学英语 找长喜 【】 1 四级晨读美文 Unit 15 American Culture 美国文化 Text 1 Set Free from Aristocratic Society The earliest settlers came to the North American continent to establish colonies that were free from the controls that existed in European societies. They wanted to escape the controls placed on their lives by kings and governments, priests and churches, noblemen and aristocrats. To a great extent, they succeeded. In 1776, the British colonial settlers declared their independence from England and established a new nation, the United States of America. In so doing, they overthrew(推翻) the king of England and declared that the power to govern would lie in the hands of the people. They were now free from the power of the kings. In 1789, when they wrote the Constitution for their new nation, they separated church and state so that there would never be a government-supported church. This greatly limited the power of the church. Also, in writing the Constitution, they expressly forbade titles of nobility (贵族) to ensure that an aristocratic society would not develop. There would be no ruling class of nobility in the new nation. The historic decisions made by those first settlers have had a profound effect on the shaping of the American character. By limiting the power of the government and the churches and eliminating a formal aristocracy (贵族统治), they created a climate of freedom where the emphasis was on the individual. The United States came to be associated in their minds with the concept of individual freedom. This is probably the most basic of all the American values. Scholars and outside observers often call this value individualism, but many Americans use the word freedom. Perhaps the word freedom is one of the most respected popular words in the United States today. [A] climate [B] concept [C] ensure [D] escape [E] establish [F] govern [G] profound [H] succeeded [I] independence 无贵族社会 最初的殖民者到达北美大陆，为的是建立新的殖民地，摆脱存在于欧洲社会的各种桎梏。
他们想逃避国王和政府、牧师和教会以及贵族阶层给他们的生活施加的控制在很大程度上，他们获得了成功1776 年，这些英国殖民者宣布他们从英国独立出来，并建立一个新的国家，即美利坚合众国这样，他们就推翻了英国国王对殖民地的统治，并宣告权力将掌握在人民的手中 他们摆脱了国王的控制在 1789 年，当他们为他们的新国家撰写宪法的时候，他们将教会和政府分离，这样就再也不会有政府支持的教会了这很大地限制了教会的权力同时，在撰写宪法时，他们明确地禁止贵族头衔，从而确保社会不会发展成为一个贵族社会新国家中将没有贵族统治阶级 那些最初的殖民者所作出的历史性决定对今日美国特征的形成有着深刻的影响通过限制政府和教会的权力并消除形式上的贵族阶层，他们创造了一种注重个人的自由风气在他们的头脑中，美国与个人自由的概念联系在了一起这也许是所有美国价值观中最基本的一点 学者们和外国的观察家常常称这种价值观为个人主义，但许多美国人称之为自由在今天的美国，自由这个词可能是最受尊重也是最流行的单词之一 难 句 解 析 1. The earliest settlers came to the North American continent to establish colonies that 学英语 找长喜 【】 2 were free from the controls that existed in European societies. 【分析】 多重复合句。
其中包含两个定语从句， 第一个 that 引导的修饰 colonies，第二个 that 引导的修饰 controls 2. In 1789, when they wrote the Constitution for their new nation, they separated church and state so that there would never be a government-supported church. 【分析】多重复合句when 引导的从句作时间状语，so that 后接从句表结果 3. By limiting the power of the government and the churches and eliminating a formal aristocracy, they created a climate of freedom where the emphasis was on the individual. 【分析】复合句句首为由 by 引导的介词短语作状语，表方式，其中 limiting 和 eliminating 是并列关系，由 and 连接，where 引导定语从句修饰 a climate of freedom。
下面我们学习文中标红的高频词高频词汇 establish* vt. 确定，证实；建立，创办 【联想】e ＋ stabl(看作 stable 稳定的) ＋ ish(使„)→使„稳定→确定 【引申】 〈同根〉establishment n. 建立，确立；机构〈同义〉set up 创立，建立 【活用例句】 The defense attorneys established the innocence of the accused. 辩护律师证明被告是无罪的 escape* vi. 逃跑；溢出，漏出 vt. 逃避，避开 n. 逃跑，逃避 【联想】es(off) ＋ cape(海角)→离开海角→逃跑 【搭配】have an escape 逃走；make (good) escape (顺利)逃脱；narrow escape 九死一生，幸免于难 【引申】 〈同义〉avoid vt. 避免｜flee v. 逃走；逃避 【活用例句】 He is a desperate criminal willing to kill anyone to escape. 他是个危险罪犯，为了逃脱可杀掉任何人 同义↓ flee vi. 逃走，逃掉 vt. 逃离，避开，逃避 【联想】看见要收费(fee)就逃走(flee) 【搭配】flee in panic 吓得逃跑；be forced to flee the country 被迫逃往国外 【活用例句】The customers fled from the bank when the alarm sounded. 警铃响起，顾客们纷纷从银行逃走。
succeed* vi. 成功；接着发生；继承 vt. 接在„后面；接替；继承 【搭配】succeed to the throne 继承皇位；succeed sb as Prime Minister 继某人出任首相 【活用例句】But for the help of their group, we would not have succeeded in the investigation.要不是有他们小组的帮助，我们这次调查还没法取得成功呢 同根↓ successive a. 接连的，连续的 学英语 找长喜 【】 3 【搭配】set successive records 连续创造纪录 【活用例句】It has rained for ten successive days and as a result many villages were flooded.已经连续下了 10 天雨，结果许多村庄都被淹了 independence* n. 独立，自主，自立 【词根】in(not) ＋ depend(依赖) ＋ ence →不依赖→独立 【搭配】independence from... 脱离„ 【引申】 〈同根〉independent a. 独立自主的，不受约束的｜dependent a. 依靠的，依赖的 【活用例句】The country has made great advances since independence. 独立以来，这个国家取得了巨大的进步。
