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1、 毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 系 别： 建筑工程系 专 业： 土木工程 班 级： 姓 名： 学 号： 外文出处： 外文期刊 附 件： 1. 原文； 2. 译文 2015 年 01 月 10 日 原文： Create and comprehensive technology in the structure global design of the building The 21st century will be the era that many kinds of disciplines technology coexists , it will form the enormous mot
2、ive force of promoting the development of building , the building is more and more important too in global design, the architect must seize the opportunity , give full play to the architects leading role, preside over every building engineering design well. Building there is the global design concep
3、t not new of architectural design,characteristic of it for in an all-round way each element not correlated with building- there arent external environment condition, building , technical equipment,etc. work in coordination with, and create the premium building with the comprehensive new technology t
4、o combine together. The premium building is created, must consider sustainable development , namely future requirement , in other words, how save natural resources as much as possible, how about protect the environment that the mankind depends on for existence, how construct through high-quality bet
5、ween architectural design and building, in order to reduce building equipment use quantity and reduce whole expenses of project. The comprehensive new technology is to give full play to the technological specialty of every discipline , create and use the new technology, and with outside space , dime
6、nsion of the building , working in coordination with in an all-round way the building component, thus reduce equipment investment and operate the expenses. Each success , building of engineering construction condense collective intelligence and strength; It is intelligence and expectation that an ar
7、chitect pays that the building is created; The engineering design of the building is that architecture , structure , equipment speciality compose hardships and strength happenning; It is the diligent and sweat paid in design and operation , installation , management that the construction work is bui
8、lt up . The initial stage of the 1990s, our understanding that the concept of global design is a bit elementary , conscientious to with making some jobs in engineering design unconsciously , make some harvest. This text Hangzhou city industrial and commercial bank financial comprehensive building an
9、d Hangzhou city Bank of Communications financial building two building , group of scientific and technological progress second prize speak of from person who obtain emphatically, expound the fact global design - comprehensive technology that building create its , for reach global design outstanding
10、architect in two engineering design, have served as the creator and persons who cooperate while every stage design and even building are built completely. Two projects come into operation for more than 4 years formally , run and coordinate , good wholly , reach the anticipated result, accepted and a
