseofsubstanceswhichdepletetheozonelayer.InJuly1994,withthesupportoftheUNDevelopmentProgram,theChinesegovernmentsuccessfullyheldinBeijingtheHigh-levelInternationalRound-TableConferenceonAgenda21,whichcontribute

277、dtothepromotionofthenationssustainabledevelopment.Toprovidelegalbasisforpreventingenvironmentalpollutionbytheimportationofwastes,inNovember1995ChinapublishedtheEmergencyAnnouncementonStrictlyControllingTrans-BoundaryMovementofWastestoChina,andinMarch1996itpublishedtheProvisionalRegulationsonEnvironm

278、entalProtectionandManagementofWastesImportation.2021/8/22118vChinaEnvironmentaIProtectionFoundation(CEPF)wasfoundedonApril27,1993.ItisthefirstNon-govermentFoundationdedicatedtoenvironmentalprotectioninChina.Prof.QuGeping,theFirstAdministrationforChinaNationalEnvir-onmentalProtectionAgency(NEPA),andt

279、hePresidentfortheEnvironmentalProtectionAndNaturalResourcesConservationCommitteeOfTheChinaNationaIPeopIesCongress,isthePresidentfortheBoardofDirectorsofChinaEnvironmentaIPro-tectionFoundation.TheUnitedNationsawardedProf.QuGepingtheEnvironmentalPrizeforhisoutstandingContributionandleadershipforChinas

280、environmentaIprotectionattheUNCon-ferenceonEnvironmentandDevelopmentheIsinRiodeJaneiro,BrazilIn1992.AfterReceivingtheprizeofUSdoIler100,000,Prof.QuGepingdecidedtodonatethewholemoneyandproposedtoestablishtheChinaEnvironmentalProtectionFoundation.Thisproposalhadbeenwidelysupported.Mr.WanLi,formerChair

281、manoftheStandingCommitteeoftheChinaNationalPeoplesCongr-ess,andMr.HuangHua,formerVice-PremieroftheStateCouncilandForeignMinisteraretheHonoraryPresidentsofCEPF.Anumberofexperts,schoIarsandceIebritiesfromChinaandabroadwereappointedtobetheCEPFspeciaIadvisors.2021/8/22119vThesupremeorganoftheCEPFistheBo

282、ardofDirectors,whichiscomposedofcelebritiesofbothChinaandabroad,andreprese-ntativesfromgovemments,socialorganizationsandenteprises.UndertheleadershipoftheBoardofDirectors,CEPFhassetupstrictrulesforfundraising,managementanduse.Alloftheseactivitieshavetocomplywiththestatelawsandregulations,andshoudbes

283、ubjecttothesupervisionbytherelevantgovemmentagencies,donorsandtheindividualsbothChinaandabroad.lnaccordancewiththeprincipleoffromthepeople,forthepeopleandthebenefitsthemankind,theCEPFgivesthegreateffortstoraisefundthroughdifferentmeansandchanneIsforencourag-ingandcommendingtheorganizationsandindivid

284、ualswhohavemadeoutstandingcontinuecontributionstoenvironmentalprotection,tosponsorvariousactivitiesandprojects,andtopromoteacademicandtechnicalexchangeandcooperationwithothercountriesinthefieIdofenvironmentprotectionandecosystemconservationinChina.2021/8/22120vEnvironmentalprotectionisapubliccauseof

285、far-reachingsignifi-cance.Whileeveryoneisentitledtoabeautifulenvironment,suchanenvironmentneedspubliccareandprotection.TheCEPFdesiretohavefriendlyexchangesandcollaborationwithsocialorganiza-tionsandindividuaIsbothathomeandabroad,setuprelationshipsofmutualsupportandcooperation,andworktogetherwiththem

286、forenvironmentalpretectiononwhichthemankinddependsforsurvivaI,2021/8/22121首届中华环境奖颁奖仪式中华绿色版图工程启动仪式时间：2001年9、18地点：北京人大会堂中华绿色版图工程纪念活动及东西部环保启动活动2002、8、25陕西西安2021/8/22122中华绿色版图工程送一片绿色到密云水库，还一波清水给北京城区人民2002、4、14北京密云中华绿色版图工程珠江流域采水行2002、3、6珠江流域中华绿色版图工程粤黔百校环保活动2002、3、12广州市2021/8/22123v4.DetailsinthetextvWhyd