govern*vt. 统治，治理，管理；支配，影响 【搭配】govern his behavior 支配他的行为 【引申】 〈同根〉government n. 政府；治理｜governor n. 州长；主管〈同义〉rule v. 统治，支配｜ control vt. 控制，支配 【活用例句】They demand the right to govern themselves.他们要求自治权 同义↓ regulate vt. 管制，控制；调节，校准；调整 【词根】reg(统治，管理) ＋ ulate(做) 【搭配】regulate one’s conduct 节制个人的行为；regulate a clock 校准钟表 【活用例句】 The use of chemicals in food should be strictly regulated.在食品中使用化学品应受到严格控制 派生↓ regulation* n. 规则，法令 【搭配】keep to the regulations 遵守规则；laws and regulations 法令 【活用例句】From now on any violation of the regulation must be cruelly punished.今后任何违反秩序的行为会受到严厉惩罚。
ensure* vt. 保证，担保，确保 【词根】en(使) ＋ sure(确信的) 【引申】 〈同根〉insure vt. 确保；给„上保险｜insurance n. 保险｜assure vt. 使确信，使放心〈同义〉pledge vt. & n. 保证，誓言，许诺 【活用例句】A letter of introduction will ensure you an interview. 凭一封介绍信保准会接待你 同义↓ guaranteevt. 保证，担保 n. 保证(书) 【联想】guar(看作 guard 保卫) ＋ ant(蚂蚁) ＋ ee→连小蚂蚁都保卫→保证 【搭配】be under guarantee 在保修期间；stand guarantee for...替„担任保证人 【阅读例句】I can almost guarantee that if you long for more energy, the problem is not with your body.我断定，如果你想要更多的力量，其问题不在于你的身体 学英语 找长喜 【】 4 [06.12] profounda. 深度的，深切的；知识渊博的；见解深刻的 【词根】pro(前) ＋ found(创立)→有超前创见性→深远的 【搭配】profound questions about life and death 生死方面的玄奥问题；profound insight 深邃的见解 【引申】 〈同义〉thoughtful a. 沉思的，思考的；体贴的，关心的 【阅读例句】The change poses profound questions for government and society, of course.这种改变自然而然给政府和社会带来深远的问题。
[02.1] climate n. 气候，气候区；风气；气氛 【搭配】 the present political climate 当前的政治气候； the current climate of opinion 目前的舆论倾向 【活用例句】Britain has a temperate climate. 英国气候温和 concept* n. 概念，观念；思想 【搭配】the concept of social class 社会等级的概念；invent a concept 首创一个概念 【活用例句】The concept of“environment”is certainly difficult and may even be misunderstood, but we have no handy substitute.“环境”这个概念的确很难理解，甚至还有可能被误解，但是我们手头没有现成的替代词来代替这个概念 下面我们学习文中标黑的常用词#常用词汇 settler n. 移民，殖民者 【搭配】white settlers in Africa 非洲的白人移民 同根↓ settle vt. 解决，安排，安放 vi. 安家，安定短语 【短语】settle down 定居，过安定的生活，平静下来，定下心来；settle for 勉强认可 settle in / into 在新居安顿下来， 适应新环境(或新工作)； settle on / upon 选定，决定；settle up 付清(欠账等)，结清(账目) 【听力例句】 After leaving their homes, they did not settle down again, but spent their lives moving from one place to another.在离开家以后，他们并没有再次定居下来，而是用尽他们的一生迁移。
[01.1] declare vt. 宣告，声明；断言 vi. (for，against)表态 【联想】de(加强) ＋ clare (看作 clear 清楚) →说清楚→宣布，声明 【搭配】declare war on...向„宣战；declare sb (to be) innocent 宣布某人无罪；declare for / against the scheme 支持 / 反对计划 【活用例句】The policeman declared that the blow on the victim’s head must have been made from behind. 该警察称受害人头部所受的击打一定来自后面 派生↓ 学英语 找长喜 【】 5 declaration n. 宣布，宣告；宣言，声明(书)；申报 【搭配】issue a declaration 发布宣言；a declaration of income 收益申报表 【完形例句】One third have no idea when the Declaration of Independence was signed . 三分之一的人不知道《独立宣言》是在哪一年签署的。
[04.6] limit* vt. 限制，限定 【搭配】limit carbon dioxide emissions from cars 限制汽车二氧化碳排放 【引申】 〈同根〉limitation n. 限制；局限｜limited a. 有限的 【活用例句】 The amount of money you have to spend will limit your choice. 你要消费的金额限制你的选择 同根↓ preliminary a. 预备的，初步的 n. [常 pl. ]初步做法，起始行为 【词根】 pre(=before) ＋ limin(limit 限制) ＋ ary(„的)→在限制线之前的→预备的 【搭配】a preliminary trial 初审；preliminary remarks 开场白 【活用例句】Preliminary arrangements have been made for the talks.会谈的准备工作已经就绪 title n. 称号；头衔；爵位；权利，资格 【谐音】 “抬头”→抬头看见标题→标题 【引申】 〈同根〉titled a. 有官衔的，有爵位的 【活用例句】Do they have any title to this land?他们对这土地有所有权吗? 同根↓ entitlevt. 给„权利，给„资格；给(书、文章等)题名 【词根】en(使) ＋ title(题目，标题)→给„题名 【搭配】be entitled to (do) sth 对„享有权利，有 (做某事) 的资格权利 【活用例句】This ticket entitles you to a free boat tour on the lake.凭此券你可免费在湖上乘小船游览。
historic a. 历史上著名的，具有重大历史意义的 【搭配】a historic monument 有历史意义的纪念碑 【活用例句】The area is of special historic interest.这个地区有特别的历史意义 value*n. 价值，益处；有用性，重要性；行为准则 vt. 尊重；评价 【搭配】value him as a good friend 将他视为好友；value his advice 重视他的建议 【活用例句】The property has been valued at over $2 million. 这处房产估价为 200 多万元 Text 2 American Population The first census(人口调查) of the new nation, conducted in 1790, counted about four million people, most of whom were white. Of the white citizens, more than 8 out of 10 traced their ancestry back to England. African-Americans made up a surprising 20 学英语 找长喜 【】 6 percent of the population, an all-time high(有史以来的最高纪录). There were close to 700,000 slaves and about 60,000 “free Negroes”. Only a few Native American Indians who paid taxes were included in the census count, but the total Native American population was probably about one million. It was the white population that had the greater numbers, the money, and the political power in the new nation, and therefore this majority soon defined what the dominant culture would be. At the