11、ppreciated by the masses, obtain various kinds of honor . outstanding to design award , progress prize in science and technology , project quality bonus , local top ten view , best model image award ,etc., the ones that do not give to the architect and engineers without one are gratified and proud.
12、The building is created Emphasizing the era for global design of the building, the architects creation idea and design method should be broken through to some extent, creation inspirations is it set up in analysis , building of global design , synthesize more to burst out and at the foundation that
13、appraise, learn and improve the integration capability exactly designed in building , possess the new knowledge system and thinking method , merge multi-disciplinary technology. We have used the new design idea in above-mentioned projects, have emphasized the globality created in building . Is it is
14、 it act as so as to explain to conceive to create two design overview and building of construction work these now. 1) The financial comprehensive building of industrial and commercial bank of HangZhou, belong to the comprehensive building, with the whole construction area of 39,000 square meters, ma
15、in building total height 84, 22, skirt 4 of room, some 6 storeys, 2 storeys of basements. Design overall thinking break through of our country bank building traditional design mode - seal , deep and serious , stern , form first-class function, create of multi-functional type , the style of opening ,
16、 architecture integrated with the mode of the international commercial bank. The model of the building is free and easy, opened, physique was made up by the hyperboloid, the main building presented the curved surface surrounded southwards , skirt room presents the curved surface surrounded northward
17、s , the two surround but become intension of gathering the treasure . Building flourishing upwards, elevation is it adopt large area solid granite wall to design, the belt aluminium alloy curtain wall of the large area and some glass curtain walls, and interweave the three into powerful and vigorous
18、 whole , chase through model and entity wall layer bring together , form concise , tall and straight , upward tendency of working up successively, have distinct and unique distinctions. Building level and indoor space are designed into a multi-functional type and style of opening, opening, negotiate
19、 , the official working , meeting , receiving , be healthy and blissful , visit combining together. Spacious and bright two storeys open in the hall unifiedly in the Italian marble pale yellow tone , in addition, the escalator , fountain , light set off, make the space seem very magnificent , gracef
20、ul and sincere. Intelligent computer network center, getting open and intelligent to handle official business space and all related house distribute in all floor reasonably. Top floor round visit layer, lift all of Room visit layer , can have a panoramic view of the scenery of the West Lake , fully