287、idRachelCarsonwritetheSilentSpring?Whatsthecontentofit?BecauseshefeltthatthewondersofNaturearepreciousandpermanent,andmuchofNaturewasforeverbeyondthedestructionofman.Butthenshediscoveredshewaswrong.ShelearnedwithsadnessthatlittleinNatureistrulybeyondthetamperingreachofman.Then,ShewrotethebookSilentS

288、pringtosoundastartlingwarmingtomankindandthebookshowedquiteclearlythatmanwasendangeringhimselfandeverythingelseonthisplanetbyhisindiscriminateuseofchemicalpesticides.Ashertitlesuggests,MissCarsonwassayingthattheremightcomeaspringtimethatwouldindeedbesilentbecausethebirds,aswellasothercreatures,andpl

289、antswouldhavebeendestroyedbytheman-madepoisonsusedtokillcrop-threatedinginsects.2021/8/22124vOutline:vPara.1-Para8DescriptionofatypicalAmericantownwhichisextremelybeautifuluntilitisdestroyedbychemicals.vPara9-Para25WhattheauthorthinksitisthatcausesthechangevVocabularyandGrammar1.Thetownlayinthemidst

290、ofprosperousfarms,where,inspring,whitecloudsofbloomdriftedabovethegreenfields.vWhitecloudsofbloom:whiteflow-shapedclouds/whitecloudsthatlookedlikeflowers2.Inautumn,oakandmapleandbirthsetupablazeofcolorthatflamedandflickeredacrossabackgroundofpines.vAblazeofcolor:animpressiveandnoticeableshowofcolors

291、.2021/8/22125v3.WhenthefloodofmigrantswaspouringthroughvPourthrough:tocomeorgosomewherecontinuouslyinlargenumbers.v3.thensomeevilspellsettledonthecommunity:mysteriousdiseasesswepttheflocksofchickens;thecattleandsheepsickenedanddied.vAflockofchicken/sheep/tourists;aherdofcattle/elephantsvP332.5v4.Can

292、anyonebelieveitispossibletolaydownsuchalargenumberofpoisonsonthesurfaceoftheearthwithoutmakingitunfitforalllife?vThisisarhetoricalquestionv5.thewholeprocessofsprayingseemscaughtupinanendlessspiralvbecaughtupin:tobecomeinvolvedin,oftenagainstyourwishes,e.gvanendlessspiral:aprocessofnever-ending,conti

293、nuousupwardmovement2021/8/22126v6.DarwinsprincipleofthesurvivalofthefittestvInhisOntheOriginofSpecies,Darwindevelopedhistheoryofevolution.Accordingtothistheory,plantsandanimalsthatarenaturallysuitableforlifeintheirenvironmentwillcontinuetoliveanddevelop,whileplantsandanimalsthatdonothavethesequaliti

294、esgraduallydisappear.Thisprocessiscallednaturalselection.“survivalofthefittest”isaquotefrom“PrincipleofBiology”bytheEnglishphilosophyHerbertSpencer.Todaythephraseisoftenusedtorefertoanysituationinwhichunsuccessfulcompetitorsarequicklydestroyedordefeated.Thephraseissometimesusedhumorouslyinotherways,

295、remarkablesurvivalofthequickest.2021/8/221277.Obviouslythen,aninsectthatlivesonwheatcanbuildupitspopulationtomuchhigherlevelsonafarmdevotedtowheatthanononeinwhichwheatisintermingledwithothercropstowhichtheinsectisnotadapted.vLiveonsth:toeataparticulartypeoffoodtolivevBuildupsth:toincrease,strengthen

296、,developtowardvBedevotedtosth:tobegivento,togrowcompletelyvBeintermingledwithsth:tobemixedtogethervAdaptto:tochangeinsuchawaythatsth/sbhasbecomesuitableforanewsituation2021/8/22128v8.dampdown:tocontrolandreduce;tosuppressv9.subjestsb/sth:tomakesb/sthexperience,sufferorbeaffectedbysth,usuallysthunpleasantvExercises:P3293translationvP3326wordsinproperformsvP3352prepositionvP3364“such”and“so”2021/8/22129 刚才的发言，如刚才的发言，如有不当之处请多指有不当之处请多指正。谢谢大家！正。谢谢大家！2021/8/22130