time of the American Revolution, the white population was largely English in origin, Protestant, and middle class. Such Americans are sometimes referred to as WASPs (White AngloSaxon Protestants). Their characteristics became the standard for judging other groups. Those having a different religion (such as the Irish Catholics), or those speaking a different language (such as the Germans, Dutch, and Swedes), were in the minority and would be disadvantaged unless they became assimilated. In the late 1700s, this assimilation occurred without great difficulty. According to historians Allan Nevins and Henry Steele Commager, “English, Irish, Germans. Dutch, Swedish mingled and intermarried(通婚) with little thought of any difference.” The dominant American culture that grew out of the nation’s early history, then, was English-speaking, Western European, Protestant, and middle class in character. It was this dominant culture that established what became the traditional values, described by Detocqueville in the early 1830s. Immigrants with these characteristics were welcome, in part because Americans believed that these newcomers would probably give strong support to the basic values of the dominant culture such as freedom, equality of opportunity, and the desire to work hard for a higher material standard of living. [A] ancestry [B] character [C] characteristics [D] conducted [E] dominant [F] minority [G] occurred [H] origin [I] referred 美国人口 这个新国家的第一次人口普查是在 1790 年进行的，统计人数大约为四百万，其中大多数是白人。
这些白人公民每 10 个中就有 8 个人的祖先为英国人非洲裔美国人占到总人口的 20％，这是一个惊人的比例，也是有史以来的最高纪录其中有将近 700,000 奴隶和大约 60,000 的“自由黑人” 只有少数缴税的美国土著印第安人在人口普查中被计算在内，而美国土著人口总数大约是一百万 这个新国家中，美国白人数量更多、有更多财富和更大的政治权力，因此这些人很快就决定了主导文化应该是什么样的在美国革命期间，白人大多是有英国血统的人、新教徒和中产阶级这些美国人有时被称作 WASPs(白人盎格鲁·撒克逊新教徒)他们的特征成了评价其他群体的标准那些具有不同宗教信仰的人(如爱尔兰的天主教徒)或那些讲不同语言的人(如德国人、荷兰人和瑞典人)占人口的少数，如果他们不被同化就会处于不利的地位 在 18 世纪后期，这种同化没有遭遇太大的困难就出现了据历史学家艾伦·内文斯和亨利·斯梯尔·柯梅杰记载： “英国人、爱尔兰人、德国人、荷兰人和瑞典人之间相互融合并相互通婚，丝毫也没有考虑到他们各自有什么不同 ” 因此，源自美国早期历史的美国主流文化是以讲英语、西欧人、新教徒和中产阶级为特征的 正是这种主流文化确立了 19 世纪 30 年代德· 托克维尔描述的后来 学英语 找长喜 【】 7 成为传统价值观的东西。
有这些特征的移民是受欢迎的， 部分原因是因为美国人认为这些新移民可能会强烈支持他们的主流文化中诸如自由和机会均等之类的基本价值观，以及为一个更高的物质生活标准而努力工作的愿望 难 句 解 析 1. The first census of the new nation, conducted in 1790, counted about four million people, most of whom were white. 【分析】复合句其中 conducted in 1790 为过去分词短语作状语，修饰 census, whom 引导的非限制性定语从句修饰 four million people 2. It was the white population that had the greater numbers, the money, and the political power in the new nation, and therefore this majority soon defined what the dominant culture would be. 【分析】并列复合句。
therefore 为连接副词，第一个分句为强调句，强调句子主语，在第二个分句中 what 引导的从句作 define 的宾语 3. Immigrants with these characteristics were welcome, in part because Americans believed that these newcomers would probably give strong support to the basic values of the dominant culture such as freedom, equality of opportunity, and the desire to work hard for a higher material standard of living. 【分析】多重复合句主句中 with 短语作后置定语，修饰 Immigrants，because 引导原因状语从句，其中 believed 后接宾语从句，the basic values 与 the desire为宾语从句中并列宾语 下面我们学习文中标红的高频词#09#09 高频词汇 conduct* vt. 引导； 进行， 管理； 指挥； 传导； (oneself) (行为)表现； 9k?nd?kt； n. 举止；管理(方式) 【词根】con(加强) ＋ duct(引导)→引导，指挥 【搭配】conduct an experiment 做实验；conduct oneself in a most gracious manner 表现得极为温文尔雅；conduct one’s private affairs 处理私事；conduct electricity导电 【引申】 〈同根〉conduction n. 传导｜conductor n. 导体，指挥 【活用例句】Today, corporations hardly ever introduce major new products without conducting elaborate market research.如今，公司在开发重要新产品之前总要先进行详细的市场调研。
ancestry n. 祖宗，祖先，列祖，列宗 【搭配】have Scottish ancestry 祖籍苏格兰 【引申】 〈同根〉ancestor n. 孀冢嫦龋辉停惹? 【活用例句】Many of the early settlers in America had English ancestry.许多早期美国移民的祖先都是英国人 dominant a. 占优势的，支配的；居高临下的 【词根】dom(统治) ＋ in(在„里) ＋ ant(„的) →统治的 【引申】 〈同根〉 dominate v. 在„占上风，支配｜domination n. 支配，控制〈同缀〉共享形容词后缀 -ant→ brilliant a. 灿烂的，闪耀的 学英语 找长喜 【】 8 【活用例句】My parents have been the dominant influence in my life.父母对我一生影响很大 同根↓ dominate* vt. 支配，统治；在„中占首要地位；耸立于 vi. 处于支配地位 【词根】dom(统治) ＋ inate(动词后缀) 【阅读例句】There was a time in my life when people asked constantly for stories about what it’s like to work in a field dominated by men. 在我的生活中，有段时间人们经常问在男人主导的领域内工作是什么样子。