21、enjoy the warmth of the nature. 2) The financial building of Bank of Communications of Hangzhou, belong to the purely financial office block, with the whole construction area of 19,000 square meters, the total height of the building is 39.9 meters, 13 storeys on the ground, the 2nd Floor. Live in bu
22、ilding degree high than it around location , designer have unique architectural appearance of style architectural design this specially, its elevation is designed into a new classical form , the building base adopts the rough granite, show rich capability , top is it burn granite and verticality bar
23、 and some form aluminum windows make up as the veneer to adopt, represent the building noble and refined , serious personality of the bank. While creating in above-mentioned two items, besides portraying the shape of the building and indoor space and outside environment minister and blending meticul
24、ously, in order to achieve the outstanding purpose of global design of the building , the architect , still according to the region and project characteristic, put forward the following requirement to every speciality: (1) Control the total height of the building strictly; (2) It favorable to the in
25、telligent comfortable height of clearances to create; (3) Meet the floor area of owners demand; (4)Protect the environment , save the energy , reduce and make the investment; (5) Design meticulously, use and popularize the new technology; (6) Cooperate closely in every speciality, optimization desig
26、n. Comprehensive technology The building should have strong vitality, there must be sustainable development space, there should be abundant intension and comprehensive new technology. Among above-mentioned construction work , have popularized and used the intelligent technology of the building , has
27、 not glued and formed the flat roof beam of prestressing force - dull and stereotyped structure technology and flat roof beam structure technology, baseplate temperature mix hole , technology of muscle and base of basement enclose new technology of protecting, computer control STL ice hold cold air
28、conditioner technology, compounding type keeps warm and insulates against heat the technology of the wall , such new technologies as the sectional electricity distribution room ,etc., give architecture global design to add the new vitality of note undoubtedly. 1, the intelligent technology of the bu
29、ilding In initial stage of the 1990s, the intelligent building was introduced from foreign countries to China only as a kind of concept , computer network standard is it soon , make information communication skeleton of intelligent building to pursue in the world- comprehensive wiring system becomes
30、 a kind of trend because of 10BASE-T. In order to make the bank building adapt to the development of the times, the designer does ones utmost to recommend and design the comprehensive wiring system with the leading eyes , this may well be termed the first modernized building which adopted this techn
