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1、1直接法directmet2直接法directmet1.Inthelate19thcentury,withthedevelopmentofcapitalism,allEuropeancountriesincreasinglycommunicatedwitheachother.Itcreatedademandfororalproficiencyinforeignlanguages.2.Therapiddevelopmentoflinguistics,psychologyandeducation.3.AndtheGrammarTranslationMethodcouldnotmeettheneed
2、.TheReformMovementhasbegan.TheInternationalPhoneticAssociationwasfoundedanditsInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA)wasdesigned.3直接法directmet4.Thebestknownreformerinthemid-19thcenturywasaFrenchmannamedE.Gouin.Hedevelopedanapproachtoteachingaforeignlanguagebasedonhisobservationsofchildrensuseoflanguage.5
3、.WilhelmVitor,aGermanyscholar Language Teaching Must Start Afresh Speech patterns InHenrySweetsbookThe Practical Study of Languages (1899),hesetforthprinciplesforthedevelopmentofteachingmethod,whichsystematicallydiscussedaboutTheDirectMethod.4直接法directmetItwasestablishedinGermanyandFranceitthelate18
4、00sandcontrastswiththeGrammarTranslationMethodandothertraditionalapproaches.ItbecamewidelyknowninAmericathroughitsusebySauveurandBerlitzinsuccessfulcommerciallanguageschool.Itfadedintheearly1900s.5直接法directmet1.Classroominstructionwasconductedexclusivelyinthetargetlanguage.2.Onlyeverydayvocabularyan
5、dsentencesweretaught.3.Oralcommunicationskillswerebuiltupinacarefullygradedprogressionorganizedaroundquestion-and-answerexchangesbetweenteachersandstudentsinsmall,intensiveclasses.4.Grammarwastaughtinductively.6直接法directmet5.Newteachingpointswereintroducedorally.6.Concretevocabularywastaughtthroughd
6、emonstration,objects,andpictures;abstractvocabularywastaughtbyassociationofideas.7.Bothspeechandlisteningcomprehensionweretaught.8.Correctpronunciationandgrammarwereemphasized.7直接法directmet1.Directassociation(newlanguageitems)2.Questionandanswerexercise.(askingquestionsintargetlanguageandhavingstude
7、ntsanswerinfullsentences)3.Errorcorrection(studentsareallowedtocorrecttheirmistakesbytheteacherorthemselves.)8直接法directmet4.Inductiveteachingofgrammar5.Conversationpractice(studentsareencouragedtoaskeachotherquestionsusingthesamegrammaticalstructuretheyhavepracticed.)6.Dictation (Itisusedasameanstor
8、einforceandtestwhatthestudentshavelearned.)9直接法directmetAdvantages1.TheDirectmethodofferedinnovationsatthelevelofteachingprocedures.2.TheDirectmethodwasquitesuccessfulinprivatelanguageschools,suchasthoseoftheBerlitzchain,wherepayingclientshadhighmotivationandtheuseofnative-speakingteacherswasthenorm
9、.3.Formingthehabitofspeakingandthinkingintargetlanguageandimprovingstudentsautomaticityinusingthetargetlanguage.Solanguagesenseisbuiltup.10直接法directmet4.Thismethodisbasedonfullofactivities,soitisveryinteresting,excitingforstudents.5.Payingmoreattentiontospeakingandlistening,whichisveryusefulineveryd
10、aylife.Anditmakesforeignlanguagelearningmorenaturalandefficient.11直接法directmet1.TheDirectMethodwasdifficulttoimplementinpublicsecondaryschooleducation.restrictedtime;thelimitedskillsofteachers;andtheperceivedirrelevanceofconversationskillsinaforeignlanguagefortheaverageAmericancollegestudent.2.Itove
11、remphasizedanddistortedthesimilaritiesbetweennaturalisticfirstlanguagelearningandclassroomforeignlanguagelearning.3.Itlackedarigorousbasisinappliedlinguistictheoryandathoroughmethodologicalbasis.12直接法directmet4.Itunderestimatedtheroleofnativelanguage.Anditmaybeverytime-consumingsinceteacherswererequiredtoavoidusingnativelanguage.5.Itwasoverlydependentontheteachersskill.6.Thegoaloftryingtoteachconversionskillswasconsideredimpractical.13直接法directmet