[07.6] 派生↓ dominationn. 统治，控制，支配 【词根】是 dominate 的名词形式 【阅读例句】Just five one-hundredths of an inch thick, light golden in color and with a perfect “saddle curl,” the Lay potato chip seems an unlikely weapon for global domination. 乐事薯片只有 0.05 英寸厚，浅浅的金黄色，呈完美的马鞍状；看起来并不像是一种能主宰全球的食品[05.12] origin* n. 起源，来源；出身，血统 【词根】ori(begin 开始) ＋ gin →事物的开端→来源 【搭配】 the origin of quarrel 争吵的起因； the origin(s) of civilization 文明的起源；words of Latin origin 出自拉丁文的词；a man of humble origin 出身寒微的人 【引申】 〈同根〉original a. 原始的，独创的 n. 原物，原作｜originally ad. 最初，原先｜originate vt. 引起；创办 vi. 起源，发生 【活用例句】The Origin of Species was one of the most important books published during the 19th century.《物种起源》是 19 世纪出版的最重要的著作之一。
refer* vi. (to)涉及，提到，谈到；指的是# vt. 引„参考(或查询)；求助于 【词根】re(再) ＋ fer(带来) →再次带来→提交，参考 【搭配】refer to (him) as (doctor Li) 把(他)称作(李医生)，把„当作；refer to the problem of pollution 谈污染问题 【活用例句】 I refer specifically to permanent residents, in contradiction to temporary visitors. 我是专指永久居民而言，以区别临时访客 characteristicn. 特性，特征 a. 特有的，典型的 【词根】来自 character(特性) ＋ istic(„的) 【搭配】be characteristic of... „所独有的特征，有„的特色 【阅读例句】On the other hand, fever is one of the characteristic features of the flu for all ages. 但对于所有年龄段的人来说，患流感后的典型特征就是发烧。
[05.1] minority n. 少数，少数派；少数民族 【词根】来自 minor(较少的) ＋ ity(名词后缀) 【搭配】minority population 少数民族人口数量 【活用例句】Only a minority of the class voted for the plan.班里只有少数学生投票 学英语 找长喜 【】 9 赞成这项计划 occur* vi. 发生，出现，存在；被想起，被想到 【词根】oc ＋ cur(run 跑)→跑过去看发生了什么事→发生 【搭配】occur to sb 被想到，出现在头脑中 【引申】 〈同根〉occurrence n. 发生的事情，事件；发生，出现 【活用例句】Techniques for promoting sleep would involve learning to control both mind and body so that sleep can occur. 促进睡眠的技巧在于控制身心以使睡意出现 同 义 巧 辨 take place, happen, chance, occur 都含“发生”的意思。
take place 指“发生事先计划或预想到的事” ；happen 为常用词语，指“一切客观事物或情况偶然或未能预见地发生” ；chance 指“偶然发生” 、 “碰巧” ；occur 属正式用语，指“按计划使某事或效果发生” ，通常所指的时间和事件都比较确定，在以具体事物、事件作主语时，可与 happen 互换 charactern. 性格，品质，品德；性质，特性；人物，角色； (书写或印刷) 符号，汉字 【联想】char＋acter(看作 actor 演员)→演员刻画人物性格惟妙惟肖 【短语】in character (与自身特性) 相符；out of character(与自身特性)不相符 【阅读例句】Telling myself that I was merely an experienced writer guiding the young writer across the hall, I offered suggestions for characters, conflicts and endings for her tales. 我告诉自己， 我只是作为有经验的作家引导一个年轻的作家入门，接着我就为她故事中的人物、冲突和结尾提了建议。
[07.12] 下面我们学习文中标黑的常用词#常用词汇 count* vt. 点„的数目；看作；数 vi. 数，有重要意义 n. 计数；(控告的) 一项罪状 【短语】 count against... 认为对„不利； count down (发射火箭等时)倒计时； count in... 把„算在内；count on (one’s help) 依靠(某人的帮助)，指望；count out 逐一数出；不把„算入；count up 算出„的总数，共计 【引申】 〈同根〉countdown ▲ n. (发射宇宙飞船等的)倒数读秒；大事临近的时期 【听力例句】The weather doesn’t count in their plan.天气并不如他们所愿 [02.6] close* n. 结束 a. 密切的；近的 v. 关闭；结束； (使) 接近 【搭配】come to a close 渐近结束；be close by 在旁边，接近于；close down 关闭，歇业；close up (指伤口)愈合；(使)互相靠拢 【听力例句】As a result, governments have had to close down some areas of sea to commercial fishing.因此政府已经关闭了一些海域用来商业养鱼。
[03.1] total* a. 总数的；完全的 n. 总数 v. 合计 学英语 找长喜 【】 10 【搭配】in total 总共；total (sth) up 计算某物的总和 【活用例句】 The UN Security Council has a total of five countries as their permanent members. 联合国安理会总共有 5 个常任理事国 political* a. 政治家的；政治的，政治上的；党派的 【搭配】political circles 政界；weaken political stand 削弱政治立场；pursue lofty political goals 追求崇高的政治目标 【活用例句】The twentieth century has witnessed an enormous worldwide political, economic and cultural transformation. 20 世纪在政治、经济和文化方面发生了一场世界范围的巨大变革。
majority* n. 大多数，大部分 【词根】major(大的，多数的) ＋ ity(名词后缀) 【搭配】in the majority 大多数(人或物) 【引申】 〈同根〉major a. 较大的，较多的〈反义〉minority n. 较少数，较少之部分 【阅读例句】 The vast majority of young Japanese children are taught to read at home by their parents. 绝大多数日本儿童是由父母在家里教会阅读的[05.1] revolution* n. 革命，大变革；旋转 【词根】re(相反) ＋ vol(转) ＋ ution →反转过来→旋转 【搭配】start a revolution 发起革命；bring about a revolution in business administration 掀起工商管理的革命 【活用例句】Do you still remember the book entitled The Learning Revolution? 你还记得名为《学习的革命》那本书吗? standard n. 标准，规格 a. 标准的 【联想】stand(站；保持有效) ＋ ard(„的)→一直保持有效的→标准的 【阅读例句】We need economic growth unless we condemn the world’s poor to their present poverty and freeze everyone else’s living standards.我们需要经济增长， 除非我们将世界上的穷人限制在现在的贫困线上，不让大家的生活水平提高。
[08.6] Text 3 Cultural Pluralism As the 21st century begins, the United States probably has a greater diversity of racial, ethnic, cultural, and religious groups than any other nation on earth. From the beginning of the history of the United States, there has been diversity — Native Americans throughout the North American continent, Spanish settlers in the Southwest and in Florida, French missionaries and fur waders along the Mississippi River, black slaves brought from African countries, Dutch settlers in New York, Germans in Pennsylvania, and, of course, the British colonists, whose culture eventually provided the language and the foundation for the political and economic systems that developed in the United States. Most early Americans recognized this diversity, or pluralism, as a fact of life. The large variety of ethnic, cultural, and religious groups meant that accepting diversity was the only practical choice, even if some people were not enthusiastic about it. 