31、ical design at that time. (1) Comprehensive wiring system one communication transmission network, it make between speech and data communication apparatus , exchange equipment and other administrative systems link to each other, make the equipment and outside communication network link to each other
32、too. It include external telecommunication connection piece and inside information speech all cable and relevant wiring position of data terminal of workspace of network. The comprehensive wiring system adopts the products of American AT&T Corp. Connected up the subsystem among the subsystem , manag
33、ement subsystem , arterial subsystem and equipment to make up by workspace subsystem , level. (2) Automated systems of security personnel The monitoring systems of security personnel of the building divide into the public place and control and control two pieces of system equipment with the national
34、 treasury special-purposly synthetically. The special-purpose monitoring systems of security personnel of national treasury are in the national treasury , manage the storehouse on behalf of another , transporting the paper money garage to control strictly, the track record that personnel come in and
35、 go out, have and shake the warning sensor to every wall of national treasury , the camera, infrared microwave detector in every relevant rooms, set up the automation of controlling to control. In order to realize building intellectuality, the architect has finished complete indoor environment desig
36、n, has created the comfortable , high-efficient working environment , having opened up the room internal and external recreation space not of uniform size, namely the green one hits the front yard and roofing, have offered the world had a rest and regulated to people working before automation is equ
37、ipped all day , hang a design adopt the special building to construct the node in concrete ground , wall at the same time. 2, has not glued and formed the flat roof beam of prestressing force- dull and stereotyped structure technology and flat roof beam structure technology In order to meet the requ
38、irement with high assurance that the architect puts forward , try to reduce the height of structure component in structure speciality, did not glue and form the flat roof beam of prestressing force concrete - dull and stereotyped structure technology and flat roof beam structure technology after ado
39、pting. (1) Adopt prestressing force concrete roof beam board structure save than ordinary roof beam board concrete consumption 15%, steel consumption saves 27%, the roof beam reduces 300mm high. (2) Adopt flat roof beam structure save concrete about 10% consumption than ordinary roof beam board, ste
40、el consumption saves 6.6%, the roof beam reduces 200mm high. Under building total situation that height does not change , adopt above-mentioned structure can make the whole building increase floor area of a layer , have good economic benefits and social benefit. 3, the temperature of the baseplate m
41、atches muscle technology In basement design , is it is it is it after calculating , take the perimeter to keep the construction technology measure warm to split to resist to go on to baseplate, arrange temperature stress reinforcing bar the middle cancelling , dispose 2 row receives the strength rei