学英语 找长喜 【】 11 However, in time, many Americans came to see strength in their country’s diversity. Today, there is more recognition of the value of cultural pluralism than at any other time in the history of the United States. When we examine the system of basic values that emerged in the late 1700s and began to define the American character, we must remember this context of cultural pluralism. How could a nation of such enormous diversity produce a recognizable national identity? Historically, the United States has been viewed as “the land of opportunity,” attracting immigrants from all over the world. The opportunities they believed they would find in America and the experiences they actually had when they arrived nurtured this set of values. [A] context [B] define [C] diversity [D] foundation [E] identity [F] Native [G] nurtured [H] opportunity [I] variety 文化多元性 随着 21 世纪的到来，美国的种族、民族、文化以及宗教团体比世界上其他任何国家都更具有多样性。
美国有史以来就有很大的多样性——遍布北美洲的土生土长的美国人， 西南部和佛罗里达州的西班牙移民， 密西西比河沿岸的法国传教士和涉水捕软毛兽者，来自非洲国家的黑奴，纽约的荷兰移民，宾夕法尼亚州的德国人，当然还有英国殖民者，他们的文化最终不仅为美国提供了语言，而且为美国发展政治和经济体系提供了基础 大多数早期的美国人都承认这种多样性， 或者说是多元化是一种客观存在 各种各样的种族、文化以及宗教团体的存在意味着接受这种多样性是惟一实际的选择， 尽管有些人对此并不热心 但许多美国人最终还是意识到了他们国家多样性所具有的力量 现在， 文化多元性的价值受到的认同超过了美国历史上任何时候 当我们研究在十八世纪末期出现的基本价值体系，着手给美国特征下定义的时候， 我们必须记住文化多元性这一背景 文化差异如此大的一个国家是如何产生一种让人公认的民族特性呢 ? 历史上，美国一直被看作是一个“充满机会的地方” ，吸引了来自世界各地的移民 他们曾经确信他们在美国所能找到的机会及他们到美国后的实际经历也使这种价值观得以发展 难 句 解 析 1. The large variety of ethnic, cultural, and religious groups meant that accepting diversity was the only practical choice, even if some people were not enthusiastic about it. 【分析】多重复合句。
meant 后面为 that 引导的宾语从句，该宾语从句中主语为动名词短语 accepting diversity， 谓语动词为单数形式， even if 引导让步状语从句 2. When we examine the system of basic values that emerged in the late 1700s and began to define the American character, we must remember this context of cultural pluralism. 【分析】复合句其中 when 引导时间状语从句，其中 that 引导定语从句修饰 basic values，emerged 与 began 为并列谓语动词 3. The opportunities they believed they would find in America and the experiences they actually had when they arrived nurtured this set of values. 学英语 找长喜 【】 12 【分析】多重复合句。
其中 opportunities 和 experiences 为主语，谓语动词为nurturedthey believed 为定语后置修饰 opportunities，believed 后还接一宾语从句，they actually had 也为后置定语修饰 experiences，后接 when 引导的时间状语从句 下面我们学习文中标红的高频词#高频词汇 diversity n. 差异，多样性 【引申】 〈同根〉 diverse a. 种种的， 多样的： diverse ways 不同的方法； be diverse from 不同于〈同义〉distinction n. 区别，差别 【阅读例句】They are presented with a diversity of human experiences and come to respect other ways of thought and living. 展现在他们面前的是多样的人生经历， 从而使他们尊重其他的思维方式和生活方式[08.12] native* a. 出生地的；当地(人)的 n. 土生土长者，本地人，本国人 【搭配】your native land 你的故乡；a native of New York 纽约人 【听力例句】It generally covers a wide variety of medical services and you are often given a list of doctors in the area where you will travel who may even speak your native language. 它涵盖了一系列广泛的医疗服务， 通常你还会收到一份印有你的旅游地的医生名单，这些医生甚至会讲你的母语。
[07.12] foundation* n. 基础，基本原理；根据；设立；基金会 【词根】来自 found(创立) ＋ ation(名词后缀) 【搭配】pour a solid foundation of cement 浇铸坚固的水泥地基 【引申】 〈同根〉fund n. 基金，专款 vt. 为„提供资金，给„拨款 【活用例句】To lay a foundation, attend intensively a few classes in a school；to engage in scholarship, read extensively many volumes of books in a library. 打基础，堂上精读几门课；做学问，馆中博览万卷书 variety* n. 差异性，多变性，多样性 【词根】vari(change 变化) ＋ ety(名词后缀)→变化 【搭配】a variety of 种种，各种各样的 【引申】 〈同根〉vary v. 改变，有不同｜various a. 各式各样的｜variable a. 易变的，常变的，不定的｜varied a. 各式各样的，种种的，有变化的 【阅读例句】This allows advertisers more variety in the types of messages they create because they can change their messages more quickly.这样，广告商在信息的创作类型上就有了更多的选择，因为，他们可以更加迅速地更换自己的信息。
[08.6] define* vt. 下定义，解释；规定，限定 【词根】de(表强调) ＋ fin (结束) ＋ e →做最后的总结→给„下定义 【搭配】 define...as 把„定义为，把„解释为；be defined or regulated by law 由法律来规定或制约 【引申】 〈同义〉prescribe vt. 开药，规定｜prescription n. 处方，开药方 学英语 找长喜 【】 13 【活用例句】When boundaries between countries are not clearly defined, there’s usually trouble. 国与国之间的边界尚未明确划定时，通常会发生纠纷 context* n. 情况，背景，环境；上下文，语境 【联想】con(一起) ＋ text(正文)→与正文在一起的→上下文 【搭配】in context 在上下文中；out of context 脱离上下文 【听力例句】In this context the fast food industry can be seen as a clear example of American cultural product.由上文可见， 快餐业可以看作是一个典型美国文化产物的例子。
[06.6] identity n. 个性，特性；同一性；身份 【联想】id＋ entity(实体)→这个实体的特性明显→特性 【搭配】national identity 民族特性；lose professional identity 失去职业身份 【引申】 〈同根〉identify vt. 认出，鉴别；(with)等同于｜identification n. 识别，证明，证件｜identical a. 相同的，同一的 【活用例句】A fingerprint is an important clue to the identity of the murderer. 指纹是鉴定凶手的一个重要线索 opportunity* n. 机会，时机，良机 【联想】op ＋ port(港口) ＋ unity(团结)→进入港口团结是个好机会→机会 【搭配】 miss the splendid opportunity 错过大好机会； equality of opportunity 机会均等 【引申】 〈同义〉ambition 雄心，野心 【活用例句】But it also creates career opportunities in medicine and health professions, and in law and business as well.但它却也在医疗和保健业创造了许多就业机会，在法律和商业中也是一样。
[02.1] nurturevt. & n. 养育，培育，滋养 【联想】大自然(nature)滋养(nurture)着人类 【搭配】nurture a student’s talent 培养学生的才能；delicately nurtured children 娇生惯养的孩子们 【活用例句】Most vegetables we buy in winter are nurtured in the greenhouse.我们冬天买的大多数蔬菜都是在温室里培育的 下面我们学习文中标黑的常用词#常用词汇 racial a. 人种的，种族的 【词根】来自 rac(e)(人种；比赛) ＋ ial(„的)→人种的 【搭配】racial hatred 种族仇恨；racial equality 种族平等 【活用例句】 The racial discrimination issue is a political hot potato.种族歧视问题是政治上的棘手问题 ethnic* a. 种族的 【联想】与 ethic( n. 道德标准，伦理学)一起记 学英语 找长喜 【】 14 【搭配】ethnic regional autonomy 民族区域自治 【完形例句】They also suggest that our readers do not look for friends only among those who are most like them, but find many who differ in race, religion and ethnic background.调查结果还显示，这些读者不只是在与自己类似的人当中寻找朋友，而且还在不同民族、宗教和种族背景的人当中寻求更多的朋友。
[01.6] cultural a. 与文化有关的；文化的 【搭配】a cultural event 文化活动 【活用例句】This article calls for more attention to the problem of cultural interference in foreign language teaching and leaning.文章要求人们注意外语教学和学习中的文化干扰问题 slave n. 奴隶，苦工 vi. 苦干，拼命干 【联想】搭救 (save)奴隶(slave) 【搭配】slave away (at) 苦干，辛勤地工作 【活用例句】In a society in which factory owners rode in private Pullmans while ten-year-olds slaved in the mines, strong anti-capitalist feelings ran high.在这个社会中工厂主开着私人的宝马车， 而才十岁大的孩子却在矿区当奴隶， 因而反资本主义情绪高涨 provide* vt. 提供，供给 【搭配】 provide against 预防， 防备； provide for... 为„而准备； provide sb with sth 为某人提供某物；provide sth for sb 为某人提供某物 【引申】 〈同根〉provision n. 提供，供给｜provided conj. 倘若〈同义〉supply vt. 供给，提供｜give vt. 给，供给｜offer vt. 提供〈反义〉remove vt. 去掉，除去；挪走｜take vt. 拿走 【写作例句】Our society provides a fertile soil for the rapid development of the Internet. 我们的社会为因特网的飞速发展提供了肥沃的土壤。
派生↓ provision*n. 供应；准备；措施；条款；[ pl. ] 口粮 【搭配】make provision for... 为„做准备；housing provision 住房的供应 【活用例句】According to the provisions of this agreement, you must continue to work for them another two years.按照协议的规定,你必须再为他们工作二年 同义↓ item n. 产品；条款；一条 【搭配】a news item 一条新闻 【活用例句】We went on to the next item on the agenda. 我们进入议程的下一议题 pluralism n. 多元化，多元性 【搭配】cultural / political pluralism 文化 / 政治的多元性 【引申】 〈同根〉plural a. 复数的 n. 复数 学英语 找长喜 【】 15 【活用例句】Cultural pluralism, critics contend, promotes rivalry and divisions. 批评家们主张多元文化主义促进竞争和分裂。
basic*a. 基本的，基础的，根本的 n. [ pl. ] 基本原理，实质性的东西 【搭配】a set of basic tools 一套基本工具；the most basic reason 最根本原因 【听力例句】In addition to basic salary, there’s a list of extra benefits.除了基本工资外，还有其他福利[07.12] view n. 观点；景色；观察，眼界 vt. 看待；观察，看 【搭配】view...as... 把„看作„；come into view 进入视野 【短语】in view of 鉴于，考虑到；with a view to 为了，为的是 【活用例句】 What are your views on globalization?/How do you view globalization?你对全球化有何高见? Text 4 Assimilation of Americans The population of the United States includes a large variety of ethnic groups coming from many races, nationalities, and religions. The process by which these many groups have been made a part of a common cultural life with commonly shared values is called assimilation. Scholars disagree as to the extent to which assimilation has occurred in the United States. Some have described the United States as a “melting pot” where various racial and ethnic groups have been combined into one culture. Others are inclined to see the United States as a “salad bowl” where the various groups have remained somewhat distinct and different from one another, creating a richly diverse country. The truth probably lies somewhere between these two views. Since 1776, an enormous amount of racial and ethnic assimilation has taken place in the United States, yet some groups continue to feel a strong sense of separateness from the culture as a whole. Many of these groups are really bicultural. That is, they consider themselves Americans, but they also wish to retain the language and the cultural traditions of their original culture. People of Hispanic origin were on the North American continent before settlers arrived from Europe in the early 1600s. In Florida and the Southwest, there were Spanish and Latin American settlements established centuries before the thirteen colonies joined together to form the United States in the late 1700s. Because of their long history and