42、nforcing bar up and down only, this has not only save the fabrication cost of the project but also met the basement baseplate impervious and resisting the requirement that splits. 4, the foundation of the basement encloses and protects the new technology of design and operation Adopt two technologic
43、al measures in enclosing and protecting a design: (1) Cantilever is it is it hole strength is it adopt form strengthen and mix muscle technology to design to protect to enclose, save the steel and invite 60t, it invests about 280,000 to save. (2) Is it is it protect of of elevation and keep roof bea
44、m technology to enclose , is it protect long to reduce 1.5m to enclose all to reduce, keep roof beam mark level on natural ground 1.5m , is it is it protect of lateral pressure receive strength some height to enclose to change, saving 137.9 cubic meters of concrete, steel 16.08t, reduces and invests
45、 304,000 yuan directly through calculating. 5, ice hold cold air conditioner technology Ice hold cold air conditioner technology belong to new technology still in our country , it heavy advantage that the electricity moves the peak and operates the expenses sparingly most. In design, is it ice mode
46、adopt some (weight ) hold mode of icing , is it ice refrigeration to be plane utilization ratio high to hold partly to hold, hold cold capacity little , refrigeration plane capacity 30%-45% little than routine air conditioner equipment, one economic effective operational mode. Hold the implementatio
47、n of the technology of the cold air conditioner in order to cooperate with the ice , has used intelligent technology, having adopted the computer to control in holding and icing the air conditioner system, the main task has five following respects: (1) According to the demand for users cold load , a
48、ccording to the characteristic of the structure of the electric rate , set up the ice and hold the best operation way of the cold system automatically, reduce the operation expenses of the whole system; (2) Fully utilize and hold the capacity of the cold device, should try ones best to use up all th
49、e cold quantity held basically on the same day; (3) Automatic operation state of detection system, ensure ice hold cold system capital equipment normal , safe operation; (4) Automatic record parameter that system operate, display system operate flow chart and type systematic operation parameter repo
50、rt form; (5) Predict future cooling load, confirm the future optimization operation scheme. Ice hold cold air conditioner system test run for some time, indicate control system to be steady , reliable , easy to operate, the system operates the energy-conserving result remarkably. 6, the compounding
51、type keeps in the wall warm and insulates against heat To the area of Hangzhou , want heating , climate characteristic of lowering the temperature in summer in winter, is it protect building this structural design person who compound is it insulate against heat the wall to keep warm to enclose speci