the continued influx(大量涌入) of newcomers into the established communities, many Hispanics, or Latinos, have taken a special pride in maintaining their cultural traditions and the use of the Spanish language. Generally speaking, over the years whites from different national and religious backgrounds have been gradually assimilated into the larger American culture, with some exceptions. For example, American Jews are one group of whites who have traditionally retained a strong sense of separateness from the larger culture. This may be a result of the long history of persecution( 迫害，骚扰) in the Christian countries in Europe, the weaker forms of discrimination(歧视) and anti Jewish feeling that exist in the United States, and their own strong feeling of ethnic pride. Yet along with their sense of separateness, American Jews have a strong sense of being a part of the larger 学英语 找长喜 【】 16 American culture in which they have achieved competitive success in almost every field. [A] achieved [B] backgrounds [C] common [D] disagree [E] distinct [F] exceptions [G] enormous [H] inclined [I] joined [J] original [K] pride [L] religions [M] retain [N] various 美国人的同化 美国的人口包含各种各样的种族群体，他们来自不同的民族和国家，有不同的宗教信仰。
这么多群体构成具有相同价值观的共同文化生活的过程称为同化学者们关于在美国出现的同化达到什么样的程度意见不一致 一些人把美国形容为一个将不同的人种和种族组合成一种文化的“熔炉” 另一些人则倾向于将美国看作一个“色拉盘” ，其中不同的群体保留了各自的特色，从而产生一个极其多元化的国家 事实可能正介于这两种观点之间 自从 1776 年以来， 美国发生了大量的人种和种族同化 然而有一些群体仍然感觉与整体文化有一种强烈的分离感 很多这样的群体实际是具有二元文化的即，他们自认为是美国人，但他们也希望保留他们最初的语言和文化传统 在 17 世纪早期， 欧洲移民还没有来到之前， 西班牙血统的人们居住在北美大陆18 世纪末期在 13 个殖民地统一起来形成美国之前， 在佛罗里达州和西南部地区西班牙和拉丁美洲殖民地已建立了好几个世纪 由于其悠久的历史以及许多新移民不断大量地涌入已建立的社区， 许多西班牙人或拉丁美洲人为能保留他们的文化传统和使用西班牙语而感到自豪 一般来讲，这么多年来，来自不同国家，有不同宗教背景的白人已经逐渐被更强大的美国文化同化了，但也有一些例外例如，美国犹太人是一个传统上与更强大的文化保持了强烈隔离感的白人群体。
这可能是他们在信奉基督教的欧洲国家长期受迫害， 美国存在的歧视和反犹太人情绪的弱化形式， 以及他们自己强烈的种族自豪感共同作用的结果 但是伴随他们这种隔离感的， 还有美国犹太人作为更广博的美国文化的一部分的强烈感觉， 在这种美国文化中他们几乎在每一个领域都获得了竞争的胜利 难 句 解 析 1. The process by which these many groups have been made a part of a common cultural life with commonly shared values is called assimilation. 【分析】复合句which 引导定语从句修饰 process, 从句将主句的主谓语分开 2. For example, American Jews are one group of whites who have traditionally retained a strong sense of separateness from the larger culture. 【分析】复合句其中 who 引导的定语从句修饰 one group of whites。
3. Yet along with their sense of separateness, American Jews have a strong sense of being a part of the larger American culture in which they have achieved competitive success in almost every field. 【分析】复合句句首的 along with 介词短语做状语，表伴随主句中 which 引导的定语从句修饰 the large American culture 下面我们学习文中标红的高频词#高频词汇 religion* n. 宗教，(宗教) 信仰 学英语 找长喜 【】 17 【词根】re(再) ＋ lig(绑) ＋ ion →绑缚思想的巨大力量→宗教 【引申】 〈同根〉religious a. 宗教的；信奉宗教的，虔诚的 【活用例句】Is there always a conflict between science and religion? 科学和宗教信仰之间是否永远存在着冲突? common* a. 公共的，共同的；普通的；通常的，一般的 【联想】普通的 (common) 士兵不能要求 (command) 长官做事 【搭配】 the common people 普通人， 老百姓； common sense 常识； have nothing in common (with...)(与„)没有共同之处；in common 共有的，共用的 【引申】 〈同义〉ordinary a. 平常的，普通的，平凡的｜mutual a. 相互的；共同的〈反义〉rare a. 稀罕的，杰出的，珍贵的｜outstanding a. 突出的，显著的，卓越的 【活用例句】A common person usually can’t distinguish a genuine antique from its reproduction. 常人一般不会区分真古董和赝品。
disagree*vi. 意见不一致，持不同意见 【词根】来自 dis(not) ＋ agree(同意) 【搭配】disagree with sb on many occasions 在很多方面都与某人不合 【写作例句】Some people agree that life in the city is more colorful than that in the countryside, while others disagree.很多人赞成城市生活比乡村生活更加丰富多彩的说法，而有些人却不同意这种看法 various* a. 不同的，各种各样的，多方面的 【词根】vari(change 变化) ＋ ous(„的)→各种各样的 【搭配】various means of communication 不同的交流方式；various aspects of mental life 精神生活的各个方面；various kinds of rays 各种各样的射线 【写作例句】There are various advantages of attending schools abroad.出国留学有多方面的益处。
incline* v. (使)倾斜，(使)倾向于 n. 斜坡，斜面 【词根】in ＋ cline(倾斜) →(使) 倾斜 【搭配】 incline to laziness 爱偷懒； incline towards depression 动不动就情绪低落；a steep incline 陡坡 【活用例句】I strongly inclined to the view that he was innocent. 我很倾向于这样的意见：他是无辜的 distinct* a. 独特的；性质或种类不同的 【词根】di(不同) ＋ stinct(刺)→不同的刺→有区别的，不同的 【引申】 〈派生〉distinction n. 区别，差别｜distinctive ▲ a. 有特色的，出众的：a distinctive uniform 特制的军服 【活用例句】Learning how to use a computer and learning how to program one are two distinct activities.学用电脑和学编电脑程序是两件完全不同的事 同根↓ 学英语 找长喜 【】 18 distinguish*vt. 区分，辨别；看清，听出；(oneself)使杰出，使扬名 【词根】di(s)(apart) ＋ sting(刺) ＋ uish(使) →将刺挑出来→ 区别 【搭配】 distinguish ... from ... 辨别， 识别； distinguish between ... and ... 把„和„区别开；be distinguished for... 以„而著名；distinguish oneself 使自己与众不同，使自己出名 【阅读例句】The field of medicine has not traditionally distinguished between someone who is merely “not ill” and someone who is in excellent health and pays attention to the body’s special needs. 传统医学对仅仅是“没病”的人和身体很好、能注意到身体特殊需求的人并未加以区分。
[06.12] 近形↓ extinguish vt. 使(某物) 熄灭，扑灭 【联想】因扑灭(extinguish)火而扬名(distinguish) 【搭配】extinguish a fire 扑灭火焰 【活用例句】 Smoking is forbidden. Please extinguish your cigarettes.吸烟是禁止的，请你把烟熄掉 enormous* a. 巨大的，庞大的，极大的 【词根】e(出) ＋ norm(标准) ＋ ous(„的)→超出标准的→巨大的 【搭配】enormous economic advantages 巨大的经济效益 【引申】 〈同义〉giant a. 巨大的｜great a. 巨大的｜huge a. 巨大的｜immense a. 巨大的｜large a. 巨大的 【写作例句】Since the adoption of the opening policy, enormous changes have been taking place in our country.自从实施开放政策以来， 我们的国家已经发生了巨大的变化 retain* vt. 保留，保持 【词根】re(再) ＋ tain(hold 持有)→拿回来→保持，保留 【搭配】retain a culture 保留文化 / remain poor all his life 终生贫穷 【引申】 〈同义〉hold vt. 持有，保存｜keep vt. 保存，保留｜maintain vt. 维持，保持｜preserve vt. 维持；保存｜save vt. 保存〈反义〉abandon vt. 遗弃；放弃｜surrender v. & n. 放弃，投降，屈服 【活用例句】After several repetitions there still remains an error.重复数次之后仍然存在误差。
同根↓ attain* vt. 达到，获得 【词根】at(表方向) ＋ tain(拿住)→稳稳拿住→获得 【引申】〈同根〉 attainable a. 可达到的 〈同义〉 accomplish vt. 达到(目的)｜achieve vt. 实现，达到｜fulfill vt. 实现，完成 【活用例句】I’m determined to attain my purpose at any cost.我决心不惜任何代价达到目的 学英语 找长喜 【】 19 original a. 原来的；独创的，新颖的；原版的，原件的 n. 原件 【词根】来自 origin(起源，来源) ＋ al(„的) 【搭配】the original meaning 原义；a daring and original idea 大胆的创新思想；an original birth certificate 出生证明原件 【引申】 〈同根〉originality ▲ n. 创意，新奇，原始 【活用例句】In view of the present situation, we’ll have to revise our original plan.鉴于目前的情况，我们不得不修改原来的计划。
join* v. 参加；连接；会合，接合 【搭配】 join in the team 加入队伍；join up (with) 参军；联合起来 【活用例句】Members of the public joined the search for the missing boy. 许多民众加入了搜寻失踪男孩的行动 pride n. 自豪，引起自豪的东西；骄傲，傲慢 vt. 使自豪，使得意 【联想】看着美丽的新娘 (bride) ，他感到很骄傲 (pride) 【搭配】take pride in 以„自豪 【提示】阅读中该词常以动词形式出现，如 pride oneself on one’s ability 自夸能力大：she prided herself on her cooking.她为自己善于烹饪而感到得意 background* n. 出身背景，经历；背景资料 【构词】back(背面的) ＋ ground(场所)→背景，底子 【搭配】 against a background of ...在„背景下， 以„为背景； background knowledge 背景知识；cultural background 文化背景 【活用例句】Believe me, with your background, it’ll be a piece of cake. 相信我，依你的背景，这对你来说轻而易举。
exception n. 例外 【词根】来自 except(除„外) ＋ ion(名词后缀) 【搭配】exception to ... 对于„是个例外；without exception 毫无例外地，一律；take exception to... 反对„，对„反感 【引申】 〈同根〉exceptional a. 例外的，异常的 【活用例句】 All the students in this class passed the English exam with the exception of Li Ming. 除了李明以外，班上所有学生都通过了英语考试/ Many people take exception to what I said on April 30.我在四月三十日讲的那些话，许多人就听不进去 achieve* vt. 完成，实现；达到 vi. 成功 【联想】a(加强) ＋ chieve(看作 chief 主要部分)→做好最主要的部分才算成功→成功 【搭配】achieve success 取得成功 【引申】〈同根〉 achievement n. 成就， 功绩 〈同义〉 realize /-ise vt. 实现｜accomplish vt. 完成(任务)， 实现(计划等)｜fulfill vt. 实现， 完成； complete vt. 完成｜triumph n. 胜利，成功 vi. 获胜，成功 学英语 找长喜 【】 20 【活用例句】They were not allowed into the professional fields, but they were allowed to achieve excellence on a concert stage. 他们不被许可进入职业领域，但可以在音乐舞台上取得成就。
下面我们学习文中标黑的常用词#常用词汇 nationality n. 国籍，民族 【词根】来自 nation(国家，民族) ＋ ality(名词后缀) 【活用例句】The Chinese nation includes the Han nationality and all minority nationalities. 中华民族包括汉族和各少数民族 share* v. 分享，分担；(out)分配，均分 n. 一份，份额；股票 【搭配】shared values 共同的价值观；do your share 做自己分内的事，尽自己的一份力 【听力例句】 As the youngest of six children, I learned to share my parents ’ love.作为6 个孩子中最小的一个，我学会了分享父母的爱[08.6] combine* v. (使)结合，化合 【词根】 com(一起) ＋ bine(两)→把两件事结合起来→结合，联合 【搭配】be combined into 化合成；be combined with... 与„结合；combine three departments 合并三个部门 【活用例句】Some films combine education with recreation.有些电影寓教于乐。
派生↓ combination*n. 结合，联合，合并 【词根】来自 combine(使结合) ＋ ation(名词后缀) 【搭配】in combination with... 与„联合；与„协力 【引申】 〈同义〉alliance n. 联盟，联合｜union n. 联合，合并〈反义〉separation n. 分离，分开 【活用例句】The firm is working on a new product in combination with several overseas partners. 公司正在联合几家海外合伙人制造新产品 diverse* a. 不同的，相异的；各种各样的 【词根】di(分开) ＋ vers(turn 转) ＋ e →向不同方向转移→不同的 【搭配】diverse backgrounds 不同背景；have diverse interests 兴趣迥然不同 【引申】 〈同义〉various a. 不同的，各异的 【阅读例句】 It is equally true that, in studying the diverse wisdom of others, we learn how to think. 同样勿庸置疑的是，通过学习不同领域的智慧，我们学会了如何思考。
[03.1] lie* vi. 躺，卧，平放；位于；处于(某种状态)；展现，伸展；(in，with)(问题、事情等)在于 v. 说谎 n. 谎话 【搭配】lie behind sth 为某事之理由；lie down 躺下；lie in 存在， 在于；live a lie 做人虚伪 学英语 找长喜 【】 21 【引申】 〈同根〉liar n. 说谎者 【活用例句】Snow was lying thick on the ground. 厚厚的积雪覆盖着大地/You could see from his face that he was lying. 你可以从他的表情看出他在说谎 field* n. 田地；场地；领域；实地；运动场；(矿)产地 【搭配】rain poison on a whole field 整个田地都喷杀虫剂 【活用例句】In the field of cultural study, some say that Hollywood movies reflect American culture. 在文化研究领域，有人说好莱坞电影反映美国文化。