52、ally, namely: Fit up , keep warm , insulate against heat the three not to equal to the body , realize building energy-conservation better. Person who compound is it insulate against heat wall to combine elevation model characteristic , design aluminium board elevation renovation material to keep war
53、m, its structure is: Fill out and build hollow brick in the frame structure, do to hang the American Fluorine carbon coating inferior mere aluminium board outside the hollow brick wall. Aluminium board spoke hot to have high-efficient adiabatic performance to the sun, under the same hot function of
54、solar radiation, because the nature , color of the surface material are different from coarse degree, whether can absorb heat have great difference very , between surface and solar radiation hot absorption system ( ) and material radiation system (C ) is it say to come beyond the difference this. Ad
55、opt and C value little surface material have remarkable result , board 、 C value little aluminium have, its =0.26, C =0.4, light gray face brick =0.56, C =4.3. Aluminium board for is it hang with having layer under air by hollow brick to do, because aluminium board is it have better radiation transf
56、er to hot terms to put in layer among the atmosphere and air, this structure is playing high-efficient adiabatic function on indoor heating too in winter, so, no matter or can well realize building energy-conservation in winter in summer. 7, popularize the technology of sectional electricity distrib
57、ution room Consider one layer paves Taxi gold value , the total distribution of the building locates the east, set up voltage transformer and low-voltage distribution in the same room in first try in the design, make up sectional electricity distribution room , save transformer substation area great
58、ly , adopt layer assign up and down, mixing the switchyard system entirely after building up and putting into operation, the function is clear , the overall arrangement compactness is rational , the systematic dispatcher is flexible . The technology have to go to to use and already become the model
59、extensively of the design afterwards. Conclusion The whole mode designed of the building synthetically can raise the adaptability of the building , it will be the inevitable trend , environmental consciousness and awareness of saving energy especially after strengthening are even more important. Dev
60、eloping with the economy , science and technology constantly in our country, more advanced technology and scientific and technical result will be applied to the building , believe firmly that in the near future , more outstanding building global design will appear on the building stage of our countr
61、y. We will be summarizing, progressing constantly constantly, this is that history gives the great responsibility of architect and engineer. 译文： 建筑结构整体设计-建筑创作和综合技术 21 世纪将是多种学科技术并存的时代， 它必将形成推动建筑发展的巨大动力，建筑结构整体设计也就越来越重要， 建筑师必须把握时机， 充分发挥建筑师的主导作用，主持好各项建筑工程设计。 建筑结构整体设计是建筑设计的新概念， 其特点是全面地与建筑相关的各个元素-外部环境、建筑构
62、造、技术装备等协同，并将高品位的建筑创作和综合新技术融为一体。 高品位的建筑创作，必须考虑可持续发展，即未来的要求，这就是说，如何尽可能地节省自然资源，如何保护人类赖以生存的环境，如何通过高质量的建筑设计和建筑构造，以降低建筑设备的使用数量和减少整个工程的费用。 综合新技术是充分发挥各学科技术特长，创造和运用新技术，并与外部空间、建筑体量、建筑构件之间的全面协同，从而降低设备投资和运行费用。 每项建筑工程建设的成功凝聚着集体的智慧和力量； 建筑创作是建筑师付出的智慧和期望；建筑工程设计是建筑、结构、设备专业赋出的艰辛和力量；建筑工程建成是设计、施工、安装、管理付出的辛勤和汗水。 90 年代初期
63、，我们对整体设计的概念有些粗浅的认识，自觉和不自觉地在工程设计中做了些工作， 取得一些收获。 本文着重从获部组科技进步二等奖的杭州市工商银行金融综合大楼和杭州市交通银行金融大楼两栋建筑谈起， 论述其整体设计-建筑创作的综合技术， 在两项工程设计中建筑师为达到整体设计的优秀，在各阶段设计乃至建筑物建造全过程中都充当了创作者和协作者。 两项目正式投入使用 4 年多，整体运行协调、良好，达到预期效果，又被大众所接受和赞赏，并获得各种荣誉-优秀设计奖、科技进步奖、工程质量奖、地方十佳景观、 最佳造型形象奖等等， 无一不是给建筑师和工程师们的欣慰和自豪。 建筑创作 在强调建筑整体设计的时代， 建筑师们的
64、创作观念和设计方法要有所突破， 创作灵感迸发将更多地建立在建筑整体设计的分析、 综合和评价的基础上， 要学会和提高建筑整设计的综合能力， 具备新的知识体系和思维方法， 融合多学科技术。我们在上述工程中运用了新的设计观念，强调了建筑创作的整体性。 现将这两栋建筑工程的设计概况和建筑创作构思作以阐述。 1）杭州市工商银行金融综合大楼，属综合性大楼，总建筑面积 3.9 万平方米，主楼总高度 84 米，22 层，裙房 4 层，局部 6 层，地下室 2 层。 设计总体思路突破我国银行建筑传统的设计模式-封闭、厚重、森严、功能单一等，创造出一栋多功能型、开放型、与国际商业银行的模式接轨的建筑。 建筑造型洒
65、脱、开放，形体是由双曲面组合而成，主楼呈向南围合的曲面，裙房呈向北围合的曲面，两者围合而成聚宝的内涵。 建筑物蓬勃向上， 立面设计采用大面积坚实的花岗石墙面， 大面积带形铝合金幕墙和部分玻璃幕墙， 并将三者交织成刚劲有力的整体， 通过造型和实体墙面的逐层收束，形成简明、挺拔、节节向上的动势，具有鲜明独特的个性。 建筑平面和室内空间设计成多功能型和开放型，将营业、洽谈、办公、会议、接待、康乐、观光融为一体。宽敞明亮的二层营业大厅统一在意大利大理石的浅黄色色调中，加上自动扶梯、喷泉、灯光的衬托，使空间显得非常气派、高雅和朴实。智能型的计算机网络中心，开敞式智能化办公空间及各配套用房合理地分布在各个
66、楼层。顶层圆形观光层，电梯厅各层观光层，可将西湖风景尽收眼底，充分享受到大自然的温馨。 2）杭州市交通银行金融大楼，属纯金融办公大楼，总建筑面积 1.9 万平方米，建筑总高度 39.9 米， 地上 13 层， 地下 2 层。 因所处地段的周围建筑度均比它高，设计者特将本建筑设计成具有独特风格的建筑外观，其立面设计成新古典形式，建筑基座采用粗犷花岗石， 显示雄厚实力， 上部采用火烧花岗石和竖向条形与点状铝合金窗组合作为饰面，展现银行建筑高贵典雅、庄重的性格。 在上述两项创作中， 除精心刻画建筑形态和室内空间与外部环境相交融外， 为要达到建筑整体设计优秀之目的， 建筑师还根据地域和工程特点， 向各
67、专业提出以下要求： （1）严格控制建筑总高度； （2）创造有利于智能化的舒适的净空高度； （3）满足业主需求的建筑面积； （4）保护环境、节约能源、减少投资； （5）精心设计，运用推广新技术； （6）各专业紧密合作，优化设计。 综合技术 建筑物要具有强大生命力， 必须要有可持续发展空间， 要有丰富内涵和综合新技术。在上述建筑工程中，推广运用了建筑智能化技术，无粘结预应力扁梁-平板结构技术和扁梁结构技术， 底板温度配筋技术和地下室基坑围护新技术， 微机控制 STL 冰蓄冷空调技术，复合式保温隔热墙体技术，组合式配电室等新技术，无疑给建筑整体设计添注了新的生命力。 1、建筑智能化技术 90 年代初
68、期，智能建筑仅作为一种概念从国外传入中国，计算机网络基于10BASE-T标准在国际上推行不久， 使智能建筑的信息通讯骨架 -综合布线系统成为一种趋势。 为使银行建筑适应时代的发展， 设计者用超前的眼光极力推荐和设计了综合布线系统，这在当时可谓首家采取该项技术设计的现代化大楼。 （1）综合布线系统是一种通讯传输网络， 它使话音和数据通讯设备、 交换设备和其它管理系统彼此相连， 也使这些设备和外部通信网络相连。 它包括外部电信网络的连接点与内部信息工作区的话音式数据终端之间的所有电缆及相关的布线部位。综合布线系统采用美国AT&T 公司产品。由工作区子系统、水平布线子系统、管理子系统、干线子系统和设
69、备间子系统组成。 （2）保安自动化系统 大楼保安监控系统分成公共场所综合监控和金库专用监控两个系统设备。 金库专用保安监控系统在金库、 代管库、运钞车库进行严格控制， 人员出入跟踪记录，对金库各面墙均设震动报警传感器， 在各相关房间设有摄像机、 红外微波探测器，并设置监控自动化控制。 为实现大楼智能化， 建筑师完成了完善的室内环境设计， 创造了舒适、 高效的工作环境， 开辟了大小不等的室内外休闲空间， 即绿色的中庭和屋面， 为整天在自动化装备前工作的人们提供了休息和调节的天地， 同时在具体的地面、 墙面和吊顶设计中都采用了特殊的建筑构造节点。 2、无粘结预应力扁梁-平板结构技术和扁梁结构技术
70、为满足建筑师提出的保证高度的要求， 结构专业设法减小结构构件高度， 采用了无粘结预应力混凝土扁梁 -平板结构技术和扁梁结构技术。 （1）采用预应力混凝土梁板结构比普通梁板节约混凝土用量为 15%，钢材用量节约 27%，梁高减小 300mm。 （2）采用扁梁结构比普通梁板节约混凝土用量约 10%，钢材用量节约 6.6%，梁高减小 200mm。 在建筑总高度不变的情况下，采用上述结构可使整栋大楼增加一层建筑面积，具有良好的经济效益和社会效益。 3、底板温度配筋技术 在地下室设计中，对底板进行抗裂计算后，采取周边保温施工技术措施，取消了中间排温度应力钢筋，仅配置上下二排受力钢筋，这既节省了工程造价，
71、又满足了地下室底板抗渗、抗裂的要求。 4、地下室基础围护设计和施工新技术 在围护桩设计中采用两项技术措施： （1）悬臂受力围护钻孔桩设计采用单面加强配筋技术，节约钢材约 60t，节约投资约 28 万。 （2）降低围护桩顶标高与压梁技术，全部围护桩长减少 1.5m，压梁标高低于自然地面 1.5m，改变围护桩侧压力受力点高度，节约混凝土 137.9 立方米，钢材 16.08t，经计算直接减少投资 30.4 万元。 5、冰蓄冷空调技术 冰蓄冷空调技术在我国尚属新技术， 它的最大优点是电力移峰及节省运行费用。在设计中， 蓄冰模式采用部分 （分量） 蓄冰模式， 因为部分蓄冰制冷机利用率高，蓄冷设备容量小
72、，比常规空调制冷机容量小 30%-45%，是一种更经济有效的运行模式。 为配合冰蓄冷空调技术的实施，运用了智能化技术，对蓄冰空调系统采用了微机控制，主要任务有以下五方面： （1）根据用户冷负荷的需求，按电费结构的特点，自动设置冰蓄冷系统最佳的运行方式，降低整个系统的运行费用； （2）充分利用蓄冷装置的容量，当日应尽量把所蓄冷量基本上全部用尽； （3）自动检测系统的运行状态，保障冰蓄冷系统主要设备正常、安全运行； （4） 自动记录系统运行的参数， 显示系统运行流程图和打印系统运行参数报表； （5）预测未来的供冷负荷，确定未来的优化运行方案。 冰蓄冷空调系统经过一段时间的试运行， 表明控制系统稳定
73、、 可靠、 操作方便，系统运行节能效果显著。 6、复合型保温隔热墙体 针对杭州地区，冬季要采暖、夏季要降温的气候特点，特将本大楼围护结构设计成复合型保温隔热墙体，即：装修、保温、隔热三者合体，更好地实现建筑节能。 复合型保温隔热墙体是结合立面造型特点，将立面装修材料设计成铝板，其构造为：在框架结构内填砌空心砖，在空心砖墙外侧干挂美国氟碳涂层亚光铝板。 铝板对太阳辐热有着高效的绝热性能， 在同样的太阳辐射热作用下， 由于外表面材料的性质、颜色和粗糙程度的不同，所能吸收热量有很大差别，这差别以外表面对太阳辐射热的吸收系统（）和材料辐射系统（C）来表示：采用 和C 值小的外表面材料具有显著效果，铝板
74、 、 C 值小， 其 =0.26， C=0.4，浅灰色面砖 =0.56，C=4.3。 铝板为干挂与空心砖间设有空气间层， 因为铝板置于大气及空气间层中都有较好辐射换热条件，此构造在冬季对于室内采暖也起着高效绝热作用，因此，无论在夏季或是在冬季都能很好地实现建筑节能。 7、推广组合式配电室技术 考虑到一层铺面的黄金价值， 大楼的总配电设于东侧，设计中第一次尝试将变压器同低压配电设置于同一房间， 组成组合式配电室， 大大节省了变电所面积，并采用上下层布置，建成投运后的整个配变电系统，功能清楚，布局紧凑合理，系统调度灵活。这种技术在以后设计中得到广泛运用已成为典范。 结语 建筑整体综合设计的模式既能
75、提高建筑的适应性， 又将是必然的趋势， 尤其在强化后的环保意识和节能意识更为重要。在我国随着经济、科学技术不断发展，将有更多的先进技术和科技成果运用到建筑上， 坚信在不久的将来， 有更多优秀的建筑整体设计出现在我国建筑舞台上。我们要不断总结、不断进步，这是历史赋予建筑师和工程师的重大责任。 毕业论文写作方法与技巧 一、毕业论文写作意义 1、 撰写毕业论文是检验学生在校学习成果的重要措施， 也是提高教学质量的重要环节。大学生在毕业前都必须完成毕业论文的撰写任务。 申请学位必须提交相应的学位论文， 经答辩通过后，方可取得学位。可以这么说，毕业论文是结束大学学习生活走向社会的一个中介和桥梁。毕业论文
76、是大学生才华的第一次显露，是向祖国和人民所交的一份有份量的答卷，是投身社会主义现代化建设事业的报到书。 一篇毕业论文虽然不能全面地反映出一个人的才华，也不一定能对社会直接带来巨大的效益，对专业产生开拓性的影响。实践证明，撰写毕业论文是提高教学质量的重要环节，是保证出好人才的重要措施。 2、通过撰写毕业论文，提高写作水平是干部队伍“四化”建设的需要。党中央要求，为了适应现代化建设的需要，领导班子成员应当逐步实现“革命化、年轻化、知识化、专业化” 。这个“四化”的要求，也包含了对干部写作能力和写作水平的要求。 二、毕业论文写作要求 (一)论文题目：科学论文都有题目，不能“无题” 。论文题目一般 2
77、0 字左右。题目大小应与内容符合，尽量不设副题，不用第 1 报、第 2 报之类。论文题目都用直叙口气，不用惊叹号或问号，也不能将科学论文题目写成广告语或新闻报道用语。 (二) 论文署名：科学论文应该署真名和真实的工作单位。主要体现责任、成果归属并便于后人追踪研究。严格意义上的论文作者是指对选题、论证、查阅文献、方案设计、建立方法、实验操作、整理资料、归纳总结、撰写成文等全过程负责的人，应该是能解答论文的有关问题者。现在往往把参加工作的人全部列上，那就应该以贡献大小依次排列。论文署名应征得本人同意。学术指导人根据实际情况既可以列为论文作者，也可以一般致谢。行政领导人一般不署名。 (三)论文引言：
78、是论文引人入胜之言，很重要，要写好。一段好的论文引言常能使读者明白你这份工作的发展历程和在这一研究方向中的位置。要写出论文立题依据、基础、背景、研究目的。要复习必要的文献、写明问题的发展。文字要简练。 (四)论文材料和方法：按规定如实写出实验对象、器材、动物和试剂及其规格，写出实验方法、指标、判断标准等，写出实验设计、分组、统计方法等。这些按杂志 对论文投稿规定办即可。 (五) 论文实验结果：应高度归纳，精心分析，合乎逻辑地铺述。应该去粗取精，去伪存真，但不能因不符合自己的意图而主观取舍，更不能弄虚作假。只有在技术不熟练或仪器不稳定时期所得的数据、 在技术故障或操作错误时所得的数据和不符合实验
79、条件时所得的数据才能废弃不用。 而且必须在发现问题当时就在原始记录上注明原因， 不能在总结处理时因不合常态而任意剔除。 废弃这类数据时应将在同样条件下、 同一时期的实验数据一并废弃，不能只废弃不合己意者。 实验结果的整理应紧扣主题，删繁就简，有些数据不一定适合于这一篇论文，可留作它用，不要硬行拼凑到一篇论文中。论文行文应尽量采用专业术语。能用表的不要用图，可以不用图表的最好不要用图表，以免多占篇幅，增加排版困难。文、表、图互不重复。实验中的偶然现象和意外变故等特殊情况应作必要的交代，不要随意丢弃。 (六)论文 讨论：是论文中比较重要，也是比较难写的一部分。应统观全局，抓住主要的有争议问题，从感
80、性认识提高到理性认识进行论说。要对实验结果作出分析、推理，而不要重复叙述实验结果。 论文写作方面可以咨询期刊编辑扣扣 993383282 应着重对国内外相关文献中的结果与观点作出讨论，表明自己的观点，尤其不应回避相对立的观点。 论文的讨论中可以提出假设，提出本题的发展设想，但分寸应该恰当，不能写成“科幻”或“畅想” 。 (七)论文结语或结论：论文的结语应写出明确可靠的结果，写出确凿的结论。论文的文字应简洁，可逐条写出。不要用“小结”之类含糊其辞的词。 (八)论文参考义献：这是论文中很重要、也是存在问题较多的一部分。列出论文参考文献的目的是让读者了解论文研究命题的来龙去脉，便于查找，同时也是尊重
81、前人劳动，对自己的工作有准确的定位。因此这里既有技术问题，也有科学道德问题。 一篇论文中几乎自始至终都有需要引用参考文献之处。 如论文引言中应引上对本题最重要、最直接有关的文献;在方法中应引上所采用或借鉴的方法;在结果中有时要引上与文献对比的资料;在讨论中更应引上与 论文有关的各种支持的或有矛盾的结果或观点等。 (九)论文致谢：论文的指导者、技术协助者、提供特殊试剂或器材者、经费资助者和提出过重要建议者都属于致谢对象。论文致谢应该是真诚的、实在的，不要庸俗化。不要泛泛地致谢、不要只谢教授不谢旁人。写论文致谢前应征得被致谢者的同意，不能拉大旗作虎皮。 (十) 论文摘要或提要：以 200 字左右简要地概括论文全文。常放篇首。论文摘要需精心撰写，有吸引力。要让读者看了论文摘要就像看到了论文的缩影，或者看了论文摘要就想继续看论文的有关部分。此外，还应给出几个关键词，关键词应写出真正关键的学术词汇，不要硬凑一般性用词。
